99% Invisible - Enshittification

Episode Date: May 5, 2026

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Just a heads up for listeners with sensitive ears. Today's episode includes a curse word that we are leaving unbleaped. You'll understand why, as you're listening, using that word is kind of the point of the whole show. So you've been warned. Enjoy. This is 99% Invisible. I'm Roman Mars. And I'm here today with producer Chris Barubei.

Hey, Chris. Hey, Roman. So, Chris, what do you have for us today? Okay, today I want to talk to you about a subject that I think is going to make you really mad. Okay. Well, I have a pretty high baseline of mad right now, but I'm going to let you go ahead. Yeah, I feel like right now, most people I talk to have like a relatively high baseline of anger. So where would you say you are today, though? I think I'm having a pretty good day. Let's put a set of four.

Okay. Let's see how high we can get you by the end of this. So this is my experiment today. I want to see how high we can get you on the anger scale from one to ten. Okay. That sounds like a plan. So what's the story that's going to make me so mad? Okay, so Roman, I want you to think about smart devices. Okay, okay, I think you're on the right track, okay, to making me mad. Go ahead. Yeah, so let's just start. Think about all the devices that you own that used to be mostly analog.

Today, they are now digital in some way. So can you think of some examples in your life. Well, I can think of one very obvious example that drives me crazy. I have a smart thermostat in my house. It came with the house. I did not install it. And I live in the Bay Area, so I don't need heat a lot. But every time I need to turn it on, which is like a few times a year, the smart thermostat is like disconnected from the heater.

And for some reason, unknown reason, I cannot make sense of it. And all I want is just an old-fashioned brass, round Honeywell thermostat, old-fashioned analog thermostat that can just turn on and set it to a temperature and turn it off when I don't need it instead of this other thing that drives me absolutely crazy. So, Roman, this is a pretty common complaint, what you're saying, right? We all have these devices that have some kind of a smart component. They're supposed to make things convenient in our lives. But in fact, they are making things really frustrating. Like, why does my fridge need to be smart and talk to me, right? Today, though, we're going to talk about how this phenomenon, it could be more than just annoying for a lot of people.

Because there are times when the digitization of pretty much everything is actively making people's lives worse. And so to demonstrate this point, I want to talk to you about the design of tractors. Okay. Well, I mean, you strike me as a city kid, Chris. So, like, what do you know about tractors? Very little, if I'm being honest. I know there is a company called John Deere that makes tractors and they have green hats. I assume there was probably a guy named John Deere at some point in the past.

You would assume? Not too much else, but I learned quite a bit for this story. So there's one thing that's been vexing farmers. that really surprised me, and that is the software in their tractors. So like a lot of things, modern tractors are now run by a computer operating system, and one of the farmers who's not happy with the software in his tractor is a guy I spoke to for this story, a farmer in Missouri named Jared Wilson. On my lineage, I'm at least a seventh generation farmer on my father's side,

so we've been doing this for a while. So Jared runs a family farm. You know, he's deep in the trenches of this world, and he told me something I did not really know about farming equipment. Tractors, harvester, spraying machines, you know, all of these vehicles that are critical to farming. Today, for the most part, they are run by computers. You know, in the 90s, we didn't have a lot of electronic control units on these machines. Mechanical fuel pumps.

Everything was mechanical. So you touch something and it has linkage and it's controlling something mechanical. And now in these machines, when you touch something, everything is electrical. over some system, electric over hydraulic, if you will, electric over engine controls. And that means that there's software that you're dealing with. I am sure if you're a farmer, this is all incredibly obvious stuff, but, you know, this was a surprise to me. Like, it's the same thing with a lot of cars now, where functions that used to be mechanical, they are now all run by an operating system. And my car, you know, gives me a driving score, for example, which is very,

very, very annoying. But for the most part, Jared told me this digitization of the tractor, it's a really positive thing. Like, in lots of ways, these controls make his job a lot easier. One of the simplest things that comes to mind is auto steer, right? These tractors, we can create lines in the field and they'll drive themselves. And when you're on a machine for 20 hours and you don't have to steer it, you're in a lot better shape when you get off of it than you are hand-driving the machine. Yeah. I mean, that sounds completely arduous to be a driver for 20 hours in something. We have to pay attention to every moment of those 20 hours.

But I'm anticipating here that there are some negative aspects to this, too. Yes, there are some drawbacks. So Jared told me if there's a problem with the tractor, sometimes the software will just slow down the tractor's horsepower. If anything is not working correctly on the emission system, if you have a sensor, for instance, that has failed or malfunctioned, it won't perform the necessary emissions operations to satisfy the system, and it will do something called a de-rate of the machine. So at de-rating, this is when the software basically makes the tractor unusable.

Like, it slows down the horsepower so much. You cannot use the tractor to do farming. That sounds so incredibly annoying. But I would assume that this software was doing this for some kind of good reason, like for a safety reason. Right. So there could be safety reasons for doing this, or smaller issues, like a sensor isn't working on the tractor. And Jared gave me this example from his life

where he had a problem with the tractor and the operating system slowed it down, but it didn't tell him what was wrong. You know, the terminals inside of the machine might give you an error code, but very rarely does that error code actually tell you what's wrong. You have to have an external piece of software

to plug into the machine to figure it out. So when this happened to Jared, he was faced with a choice, right? He could either spend a lot of time trying to figure out the problem, you know, waste a day doing that. Or he could do the much easier thing, which was call out a technician. But according to Jared, that's also kind of a pain. So I was forced to call the dealership out.

They came out and replaced, I think, one of the delta pressure sensors. And that didn't end up fixing the problem. But the logistics of that mean that the technician comes out. You may have to wait a day or two before there's a technician available. And losing a couple of days during the course. growing season, that's a total disaster, because Jared told me, losing a day can cost him a ton of money. The soybeans, we'd had a dry ear, and you could stand in the field and you could hear the pods opening and the soybeans hitting the ground. So you can imagine how sick to your stomach that makes you.

There's no way to reclaim those once they fall on the ground. That's just lost revenue that's just gone. And it's difficult to convey how frustrating that is when you're sitting on your hands and your crop is literally falling on the ground. And you don't have the ability to do anything about it. Jared didn't have a guess about how much these kinds of delays have cost him. But in 2023, the public interest research group, so they're this advocacy group. They estimated downtime for farmers caused by these repair delays cost them about $3 billion that year. And this is at a time when farmers are facing.

all sorts of challenges, like unpredictable weather, tariffs, and then on top of that, you have to figure out these software problems. So the stakes are really, really high for somebody like Jared. The reality is that the costs of these things have

eliminated a lot of the margin potential that comes from the savings because we're just passing it back out to the manufacturer. So, Roman, with this in mind, where are you at on the anger scale? Now I'm a six. This is sounding more and more like the plight of every modern consumer or user of modern devices. It's really, really infuriating.

Yeah, like if you own a car, if you own a cell phone, if you own a printer, right? You kind of had the same problems. And frankly, the software is making all of these things, if you will pardon my language, shittier for us as consumers. Because basically with the software, often you cannot fix them unless you go back to the manufacturer. And I started getting interested in this whole subject because of one of my favorite writers. Hi, I'm Corey Doctoro. I'm a novelist and activist and a journalist. So listeners at the show may be aware of Corey's work. You know, he's a sci-fi writer. And hey, here is a fun fact about Cory Doctoro. We can reveal, perhaps, that you and I are like all the best Americans, Canadian. You had to squeeze it in there. Roman, we are everywhere. So anyway, lately, Corey's been out there popularizing this one big idea that he's had. So it's a word. word that he coined, that seems to be capturing a lot of what's going wrong in modern society right now. And that word is in shittification. Roman, have you heard the word in shittification?

I have. I'm also a big fan of Cory Dr. O. And what I know of it is that this is the idea that, you know, kind of everything on the internet is getting worse. Yeah. So that's a part of it. And there's actually a little bit more to it than that. It's a way to talk about platform collapse, platform decay. It describes this three-stage process where you have platforms that start off being good to their end users, but are also finding a way to lock those end users in. And then having locked them in, it makes things worse for them in order to make things better for business customers. So let's just lay this out with an example. You're on Facebook. You are part of a Facebook group that likes something very, very niche, right? Like, let's say baseball cards from the 1980s,

just to use an example of a hobby someone might have, right? I'm not saying that is me. Someone has this hobby, though. Got it. The first step is Facebook sets up the infrastructure for you to meet lots of new people, right? So you're finding other fans of 80s baseball cards. You're all becoming friends. You're building up this community.

But then you cannot leave. Like, maybe the platform is buying up all the competition, right? So there's nowhere else to go. Or they make it hard to transport your group somewhere else. and maybe like people don't want to leave because you have years of thrilling 80s baseball card conversations built up. And then you get stuck, right? So if you leave, you're going to lose all of these friends that you've built up and you become locked in. And that's when the big companies will start to make things shittier.

They in shittify. And instead of serving the users, they will serve businesses, right? They'll make things worse for you. They will sell your private data. They will let the platform become filled with these kind of spammy, annoy. annoying ads that you can't get rid of. The value is just hoovered up by the platform and given to its shareholders and its executives, even as the platform just turns into a pile of shit.

And I think a lot of us can recognize that pattern. Okay. That description makes a lot of sense to me. So here's the other thing with Corey's argument. He says, in shitification, it is not exclusive to being online, you know, on Facebook, on Google, wherever. It can also affect things in the physical tactile world, such as all of our smart devices. Okay, so how does that work? Well, Corey says this same principle applies to basically all of our smart devices, right, including our cars, our smart fridges, our tractors, stuff that just wasn't previously digital.

Willing Gibson, the science fiction writer, coined the term cyberspace. He's quite a profit. And in one of his books, he has this line, cyberspace is averting. So turning inside out. And what he means is that, like, reality is being infected with digital stuff. and digitization is becoming a feature of things that weren't digital before. Everything's just becoming a computer in a fancy case. Let's just talk about how many of our devices today rely on computers and rely on the internet. So how many smart devices would you estimate you have in your home right now? Uh, 20?

Possibly. That's pretty average, if that's right. So according to this survey I found from 2023, the average American House hold has about 21 connected devices. So that means devices that are connected to the internet. Wow. Wow. That is way too high. I can already think of the ones that I wish I could eliminate from my house right now. Oh, 100%. And the thing with all of these smart devices is that it makes it a lot easier for a company that makes this device to lock you in, right? So the first step into justification, it's locking you in because if something is a smart device, the manufacturer has

quite a bit of leeway. Let's go back to tractors, where we started this whole episode. Corey Doctro says they are a prime example of this. Since Roman times, farmers have fixed their own gear because when the storm is coming and you need to get the crops in, you can't wait for someone else to come and fix your stuff. According to Jared, you know, back in the 90s, the tractor is mostly mechanical, right? and if you wanted to replace a part or fix something in the tractor, it was a pretty straightforward process. You would go down to your local John Deere dealership,

and, you know, that was owned by a guy who lived down the road. I remember as a kid going with my dad, and if you had a complaint, you went to Leland Deems, and he might take you back in the shop and ask what was going on. He wanted a customer to be satisfied, and he knew that if he didn't, you'd go down the road to the next dealership the next time you were buying a piece of equipment.

You know, say you have a problem with a wire, or you need a replacement part, you go to Leland Deems, right? And if you're not happy with Leland Deems, you could go to another dealership. Or maybe you go to an independent repair person who's somewhere down the road, right? They'd hook you up and then you would go about your day. But in Jared's experience, a few times this has happened. He received the error code, didn't get a lot of information from the operating system. And without much to go on, he went straight to John Deere.

And at that point, John Deere holds all the cards, right? Because to restart the tractor, Jared needed a technician who knows how to access the tractor's computer. And then at that point, he had to pay that person to come and check it out. The farmers still mostly fix their tractors. They get the part they put it in and so on. It's their farmers. They don't want to fix their stuff. But it doesn't work.

It doesn't work until you get a service call and pay $200 for someone to show up and type the unlock code into your tractor's keyboard. As a farmer, it's not as easy as you go to the repair shop down the road. they fix something for you. Because usually independent repair places, they don't have the tools that John Deere corporate has. Because John Deere is not making that stuff available unless the repair person is paying a big fee. My independent mechanic, I called him up and he said he didn't have the tools to do that because they cost $6,000. So because John Deere makes it expensive for independent repair shops to fix John Deere products, as a consumer, you're stuck paying whatever John Deere is charging. And this is a big way you get locked in. It's replacement parts. So if Jared buys a

replacement part, he probably needs to buy it from John Deere because he doesn't have a lot of options for where else you can buy the thing. I'm getting very angry, Chris. This is very upsetting to me. Keep some room. Okay. Keep some room. We need a ceiling that we can achieve later on in the episode. You're going to get there. So Roman, in the past, farmers could actually buy a generic replacement part, right? Like a part that was built by somebody who isn't John Deere. But today, with the software, John Deere does this trick called parts pairing.

So if you want to replace a drill, something like that, certain parts are not going to work unless they are compatible with John Deere's software. So that's parts pairing. And this is related to this really important concept called interoperability. I've definitely heard that term before. But what does it actually mean here?

Basically, interoperability is whether two things can work together, right? So if you have shoes and shoelaces, if the laces are the right size, they fit inside the shoe, those two things are interoperable. And in a digital context, two things are interoperable if they can talk to each other. And parts pairing makes that difficult because with tractors, you know, you can buy some generic parts that is cheaper than what John Deere is selling, but it won't necessarily work because John Deere software might lock it out. So these two things are not interoperable. And tractors are kind of the tip of the iceberg here, because this kind of thing can happen with all of our smart devices. And Corey brought up this example to me, which is printers. Your printer company says, we don't like it when you use third-party ink.

And so we're going to block third-party ink installation. Once we do that, we're going to charge you more for the ink that comes from HP or Epson or whatever. It's not that your printer can't run that program. It's that your printer has been designed to reject that program to say no. Inks now $10,000 a gallons. The most expensive fluid you can buy is a civilian without a special license. It costs more to print your grocery list than it would if you printed it with the semen of a Kentucky Derby-winning stallion. This is why I like Corey.

He paints some word pictures. He puts a little mustard on the fastball. And by the way, I did. I look this up. This is a bit of an exaggeration. Like the Kentucky Derby winning semen is very expensive. It's worth a lot of money. But printer is expensive too, right?

It costs like thousands of dollars a gallon, which is so much money. I mean, shitty is the right word for it. I mean, it's awful. Yeah, it's really shitty. And it's also a big problem with powered wheelchairs. You have smart fridges. You have ventilators. One more example is about the device you are probably listening to this on right now.

So let's say you have an iPhone. I'm sure you've experienced some version of this as someone who owns an iPhone. If you need to repair an iPhone, there's lots of cases where you cannot get a third-party replacement part. Those will just not be interoperable with an Apple device.

So Apple urges you to buy an Apple replacement part and then go to the Apple store or go to an Apple authorized repair person. Tim Cook in 2019 wrote a letter to his investors at the start of the year we said our biggest risk is that our customers repair phones

instead of buying new ones, that they like their phones. They work fine. And so when they break, they don't just get a new one. Apple uniquely among manufacturers, when you trade a phone in, sends it to be shredded so that the parts can't be harvested to be used in a repair. So to recap, this is the inshittification of things, right? You buy something that has software in it. The software makes it hard to get the thing repaired by some third party. You have to go to the manufacturer and they will jack up the price, right?

and perhaps they don't let you use third-party parts, so they're just profiting off people because we're stuck, right? We have this stuckness going on. So this is a vicious cycle. So, Roman, now that I have gone through the problem of incitification with you, where would you say your anger level is at as of now? Let's go for a nine. I'm a nine.

Like I'm ready to just like go to the next room, yank that smart thermostat out of my wall and just put in an old-fashioned honeywell analog dial. Roman, I feel your pain and I have some good news. We are going to bring your anger level down a little bit, hopefully, because there are people who are trying to make things better. There are people fighting back and trying to outlaw this form of inshittification. Excellent. Okay.

Let's talk about that after the brain. So we're back with Chris Barubei talking about inshittification. Yes, Roman. So let's talk about some of the people who are trying to fight back against, you know, these big companies who are locking you in, trying to profit off your bad experiences, right? And there are a couple of ways people are fighting this. So there's kind of the dodgy, questionable, maybe outside of the bounds of the law way. And then there's the law-abiding citizen.

I want to do everything by the book way. So where do you want to start with this? Well, I definitely want to start with the dodgy questionable outside of the law way. That sounds way more fun. So Corey Docter says we're now seeing a lot of black market or kind of gray market efforts to fix this problem, right? We're seeing people hacking software in an iPhone, for example, and making it work with third-party applications, right? When you do that with an Apple product, that is called jailbreaking. But people aren't just doing it with Apple products.

They're doing it with all kinds of tech now. And if you're like a board grad student with an electron tunneling microscope, you can just like have at it, right? Lots and lots of these softwares have been broken into it. It's actually pretty easy for someone who has, you know, hacker skills and experience. And obviously this kind of solution, hacking into the software, like, it is not something the company wants you to do. I don't think I need to say that. Your user agreement usually says, I will not do something like this. But it is becoming more and more common.

And our farmer Jared, he told me, he's actually seen this kind of thing pretty often in his day-to-day life, like being used by repair people. There have been a lot of black market things that have been released that independent providers are using. laptops from China that have cracked John Deere software on it. So I'm completely on board with fixing this problem. However, you need to fix it. But I do think that there's probably a little room to be cautious if you do not know where the software or hardware that you're using to fix the problem came from. Yeah, it does sound sketchy. And Jared on our call, he made clear to me he has never used this kind of technology because, you know, he wants to follow the rules.

And also, you don't actually know what you're putting on your computer when you are working with this. kind of thing. So if something goes wrong, you know, you can't call John Deere because at this point, you are doing something you're not supposed to be doing. Create some hesitation in using technology like that on your hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of machines because you're out of any ecosystem that can help you because you're operating outside of the margins. So on top of that, Corey Doctor says that in a lot of cases, this kind of solution, this hackery solution is probably illegal. Well, that just drives me crazy. So why is it illegal? Well, there is something called a digital lock that is on a lot of these things. And it's a very particular kind of software. Back in the late 90s, early 2000s, there was concern about ripping DVDs and music piracy, stuff like that. So back then, record companies and movie studios,

they added digital locks to their files. And in 1998, the U.S. passed a law that made it illegal to break a digital lock. They passed a law called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. in Section 1201, it says it is a felony punishable by a five-year prison sentence and a $500,000 fine to tamper with or expose weaknesses in or discuss weaknesses of a digital lock. And now, this law that was designed for MP3 sharing, it is now being applied to all of these other devices that we use every day. Five years in prison. There should be a prison sentence for passing that law. Well, Roman, I think you may have to take that one up with both parties in Congress in 1998. Yeah, no, I know.

There's everyone's at fault for that one. So as you can tell, the sketchy solution, you know, it has some problems. Obviously, they're not enforcing this law too often, but it's still a thing that exists that is out there. So they have that option to do that if they catch you with this kind of software. So this is kind of the hacker path, the solving and certification, but is there a more law-abiding path? Okay. So in the past couple years, there has been a movement to pass laws that would limit the power of these big companies, right? and to make sure that as a consumer, we have more ownership over our stuff.

So this is part of a movement that is called the Right to Repair. So the Right to Repair Movement, it basically says everybody should have the right to fix their own stuff. It's right there in the name. It is in the name. Good name. It's a good name. It's very descriptive. And one of the leaders of this movement is a woman named Gay Gordon-Burne.

She has a lot of public speaking about this subject, including a TED Talk that now has two and a half million views. I am a repair geek. I grew up fixing things with my dad. It was what we did. We fixed our TV. We fixed our refrigerator. We fixed stuff that didn't need fixing. Gay Gordon-Burn is the head of this group called the Repair Association.

And their argument is, look, if we truly own something, we should be able to fix it. What's really got me irritated is that at this point, the vast majority of products on the market today cannot be repaired by any party without being totally dependent on the manufacturer. And the day the manufacturer decides they don't want you to fix it, it's over. This is a completely artificial problem.

And this argument has picked up a lot of followers. There are people fighting for this in Europe, in South America, and actually one of the people out there advocating for it pretty loudly is our farmer, Jared Wilson. You know, I've been to Washington a few years. times and spoken with staff from senators and representatives. So, you know, not really trying to make anything political, just sharing my experiences with the people who are elected to pass laws to govern how things work in this country. Okay, well, I want to know. So is there been

any success with this? Because this seems like an uphill battle. Actually, it has been pretty successful the last couple of years. And it's been pleasantly surprising to see this movement developing. Europe specifically, there has been a lot of movement on this. So in 2024, the European Union passed a directive saying every member state needed to have a right to repair law by the summer of 2026, so that is this coming summer. And that will require manufacturers to offer repairs for all household appliances, including washing machines, even smartphones. So pretty soon, we'll have a pretty good idea of how that's being implemented in Europe. But in the United States, there's been some movement as well. So a few.

few states have now passed right to repair laws. Colorado passed a law in 2023, saying that farmers need to have the right to repair. Oregon passed a law covering electronic and powered wheelchairs. We talked a little bit about wheelchair users, you know, they need access to repair tools because they're facing a pretty small market, pretty high rates for getting stuff fixed. And now quite a few states have passed laws about fixing phones and laptops. And that includes states who are otherwise pretty friendly to business interests. We're getting somewhere with these state right to repair bills. So it's really going well, including Texas, including legislatures that have, you know, consider pretty friendly to big business, are still passing repair laws.

It's great. So the latest development in all of this is a national right to repair bill for cars that is under consideration in the House of Representatives. That bill is bipartisan, by the way. It has been sponsored by Republicans and Democrats. It reflects something from Stein's law. which is a law of finance that says that anything that can't go on forever eventually stops. And I think that people are fed up. And so we're getting some repair bills.

It's very hard to be on the wrong side of repair and saying you shouldn't be allowed to fix your own stuff. So this all seems like good news. So there are some laws that might reverse and certification. It is good news. And actually in response to this push, we have already seen some companies who have started sending out these repair tools. So these are companies trying to get out preemptively ahead of these laws. I bet. And an example of this, a couple of years ago, a little company called John Deere, perhaps you have heard of them from multiple references in this story.

A little company called John Deere have put out this software to their customers that's designed to make it possible for farmers to decode these error messages and troubleshoot lots of problems with their tractors. So to fix things themselves. And as of this year, John Deere told me, farmers can actually. override a derating in some cases. So this is the problem we talked about at the beginning of the show where the tractor shuts itself down. So this all sounds like good news. But there are still some caveats. Okay. So what is this caveat? Well, Jared says there are still flaws with the repair software. He's particularly concerned about the way it collects his data, his harvesting data. He says that's not ideal for him. He's actually been part of a class action lawsuit against John Deere saying they have an

unfair monopoly on repair tools, and the software is part of the complaints that they filed. And in a bigger sense, while there's been progress around right to repair, there's no guarantee that things like the federal law about car repairs is going to pass, right? Like, there are some big lobbies pushing back against that. Some car companies have opposed more right to repair laws because they worry it could lead to their intellectual property being violated. My God. Their intellectual property about the information on my car.

That is an absurd assertion. Yeah, I mean, when you put it that way, it sounds pretty silly. But these right to repair laws, like, they can make a big difference, right? But they aren't a magic bullet. Like, many of these laws do not outlaw parts pairing, for example, so they don't solve the problem of interoperability. You know, you can't necessarily put third-party parts on to repair something. So there's an argument that these laws could go further. Yeah.

So it can make the platform better, but you're still locked into the platform. You're totally locked into the platform. So in lots of ways, like, you need these laws to be more comprehensive. And Corey Doctro says, like, maybe we should start thinking beyond the laws. Like, he has other approaches to this. He thinks we actually need to be doing something a lot more radical. Oh, okay. Tell me more.

What does he have in mind? One thing Corey is pushing for is countries outside the United States to basically break the digital locks, right? To allow third-party manufacturers to make replacement parts, things like that. So Canada and Mexico are in a trade war with the U.S. right now. And Corey says, look, what if those countries made generic replacement parts that go around the locks and then export those generic parts all over the world? We could do the same for tractors and tractor parts and cars and car parts. We have all the car part factories in Ontario, right? If we can't ship those across the border anymore, we can just make generic car parts in Ontario,

sell them all over the world along with the software to turn off the car part checking tool in the cars. We could have third-party ink manufacturing. And you know what? What if we don't do it? Someone else is going to do it. It is a very cori-doctoro thing to turn Canada into a lawless land of jailbreaking. But I do love it. I don't see it ever really happening in that way, but I do love it. Yeah, that can feel like a long shot, right?

But we do have to think about different ways to fix this problem. I totally agree. Roman, there's so much going on in the world right now. But this issue feels pretty urgent to me. Because if we don't act, you know, if we don't do something about, about these kind of everyday frustrations, this general shittiness of things, but also this big cost for lots of people,

it's just going to get worse. And on a much simpler level, Roman, I would like to live in a world where somebody like Jared can just fix his tractor. It doesn't benefit us, the citizen, to have stuff that we buy that we can't fix when it breaks. It's not good economically.

It's not good environmentally. allowing these companies to stymie competition is not in our best interest. And I really hope that people can take that to heart. Well, amen to that. Thank you, Chris. Even in my incandescent anger, I'm having fun with this story. I appreciate it. Oh, good.

Okay, so this was infuriating but also entertaining. That's what I was going for today. Exactly. Like good punk rock. That's the first time I've ever been compared to good punk rock. So thank you for that. In April 2026, as we were finishing this episode, John Deere agreed to pay $99 million to settle the class action lawsuit about right to repair concerns. Jared Wilson, the farmer from our episode, was part of that lawsuit.

We reached out to John Deere to discuss claims made in the story. In response, they sent us information about their consumer repair software. And John Deere told us that they estimate there are third-party replacement parts for about 60% of all jobs. John Deere parts on the market today. We also reached out to Apple. A representative told us that Apple supports third-party replacement parts except in cases where there are security concerns. Apple also told us they have recently expanded access to their repair tools for consumers

and have a recycling take-back program in most countries that sell Apple products. 99% Invisible was produced this week by Chris Barubei, edited by Emmett Fitzgerald, fact-checking by Graham Hesha, mixed by Martin Gonzalez, music by Swan Real, and Dorian. George Langford. Corey Doctor's latest book is called Inchidification, why everything suddenly got worse and what to do about it. It is super fun and infuriating, but mostly fun. You can find it wherever you buy books. Special thanks this week to Nathan Proctor at the PIRG.

Kathy 2 is our executive producer. Delaney Hall is a senior editor. Kurt Colstett is the digital director. The rest of the team includes Jason DeLeon, Christopher Johnson, Vivian Leigh, Lashamadon, Jacob Medina Gleason, Kelly Prime, Joe Rosenberg, Tallinn and Rain Stradley, and me, Roman Mars. The 99% of visible logo was created by Stefan Lawrence. We are part of the Series XM podcast family, now headquartered six blocks north in the Pandora building. And beautiful, uptown, Oakland, California.

You can find us on Blue Sky as well as our own Discord server. You can find a link to that as well as every past episode of 99PI at 99PI.org. I don't know.