Adhesion Matters - U.S. Adhesive Market

Episode Date: August 5, 2025

The U.S. adhesive market is the focus of today's episode as this robust and expanding sector is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% from 2024 to 2030. This growth is driven by advancements in chemical engineering, increased manufacturing and construction activities, and a rising preference for sustainable, high-performance materials. Key segments include packaging, rapidly expanding construction adhesives, and automotive/electronics.  Significant trends shaping the market include stringent regulatory pressures on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), accelerating a shift towards low-VOC, bio-based, and hybrid formulations. The emergence of "smart" adhesives (self-healing, conductive, functional) is a pivotal technological shift, enabling new applications in high-tech sectors.  We conclude the episode by talking about the vital role of distributors, particularly for small and medium-sized users of adhesives.

Okay, you might not really think about them much, but adhesives, we use them constantly, right? Often without a second thought. But what if I told you that the U.S. adhesive market isn't just about, you know, sticking things together, that it's actually a multi-billion dollar industry. Yeah, and not just big, but rapidly expanding. Exactly. Bothing with incredible innovation. We're talking about smart, self-healing materials even.

That's pretty amazing stuff. So today, we're doing a deep dive into this fascinating, often unseen world of the U.S. adhesive market. Our mission, really, is to pull out the most important nuggets of knowledge from this pretty complex industry. We'll look at what's driving. It's really robust growth, explore some of the cutting-edge technologies, and also shine a light on the, well, the unsung heroes of the supply chain, the distributors. Yeah, they play a huge role. We're going to try and connect the dots, maybe reveal some surprising facts, and show you why this market, well, why it truly sticks. And what's fascinating here, I think, is how something

seemingly mundane like glue underpins so much of modern industry, you know, from the cars we drive to the packages that arrive at our door every day. So yeah, we'll be looking at some comprehensive market analysis today that really sheds light on the incredible scale and the intricate workings of this really essential sector. All right. Let's get into it. Let's unpack this. Okay, first things first. Let's just clarify. When we say adhesives, what exactly are we talking about? here it's definitely more than just the glue stick on your desk oh absolutely precisely so adhesives are chemical substances right specifically designed to bond two surfaces together and they're fundamentally different from say traditional

mechanical fasteners things like screws or rivets or even welding how so what's the advantage well think about it they offer distinct advantages like uh improved aesthetics for one you don't see bulky fasteners they can reduce the weight of the final product which is huge in automotive and aerospace. They can enhance structural integrity by distributing stress more evenly across the bond line. Instead of just at the point of the screw or rivet. Exactly. And they often offer better resistance to environmental factors, things like moisture or big temperature swings. The market itself is incredibly broad. It covers various resin types, different technologies for applying them. And it's often analyzed together with sealance.

Sealance. Yeah, because there's often significant overlap in their chemical makeup and and, you know, how they're used in different industries. That makes sense. Okay, and here's where it gets, well, really eye-opening to me. This isn't some small niche corner of the economy. No, not at all. You've hit on a critical point there. It's a hidden giant, really.

Yeah. The broader North America adhesives and sealance market, just that region was valued at approximately $14.5 billion in 2023. 14.5 billion. Wow. Yeah. And what's truly remarkable is its projected growth. It's expected to expand at a company.

compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of about 5.5% from 2024 to 2030. Okay. Which means it could reach over $21 billion within just a few years. So serious, bro. Very serious. And within that huge North American market, the U.S. alone accounts for a substantial chunk about 83% of the adhesive market revenue. Wow, 83%.

That's a huge slice of the pie. So, okay, if I'm understanding this, we're looking at a market that's not just big, but growing really fast across the board. What does this kind of robust growth mean for specific areas? Like, where's the action? Well, it mean opportunity, right, everywhere. So, for instance, take the U.S. adhesive equipment market. That's the machinery used to actually apply these advanced adhesives.

Right, the dispensers and applicators and things. Exactly. That market was nearly $4.7 billion in 2023, and it's forecasted to reach over $6 billion by 2030, but maybe even more impressively if we zoom in on just construction. The U.S. construction adhesives market alone is, projected to grow from roughly 13 billion in 2025 to over 20 billion by 2035. 20 billion just for construction adheses. Just construction.

And this distinction is actually pretty crucial. The growth in the adhesive materials themselves, the chemicals, is really the primary driver for the overall markets expansion. It's maybe even more significant than just the machinery that applies them. It's the innovation in the sticky stuff itself, you know, that's making the big difference. Okay, so what's actually fueling this incredible expansion? Is it just general economic growth, things getting built, or are there specific innovations really pushing it forward? It's definitely a powerful mix.

You've got both technological advancements and these broader macroeconomic shifts happening. So on the technology side, we're seeing continuous innovation in chemical engineering, just constant development. This creates entirely new adhesives designed for really demanding industrial requirements. Think about adhesives that need to withstand, like extreme temperatures or bond, totally different materials like metal to plastic which used to be really tricky right then on the economic front there's a significant uptick in manufacturing and construction activities across the us we're seeing increased spending on refurbishment renovation and yeah new building projects and in these areas adheses are increasingly replacing those traditional fasteners why just because

they're better often because they offer better efficiency better performance and sometimes they're just faster to apply on a production line. Another major catalyst is the heightened demand for sustainable and high performance materials. This is huge now. Driven by regulations or consumer choice. Both. Definitely stricter regulations, but also a growing consumer preference for, you know, eco-friendly, durable, efficient solutions. And this leads to a widespread shift away from those older traditional joining method screws, welds towards modern adhesive technologies, which, like we said, often offer stronger adhesion.

They reduce structural stress points. And frankly, they often just look better, better aesthetics. That makes sense. Now, if we try to connect this to the bigger picture, you can really see how the health of the adhesive market reflects broader economic activity. Like a barometer.

Kind of, yeah. For example, the packaging sector. It's a dominant force here. It accounts for nearly 30% of the North American adhesives and sealance market revenue. 70% and an incredible 60% almost, of the U.S. adhesive equipment market, the machinery. Wow. Why so much in packaging?

It's hugely driven by consumer preference for portable food, grab-and-go stuff, and fast-moving consumer goods, FMCG, packages, think cereal boxes, snack bags, all that. I mean, just to put that in perspective, sales of packaging products just to retail food and beverage stores in the U.S. reached approximately $880 billion back in 2021. That's a staggering figure. perfect sense when you think about how much packaged stuff we buy. Okay, so packaging is massive. What other sectors are really feeling the pull, the demand for adhesives? Yeah. Beyond packaging, we're seeing significant growth in automotive and electronics.

Okay. This is fueled by strong demand for sophisticated technology, especially for electric vehicles, EVs. Lighter weight, different materials. Exactly. And things like advanced driver assistance systems, ADAS. They require complex sensor integration, often using adhesives. For example, For example, conductive adhesives that can actually conduct electricity just in the automotive sector alone are projected to reach over $5 billion by 2032. Conductive glue. That's wild. It is. And then you've got furniture and woodworking.

That's another area experiencing really rapid expansion. It's projected for the fastest growth in North America, actually, with a robust 9.6% CAGR. What's striving that? More houses? Largely driven by urbanization. Yeah. And construction, new homes, renovations, demanding more furniture, cabinets, flooring, all using adhesives. And finally, you know, just broader macroeconomic factors like increased consumer disposable income and overall industrialization are boosting demand for all sorts of adhesive types, including really versatile ones like hot melt adhesives.

Right. So, yeah, it's clear the adhesive market isn't just like benefiting from these trends. In many ways, it's an enabler of them. Okay. Okay. So given this rapid growth and all this specialization you're talking about, who are the main players, who are the Titans and the Innovators competing in this case? What does that competitive landscape actually look like? Well, the U.S. adhesive equipment market is what we call moderately fragmented, meaning you have a mix. You've got some very large global players, the household names, alongside many innovative, small to medium sized businesses, often focusing on niches. And innovation is absolutely critical. It's a strategic imperative across the high school. board. You have to keep developing new stuff. Companies like 3M Henkel Corporation, they own well-known brands like Lock-Tite and Technomel. Oh, yeah, Lock-Tide. Right. Then there's

HB. Fuller, Dow, Sica Corporation. These are some of the key players. And they're constantly launching new products, new variations, really pushing the boundaries of what adhesives can actually do. That makes perfect sense. It has to be highly specialized, like you said. Okay, let's delve into that a bit more. It's clearly not just one type of glue. It's tailored for every single task. What are some of the key chemical types, the resin types that are making these connections possible? Exactly. Yeah, the U.S. market is deeply segmented by these resin types, and each one is designed with distinct properties for specific jobs. Think of it like this. If you need the real muscle for, say, construction applications, you'd often turn to

acrylics. Acrylics. Okay. They lead the construction adhesives market. They're known for superior bonding strength, pretty fast curing times, and excellent resistance. to moisture and UV light. You know, stuff buildings face every day. So like a super strong, fast outdoor glue? Kind of, yeah. On the other hand, if you need flexibility and weather resistance, silicone is often your go-to.

It actually dominated the overall North America adhesings and sealance market, holding about a third of the revenue share in 2023. Silipones are the rubbery ones, right? Yeah, exactly. They're perfect for sealing around windows or in joints where things might expand and contract with temperature changes. Yeah. Very durable.

We also see ethylene vinyl acetate, or EVA, adhesives projected for the second fastest growth. VVA, where is that used? Largely due to demand in food and beverage packaging. They're valued for their safety profile and good bonding strength on packaging materials. And then looking towards the future, polymer-based self-healing adhesives are truly groundbreaking. Self-healing? How does that even work? It's amazing. Imagine a tiny microcrack forms in the adhesive layer.

These materials contain tiny capsules or have a specific molecular structure that allows them to essentially bleed a healing agent into the crack when it forms. So it literally repairs itself? It essentially repairs itself, yeah. Much like our skin heals a small cut. These are expected to really take off in their segment because they offer potential for longer lifespan, reduced maintenance, plus cost effectiveness and versatility down the line. That's incredible. It really highlights the highly specialized nature of the market. market, doesn't it? Manufacturers and distributors need incredibly deep product knowledge to match the right chemistry to the right job.

Absolutely. Especially the self-healing aspect. That's just fascinating. Okay, so beyond the chemical makeup, how do these adhesives actually get applied? What are the main technology types we see? Right, because the chemistry is only half the story. How you apply it is just as crucial for performance. The market is segmented by key technologies. Things like solvent-borne, reactive adhesives, hot melt, and UV-cured adhesives are big ones. And waterborne is also very significant. Okay, let's break those down. Hot melt. Industrial hot melt adhesives actually dominated the U.S. adhesive equipment market in 2023. Think glue guns, but on a massive industrial scale. They're valued for their incredibly fast setting time, They basically solidify on cooling and efficient application, perfect for high-speed manufacturing lines,

in packaging, lamination, making disposable hygiene products like diapers. Speed is key there. Absolutely. Then you have solvent-based adhesives. These are expected to see significant growth, too. They offer incredibly strong adhesion and versatility for specific, often very demanding, high-performance applications. But solvents, aren't there environmental concerns? VOCs. Yes, exactly.

That's the trade-off. They often contain volatile organic compounds or VOCs, which are under ongoing regulatory scrutiny due to environmental and health impacts. So their use is becoming more specialized. Okay. What about the alternatives? Well, that's where waterborne adhesives come in strong. They are actually the most consumed adhesive technology overall in the U.S. Why is that? Mainly due to their favorable environmental properties.

They have negligible VOC content, which is a huge plus, and they're often lower cost. Where are they used most? Very common in woodworking, paper converting, packaging sometimes. Anywhere, sustainability and low emissions are major priorities. So you see this market exhibits a real strategic balance. Hot melts are chosen for speed, solvent base for extreme performance and tough conditions, and waterborne for sustainability and cost efficiency. Different tools for different jobs.

Precisely. It shows the market isn't monolithic at all. Different technologies cater to very distinct priorities and regulations. So given all these specialized types, these application methods, where are these bonds making the biggest splash? You mentioned packaging and construction, but what stands out to you about the sheer diversity of industries relying on adhesives? It's truly remarkable, isn't it, how specialized the applications get across such a broad range of industries. As we touched on, paper and packaging continues to just dominate. Nearly 30% of the revenue in North American adhesives and sealants and that huge 60% share in U.S. adhesive equipment.

And remember, this isn't just about taping boxes shut. It's complex laminations, creating secure seals, attractive labels, often needing to be food saved. Right, much more complex. Than building and construction. A major rapidly growing sector. We saw those huge growth projections for construction adhesives. And interestingly, this sector is also leading the market for those innovative self-healing materials we talked about. They hold over a third of that specific market share currently.

Imagine self-healing concrete additives or sealants. Wow, okay. infrastructure applications. Potentially huge. Then there's transportation, which includes automotive and aerospace primarily. Here, adhesives are absolutely critical for light weighting vehicles, joining to similar materials and enabling new designs and technologies. We mentioned conductive adhesives and automotive over $3 billion in 2020, projected to hit

over $5 billion by 2032, essential for all the electronics packed into modern cars, especially EVs and AD systems. Makes sense. Woodworking and joinery, we noted, that's experiencing the fastest growth overall in North America. Adhesives are vital here for everything from laminating large panels to subtle edge bending on furniture, assembling cabinets, flooring. Everywhere in furniture, basically.

Pretty much. And in electronics and semiconductors, the demand for smartphones, laptops, Internet of things, or IoT, devices, 5G technology, it's all driving the need for increasingly specialized, often microscopic adhesive applications. Conductive adhesives for consumer electronics alone, that market was valued at over $4 billion in 2023, projected to reach over $7 billion by $2032. They're absolutely essential for making things smaller and more powerful. Incredible numbers. And finally, even healthcare is an expanding segment.

Using conductive and even self-healing adhesives and advanced medical devices, wearables, diagnostic tools. So really across the board. Absolutely. And this diversity means manufacturers need highly specialized product portfolios. And just as importantly, distributors need deep application-specific expertise to guide customers. It's this dynamic interplay where innovation in one sector, like maybe self-healing materials developed for airspace composites, can eventually cross-pollinate and find uses in construction or automotive. That's a fantastic overview of the market itself. But it raises a key question.

With all this complexity, all these specialized adhesives, these diverse industries with unique needs, how do these products actually get from the market itself? the big chemical manufacturers to, say, the small furniture maker or the specialized electronics and so we're talking about the folks in the middle, right? Yeah. The unsung heroes of the supply chain, the chemical distributors. You're absolutely right to call them unsung heroes. They are truly indispensable intermediaries in this whole ecosystem. Chemical distributors, basically they buy, they store, they sell, and they ship chemicals.

They manage immense supply chain complexity. So they're like the wholesalers. Sort of, but much more. They play a crucial role by serving smaller volume clients, customers that might be too small for a giant manufacturer to deal with directly. They reach specific niche applications, and critically, they help reduce overall supply chain costs for the producers by handling logistics, warehousing, breaking bulk. And for the customers, they offer a consolidated, often a one-stop source for diverse chemical needs. Instead of managing relationships with dozens of manufacturers, a company might just work with one or two key distributors. Okay, so they're definitely not just moving product from A to B.

What additional value do they bring beyond simply handling the logistics side of things? Oh, far more than just logistics. They offer a really wide product mix, often carrying products from multiple competing manufacturers giving customers' choice. And they provide a range of crucial services, things like specialized labeling to meet regulatory, needs just in time delivery to keep factory production lines running smoothly without customers needing huge inventories. That's huge for efficiency. Absolutely.

Plus, financing options, critical waste handling services for leftover chemicals or containers, and perhaps most importantly today, they provide extensive regulatory support. Ah, regulations. Yeah, and environmental health and safety or EHS services. This often includes comprehensive laboratory support too. They are truly strategic enablers. They provide market access for manufacturers and efficiency for end users that just wouldn't be possible otherwise for many businesses, especially smaller ones. Okay, this raises a really important point.

With all these chemicals flying around, what about regulations, especially around things like those volatile organic compounds, VOCs you mentioned earlier, it sounds like a potential minefield to navigate. It absolutely can be, yeah. VOCs are a significant concern, both due to their health effects, they can cause anything from irritation and headaches. and some are suspected of causing more serious issues long-term and their environmental impact. They're major contributors to smog formation. So who regulates them? Well, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the EPA, regulates them at the national level. However, certain states have much stricter rules.

California is famous for this. California usually leads on environmental regs. They do. Agencies like the California Air Resources Board, CARB, and specific local air district rules like the South Coast AQMD's Rule 1168 for adhesives in Sealand. They have some of the tightest and most comprehensive VOC regulations for adhesives anywhere in the world. Wow. And other states like Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, they also have their own stringent rules. It creates this really complex patchwork regulatory landscape across the country.

It must be tough for manufacturers. It absolutely compels manufacturers to constantly innovate, developing low VOC and even zero VOC formulations to comply. And this is precisely where distributors become critical regulatory navigators. for everyone involved. How so? They act as expert resources. They stay up to date on the complex rules in different states and regions. They ensure the products they sell are correctly labeled, transported, and stored according to all these varying regulations.

This significantly reduces the compliance burden for both the manufacturers who might not have the bandwidth to track every local rule, and especially for the end users. Think about a small or medium-sized business. They likely don't have an in-house regulatory expert. for adhesives. The distributor fills that gap. Okay, so they handle the complex paperwork and compliance site, but it sounds like they need more than just regulatory know-how, given how specialized these adheses are. Do they also provide technical expertise to help companies choose and, you know, use the right product? Absolutely. That's become a huge part of their value proposition. They provide high-level technical expertise and application support that's often

truly game-changing for their customers. Many of these larger distributors now have their own dedicated laboratories. It's their own labs. Yeah, where they conduct customer-specific application tests. So a customer can come to them and say, I need to bond this new plastic to this metal for this specific

device. The distributor can actually test different adhesives on those exact materials under simulated conditions. They might offer custom formulation services, blending products, or tweaking formulations. Some even synthesize unique polymers for very bespoke solutions.

So it's almost like R&D partners. In a way, yes. It includes things like refill services, custom packaging, all designed to optimize the customer-specific process, ensuring they get exactly the right product in the right format for their specific needs. This evolution into what you might call technical competence centers is profoundly significant. They don't just sell a product. They assist customers with selection, optimization, troubleshooting problems. Helping them use it correctly. Exactly.

And that directly drives the adoption of innovative, sometimes complex, new adhesive products across all. all of these diverse industries we talked about. That is a huge value ad, way beyond just logistics. Okay, can you give us a sense of who these key players are in the U.S. distribution market? Who are the giants and maybe some of the specialized players making all this happen? Sure. It's, again, a dynamic mix. You have global giants with huge reach and resources and also more specialized regional players.

Univar Solutions is generally recognized as the largest chemical distributor in North America overall. They serve incredibly diverse markets, aerospace, construction, packaging, personal care, you name it. They offer extensive supply chain optimization through a network of over 100 service centers. Huge scale. Massive scale. Then there's Brentag. They're a global market leader in chemical distribution. They have 18 dedicated KC and remember coatings, adhesive, sealants, and elastomers and construction innovation and application centers spread around the world.

They offer deep regulatory and formulation support through those centers. So real technical depth there. Definitely. IMCD is another global leader. Also with a strong technical focus, they boast over 80 technical centers globally. They concentrate on providing high-quality specialty chemicals and innovative technical solutions. Azales is another prominent global distributor. They have extensive labs, too, and really focus on tailoring solutions to local market demands.

They carry a wide range of additives, pigments, resins relevant to adhesives. Okay. Any others? Well, Nexioplastics, while primarily known as a plastic, resin distributor also offers advanced polymer solutions that are highly relevant to the adhesives world, and they have a strong focus on sustainability initiatives. And then you have other notable, often more specialized players like HM. Royal or Palmer Holland. They might focus on specific regions or particular types of chemistries or end-use markets within the broader adhesive landscape. It sounds like a really diverse ecosystem. It is. And this diverse landscape allows

distributors to cater to very specific market needs, efficiently connecting the big producers with the incredibly varied demands of the U.S. adhesive market from huge corporations down to small workshops. That gives us a great picture of the overall distribution landscape. Now, maybe let's look at a concrete example, a specific distributor that really excels in this complex environment. Maybe embodies that technical competence center model, you mentioned. Yeah, a fantastic example to look at is a company called Bodo-Muller-Schimmy. Bodo-Muller-Schimmy. Okay.

They're headquartered in Germany, actually. With over 50 years of experience in specialty chemicals, they established their U.S. subsidiary down in Atlanta, Georgia, back in 2017. Atlanta. Interesting choice. Well, it was strategically chosen because Atlanta sits right in the middle of what's often called the automotive belt of the United States. Ah, proximity to a key customer base. Exactly.

It gives them close access to a major industry for adhesives. And they position themselves very clearly as a specialist, particularly in formulated epoxy systems, but also covering really all existing adhesive solutions. They do this by partnering with some of the biggest, most renowned global chemical companies, folks like Dow DuPont, Henkel Huntsman. They distribute their products, but add significant value. Okay, so how do they really embody that technical competence center model? Can you give us a sense of what that looks like in practice for a company like Bodo Mell or Shemi? Right. So they go far beyond just supplying a drum or a tube of product. Imagine maybe a tier one automotive supplier needs a new adhesive. They need something that can bond, say, a novel composite material to lightweight aluminum for an electric vehicle battery casing. But it also needs to withstand vibration, extreme temperatures, maybe dissipate heat, and it has to cure incredibly fast on their automated production line. That's a complex ask. Very specific requirements. Exactly. Vodomiller-Tumee would step in. They offer comprehensive.

specialized services. First, technical advice and training for the customer's engineers. Then, crucially, customer-specific application tests. They conduct these in their own state-of-the-art laboratories, and they actually have a dedicated facility they call their adhesive competence center. Adhesive competence center. I like that. Yeah. They can take samples of those new materials from the supplier, test various adhesive formulations from their partners like Dow or Henkel, maybe even tweak a formulation slightly. They'll simulate the curing process, test the bond strength under stress, all before it ever gets implemented on the factory floor. So they de-risk the process for the customer?

Precisely. They even have proprietary production facilities where they can do a custom blending or repackaging, maybe providing the adhesive in a specific cartridge type for the customer's robotic applicators, and they're ISO-certified, ensuring that top quality and consistency. So their whole business model really highlights this evolving role of distributors. They're not just middlemen. they are crucial technical partners. Connecting the dots.

Exactly. They help the big manufacturers like Dow or Hinkle reach these highly specialized customers with really complex needs that might be hard to serve directly. And critically, they enable the end users like that auto supplier to access not just the product,

but the tailored solution and the essential know-how to integrate these complex, high-performance materials seamlessly and effectively into their own products. Which ultimately fosters innovation. Absolutely. It fosters.

innovation across the board and ensures optimal performance, particularly in these really high demand, high performance sectors like automotive, aerospace, electronics. That's a great case study. Really brings the role of the distributor to life. Okay, so wrapping things up, what does this all mean for you, the listener, the learner, and maybe for our world more broadly? What are the big takeaways from this deep dive into the sticky world of adhesives? Well, I think the first big takeaway is that the U.S. adhesive market is incredibly robust. It's expanding significantly. And it's characterized by really dynamic growth.

This growth is being driven by a combination of factors, continuous advancements in chemical engineering, the uptick in manufacturing and construction we discussed, and a really strong, unwavering shift across industries towards higher performance and more sustainable materials. And the innovation is key. The innovation is absolutely key. What we're seeing from, you know, bio-based formulations made from plants to those smart self-healing materials to conductive adhesives, It's truly transformative technology, and it's impacting nearly every single industry you can think of. And the second big takeaway for me is the role of the chemical distributors. Yeah. We started by calling them unsung heroes, and it seems fitting.

Their role, maybe once seen as mere logistical players just moving boxes, has profoundly evolved. They are now truly indispensable strategic partners, offering that critical technical support, the regulatory guidance through that complex maze and bespoke tailored solutions that really, bridge the gap between complex chemistry and practical real-world application. They're the essential link making all this innovation actually usable. Couldn't agree more. This market isn't just about glue, right? It's this vibrant, interconnected ecosystem that really mirrors broader economic trends and technological progress. It's constantly adapting to regulatory pressures, pushing the boundaries of material science in ways that are often unseen, often taken for granted, but always, always impactful.

Yeah. And maybe here's a final thought for you, the listener, to mull over. Consider how it heases these often unseen, unthought of bonds in our daily lives. Holding your phone together, keeping your car lighter, sealing your food packages, are quietly enabling the next wave of innovation. Think about possibilities like self-healing infrastructure that repairs its own cracks or ultra-miniaturized electronics that wouldn't be possible without microscopic conductive bonds or lighter, more efficient electric vehicles and airplanes. Adhesives are fundamentally reshaping how we build, how we connect,

and how we interact with our physical world, often in ways we don't even realize. It's happening right now. Exactly. We invite you to keep exploring.