Afford Anything - Charles Duhigg: How to Have Smarter Conversations [GREATEST HITS WEEK]

Episode Date: December 24, 2024

Great communication will get you a raise. It’ll get you promoted. You’ll land the corner office. You’ll make friends and be the life of the party. You’ll land business deals and form lucrative partnerships. Supercommunication is a superpower. But how do we build it? Sometimes, you might walk away from a conversation with the joy of having made a cool new friend. Or you snagged a critical piece of information that you realllllly needed. Or you successfully negotiated an extra $5,000 off your car. On the flip side, sometimes you’ll walk away from a conversation, scratching your head and wondering … “What just happened?” If either of these situations have happened to you, Charles Duhigg will help you understand WHY. Duhigg is a Pultizer Prize winning reporter. He holds an undergrad degree from Yale and an MBA from Harvard. He wrote for the LA Times and New York Times, before landing at The New Yorker. His first two books, The Power of Habit and Smarter, Faster, Better, have sold more than 5 million copies. Recently, he came out with a new book called Supercommunicators. He chats with us today to discuss the power of communication. Duhigg shares why communication is a critical component to happiness and success in every part of life. He discusses the different styles of conversations that people can have, which lead to either connection or disconnection. He also shares critical tips to help us all become supercommunicators and live richer lives. Enjoy! Resources Mentioned: Supercommunicators: How to Unlock the Secret Language of Connection, by Charles Duhigg | Book The Power of Habit, by Charles Duhigg | Book Smarter Faster Better, by Charles Duhigg | Book We're sharing this as part of GREATEST HITS WEEK, a 5-day series in which we're sharing 5 episodes, across 5 days, that originally aired at the start of 2024 (January through March). You may have missed it then; enjoy it now. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Merry Christmas Eve. It's December 24. We are watching the skies for Santa. We're setting out some milk and cookies, and we are sharing the second of five episodes in Greatest Hits Week. We are highlighting some of the best wisdom that came from the beginning of this year, and today we hear from Charles Duhigg, the Pulitzer Prize-winning mega bestselling author of a bunch of a bunch of book,

He joined our show to talk to us about how to have smarter, deeper, better conversations, how to climb inside the mind of a super communicator. This episode originally aired on February 28th, the day before Leap Day. And if you missed it then, well, you do not want to miss it again. So, from Leap Day Eve to Christmas Eve, here's Charles Duhigg. We know that the most important thing that you can do for your life. is to build great relationships, relationships with your family, with your friends, with colleagues, with business partners, the thing that is going to determine your wealth, your health,

your longevity, your net worth, and also your sense of self-worth. That all comes from relationships. And communication is the backbone of good relationships. So how do you become a super communicator? Welcome to the Afford Anything podcast, the show that understands. you can afford anything, but not everything. Every choice that you make is a trade-off against something else, and that doesn't just apply to your money.

It applies to any limited resource that you need to manage, your time, your energy, your attention, what matters most, and how do you make decisions accordingly? That's what we're here to answer. I'm your host on Paula Pant, and with me is Pulitzer Prize-winning, Charles Duhigg, the author of three books, most recently Super Communicators. You worked for the LA Times. You worked for the New York Times. Now you're at the New Yorker.

Yeah. And what was your Pulitzer for? It was for a series about Apple. And it was actually the same year that my first book, The Power of Habit, came out. It was a pretty overwhelming year. In Budways, in Good ways. But it was a lot. Wow.

Then the Power of Habit was a mega, mega bestseller. I mean, that was, I remember when it came out. Yeah. Yeah. No, I was enormously fortunate. to have people discover the book. And actually super communicators came out of that book a little bit because I would get all these emails from people who said, I read the book and I feel like I've changed my own habits. But there's these other people whose habits I really want to change.

How do I change them? And that, of course, is communication. Learning how to communicate with others is critical to being a success. That leads us to today's conversation. And I'm going to kick off with this question. Tell me about your dad. That's a great. That's a great first question. Because, you know, my dad passed away six years ago. And after I went to the funeral, I came home. And everyone would say things like, I'm sorry and my condolences. And nobody ever asked me that question. What, what, what, what your dad like? And I, like, I was, like, so desperate to tell people about my dad. Like, I had just been to this funeral art, these eulogies, and, like, had been thinking for weeks about, like, the role he played in my life. And it's a great question.

Thank you for asking. He was a wonderful man. What role did he play in your life? You know, so he was a lawyer in Albuquerque, New Mexico. So I grew up in Albuquerque. And he was born in 1929. So he was older than most other people's dad. He constantly, like, encouraged me to do crazy things.

Not like crazy physically, but, like, why don't you get an internship of that newspaper? eventually that they'll let you in or why don't you invite your principal to come to dinner with you at some speech that I had tickets for. And all of that stuff sort of taught me how to how to be who I am in the world. And he was just so, he was so enthusiastic about my success. Which I train you for my own kids. What, tell me, tell me about your dad. What's your dad like? Oh, wow. My dad. So, and a quick time out for all of the people who are listening to this, we're wondering why we're having this conversation. So there are three kinds of conversations we could be happening. We could be having a logistical conversation. We could be having a conversation in which we're establishing

our identities, our social identities, where we exist within the fabric. And then we could be having more of a relational understanding one. Absolutely, emotional. Emotional conversation. It sounds as though we're probably having that one. I think you're right. I think you're right. I think that particularly the fact that White Father passed away and that you were kind enough to ask about it, That is kind of emotional, right? And that doesn't mean I have to tell you all about my feelings or cry, but it does mean that inside my brain, those parts that are related to emotional conversation are activated. And if you are similarly activated, if you respond or you invite me to have an emotional conversation with you, then we'll really connect with each other. Right. And so your follow-up question then, when you invited me to tell you about my dad, is that reciprocity. That's exactly right. There's this reciprocity. There's this reciprocity. reciprocity of authenticity and vulnerability that's so important, right? And I'm sure everyone listening has felt this that there are these times when like you are the person who asked questions and the other person just answers them. Right. After a while, you're like, okay, do you want to ask me a question? The back and forth, the reciprocity. And if I said something really vulnerable and you just said, oh yeah, that's interesting. And then when on something else, I would feel like I was making you this offer and you were kind of turning it away. Right. So.

it's important to have that reciprocity to ask questions back and forth. Right. So I will answer your question, but I also just at a meta level for the people who are listening who are wondering why we are talking about this, having the skill of communication is valuable for business, for literally anything that you do in the world revolves around relationships, whether it's running a company or advancing your career or having a successful marriage, anything, literally anything that you do. Communication is our superpower. It is the thing that has taken humans and made them so much more successful than every other species. It is the thing that builds countries and nations and families.

If you know how to be a super communicator, if you know how to communicate with other people, you have this superpower that brings you success in any realm because it teaches you. It allows you to connect with other people. Right. Exactly. you know, everyone has goals. Whether they're making 50,000 and they want to be making 150,000, right? And they're going to need some promotions to do that. Or whether they're making 150,000, but they're miserable and they want to retire early.

Yeah. And they're going to need to buy some rental properties to do that and talk to their tenants. Everyone's got some next level that they want to get. And communication is almost always the path. That's exactly right. Or even if you're having, if work is great, and my guess is if work is great, it's only because you're communicating well with your coworkers. Work could be fantastic.

And if home is a disaster, then your whole life is a disaster. So I fell into this pattern with my wife, which is that I would come home from work after like a long day. And I would start complaining about my day. And she very reasonably would say something like, oh, like, why don't you take your boss out to lunch and like you guys can get to know each other, like a solution? And instead of being able to hear her, I would get even more upset. And then she would get upset because I was getting upset for no apparent.

reason. And so I went to these researchers and what they told me is exactly what you said before, which is that we think of discussions as being one about one thing, but actually there's many kinds of conversations. And they all fall into these three buckets, the practical, the social, and the emotional. And what they said is you were having an emotional conversation with your wife, and she was having a practical conversation back with you. And so you guys could not hear each other. We're literally using different parts of our brains. And it's all about matching a the matching principles, it's known, to have the same kind of conversation at the same time, which, as you pointed out, is so powerful because that's how we get other people to trust us,

to listen to us, and that's how we learn who they are. Right. The practical, the emotional, and the social. Yeah. Or another way of saying that is, to you want to be heard? Do you want to be hugged? Do you want to be helped? That's exactly right.

That's exactly right. And they teach this in schools to teachers. Ask your kids. And actually, when I get home from work now and I start complaining about my day, Liz, my wife will say to me, do you want me to help you come up with solutions or do you just need to vet and you want me to listen to you? And it feels so nice to have someone asked you now, right? Because up until that moment, I actually didn't know the answer myself. And as soon as she says it, I can say like, oh, no, no, I just need a bet. Like this isn't, this isn't really a big deal. This is just me being

frustrated. Right. Yeah. And that's nice because it's a moment of self-reflection, right, where you can pause and take that moment and say, wait, wait, what is the purpose of the words that are coming out of my own mouth? That's exactly right. And, and, and, And there are these people who are consistent super communicators who can connect with all this anymore. And what we know about them is that they do a couple of things differently from everyone else. First of all, they ask a lot more questions, like 10 to 20 times as many questions as the average person.

They tend to reciprocate vulnerabilities and authenticity, as you mentioned before, but also reciprocate laughter or reciprocate sadness. If I see someone who mentions something kind of sad, I don't try and cheer them up. I try and say, I'm really sorry. That sounds really hard. like tell me more about that. But the most important thing that they do is that they show you they want to convince. Because conversation is so overwhelming and potentially scary, right?

Particularly a hard conversation, something you've been dreading talking about, that when someone shows you that they want to connect with you, when they notice that you've said something emotional and they meet you emotionally, when you say something practical, like, look, we've got to figure where we're going to on vacation next year. And I say, okay, let's talk about area. affairs, right? That's how we show that we want to connect with that person. And it's that showing of desire of connection that can make all the difference. There's some things to dig into, particularly when it comes to hard conversations, because so much of success in life comes from

being willing to have just a few key hard conversations. And most people spend their lives avoiding those difficult conversations. There's these hard conversations we sometimes avoid. And one of my favorite ones is asking for a raise or asking for higher pay when you get hired. And what's really interesting is that we know people who ask for raises or people who ask for higher pay when they get hired, over the course of their lifetime, the financial impact is massive.

Right. Right? Because you're asking for an extra $100 a week. But if you work there for 12 years and you get a 5% raise. each time, right? You know, like that $100 gets magnified enormously. But what's interesting is think about if everyone hates that conversation, right? None of us look forward to saying like, I'd like this job, but I need you to pay more. But think about the difference if someone comes in and they seem really, really emotional about it. So like, look, I really need this money. I'm really scared to ask for

this because I want this job so bad, but I need this in order to get child care from my kid. And the other person is completely practical and says, well, you know what? We can afford to pay another 2%, but we can't go higher than that and does not engage at all with the issues that this employee just raised. It feels like you're not listened to, right? It feels like all your concerns are being disregarded or vice versa. Right. And so that's why this matching conversation is so important. This matching principle is so important is because when I indicate to you that this is a practical matter for me or an emotional matter or social issue, when you respond in kind, you prove to me.

me that you're hearing me. And once we know that we should do that, that conversation gets so much easier. It takes so much of the anxiety out of having the discussion. Because you know that your goal is not necessarily to browbeat the other person or convince them or your goal is just to make sure that they understand you and to understand them in turn. That lowers the expectations, but it actually means you'll be more persuasive. I'm hearing echoes of you'll want to validate somebody in conversation. But I feel as though this is somehow more nuanced or more layered than simple emotional validation. Oh, absolutely.

This experiment that was done where they brought together a bunch of people who are gun rights advocates. Oh, yeah. And a bunch of people who are gun control activists. These are people who are usually at each other's throats. They hate each other. So they bring them all together in Washington, D.C. And they say, look, we want you to have a civil conversation. And our goal here is not to have you convince each other of anything.

It's just to see if you can get like spend time with each other without screaming. Right. And so before these are the conversations, they teach in some skills. And one of the skills is this thing called looping for understanding. It has three parts. The first is ask a question. And some questions are more powerful than others. We could talk about that.

The second step is, repeat back what you heard the person say in your own words. Then the third step is, and most people forget this one, ask if you go. it right. And the reason why that's so powerful is because that person is proving that they're listening to us, right? They're proving that they want to hear what we have to say. And to your point, this is how we actually create that connection, is by proving that we want to hear what the other person is saying, rather than we're just waiting our turn to speak. Right. And so that's how people feel seen. That's exactly how people feel seen. It's because you have proven to me that you actually paid attention to what I was saying.

Or you asked me a follow-up question. Sometimes it's not repeating what we heard, but it's asking a follow-up question. It makes clear I was paying attention to what you said. But the more tense a conversation gets, the more the odds of something bad happening in that conversation are, or the more worried you are, the more you loop for understanding, the easier it's going to be. What was interesting about that particular example, the gun rights advocates meeting the gun control activists, when those two groups met face to face, there was with some training, there was some common humanity that the two groups could recognize in one another. But then they proceeded to try to take the conversation online onto Facebook.

And within like 30 minutes, they were calling each other Jack. in Nazis. It was a disaster. So let me ask you a question to explain like what we've learned about how to make that better. When you go online, when you post on X or Facebook or Instagram or even when you just text your friends, let me ask you this. If you're going to call one of your friends or you're going to text one of your friends, do you communicate differently over those two channels, those two different ways of communication? Phone calls versus text. Yeah. Yes. And I would add a third channel. Okay.

Voice notes. Oh, interesting. Because voice notes are asynchronous. Yeah. So they don't demand that the other person be available at the exact moment, right? We don't both have to be available at precisely 3 p.m. on a Tuesday. But with a voice note, I can, A, I can use more words. Yeah. So it doesn't have the constraints of brevity that a text message often has. And by virtue of using. more words. I mean, Hemingway might not approve. But I can get out much more nuanced. And probably your tone of voice, right? You're using, you're using your non-linguistic skills to convey. So what I just heard, which is fascinating. And I love, I love your answer is you just explain to me that there's a couple of different rules that you use for yourself, right? That when you're leaving a voice note for someone, you probably realize it's asynchronous. So you might say, hey, Jenny, you know, I'm standing on the corner and it's two o'clock and I'm about to go to my gym class, but I just wanted to let you know. Yeah. Right. So you help situate me, which on a phone call, you probably don't need to.

Right. And what's interesting is what that experiment showed and what we've learned in many other settings is our brains evolved to be these communication machines much more than any other species. But they evolved in a very different time, right? They evolved before computers emerged or before telephones emerged. And what's happened since then is that we've adapted to them. So one of my favorite examples of this, we've adapted to learn the rules that each form of communication requires. So about 100 years ago, when telephones first became popular, there were all these articles that said, no one will ever have a real conversation on a phone because you can't see each other. And we need that. And what's interesting is they were right at first. If you read early transcripts of early phone calls,

it's people basically talking in this stilted weird manner. And like almost using like a telegraph. Like here's the, here's the grocery list. I need you to pick up. But then by the time you and I were teenagers and everyone else, we could talk for like seven hours at night, right? Right. It felt amazing.

And so what happened is that we learned how to talk on the phone. We learned that there are different rules for phones than there are for face to face. And in fact, we don't even realize it. But when we're talking on the phone, we tend to over-emphasize our words, over-enunciate a little bit more. We put more emotion into our voice because we know the other person can't see us. Now, when it comes to online, the same thing is true, right? A post versus a text versus sending some of the emojis versus, you know, comet and email.

Yeah. They all have slightly different rules. And when everything goes wrong, and this is what happened with the guns experiment, is when people forget to remind themselves that there are rules that differ from communication form to communication form. I can be sarcastic when I'm talking to you on the phone or in person because you can hear the sarcasm in my voice. But I'm typing you an email, even though I hear the sarcasm, you won't. And so you'll take what I'm typing seriously and get upset or offended. So just taking a split second to remind ourselves, oh, here's the rule when it comes to text versus emails versus a phone call.

It takes like two seconds, but it makes all the difference. Right. And oftentimes things that are posted online need more context, more disclaimers, more. Politeness. Yeah. Yeah. More proving that we are listening. Instead of just being like, Jim, I think you're a moron saying, Jim, what I hear you saying is this.

And I disagree so I think you're a moron. Yeah. But it's so much nice. You probably should call the moron all. But the point being that like if you've proven you've listened, he's probably going to listen back to you. Right. But how in a world where most people don't do this, how do we, I mean, do we just be the example, but be the minority example? I mean, how do you actually put this into practice? I think part of it is because that same mirroring we were talking about, if you do things that make for good communication, whoever you're talking to, we'll start doing them too. This is the interesting thing about listening for understanding or lubing for understanding is that when you do it, suddenly everyone else are talking to will do the same thing.

They'll be like, oh, yeah. No, what I hear you saying is because we have this instinct for social mimicry. And so the more that we model the right behavior, the more everyone we're talking to does exactly the same thing, even if it's unnatural for them. That's okay because let me ask you this. If you've had a bad day and there's someone you want to call and you know is going to make you feel better, who is that? Does that name pop into your mind right away? Yeah. Who is it?

So my best friend, Mo, she lives in ours in Texas. We've known each other since we were 18. We met freshman year of college. Oh. And she's really been my best friend ever since. We've been best friends for, I don't want to say how long ago freshman year of college was, but it was a long time ago. Yeah.

And so she's a super communicator for you, and you're probably a super communicator for her right back. Right. Now, let me ask, how often do you call mo? Not often, maybe once every three months, four months. But do you love, like when you talk to her, do you just love? Yeah, just I would pick right up. This is what being a super communicator so powerful is because you play that role in all kinds of people's lives. Like you get invited into more conversations. You get access to opportunities

you wouldn't have otherwise. You're more influential because people want to talk to you the same way that you want to talk to Vaux. And even though you guys are super communicators for each other, there are some people who are super communicators for everyone, right? Because they spend a little bit more time thinking about how to have their daily conversations, it becomes a habit. And once it does, everybody wants to call that person when they've had a rough day or that could be overwhelming or just when they when they see them walking down the street they say how come join us because we have something we're talking about and they know that inviting them in would make that conversation better right so going to just how to be a more influential person in any arena of your life

yes being a super communicator is absolutely and we know this from study after study there's a guy named bocibers at dartmouth who's done lots of research on pom these kind of folks on One of the things that he found is you refer us to supercommunicators as high centrality participants because they're so central to the conversation. They're so central to the social life of the university that they're at. They're central to how work and gets done within the workplace. They're the one that everyone turns to when they have an idea or a suggestion or it needs of advice.

And that's a real form of influence. Right. And just to clarify for the people listening, you can be an introvert and still be a social communicator, be high centrality. Yeah, absolutely. One of the things we know is that I thought that super communicators would all be extroverts and really charismatic, and that's not true at all. There's some that are extroverts and some that are introverts.

There's some that are charismatic and some who like, you know, not the most charismatic guy in a bit. That doesn't matter. And they aren't born knowing who to be super communicators. Rather, they learn a set of skills. And anyone can learn those skills. And once we learn them, our brain. is designed to make them into habits because our brain wants to communicate well. It's how we evolved.

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Together, we can forge a better path for mental health by creating a future where Canadians can get the help they need when they need it, no matter who or where they are. From November 25th to December 2nd, your donation will be doubled. That means every dollar goes twice as far to help build a future where no one's seeking help is left behind. Donate today at camh.ca.ca.g.tonsh.org. So I wrote this book, The Power of Habit, and there's this core idea, which is that every habit has a cue, a routine, and a reward.

And that we tend to focus on the routine, which is the behavior, but it's actually the cues and the rewards that really shape how we behave almost unconsciously. And it turns out that communication is a ton of habits, right? If you had to think really hard about every word you said, it would be impossible to have a conversation. It would take forever. So what we do is we rely on these habits that we've developed. And a lot of writings who are communicating.

was about saying, here's the right habits, because your brain has evolved to make these into habits really quickly. I just need to show you what the right skills are so that you grasp onto them. If then, we find that certain cues push us towards certain communication habits that we don't like. Like somebody says words that trigger us, that emotionally trigger us. And we then have a knee-jerk response. How do we break out of that loop? It's a great question. And this happens a lot in social, in every kind of conversation, but let's take social conversations as an example, right? When we're, imagine if we're talking about something like race or gender. And I said to you, you know, as a woman, you tell me how you think about this. It could very well be, and this is very legitimate, that you hear that and that's a cue for you to be like, look, like, now you're pigeonholing me. Like, I'm the woman. I'm supposed to give the woman's perspective. I'm so much more complicated than just, a woman. I'm a woman, but I'm also a podcast host, and I'm a friend and I'm a daughter. And I have

relationship partners and you used to be a journalist. There's all these things in your background, all these other identities that you possess. Right. And so when we hear that cue, someone says, you know, as a woman, how do you think about this? We can build the habit to say, you know, let me answer that, but this way. I see this not only as a woman, but as a sister and as a professional and a business person and as someone who used to be a journalist. And this is how those different perspectives help me understand the question you just asked. And what you're doing there is you're bringing all those other identities onto stage with you. And the truth is all of us contain dozens of different identities. And when someone tries to push us into just one of them,

that's when it feels like a stereotype. That's when it feels bad. But when I'm talking to someone and I say to them, you know, I'm just wondering what you think about policing, because I know that you're, you know, you're a father and you're also black, but you're also a lawyer. And that probably gives you a different perspective on policing. And I know that you actually are really involved in your community. And so you work with the police department. I'm just wondering, like, what do you think about policing, given all those different perspectives you have on it? That feels like an invitation for someone to share something meaningful. Right. Rather than trying to push them into, you're the black guy. I'm one.

wondering what you think about policing. When we inevitably encounter some type of a triggering cue, from a habit point of view, how do we create the gap between Q and response? Yeah. So there's something known as implementation intentions, which are key to designing any kind of habit, which is that at first we have to remind ourselves. So usually if-then statements. If X happens, I will do Y, right?

If then. And oftentimes it's just a matter of having a bad conversation. And then asking yourself, where did it go off the rails? What was the cue for me that made me defensive or that made me angry or that made me want to turn away? And when you find that cue and maybe it's someone pushing you into a corner, maybe it's someone sort of flaunting their own wealth or success in a way that like kind of makes you feel bad, you can say to yourself, okay, the next time that happens, here's what I'm going to do. Here's my plan.

And the best thing that you can do is ask a question. And in particular, there's some questions that are more powerful than others, and they're known as deep questions. And a deep question is something that asks about your values or your beliefs or your experiences. And deep questions don't have to appear deep. If you meet someone who's a lawyer, you can ask them like, oh, what made you decide to go a law school? What do you love about practicing the law?

Those are both deep questions. They invite someone to tell you something meaningful, but they don't appear overly intrusive. And so to your question, that implementation intention, if I can see where something went wrong in a conversation, I can tell myself the next time that happens, I'm going to ask a question, a deep question, and see how that changes things. On the topic of deep questions, when you say that deep questions are often about beliefs or thoughts or feelings, what is notable is that that's distinct from facts. Yeah. And so much of small talk is, I want the facts. Right.

Where did you grow up? Do you have siblings? Yeah. I mean, you go to college. Yeah, exactly. It's like you go on a series of first states and they're all insufferable because they're all the same litany of questions asked over and over. They're all done.

Because you answer that question, you're like, well, I grew up in Cincinnati. Yeah. And they're like, oh, I've never been to Cincinnati. Okay. End of that life. So the rule here is, don't ask someone about the facts of their life. Ask them how they feel about their life.

Right. If instead of asking you, where did you grow up, I said, you know, I'm just wondering, like, what was the best part about growing up where you did? Did you grow up in a place

that's good for childhood? Then, like, you're going to mention to me that you're from Cincinnati, right? Right. But then you're also going to tell me so much more about what your experiences were like there.

Right. And the best part is, once you do that, it's totally natural for me to answer the same question I just asked without you having to ask it. Oh, you grew up in Cincinnati and you had like a great experience. It's funny, I grew up in Albuquerque, New Mexico. And like it was the same thing. Like I was a big fish in a small pond and it felt wonderful. That's how we start having a dialogue back and forth is when you ask about feelings rather than facts. Right. What's notable about that is that feelings don't have to be touchy, feely. No, not a little. It's just, hey, what did what did you think of that?

Exactly. You didn't even have to use the word feel. What did you think of that? Yeah. What did you make of that? I saw that you really liked this one memo. Like, tell me why you think it's important.

Like, why should I go read that memo? Yeah. Now suddenly you're asking someone to tell you something real and authentic and potentially vulnerable about themselves. Right. And if you reciprocate that vulnerability, then you can't help but feel more connected to each other and more trusting of each other. It's literally hardwired into our brains.

Right. You mentioned that we're at the golden age of beginning to understand how we communicate. That was an interesting statement because humans have been communicating for hundreds of thousands of years. I mean, there was about a 150,000-year era where we were anatomically modern humans but had not yet developed language. The writer Tim Urban refers to that as the unimpressive era. Yeah. Not a lot happened. But after that, for the bulk of human history, there has been spoken language.

Yes. But it's only very recently that we've begun to actually study the impact of spoken language on human connection. That's in the human brain and the human body. Communication has always been our superpower. It's the thing that sets us apart from every other species. It's the thing that usually explains why some people are more successful than others is because they have the ability to communicate alongside their skills.

And so this superpower of communication, the way that it works is actually kind of interesting. We're in a conversation right now. And even though neither of us are aware of it, what's likely is that our eyes have started dilating at the same rate. Our breath patterns have started to match each other. We're holding our bodies in similar ways and we're using similar gestures. And even more importantly, within our brains, if we could look inside both, of our brains. What we would see is that you and I are starting to think alike. Our neural activity is actually starting to look very, very similar if we were putting it on a graph. And within

psychology and neurology, this is known as neural entrainment. And it makes a lot of sense when you think about it, because if I describe a feeling to you or an idea, the way that you actually make sense of that is you experience that feeling a little bit yourself or you experience that idea. the thing that's happening in my brain starts to happen in your brain. And when they do, when they start to align, when we become entrained, that's when we feel connected. That's when we can really understand what the other person is saying. And that's why having the same kind of conversation at the same moment is so important is because if I'm having an emotional conversation and you're having a practical conversation, then we're using different parts of our brain. But when we're on the same wavelength, when we both say like, okay, look, we're going to we're going to start by talking about, you know,

know, the practical aspects of this, our brains become more aligned. And then when we move into the emotional, we'll move there together. Right now, you and I, we're sitting in the same room. We're a few feet apart from each other, right? We have all of these biological ways in which we are starting to mirror one another. What's interesting is if we were having this conversation of the telephone, the same thing would happen. Oh, that's exactly what like that. Our pupils would begin dilating at the same rate without us even totally understanding it. When we have Zoom calls, Yeah. People do the same thing that they do when they're in the same room together.

That was exactly what my question was going to be. You read my mind. Because we're on the same way today. We're having the same kind of conversation. We're connected. And that's exactly what it is, is that when you connect with someone, it's not just your imagination. You're genuinely connected with them. You're connected with them physically.

More importantly, you're connected neurology. Your brains start to look alike. There was a really interesting experiment by this guy, Uri Hassan, at Princeton, where had this young woman tell this really complicated story about her prom night. And he scanned her brain while she was telling it. Then she scanned the brain of the people listening to her. And what he found was that the brains of the listeners started to look more and more similar to the woman who was telling the story until it all seemed like they were actually having the same thoughts at the exact same moment. And the people who were most aligned with her, who were most entrained, they understood the story better than anyone else.

understand the nuances and the small details. They remember characters' names. This entrainment, this alignment, which we can create, it's just a set of skills to know how to recognize it and to invite others to connect with you and to connect with them. This entrainment is the superpower. It is the thing that makes people trust and like each other, that makes people want to listen to each other, that makes people want to build things together. Is that the short, coming of communicating by text, does that there's a failure of neural entrainment? They're very well can be if we're not giving enough information, if we're not recognizing the rules of sending someone a text versus having a conversation by telephone.

I have two kids who are 12 and 15. They text all the time. And they, they manage to imbue a lot of emotion into their text, right? They use emojis. The emojis all mean like different, they're feeling different ways. And they're kind of, it's almost like a code. So the answer is, no, it's not that one form of communication is inherently better than another, but it is true that different forms of communication have different rules. And if we don't pay attention to those rules, if we don't remind ourselves of those different rules, that's where we make a mistake. Right. But even still, the neurological matching, that neural entrainment that you're talking about, literally our brains being on the same wavelength, can that happen in a text conversation? Oh, absolutely.

It's right. It's harder because you don't have as much. much information, but think about when you get a really funny text from a friend and it makes you laugh out loud, like, without even meaning to. Right. You're having the same experience that friend had when they sent it to you, when they first saw it, that they're hoping you would have. It might not be happening exactly the same moment.

Right. Or if a friend sends you a text or an email talking about how sad they are, that something just happened, they just found something out, they just lost their job. You experience that same emotion that you know that person was experiencing when they wrote that. That's what empathy is. Empathy is entrainment. And that's what allows us to communicate with each other.

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Okay, okay. Try the season's hottest flavor. from the PC Holiday Insiders Report. Please feast responsibly. Tell me about the juror who saved a man who really did not deserve prison. There's very few trials where they've let cameras and recording devices into the jury room. There's actually only about five in the history of America. And so I got my hands on one of them.

And I was able to read the transcript and watch the video. And this was the trial of a guy named Leroy Reed, who was an ex-con. He wasn't doing well in society. And at one point, he'd signed up to become a private detective through like something in the back of a magazine. And they told him to go buy a gun. So he goes down to the store, gun store, and he buys a gun. He brings it home. He never actually touches the gun.

He just puts the box up in his closet. And then a couple of weeks later, he's down by the courthouse, hoping someone hires him to solve a crime, which obviously didn't happen. And a cop stops him and he asks for some proof of ID. And the only thing Leroy has in his pocket is the bill of sale from getting the gun. So the cop says, you know, bring the gun down to the station and they arrest him right away because in Milwaukee, it's against the law for an ex-convict to own a firearm. So he goes on trial. And they go into the jury room after the full trial.

There's a lot of disagreement, right? Some people say, like, this isn't just. Like, I don't think that this guy deserves to go in jail, even if he did break the law. Then there's a bunch of other people who say, like, look, it's not up to us to what is just and what is unjust. Like, our job is to apply the law. And if this is what the law, how the law is written, if we don't apply laws, that's anarchy. And they're just at each other's throats.

But luckily for them, there's this one juror, this guy named John Bowley, who is a super communicator. And this was the most unusual guy in this room. Everyone in the room, like works in factories or the stay-at-home parents. This guy teaches literature at the local university and his specialty is Derrida. he's wearing a suit and tie and everyone else is dressed casually. Another juror told me that he just couldn't stand, Boli, that like he, he kept them talking about like Kafka and the trial and all this stuff. He was like, who are you, man?

But what Boli could do as a super communicator is he could recognize these different kinds of conversations that were having. The people who were into justice wanted to, they were having an emotional conversation or a social conversation. They were talking about how they felt about whether Leroy Reed should go to jail. and whether that seems fair. And then the people who are really focusing on what the law said, on the law and order types,

they were having a practical conversation. Because they were saying, look, if we don't apply the law, if we don't enforce the law, that's anarchy. And so Boli realized they weren't hearing each other because of that. So what he did is he subtly encouraged each conversation to happen on its own,

and then he tried to connect them. He talked to everyone about the justice issue, and they all agreed that Leroy Reid should not go to jail. Then he turned to the law and order folks, and he said, look, I really hear what you're saying about needing to enforce the laws. I totally agree. But there's these other laws that aren't getting enforced because people like Leroy Reid are getting arrested. Like, I want the cops to arrest murders and rapists, and they're bringing us this guy who had a gun. Let's send a message that law and order is too important. not to look for the real bad guys.

If we let Leroy Reid go free, then we're going to tell them, bring us better cases. And that's all it took for the law and order folks to say, oh, no, you're right. And they set Leroy free. Right. And I should state for the context, Leroy, his learning disability was such that he genuinely may not have understood. Oh, absolutely. Absolutely. He had trouble reading entirely.

He posed no danger. He posed no danger. He did not belong in jail. Right. Right. That part was clear. So it was simply an application of a law in a context that would have sent a harmless person. Yeah.

That's exactly right. But I think that there's something really valuable in this example, which is John Bowley is someone who had nothing in common with anyone else in that room. If they had bumped into each other at a problem. party, I mean, they'd never be at the same party. Right. Yeah. Like it never would happen. And if they, if they bumped into each other at a concert, they never would have made

conversation. They just, it was so obvious that they didn't have anything in common. But that doesn't matter. Because when we talk to someone and we match them, when they say something emotional and we say something emotional in response, when they say something practical or talk about society, and we show that we're willing to go there, we're willing to engage with them, we inevitably find things that we, we're willing to engage with them. we inevitably find things that we do have in common, even if at first glance, it seems impossible to imagine.

So it sounds like the root of supercommunication is empathy and shared humanity, is recognizing somebody's shared humanity. I think that's right. I think that's a huge part of it, right? We talked about this matching principle, though. You have to be having the same kind of conversation at the same time. And what we're really saying there is we're saying, you have to listen to what other people are saying. And when they show something about themselves, their humanity, you have to acknowledge it and you have to be willing to show something about your humanity. That's the easiest thing on Earth. Because the truth of the matter is that, like, we are both humans on this planet. We are both people who are just trying to do right by ourselves, the people we love. And, and yes, there are lots of things that we disagree on.

We disagree on politics or gender or Israel and Gaza, lots of things. things that can be real contentions. But the truth is that we can talk about our differences and still listen to each other and appreciate each other and understand each other and connect without either of us having to change our mind. That's what this whole nation is built on. When you think about it, the constitutional convention that started America, it was a group of people who mostly, most of whom hated each other coming together and arguing about what the country should look like in having conversations until they came to a consensus in writing the Constitution. That has been the strength of America. It's been the strength of humans. And we've forgotten

how to do it lately, right? We've forgotten because of, because the world has gotten crazier, because we stopped teaching it in schools. But if we're just reminded of some basic skills, our instincts will take over and we'll be, it will do better. So how does that, I want to know how the supplies. I'm going to give three examples. Okay. Example number one, you are a middle manager at some Fortune 500 company.

You live in Chicago. You're 45, right? You're middle of your career, middle management. Your boss is just giving you this like incredible workload. Yeah. And you

can't handle the workload, but you're also worried that you might be replaceable so you don't want to like push you don't want to make too many waves you're burning the midnight oil and this is untenable right right so the first thing that I would do as a super communicator the first thing a super communicator would do is don't march into that office and say you're working me too hard this doesn't work right instead ask questions and most importantly ask deep questions ask those questions that get at what your boss thinks or feels or the experiences that are making their decisions. Questions like, you know, I know that I've seen an

uptick and work and I'm wondering when you started your career, when you were at the same place I am in my career, how did you deal with having just too many things to do? I know that there's a lot of more demands being placed on us right now. And I'm wondering, are you worried about that? Like, are you worried that we're not going to make it? Or is it just that you feel comfortable about it? but that we need to put our nose down. When you start doing that, what they're going to tell you is they're going to tell you what's really going on. Because the truth of the matter is, they're probably not a sadist, right?

They're probably going to say something like, you know, there's a new boss, and I'm actually kind of concerned that I'm going to get fired if we don't step it up. And so that's why I keep giving you more stuff to do. Or they might say, you know, I think you're a great employee. And when I was at your stage, when someone challenged me, I got so much better. and it served me so well in my career. So they're going to tell you what they're thinking or feeling or the experiences that they've had. And when they do, now you're suddenly having a real conversation because what you can say back is you

can say, I totally hear what you're saying. And thank you so much for pushing me to do my best work. At the pace that we're going right now, I actually feel a little overwhelmed like I can't do my best work. And I know you want me to learn from this experience. Here's some ways that I feel like I could. learn from it better. Or I hear what you're saying that your boss is pushing you and so you're pushing me. And I want you to know we are a united front. I will do whatever I can to help you with

your boss. What we're doing right now, I feel like I can't, I can't be the best ally for you because there's too much on my plate. Let's talk about how I become your ally. So rather than telling them how rather than telling them how you feel, you're starting by asking how they feel. And then telling them how you feel. Yeah. And finding that connection, right? Matching each other. Because the truth of the matter is, if you march in and you say, I feel overwhelmed, I can't do this.

Of course they're not necessarily going to be able to hear you. They don't know if you're an emotional place or if this is a practical problem, like you literally don't have enough hours. Or if you just feel overwhelmed and it's more emotional. Oftentimes when we are in that state, it's hard for us to explain what's really going on inside our own head. Right. So if they're a super communicator, they'll ask us a deep question. They'll say, tell me what you're feeling like, tell me about last week, what happened

last week that it felt overwhelming. But we can do the same thing. And we can be a super communicator to them. And it's going to make everything better. Okay. Scenario number two. Okay. You have a rental property.

You got a bid from a general contractor. It's a lot higher than you thought it would be. you know that there's a shortage of contractors generally. So you would ideally like to make this work out, but you want to negotiate that rate down a bit. How do you make that play? So the first thing to figure out is, do you actually want to have a conversation

or do you want to just tell this guy, I'm not going to pay that much? Or this woman. When I see my kids, I say, like, I want to have a conversation about your rooms. I don't actually want to have a conversation about their rooms. I want them to go clean up their rooms. I'm being polite about it.

So sometimes you're talking to that contractor and you say, like, look, I'd really like to talk about this price you gave me because it's, it's kind of undoable for me. And what you're saying is, actually, I'd like, I want you to, I don't want to have a conversation. I want you to come back with a better price. But let's say that you do want to have a conversation. Let's say, let's say it's not a situation where you can just make orders, but you really need to negotiate. You really need to be able to work together. Then that same principle of asking deep questions is really helpful because the thing that you want to figure out, is, is this person patting the bill? Or is it just that actually their line item costs have

gone up so much that they can't charge less than this? This is actually what it costs to build whatever I want to build. And the only way you figure that out is by asking them questions. In your judgment, like, if we wanted to take 20% off of this amount, what would it take, the tradeoffs that we would make? Get them talking about how they see the situation. And then listen for what's really guiding their decision making. There's usually kind of two kinds of decision making. One of them is when we're drawing on the criteria of experience. So we're saying, this is something that's happened to me.

This is logical to me. I think that the logic dictates we ought to do X and Y and Z. And then in other conversations, we're using the logic of feelings. And we're saying, look, I don't know exactly how much this should cost. but for me to do this project, I really need to charge you this much. Like, that's what feels right to me. That feels fair. Now, if you tell me that you're in the logic of emotions mindset, that you're in the logic

of feelings, that this feels fair. And then I just start coming back at you with a bunch of facts and figures. Well, it's not fair because this costs this and this cost that. It's not going to be persuasive. You're not going to change your mind. If on the other hand, you say, this is the logic of experiences. the logic of tradeoffs. And you say, look, the reason I'm charging is because the price of wood has gone up and the price of nails has gone up and the price of gasoline has gone up.

And I say, well, it just doesn't feel like I should pay you that much. You're not going to listen to what I say. Right. So you have to listen to what kind of logic the person is using and then match their logic. And then you can invite them to match your logic. Because once they know that you've been listening to them, they want you prove that you've been listening, they'll want to listen back. So if a person says, okay, I don't feel like this is fair is often a reflection of, hey, I am price anchored to what this used to cost four years ago. So you might have one party that says, well, at a practical level, the price of lumber and copper and labor and gasoline, all of those prices have gone up.

That is a pragmatic factual statement. Plus the cost of capital has gone up because the cost of borrowing is higher. right? So all of these line items separately have gone up. And so that that makes the price higher than it was. Yeah. Right. So you've got one party saying that you've got the other party essentially conveying that they are emotionally price anchored to their impression of what something feels like it ought to cost. And so let's say you were to ask. Yeah. Tell me a little bit about why you think that it should be this price. Like tell me a little bit about why you think this is the bit of given you is overcharging. They're going to say something like, Well, I had this friend who, you know, they did the same renovation four years ago. And what they paid is 20% less. Right. Okay. So how do you think if your friend was doing it today, do you think that they would be willing to pay more because all the price?

Because the prices have gone out? Like have they loved their house? Have they been happy with the renovation? Yeah. They've really enjoyed the renovation. Because I'm telling you, we can definitely do a renovation for 20% less. But it's not going to be like your friend. renovation. We're going to have to cut corners here and there. And if what you're telling me is that you

really want something that's like what that person got, what your friend got, then I totally hear you that it's frustrating that prices have gone up in four years. But I want to give you what you're really asking for. And let me explain to you why I can't do it for any cheaper. So now what I've done is I've acknowledged what you're really telling me. What you're really saying is not just that you want a lower price. What you're really saying is, I want the deal my friend got. I don't want to feel like I was taking advantage of. I don't want to feel like you're overcharging me. And I'm telling you, I hear that you do not want to be taken advantage of. I hear that you want me to treat you with respect and dignity. Let me walk through why it's more expensive now that it was four years

ago. So I'm matching you and then I'm inviting you to match me. And let's have a practical conversation about where this invoice comes from. Okay. Third. question. What do you think? Would that work? I think that would work. I think it would be hard to do on the fly. It would be hard to do in the moment. Absolutely. That's why asking questions is so helpful is because it gives you a second to think about, to listen and to think about what's really going on here. Yeah. It takes the spotlight off you a little bit. And the truth of the matter is, you might not agree with each other. Like you might not come to an agreement. You might decide, look, I can't afford that much. And he might decide, I'm not willing to do this project for any less. But it's better to walk away from something where you both understand each other. Right. Then for there to be this possibility that you could work together, that you could make this success. And you guys never found that possibility because you weren't really hearing each other. Right.

And I think you're right. The key is to ask questions. Yeah. Because what makes it so hard in the moment is that in the moment it's easy to be reactive. That's exactly right. It's exactly right. And oftentimes that our instinct is to try and control the other person, right? when we're in a fight or a disagreement or a hard conversation or negotiation, we have this

fight or flight response and that triggers our need for control. Like we want to find something we can control. And the easiest thing to control is the person sitting across from us. So we say things like, if you'll just listen to me, you'll agree with me because you'll see that I'm right. Or if you just see things from my perspective, then you'll understand why I'm saying this. Or we try and control other people's emotions. We say, they say that they were bothered by something.

and we say, oh, you shouldn't have been bothered by that. Like, that's not such a big deal. You're making a big deal out of it. Trying to control someone else is toxic. And in marriages, it's actually one of the signs that you're on a bad path. What's much better is to find things you can control together. Like to say, if you're having this argument at 2 o'clock in the morning, let's wait until 10 a.m. when we're both well-rested,

when you're having a fight about, you know, where you should go for Thanksgiving, instead of it becoming a fight also about your mother doesn't like me, and we don't have enough money, let's just stay focused on Thanksgiving. Or when you're talking to this contractor, saying to them, look, we both have this goal of making a beautiful house. I want to be able to build what I can afford. Can we work together to figure out what are the things that matter and what are the things that don't matter in order to have this house be what we're both hoping for?

When we start controlling things together instead of trying to control each other, then even if we disagree with each other, it still feels like we're cooperating. It feels like a conversation. Right. And then you're united in the goal of arriving at a solution together. That's exactly right. That's exactly right.

So it becomes it's not you versus me. It's us versus the problem. Exactly. Yeah. And that's what you want, right? Right. Okay. So I interrupted you with a third situation.

So what's that there? Oh, so speaking of fight or flight, what happens when you're dealing with someone whose response is flight? And where I'm going with that is, and this is actually advice that I would like from you, my ex-boyfriend, my last boyfriend, wonderful guy, but he has a very instantaneous knee-jerk temper, right? And so the slightest perceived infraction, he will go from zero to 100 very quickly. And when that happens, his response is to leave. he doesn't get violent, but he immediately wants to leave and then he never wants to talk about it. And he actually, he dumped me by text message.

Oh my gosh. Yeah. That is not cool. Yeah. Don't, dump me by text and then refuses from that point forward refuses to talk about it. Really? Yeah. Do you guys still talk about other stuff?

Like you're still in community? A little. So that was like seven months ago. Okay. And we, you know, every now and again, he's also a journalist. So every now and again, we'll send text. related to his area of coverage, but we've never talked about what happened. The most important thing. Yeah. Yeah. So we've basically transitioned into being colleagues.

Right. So first of all, you know, I had mentioned before deciding whether this should be a conversation or not. You deserve so much better than that. Oh, thank you. It's totally okay to write this guy off and be like, look, I don't even want to have the conversation. But let's say you do. Let's say you want to have that conversation. One of the things that's really, really powerful is that oftentimes we avoid conversations. And my guess is that your ex-boyfriend is avoiding this conversation because we're so anxious about them that we are absolutely certain and terrified we're going to make some mistake. I'm going to say the wrong thing. I'm going to let my anger spill over. I'm going to do something that I regret later. And so the way that we can counter that is at the beginning of the conversation, we simply acknowledge that this is going to be awkward and people are going to make more.

mistakes to say like, look, like, I want to talk about this with you and I know I'm going to say some of the wrong things and I want to apologize in advance. I hope you'll be understanding and you're probably going to say some of the wrong things. And I know that I'm going to get angry and you're probably going to get angry. And I want you to know if you get angry, I'm here to hear it. Like I want to hear, I want to hear what you're feeling. You don't need to protect me from that. And I promise I will forgive you and I want to ask you to forgive me because we're both going to make mistakes. Do you think that would help? Like if you said that to your ex, would he?

I don't know if it would because he generally avoids difficult conversations. And his response to any type of a difficult conversation is simply to shut down and say, I can't do it. Can't have this conversation. And look, some people, some people don't want to be super communicators, right? Some people don't want to have the most meaningful conversations. But, but maybe if you started by saying something vulnerable to him, if you said something to him like, look, I just want you know, I value our relationship so much. And I understand that, you know, romantically it won't work out.

But I still carry around all these feelings of affection for you. And I feel like it would help me understand what happened if we could talk about this. Because I feel, I feel confused and, and I've been thinking about it a lot. Can we have this conversation? And I want to promise you that, like, I know that this is going to be weird and it's going to be hard. But I want you to know that, like, I so appreciate this and I forgive anything you say to me. And I hope that you just feel the same way. that's good that's better yeah yeah because i think once you expose that vulnerability this this reciprocal

vulnerability kicks in when someone is vulnerable with us it's the loudest form of communication again this is a product of evolution because on the plains when or a state of nature when something is vulnerable you have to pay attention to it because that means either that you know you might want to attack it or that it might attack you or that you need to protect that member of your tribe. So our brains are designed to listen to vulnerability louder than anything else. And when you expose your vulnerability, it's very natural for him to feel an instinct to expose something about himself and say, I had no idea that you felt that way. And I've actually been feeling really bad about it myself. Like I probably should not have done this by text.

But it's it's saying something vulnerable yourself first. that sometimes opens the door. Would it work? I'll give it a try and I'll let you know. Good. Yes, let me know. Let me know. And I hope you find a better boyfriend. Oh, thank you. Somebody treats you as you deserve to be treated.

Thank you. And you might find after talking to this guy, actually, I never want to have another conversation with you. I'm so glad that it would turn out this way. Yeah. Yeah. I've never seen so much avoidance, basically. You know, just deep, deep avoidance.

And the challenge of how do you have a conversation with somebody who is conversationally avoidant? Let me ask you this. When you've seen him avoid things, what do you think he's feeling at that moment? Overwhelm, anxiety. The anecdote that I told earlier about how his anger can go from zero to 100 is symptomatic of poor emotional regulation. And generally, I think poor emotional regulation means he probably gets flooded with a lot of very intense emotions and doesn't know how to process that or handle that. And so the easiest thing to do is build walls, shut all of that out, avoid it all together. And when you have seen him be anxious and then calm himself or you've helped calm him, what was that like?

Like what happened? He calms himself by going to work. Okay. And so that's his work is his happy place. And so that's his, his method of avoidance is he just goes to work. So do you think it would help things? Let's say you had that conversation. You said to them, look, I want to talk about this thing.

This is something that, like, I feel really bad about. And I'm not going to judge you. I just want to have a conversation about it, but not right now. Because I know that, you know, you're going to work and that that's important to you. Could we talk about it tonight when you get back from work? work. Oh, he's been avoiding this for seven months. Okay.

Yeah, yeah. Do you think that would help, though, if you? Not the tonight part, because again, it's been literally months and months and months. Certainly, I think in a case in which two people are in a relationship, like for somebody who's listening. Yeah. Who's maybe in a similar situation with someone that they're currently in a relationship with, and that person is deeply avoidant and also a workaholic, then yes, a 24-hour delay. is probably useful.

But in a case like mine where there's already been a seven-month delay, you know. And again, it might be that he just doesn't have the capacity to have this conversation. But I do wonder if you sent him an email and you said, look, how long did you guys date? Off and on for about a year. Okay. If you say, look, we dated for a while. And this was like, there was so much I loved about a relationship. It was a really positive experience for me.

And I don't want to pick it back up. But I want to remember it the way it deserves to be remembered. But whenever I think about it, I think about this like lingering, nagging anxiety I have about how we broke up. And so I just, I just want to ask you questions about that if that's okay. You don't have to answer anything you don't want to answer. But you would be giving me such a gift to let me ask you these questions because I feel bad about this. And I feel like talking to you and asking you questions, it would help me feel better.

It would help me remember the really great parts of our relationship. Do you think that would work? I think that's good, too. That and then the other part that you said earlier, I'm going to transcribe both of those. Well, and it might be that like, I mean, we've talked about how different forms of communication of different rules. Right. It might be that a face-to-face conversation makes him really uncomfortable because he can't, he feels like he does feel overwhelmed. he's out of control. So maybe this is something that's better discussed by email, right? To send him a note and say, like, we don't even have to talk about it face to face. Like, can I send you some questions and you just tell me what you're thinking or feeling?

Because it might be that in that situation, he feels a lot more comfortable. He gets to, he gets to think about what he wants to say before he has to respond. He gets to edit himself. Figuring out, figuring out, what's the source of this avoidance? and then figuring out how do we sidestep it just a little bit. That can make all the difference. Right. Right.

I hope it works. Thank you. Tell me if it does. Thank you. Thank you. And have you met anyone else since then? No. No.

Really? Yeah. How's the dating world? You know, New York is, well, it's better than Las Vegas. I will say that. Okay. Dating in New York is interesting because. on one hand, I think that the

selection is better. There are a lot of people here who are really intelligent, very ambitious, very well-educated. They read books. I know that sounds very simple, but it's... It's a big deal. It's a big deal. It's a really big deal to find somebody who reads books

recreationally, you know? And so I feel like you find that here in New York in a way that I never found that in Vegas. Yeah. So that part is really nice. But there's also, I think because there's such an abundance of people here, there's, I think, people kind of treat you like you're disposable. Yeah.

Because, you know, it's just on to the next, on to the next, onto the next, on to the next. There was this interesting study that was done by these folks at Harvard Business School. It's described in the book where they looked at transcripts from people who were speed dating. And they tried to figure out who has the most success at speed dating. And they've actually repeated the same experiment by going into bars. And what they found is that the single most important thing you could do is ask a follow-up question. Because when we ask a follow-up question, it shows that we're listening. It proves that we're listening.

But also, it tells the other person that we're interested in them. Right. And I found that, you know, my wife and I've been together for like 20 years now. So I haven't dated it on a really long time. But when I go out when I meet people, I find that. that one of the ways that I distinguish whether I want to hang out with this person is, are they good at asking me questions? Or do they just wait for me to ask them questions?

Or do they ask questions where they actually want to just tell me what the answer is for themselves? They ask me, where'd you go on vacation so that they can tell me, oh, last summer I went to St. Croix, you know? Yeah. Like being able to ask these follow-up questions, particularly if they're deep questions, it's a good signal and it helps convince other people that they want to spend time with us. Right. You know, one of the major ways that I eliminate people in dating, whether it's a speed dating event or it's a first date, one of the immediate red flags that makes me automatically just eliminate somebody and not want to talk to them anymore is when rather than ask me about who I am, they start to tell me who I am. Which, it's a worst instinct, right? Like, yeah. And why would you do?

And so, and it could, so like an example of this might be, like, all right, so a common question that people ask when they see me is they'll, they'll ask about my ethnicity. Because it's clear that I'm from somewhere. Right. But my name, Paula Pant, doesn't really give any clues. Yeah. And so there's, there's immediate cognitive dissonance. People are like, hmm, but are you, Paula? That's maybe a Latin American name, but I don't get Latin American vibes from you.

I get more Middle Eastern vibes. People really want to place me. Yeah. And I remember being at the speed dating event. Someone said, where are you from? And I said, oh, I'm from Nepal. He was a little confused, which is common. A lot of people haven't heard of Nepal.

And I was like, oh, you know, it's located in South Asia. It's, you know, where the Himalayas are. You know, I kind of placed it geographically. And he was like, oh, wasn't that just, that's the same thing as India. And that's when I started to get annoyed. And I was like, well, you're familiar with the social construct of a nation, right? Kind of like, the U.S. is just part of Canada. Yeah, exactly.

You know, it's greater Canada. And I mean, if he had like ended it there and backtracked and laughed at himself, would have been fine. Right. But he just kept digging in, you know? And so, and, you know, he was like, yeah, but you. guys, yeah, I mean, you look the same, you know, and I was like, all right, would you say the same thing about Pakistan? Would you say the same thing about Nepal and Pakistan? And he was like,

no. And I was like, well, do you know Pakistan was formed 75 years ago? And he was like, well, are you a history teacher? And I'm like, this does not. Yeah. It sounds like he's worth the second thing. Yeah. Yeah. And that conversation was over right then. And there is if he had just said like, oh, Nepal, I don't know much about Nepal. tell me about like what's what's Nepal like right then you would have been like oh you know this is what it's like like you would have told him the parts of Nepal have you been to know yeah many times yeah so you would have told him the parts of Nepal that were important to you yeah or you could have said actually my grandparents immigrated from Nepal and I grew up in Cincinnati I'm basically as

American as anyone gets right at which point you're telling him something meaningful and valuable about yourself instead of him asserting oh you must be X right exactly. Yeah. Exactly. Those questions, they make a big difference. Well, is there anything that I haven't asked about? Isn't that the most important question of journalists asked?

What haven't I asked? It really is. You know, the only thing that I would add is, so there was this experiment that was done almost 100 years ago now by Harvard. And it's actually one of the largest and longitudinal studies that we have. It's called the Harvard study of adult development. It's had different names over the years. And what they did is they found thousands of things.

of people and they followed them for their entire lives. And they were trying to figure out what made people successful, what made people live longer, healthier. And most importantly, what made people happy when they got older. And they thought that maybe having a stable job was an important part of it or having a lot of education or coming from a good family because this was back in the 1940s when coming from a good family was a big deal. And what they found consistently is there is only one thing that determines if you're going

to be happy and healthy at age 65. And that's having at least a few close connections to other people when you're 45. And of course, if you have them when you're 45, they didn't start when you're 45, right? They started sometime earlier than that. Right. And what they've carried away from this, and there's study after study that shows this is true. Connections with other people are the most important thing in life. They are the thing that make life meaningful.

You know, the surgeon general just said that being lonely is the equivalent of smoking 15 cigarettes a day. And so the question becomes how do we form those connections? Because we don't have to have a million of them or even a dozen. Two or three is enough, if that's all that we want. And the way we form those connections is through conversations. Right. When you call up Moe, even if you only talk to her every three months, you guys just reconnect immediately.

You know that she is there for you and you are there for her. You know that she is one of your best friends, even if you haven't seen each other in years. That is what makes us not only happier as we get older. It makes us healthier. It makes us more successful because we talk to people who tell us about opportunities we wouldn't have discovered on our own. And the really important lesson is that there aren't just some people who can do this. What the Harvard study has found is that once people understand the importance of making those connections, everyone can become a super-examined. communicator. Everyone can develop some skills to ask more questions and to share more about

themselves, to loop for understanding to prove that you're listening, to recognize what kind of conversation is happening and match each other. Anyone can learn to do this. And if you do, it is literally the best investment you can make in yourself because the more that we can connect to other people, the happier and healthier and more successful will be. The best investment you can make in yourself is the investment of communication, which is the foundation of building relationships, building and maintaining relationships. That's exactly right. Becoming a super communicator. That's the only thing that, other thing that occurred to me.

Well, thank you, Charles. Thank you. Thank you so much for having me on. This was so much fun. This is great. If I ever go to Nepal, I'll think about you. Oh, excellent. I'll ask your advice.

Oh, fantastic. Or if I bump into like some nice young man who would not break up via text. Seriously. I was like this wonderful, amazing woman. Thank you, Charles. What are three key takeaways that we got from this conversation? Number one, relationships are the backbone of a successful life, both in business, in your career, in your family life, in every facet of your life.

strong relationships are the backbone of health, wealth, and happiness. And good communication is the key to successful relationships. And so what constitutes good communication? Well, in the first of the three key takeaways, Charles Tuhigg elaborates on traits exhibited by successful communicators. And there are these people who are consistent super communicators who can connect with the host anymore. And what we know about them is that they do a couple of things differently from everyone else. First of all, they ask a lot more questions, like 10 to 20 times as many questions as the average person. They tend to reciprocate vulnerabilities and authenticity, as you mentioned before, but also reciprocate laughter or reciprocate sadness.

If I see someone who says, mention something kind of sad, I don't try and cheer them up. I try and say, I'm really sorry. That sounds really hard. Like, tell me more about that. But the most important thing that they do is that they show. you they want to connect. Because conversation is so overwhelming and potentially scary, right, particularly a hard conversation, something you've been dreading talking about, that when someone shows you that they want to connect with you, when they notice that you've said something emotional

and they meet you emotionally, when you say something practical, like, look, we've got to figure we're going to on vacation next year. And I say, okay, let's talk about airfares, right? That's how we show that we want to connect with that person. And it's that showing. of desire of connection, that can make all the difference. That is the first key takeaway. Key takeaway number two, there are three types of conversations that people can have. There are practical conversations, emotional conversations, and social conversations. People want to be helped, heard, or hugged.

In this key takeaway, Charles Duhigg shares why it's important. to understand which type of conversation you're having in order for the conversation to be successful. We think of discussions as being about one thing, but actually there's many kinds of conversations. And they all fall into these three buckets, the practical, the social, and the emotional. And what they said is you were having an emotional conversation with your wife, and she was having a practical conversation back with you. And so you guys could not hear each other. We're literally using different parts of our brains. And it's all about matching, the matching principle. It's known to have the same kind of conversation at the same time, which, as you pointed out, is so powerful because that's how we get other people to trust us, to listen to us.

And that's how we learn who they are. And actually, when I get home from work now and I start complaining about my day, Liz, my wife will say to me, do you want me to help you come up with solutions or do you just need to vet and you want me to listen to you? And so understanding what type of conversation you're having, is it practically, is it emotional or is it social? That is the second of the three key takeaways. Finally, key takeaway number three, we've all been at those cocktail parties where we're making small talk and it feels kind of boring, right? Small talk in which people ask for the facts of our lives. So what do you do? Where'd you grow up? When we're relaying a litany of facts, we don't deeply connect with people. So how do we ask deep questions of others, the kinds of questions that help us connect with one another?

How do we ask those questions in a way that feels unintrusive? Well, in this third and final key takeaway, Charles Duhigg shares a tactic that we can use in order to ask people not about the facts, but rather about their feelings and their experiences. And it's a tactic that works even in, and especially in professional contexts or in environments where we're just getting to know somebody for the first time, perhaps a future business partner or a client. Don't ask someone about the facts of their life. Ask them how they feel about their life. Instead of asking you, where did you grow up? I said, you know, I'm just wondering, like, what was the best part about growing up where you did? did you grow up in a place that's good for childhood?

Then, like, you're going to mention to me that you're from Cincinnati, right? Right. But then you're also going to tell me so much more about what your experiences were like there. And the best part is, once you do that, it's totally natural for me to answer the same question I just asked without you having to ask it. Oh, you grew up in Cincinnati and you had like a great experience. It's funny, I grew up in Albuquerque, New Mexico. And, like, it was the same thing. Like, I was a big fish in a small pond, and it felt wonderful.

That's how we start having a dialogue back and forth is when you ask about feelings rather than facts. And so that is the third and final key takeaway from this conversation with Charles Duhigg. Thank you so much for tuning in. If you enjoyed today's episode, please do three things. Number one, share it with a friend or a family member. That's the most important thing that you can do to spread the message of great financial health. Number two, sign up for our show notes at afford anything.com slash show notes, where you'll get a synopsis of every episode delivered directly to you,

hot and fresh to your inbox. And number three, connect with other people, have great conversations with people in the Afford Anything community. It's completely free, and you can join at affordanything.com slash community. Thank you so much for tuning in. My name is Paula Pantt. This is the Afford Anything podcast, and I'll catch you in the next episode.