American court hearing recordings and interviews - Listen to the US Supreme Court argument in Sripetch v. SEC, held April 20, 2026

Episode Date: April 20, 2026

In this case the Supreme Court is considering whether investor harm is a prerequisite to a disgorgement award in a civil action brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

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Street Pitch versus Securities and Exchange Commission. Mr. Geiser. Thank you, Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court. According to Section 78 U's plain text, history, structure, and purpose, the SEC cannot seek disgorgement without showing investors suffered economic harm. This Court in lieu directly confronted the meeting of disgorgement, traced its common law roots, and established its traditional bounds. It confirmed that disgorgement could not be a penalty or deterrent, and it was limited to

restoring the status quo and providing fair compensation to injured investors. Congress acted against that back. to codified disgorgement in subsection D7. It did so by including the very term that Liu had just defined without any further guidance or modification. It simply took that term of art and placed it in the statute, and it separately paired disgorgement with penalties as two different remedies with separate functions, one punitive and the other remedial. Yet the government now maintains that Congress and its post-Lew amendments fundamentally redefined the core meaning of disgorgement. The government says disgorgement can serve as a penalty. It can focus solely on depriving wrongdoers and deterring

misconduct, and the government can act without any remedial purpose, with no obligation to restore the status quo or return a single penny to investors. The government is wrong. Its view would override critical limits on the SEC's enforcement power. It would permit an unbounded form of disgorgement rejected by this court and unmoored from its traditional roots. It would treat disgorgement as indistinguishable from a penalty in a provision that separately provides for penalties and draws a textual and functional distinction between penalties and disgorgement. It would assign windfalls to uninsured investors who Congress already determined have no right to these very funds, and it would let the government subvert the substantive and procedural safeguards, including a jury trial,

that protect defendants against SEC overreach and abuse. To be sure, we are not saying that wrongdoers have a right to keep the proceeds from their violations, but we all. We are are saying that the SEC has to go through the rules and hoops for civil penalties when it seeks to punish a defendant rather than restore funds to parties with actual injuries. I welcome the court's questions. So under your view, what's the difference between disgorgement and compensatory damage? I think there is an important distinction. Discorgement is about identifying an asset before the court that rightfully belongs to someone else. Damages are seeking to make an injured party whole. So in some cases —

But aren't you — I thought you were pegging your argument to the existence of an injured party. Oh, we certainly are, Your Honor. But you need — you need some party with a right or entitlement to the proceed to the asset before the Court in order for disgorgement to have a compensatory function. Now, it is possible that in some cases disgorgement and damages will overlap. But there are obviously important distinctions, including that disgorgement is capped by net proceeds.

And again, if an injured party is only entitled to part of the asset before the Court, then disgorgement is limited to that part of the asset. If you go beyond that, you cross the line into a penalty and a windfall. Well, let's take a step back. This seemed to rely quite a bit on Lou, right? That's right. The world has changed in this area since Lou. And disgorgement is now in, what, Section 7? That's correct. And it has a different statute of limitations. And do you still think it's still an equitable remedy? Oh, absolutely, Your Honor. It's not in the equitable section, which is Section 5, right? It's not in Section 5. Congress gave it a new home in Section 7 so that it could make sense. Well, as far as I was concerned, it was homeless to begin with. Well, you're not necessarily wrong,

but in light of the Court's reading in Liu, it said disgorgement is an equitable remedy. And Lou is very clear about what Congress needed to do if it wanted to expand disgorgement beyond its traditional bounds as identified in lieu. And it said that if a statute only takes the word disgorgement, that does not expand the traditional bounds of the equitable remedy. Yet that's exactly what Congress did here. Can we talk about the traditional bounds, though, because I didn't see any case that you're pointing to that suggests that pecuniary harm was a requirement traditionally. So can you help us to understand where that's coming from? Sure. I think it actually, if you look at both at Kokesh before Lou and Jarkasy after Lou, and the case is cited in Lou itself, disgorgement is always tied to some party that has a superior right or

entitlement to some kind of proceed. So it could be a pecuniary harm. Someone has been injured in the, the proceed that the defendant now holds is rightfully theirs. It could be a situation like copyrights or patents, as we saw in the Sheldon case, where the court says someone used the property, and part of the property right comes with a right to the proceeds. so that if you don't return the proceeds, then in fact that is a loss, that is a pecuniary harm. I understand, but in lieu, didn't we leave open the question at issue here? I mean, didn't we say that the parties have not identified authorities revealing the traditional equitable principles, what traditional equitable principles govern?

For instance, the wrongdoers' profits cannot — when the wrongdoers' profits cannot practically be dispersed to the victims. In other words, in a situation in which — which you have disgorged the profits, but it is impracticable or infeasible to give them to the victims, we left open whether or not disgorgement was still available under those circumstances. So why doesn't that cut against your view that traditionally there would be no disgorgement available? Your Honor, that was — the language addressing feasibility is addressing a very limited exception, where there happens to be for some reason we can't get money to the right party.

You know, I understand, but your argument is that there is no disgorgement in a situation in which there has been no harm to the parties. There's no to the victim. And I appreciate that you say this is a different circumstance. It's where there's been harm, but somehow it's infeasible to get the money back to them. But it does seem to me to cut against your view when here we've left open. whether or not disgorgement is available in a situation in which the money is not returnable or can't be returned to any victims, or maybe when there is no victim in any meaningful sense. Your Honor, I wouldn't let the tail wag the dog. That is truly a very limited, unusual exception where you have a situation, for example, where each shareholder is entitled to 25 cents, and you can't figure out how can we even put the stamp on the envelope to send them the money.

Now, if you look at part two of Lou, I think it does, in fact, provide the exact immolical foundation necessary to decide this case. Does it provide a case that says that pecuniary harm was a requirement under traditional equitable principles? What it said, Your Honor, and I think if you look at the different predicates that go into Lou, I think this does establish this. It can't be a punishment or deterrent. And, in fact, if you're providing a windfall and you're not and you don't have a compensatory

function, then you are punishing and you are deterring. and then you're simply taking a — Why is it a punishment if we're not taking anything more from the defendant than he unlawfully gained? In other words, I could see a fine or a punishment if the defendant is actually paying out of his pocket some money that was rightfully his. That's a punishment. But if we're just disgorging his ill-gotten gains, I guess I'm not sure I understand why that's a

punishment. I think two key answers, Your Honor. The first is that is still depriving the wrong. wrongdoer in the same way that a penalty is a punishment and does deprive the wrongdoer, even if it's only targeting, say, half of his net gain. It's still a punishment. It's depriving him of money he didn't have. It was never his. Why is that a punishment? It's a punishment because the purpose is to deprive and the purposes to deter. And the court was very clear, both in lieu and in jarcusy, that if the purpose isn't remedial, if the purpose isn't

to restore funds to the proper owner, to the wronged party, then in fact it does cross that into a penalty. Mr. Geiser, I'm a little bit confused by your argument, okay? On lots of levels, but let's start with the first. At one point in your brief, you agree that disgorgement should be measured by the defendant's wrongful profits rather than the victim's losses. Do you agree with that? We agree that that is part of the equation, Your Honor. Well, I don't know why it's not the whole equation, meaning one... Let's be honest. Buying cannabis shouldn't be complicated, sketchy or low quality. That's why I want to tell you about mood.com. That's M-O-O-O-D.com.

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it's hard to quantify the loss, so you use an alternative. Discorgement, correct? Well, yes and no, you're on. You can't do both, right? You can't do both. Right, and you can't do both because I thought that what you're compensating is the invasion of the legal right, correct? Yes, but I think — Let me take you step by step. So you're not debating that the victim's legal rights were invaded here, correct?

We're not debating that they had a legal right invaded. We are debating that they have a right to the proceeds and questions. The problem I have with that is that we've said, and Justice Thomas itself said in Lehman, that even with profit-based remedies, without a showing of pecuniary loss, can be included in the compensation of compensatory relief. The whole idea behind lost profits is, you took my money, and you made money from it. You're not entitled to that, because you invaded. my right to have that money, and maybe I wasn't as smart as you or as corrupt as you,

and I didn't make that money, but you took it from me. You invaded my legal rights. So I'm entitled to be compensated. I don't think that's quite right, Your Honor. When you're entitled to lost profits is when there is some legal right or entitlement that gives access not just to the property, but to the proceeds from the property. So what gives, what normally gives right to disgorgement. Well, normally, if you look at a case like, to think about patents or copyrights. You have a right to the patented invention.

You have a right to the copyright, the inventor. So you're thinking that slew of common law cases that weren't patents or patent cases where lost profits were the measure of loss for victims, that those were all wrong? No, not at all, Your Honor. In every single case, I think the government sites and the government's a meeky site,

It involves a situation where the party before the court, who's asking for disgorgement, says, I have a legal entitlement, a legal right to those proceeds, to those proceeds. That's very different than this situation where Congress made a determination looking at these very victims in this setting with this type of harm trying to get these proceeds that they would lose. They have absolutely no legal entitlement to the proceeds in this case. So is your position, and you said it in your reply briefing, and I'm a little composed by it, that in your reply, you say that if there is only provable loss of $1, then the maximum measure of disgorgement is $1? That's exactly right. So basically what you're saying is the government has to call every victim prove

every dollar of loss, why bother? Well, Your Honor. Why bother asking for disgorgement if they have to prove loss to that amount? I thought disgorgement was to make it easier as an alternative. No, Your Honor, not in this context. And again, remember the context. This is the SEC who's a stranger to the transaction,

who has the option while they're enforcing the security laws, and they can seek penalties where they can get full gross proceeds from the wrongdoer. If at the same time they want to try to compensate the victim, then they can seek disgorgement. If they think it's difficult to add up those losses and to figure that out, one, seek civil penalties. So does this all come to? down to, is the SEC going to keep the money or if the order says you pay it to victims?

If they say you pay it to victims, then they can do this? Your Honor, I will say what would the Court said in lieu, which is you have to provide fair compensation to the person wrong. Fair compensation doesn't mean a windfall. It doesn't mean exceeding the amount of right that the person has to the proceeds. This is a compensatory remedy. It's about restoring the status quo, and it's about not providing windfalls. I'm sorry, finish what you're saying.

No, please. Putting aside the question whether after Congress's most recent enactment, disgorgement under that provision has to be equitable. Let's assume that it still has to be equitable. There were forms of equitable disgorgement, right, including an accounting for profits. and you say that under such a claim, the victim has, quote, an underlying substantive entitlement to the profits. So why doesn't the SEC have a substantive entitlement to the profits after

the enactment of the current statute? Well, because I think all the current statute does is give the SEC the right to seek disgorgement, as his court, than necessarily defined disgorgement in lieu as an equitable remedy that can't be a punishment, it can't be a deterrent. And the SEC is not seeking disgorgement for itself. It's seeking disgorgement for the injured parties. And again, I think under that reading, Your Honor, if you do look at disgorgement as simply saying we can deprive the wrongdoer of an ill-gotten gain, first that's the first principle in lieu that was checked by the countervailing principle in lieu, that it has to be a compensatory remedy for a victim, the SEC is not the victim. And you also have a

situation where you collapse the distinction in D3 between civil penalties and disgorgement. I don't think the Court has to go beyond the four corners of this statute to read the language the way that we're reading it. Congress delineated — Well, the statute, as it currently stands, doesn't say equitable disgorgement. It just says disgorgement. And disgorgement, by its very nature, is equitable. There were forms of — there were legal forms of disgorgement, were there not? I don't believe so, Your Honor. as Lou explained, by its very core is an equitable remedy. So I don't think you can say that,

in fact, that this is now a second form of punishment. And if you do read the statute that way, then again, you're collapsing the distinction between penalties and disgorgement, even though Congress delineated between those two things. Under our reading, each has a separate function. If I could just interrupt you, I just want to make sure I understand it. And this goes back to Justice Thomas's first question. You're saying that there is no situation. in which disgorgement is appropriate where compensatory damages would not also be appropriate. Is that right? The disgorgement can never go above compensatory damages. No, Your Honor, and I do want to be clear about this. There are some situations where by the nature of the way damages are calculated,

an injured party could be better off by seeking the net profits, the net proceeds, instead of seeking a damages remedy. But the two overlap. Well, tell me where we're talking about, because the only thing I've heard from you, is situations in which disgorgement doesn't come up to the level of compensatory damages, but how could disgorgement, in your view, go over the level of compensatory damages? I think if you look at the copyright and patent cases, like the Sheldon case, those are examples where someone, for example, might have written a play, but they absolutely have no ability to produce a movie on their own. A studio comes in, misappropriates their protected copyrighted play,

and you might want to seek the net profits from that. as opposed to trying to seek damages because you couldn't sell your play to a studio for the same amount. So there are situations where you could see daylight between the two, but I think what really matters here is that if you look at what Congress was trying to do, and when you pair disgorgement and penalties in the same subsection, they must have different functions. And I think those functions collapse. So you're saying, well, disgorgement and penalties,

I guess what I'm focusing on is disgorgement and compensatory damages, because my understanding of disgorgement, you said it's an... equitable penalty. It's an equitable penalty. So it was that it was meant to operate in places where compensatory damages would not operate. That's the whole point of it being equitable. You couldn't get it legally at law, but you could get it by way of this equitable road. Sure, Your Honor. But in all of those situations, what you're trying to get is you've identified some asset, property, funds, money, whatever it is. And you say, I have a right to that asset because I have an underlying substance of right to it.

Either as a matter of property, as a matter of patent, as a matter of trusts and beneficiaries, a fiduciary law. There's something that gives the injured party the right to the asset in the same way that if I put $100 into an interest-bearing bank account and the bank returns $100 to me without the interest, I think I've suffered a loss. And I can seek to recover that interest. That's all those cases say. And you could have situations with damages where you've suffered beyond net proceeds.

you could have situations where your tangible concrete harm might be less than the gain that someone produced by misappropriating something that belongs to you. But again, what we're dealing with here, though, all of these, in every single case, the remedy is in fact compensatory. It's not designed just to deprive someone of an asset. It's designed to compensate an injured party. And again, that makes sense if you look at the statute under D3, and especially if you fast forward to D9. But what about the fact that the compensatory language and the focus of Lew with respect to compensatory seemed rooted in the language of D5, that at the time, Justice Thomas mentions this, that D5 was the only thing on the books, and we say in Liu that this is really about the, quote, appropriate or necessary for the benefit of

investors' language, which appears in D5, but not in D7? Exactly, Your Honor. That comes in part three of the opinion. And if part three were the only part of the opinion, I think this would be a harder case for us. In part two, the court has focused exclusively on traditional equitable rules. It has nothing to do with the language of D5. And even when the court did get to D5 in part three, it stressed if you look at page 90, it said it applies both because of the specific language of D5 and traditional equitable constraints. Counsel, can I? Oh, sorry. Please, go ahead. This kind of dovetails with Justice Jackson's question and goes back to Justice Thomas's question. Let's say that I don't read Lou the way you do. Let's say that I read it more like Justice Jackson was just proposing. Do you then say, well, I still win because just the word disgorgement,

even though it's been taken out of D5, still has these traditional equitable limitations. So is Lou kind of unnecessary? Obviously, it helps you if it's squarely would require us to decide this case in your favor, but take Lou out of the equation. tell me why your argument would still carry the day? Well, I think we can win in any of three independent paths. First, if we want to relitigate first principles about what disgorgement means and how it functions as an equitable remedy, I think we can win on that. I think if you read Lou our way and then you understand that Congress ratified Lou, which I think is the only

plausible way to understand what Congress did when it takes a term this court just defined. I think it's taking this court's understanding of that term, not some scattershot body of district Okay, but you're going back to Lou, if you can't rely on Lou. If I can't rely on Lou, then, again, I think we can do first principles, or you can just look at the statute itself. I think the best reading of the statute, when you pair civil penalties with disgorgement, is you have to delineate between the two. They each have to mean something different. Under my friend's reading, Congress would have simply rewritten the statute to say the SEC can seek civil penalties up to gross proceeds, net proceeds, or both. Because that's how they read the idea of disgorgement.

It's simply about taking away the asset. we read it to have a remedial function. But penalties don't have to be limited to net proceeds or gross proceeds. I mean, penalties could be entirely detached from that. Oh, absolutely, Your Honor. But my point is, though, that the way the government is understanding the addition of disgorgement to D3, it's indistinguishable from a second penalty. Okay, last question.

Do you, the Ninth Circuit said that your victims or your client's victims had suffered a violation of their legal interests? You agree? Of their legal interests, but that does not give them a legal. legal right to the proceeds. Those are two different things. And we know that from other provisions of the securities laws. If they filed suit saying we have a right to the proceeds, unlike the plaintiffs in all of the other equity cases that my friend cites, the investors here would lose because they have no injury. And I do just want to also supplement this because if the court does

just want to look to the statute, I think the easiest way to resolve a statutory case is sometimes to look at the statute. One thing we haven't talked about is D9. And in D9, and this was an addition that Congress included when it added D7, the Congress made clear that the fact that we are now empowering the SEC to seek disgorgement does not mean that we're precluding the ability of a private investor to file their own lawsuit. Under my friend's understanding, that is a very odd provision. Why would Congress be concerned that a remedy that simply lets the SEC deprive a wrongdoer of an ill-gotten gain? They don't have to give it to anyone. They don't need to show any harm. They can just take it. Why would anyone even think that might preclude the ability of a

private litigant to file their own lawsuit. But under our reading, where disgorgement is designed for a compensatory function, where the SEC invokes disgorgement in order to compensate an injured investor to stand in their shoes and seek recovery on their behalf, that's where Congress would be concerned that now that we've armed the SEC to do this, maybe a court might think that private parties can't seek that identical relief on their own. So I think if you just look at the four corners of the statute itself, I think we have the better reading. I think we certainly have the better reading after Lou. And respectfully, I really do think if you read part two, it says there are two principles. One is you can deprive a wrongdoer of an ill-gotten gain, but then said there's a

countervailing principle. Countervailing, the idea of that term is it's cutting back or restricting. And the countervailing principle says you have to provide fair compensation to the person wrong so that it does not cross the line into a penalty. Under my friend's view, this is a penalty. This is taking an asset that someone has, and it's depriving them of their asset for the sole purpose of depriving them of what we don't think they should have. We're casting judgment and to deter someone from breaking the law in the future. If the SEC wants to seek that kind of remedy, they have the ability to do it, invoke a civil penalty. But then you have to provide a jury trial. You have to satisfy under the facts and circumstances that they're entitled to that kind of relief.

And they can't just do an end run, which is, I believe, what the SEC is doing now. If all you need to do to get a disgorgement remedy is come to a court, you don't need a jury trial, you can overestimate the amounts of the gains, as they did here, they asked over $4 million, and the court found over $2 million of that was inflated, and then you coerced defendants to settle, because they don't have much of an option when they're facing that kind of demand from the government. Thank you, Counsel. Justice Thomas, Justice Alito. It wasn't the aim of the scheme that your client admitted when the consent decree, when he agreed to the consent decree, to obtain from the people who bought the artificially pumped up stocks, money that they owned, in other words, didn't he aim to obtain money,

money from, weren't those people, wasn't it his intent to make them victims? Your Honor, I don't know if that was his intent or not. What I do know. Well, it's inherent in the scheme, is it not? But you still need to have an actual injury to seek compensation, which is why if those investors, if an uninjured investor, even if a wrongdoer says, I'm going to target you and I'm going to try to get your money, I'm going to try to trick you into buying the stock. If the stock price goes up and it never drops, they don't have any injury. So Congress made the determination that those investors are not entitled to recovery.

The very recovery that the SEC says as a windfall, they are entitled to here. Well, is it your claim that they didn't suffer an injury or that it's just too hard to prove that they suffered an injury? Because the stock could have gone up and down for a million other reasons. You know, in this case, the contention is the SEC didn't prove that there was an injury at all. And if you look to on page 10A of the appendix, footnote 4, the Ninth Circuit CAC, doubt on the SEC's ability to show any injury here because they proved an artificial inflation, but no drop. But our contention below, and this is if you look at page 28 of the record, is that the SEC also didn't do the work that it has to do if it wants a

disgorgement remedy, under a proper reading of disgorgement, to actually track down who is owed what so that the discouragement order doesn't cross that line into a windfall and a penalty, which makes it impermissible as an equitable remedy. Mr. Sotomayor? I know you think you can win on three grounds, and I don't want you to panic, but assuming you were to lose, there's two grounds. One would be that disgorgement as an equitable remedy never required proof of pecuniary loss, and there's certainly quite a bit, besides Restatement 3, quite a bit of treatises and cases that support that conclusion. or we could say that 78 UD7 has taken out and any equitable doesn't require

Puginary loss because it's setting forth just compensable legal invasion of a legal right. Which of the two would you prefer to win on? Oh, Luzon, I'm sorry, Luzon. Well, I would prefer to win on on any of our three grounds. No, no. But if we lose, we lose, Your Honor. I think you can write the opinion however you'd like. But I'd like to try to take on.

Would it make it easier if we wrote it as that 78 UD7 is different? Because then your pecuniary, your penalty argument would be stronger for your Seventh Amendment claim? So possibly, Your Honor, but I want to try to also just give the Court some guidance on the collateral damage that could happen depending on how you write the opinion. So if you were to write an opinion against us, it says that when Congress used the word disgorgement, the word that this court had just defined in lieu, that Congress was adopting the rejected, repudiated body of lower court decisions instead of this court's understanding of that term. I think that's going to create a lot of confusion about what Congress needs to do in the future

when they're trying to ratify this court's decisions. I don't think that's how Congress would have acted, especially after Lou made unambiguously clear. I think for whatever disagreement we have about what Liu means, there was a sentence in Liu that said, if a word appears in a statute, if the word disgorgement appears in a statute, it does not expand it beyond its traditional common law balance. And that's exactly what Congress did here. So I think that path will create confusion. It didn't do just that. It just took parts of Lou of what Lou said and didn't take other parts of it.

It took limiting damages to what this. defendant has done, it took the word disgorgement, but it didn't take the language we actually analyzed, which was payment to victims. Your Honor, that language that Congress didn't take is embedded. It's implicit in the definition of disgorgement. There was no need to include that language. And I think that argument would be stronger. So why did we bother analyzing that law? Why did I bother analyzing that language in lieu? Well, I think your honor could — Why so much emphasis by me in lieu on the importance of that language to our determination?

Your Honor, I think that Your Honor did a wonderful job in part two of the opinion, which would have been sufficient. Well, I didn't in part one. And then part three then, part three was the belts and suspenders. Now, I think that that argument would make a lot more sense if D5 said disgorgement for the benefit of investors. Now, that would be entirely redundant. The reasons Congress doesn't speak like that. But D5 says equitable relief for the benefit of investors. That's the entire universe of equitable remedies cabin down.

Thank you, Counsel. So you don't care which way. Well, I care a little. Is that your bottom-law? Well, what we're trying to do is have both construe the common law correctly. And to be very clear, too, because I do want to assume you're losing. Which of the two arguments would you like to lose on it? Well, well. I don't want you to backtrack into why you should win.

I want you to give me a clear answer, okay? But, Your Honor, I think to explain which argument we'd prefer to lose on, it helps to actually march through what that would mean. I've explained why I think the statutory argument would be dangerous. I think the common law argument would also be dangerous and create confusion. All of the cases that you're suggesting that don't involve a pecuniary loss, they involve a legal entitlement to the proceeds, and that doesn't exist here. So I think your honor is going to have a difficult time squaring... That's assuming that 78 UD doesn't give them, D7 doesn't give them that legal entitlement. If it gives a legal entitlement that changes and redefines the core definition

at its irreducible core of what disgorgement is by simply using the word disgorgement, then I think Congress is going to be very confused on how to write statutes going forward. Okay. You still didn't give me an answer, but thank you. Justice Kagan? Justice Gorsuch. Just to follow up on that briefly, Mr. Geiser. Is it fair to assume that Congress legislates against the backdrop of the common law?

I think so, Your Honor. And is it fair to, when it uses a word like disgorgement that we just used in lieu, assume that we usually assume that Congress understands what we've just done? Yes. And so the linkage between that and having to prove that there's investors out there who've been injured, not injured, that their money take, their legal right taken, causally connected and identifiable and return the money to their benefit, at least where it's not infeasible, we would understand Congress to have met all that when

it used the word disgorgement, don't you think? I absolutely do think. Thank you. Yes, Kavanaugh? On your first principles argument, do you want to respond to the amicus brief of the professors, Lecoq and others on that succinctly? Because they say you're really quite wrong about the first principles. Well, I'll try to respond as succinctly as possible.

I think the first point is that they say when you're trying to, to restore the status quo, you're looking solely at taking the funds away from the wrongdoer. And Lou made clear that there's that countervailing principle that you have to provide fair compensation to the person wronged. And I think it doesn't make much sense to say you're restoring the status quo by taking money here and giving a windfall somewhere else. That's not leaving things the way they were. That's fundamentally shifting how this looks. And if you don't like my reading of Lou, hopefully you'll like my reading of Jarkasie, where Jarkasie was very clear on pages 123 and 124, that an equitable remedy, and Scorgement is an equitable remedy, the scholars in their brief agree

with this, involves restoring the victim. It's about returning assets to the injured party, and you don't restore the status quo unless you're giving that money back to the person who's been injured. So I think that the scholar's brief is fundamentally incompatible with what this court wrote in unequivocal language in jargacy. I also think that ultimately we agree with the outcome of every case they cite. The real disagreement. agreement between us and the scholars brief is one of pure semantics. When I look at, if I put that $100 in a bank account and the bank gives me back my principal without any diminution of value, I get every dollar, but I don't get the interest that I'm owed, I look at that as an economic loss.

Now, the scholars would say, oh, that's not an economic loss. That's something else. We both agree that if you have a legal entitlement to the asset, then you get it through disgorgement. You can disgorge the asset to the extent that an injured party has a right to that asset. And we're just disagreeing with what we're calling that sort of missing profit. But that doesn't change the analysis. It just changes the terminology. Next question. What do you think Congress was trying to accomplish in 2021 when it enacted that statute?

We think that the best reading is they were trying to reattach a limitations period to the SEC's disgorgement authority. And the government doesn't take issue with that point. They agree that once Lou said, that disgorgement has to be a fundamentally equitable remedy, it can't be a punishment, it can't be a penalty or deterrent, that took away Kokesh's holding that the penalty five-year limitations period applied. So the SEC was left facing absolutely no deadline whatsoever. Now, the government says, well, there are lots of ways Congress could have written that statute. I think it would be very strange

to include, as the government suggests, a new limitations period for disgorgement, which at the time is a remedy that isn't mentioned anywhere in the statute. As a matter of simple housekeeping, it makes far more sense to say we're going to create a new limitations period for disgorgement. So we need to include disgorgements somewhere in the statute so that we're making clear there's something here that the SEC has a timeline on which to seek. Last, do you want to say anything about Seventh Amendment implications of the government's position, if any? I think that the government kind of has a difficult path no matter how they answer that question.

I'm guessing my friend is going to say that their version of disgorgement, despite looking entirely penal will not be subject to a jury trial. The Seventh Amendment of Rights won't kick in. I think if they take that position, then that shows the SEC is trying to set up a penalty with an end run around an actual penalty in the statute. And if the government does concede now that their version of disgorgement would require a jury trial, that just further collapses the distinction in D3 between disgorgement and penalties, which are two very different terms, different concepts. I don't know why Congress would have added disgorgement. If all it's supposed to, to do and all it needs to do is simply deprive the wrongdoer of net proceeds.

That looks like a penalty just with a different cap. Thank you. Justice Barrett. Why does that look like a penalty? If all you're taking away is the ill-gotten gains, so they're the proceeds that the wrongdoer isn't entitled to in the first place, as opposed to being entirely punitive because it's going above and beyond, why would that necessarily be a penalty? Anything is a penalty?

If the point is to take it away from you, we're making a judgment that you weren't title to this, we're taking it from you. What makes it remedial is you're giving it to the right party, but that means there has to be a right party to give it to. There has to be some party with a right to it. And again, look to Lou, and if you don't like Lou, I like Lou. I like, well, I'm sure Justice Sotomayor will appreciate that. I don't necessarily like your reading of Lou, but I like Lou. Well, then hopefully you'll like, again, my reading of Jarkacy. Jarkasy is crystal clear. Look at pages 123 and 124 of the opinion. It's dividing that same line between a legal remedy and an equitable remedy. And it says that something is a punishment if it's not restoring the status quo,

which means returning the funds to the injured investor, it's not enough just to deprive. If you deprive, that crosses the line into a punishment. And again, I don't think that the SEC could credibly say, we're not trying to put you in the red. We don't want gross proceeds. We're just going to take away net proceeds or half of net proceeds. Suddenly, it's not a penalty. It's not a punishment because we're not going over the line into punitive damages. It's a about the point of taking it away, both to deprive someone, me, to deprive someone as a punishment, and to deter. And again, my friend in his brief, he's very clear, the purpose of taking it away is to punish and deter. deterrence, as Kokesh said, as Liu said, as Jarkas he said, all of these

cases agree. Deterance is a penal function. Justice Jackson. So I guess this idea of trying to characterize something as penal or not is confusing in this context because I had understood the relevant distinction to be between compensatory damages, which is the idea of making the victim's whole versus disgorgement, which is divesting the defendant of the ill-gotten gains. And one thing that you haven't touched upon at all is the very traditional equitable principle of unjust enrichment, which would seem to me to fit square. into the equitable concept of depriving the defendant of their ill-gotten gains. And that, I thought, was what the scholars were talking about, that is a traditional

equitable principle, not a legal one in the way that you've been defining it. I guess you could characterize it as a penalty, but it doesn't seem to matter because traditionally courts have been able to exercise their equitable authority to deprive the defendant of ill-gotten gains, which they term unjust enrichment. So can you speak to that? Sure. And I apologize if I sound like I'm repeating myself, Jarkasie and Lou make clear that if that's all you're trying to do is deprive that ill-gotten gains, that's the first principle that Lou identified. But Lisa, there are two principles, and one is a countervailing principle. To avoid making that punitive, which is where Jarkacy comes in, Jarkacy makes absolutely clear.

So you're saying unless we do this in the way that you're talking about the jarucacy case, which is not a common, I mean, it's like our case from a couple years ago, right? The idea of the Seventh Amendment is what we're avoiding with this concept. I just don't understand why the first principle isn't all we need with respect to resolving the issue in this case. Let me try it this way. I think that it's a very traditional principle going back centuries, if not longer, millennia. We cite a Roman case in our brief, is that equity doesn't serve punitive functions. The role of equity is not to penalize as a particular.

All right, but what about the unjust enrichment concept? Do you agree that that was an equitable concept? Do you unjust enrichment? No, it's not. No, no, no, it is. Okay. So what does that mean, unjust enrichment? In the statute, unjust enrichment. No, in common law, what does unjust enrichment mean and allow the court to do? The unjust enrichment has, I think, two components.

One, someone has to be enriched, and they have to be enriched unjustly. Now, in order to recover the unjust enrichment, you need to find some claimant with an entitlement to those proceeds. Equity doesn't award win falls. I can't come into court as a random stranger saying, hey, I saw someone do something wrong? And this is, my time is short. How does finding the claimant and identifying their loss help us to know whether or not it was unjust enrichment from the standpoint of the equitable determination that this defendant should not

be allowed to retain this amount of money. Your Honor, the reason you find those victims and determine their loss is because that's the core function of disgorgement. It's to get the asset from the person who shouldn't hold it to the person who should. Thank you. Thank you, Counsel. Mr. Stewart. Thank you, Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court. I'd like to make three quick points at the outset. First, I think it's important to unversive. pack what petitioner is trying to accomplish here. Petitioner is attempting to make it as difficult

as possible for the SEC to pass disgorgement awards over to victims, and petitioners trying to do that by urging the court to adopt the narrowest possible conception of victim. And then second, petitioner is asking the court implicitly to resolve in his favor the question that this court left open in lieu, namely, if it is infeasible to pass the court. profits, press disgorgement along to victims, can the money be put in the Treasury? And only by succeeding in both halves can petitioner prevail. And so even under subsection D5, this goes well beyond anything that the court held in lieu. The second thing is, it's just wrong to say that the court in lieu interpreted the term disgorgement. The court had no occasion to do that

because the term disgorgement didn't appear in the statute that D5 that the court was applying. When the court said under traditional equitable principles, the government has to, in order to collect disgorgement, the SEC has to pass funds along to victims if it is feasible to do so. The court didn't say otherwise it wouldn't be disgorgement. The court said otherwise it wouldn't be consistent with what courts of equity have typically done. And if you look at dictionary definitions, Black's Law Dictionary, for example, you look at restitution and you see lots of entries about passing from a wrongdoer funds or property that rightfully belongs to someone else. If you look at the Black's Law Dictionary definition of disgorgement, you just see an act of giving up.

It's the surrender full stop. And so disgorgement is the word Congress would use if it wanted to make it as clear as possible that what we care about is getting the defendant to give up its gains and that any question about where the money goes after that is secondary. And then the last thing I'd say very quickly, Petitioner would fundamentally transform the disgorgement remedy from one that is designed to deprive the defendant of ill-gotten gains and is measured by profits into a compensatory remedy in which the measure of recovery is losses to the victims. I welcome the Court's questions.

Wouldn't you have a cleaner argument if you would accept the notion that this is a legal remedy? It might be cleaner, and we don't think our position depends on whether the remedy under D3A2 and D7 is legal or equitable. That is, as long as we were operating under D5, which refers specifically to equitable relief, then we could get disgorgement under that provision only if we could persuade a court that it was equitable. But the whole thrust of what Congress did in 2021 was to say, we want the SEC to have a remedy that compels the defendant to give up its profits on the following conditions, whether that is regarded as legal or equitable.

And so the question, whether it's legal or equitable, may have implications for whether you get a right to jury trial, but it doesn't have any implications for whether you can get the remedy at all. But doesn't it look a lot less like an equitable remedy if you keep most of the — what percentage of the disgorgement do you keep now? does the SEC keep? I mean, I think we pass along a high percentage of monies that are actually recovered. Now, the figures that are cited in Petitioner's Brief were not, I think it's on page 8.

They cite a press release and they say it shows that $6.1 billion was seized in a particular year. In fact, that was the amount that was ordered disgorged, not the amount that was actually collected. So my understanding is something like 88% of funds actually collected were designated for distribution. I think the process takes time, and so that's not a guarantee that they would actually be distributed. But I think our practice is to distribute a high percentage of the funds we collect to people we regard as victims. Now, petitioner would make it more difficult for us to do that by saying the only victims we can, legally distribute funds to our people who could establish their own right to sue under the private cause of action.

Counsel, several times in his opening brief, your friend looked to our recent case in Jarkasie, and we heard it cited several times this morning. You don't cite it at all in your brief. Do you want to talk about why it's not relevant at all here? I mean, I think the reason we didn't regard it as relevant was that Jarkasie was focused on under what circumstances could the SEC impose monetary remedies in its own administrative proceedings. And here the question is, what can the SEC get when it sues in court? And so the SEC is kind of has to go before an Article III court. We have to persuade whoever the finder of

fact is that there is liability. The court itself will determine the disgorgement amount. It won't be reviewing our assessment of disgorgement under a deferential standard, so it's not really the same question that was presented in Jarkasie. Well, I thought his point was that your argument would treat the case as if it were a case like Jarkacy. I mean, if that's his argument, I don't think it's right, because the whole rationale for the court striking down what was done in Jarkacy was that it had been done in an administrative tribunal acting without a jury rather than by a court. And, you know— No, no, I mean not for the jury question, but more in terms of how the sanction,

whether disgorgement or anything else, would be treated. The other thing I would say is different between this case in Jarkasie is that in Jarkasie, we were recovering civil penalties, and civil penalties are often used to make the defendant worse off than he would have been if he hadn't engaged in the violation in order to create punishment and extra deterrence. And here the disgorgement award is limited to the amount of the defendant's unjust enrichment, his net profits. It's limited to amounts that the defendant actually received as a result of the violation. Mr. Stewart, just to follow up on the Chief Justice's questions, yes, Jarkas, he concerned administrative proceedings, but it also concerns the Seventh Amendment.

So the question I think the Chief is trying to aim at it is okay. You've got this D7 remedy, but when might it trigger a jury trial, right, rather than remain before the judge in equity? And I just want to make sure I understand a few things. One, you agree that D7 is for net profits only, right? Yes, and I think that's made clear in D3A. Looking at D7 by itself, you wouldn't tell them. Yes, yes, works for me.

Right. Okay. Two, you agree that the unjust enrichment has to be causally connected to the defendant's actions, as a result of the defendant's actions is what you say in your brief, and you stand by that. Yes. Okay. And then third, and the kind of key one that I think your friend on the other side's been talking about is where the money goes after that. And to keep it in equity, you've got to get it back to the investors unless it's infeasible, we said, in lieu. and do you stand by that?

I would quarrel with that part of it. What the court said in lieu... So you think you can get a disgorgement without any effort to get it back to the investors and keep that in equity in front of a judge rather than trigger a jury trial right

as a penalty? Yes or no? It's a two-part question. No? It's a one-part question. We would say yes, but there are... I think it's... Yes, you can keep it in equity before a judge. without a jury and make no effort to send the money back to investors? That would be our position.

Okay, let's say that's wrong, okay? Let's say the equitable remedy was all about restoring investors. Let's say we think that. Then what? Then I think it would follow that under D3A2 and D7, we can still get disgorgement without routing it to investors, but it would be considered a legal remedy. And then the jury trial right. So you agree with that.

So you agree that if you don't make an effort to get it to investors, there's a jury trial right? We don't agree with that. Hold on. Which is it? That's why I said it's a two-part question. We agree that the statute would permit us to get it without routing it to investors because D3A2 lists certain prerequisites and routing to investors is not one of them.

Our position would be that would still be equitable and no jury trial would be available. I know there are arguments on the other side that not routing it to investors would make... I think that's pretty perilous, Mr. Stewart. I think if you want the equitable remedy, you got to behave, and without a jury trial, right, all of equity, you got to follow the rules of equity. If you want a legal penalty, then the Seventh Amendment might have something to say about it. Again, I'm... We said that in lieu, right? I mean, we said, and that is traditional equitable practice.

Well, in lieu, you said at the outset that when we get... Yet when we see a provision that just generally authorizes equitable relief, we ask whether a particular remedy was typically available at equity. Yes, and the government keeping all the money was not typically available at equity. It was getting it back to the investors. Now, maybe D7 authorizes that, but I don't see how it would not trigger the Seventh Amendment if the government just decided to keep all the money. I think our argument would be along the lines of what Justice Spirit and Justice

Jackson have suggested that so long as the monetary remedy does nothing more than preventing the defendant from profiting by his own wrongdoing, so long as it simply takes away the illicit gains, then it's not a penalty and no Seventh Amendment right attaches, whereas the civil penalty provisions can make the defendant worse off than he would be if he hadn't committed the violation. But again — Well, some penalties make the defendant worse off. Others do not. Others can be very modest. It doesn't matter. You still get a jury trial, right? Right? But Mr. Stewart, isn't your point that it's a penalty when it makes the defendant

works off? That's the point that Mr. Geiser keeps saying this is punishment. But it's not a penalty or punishment if what is happening is the defendant is just being made to return the money that he never had access to that was not his to begin with. Yes. And what can happen in the SEC sea suits is if the court could authorize both disgorgement and a civil penalty. And the disgorgement would ensure that the defendant didn't profit from his own wrong. And then any civil penalty, even in a civil penalty in a fairly small amount, would by definition go beyond that and make the defendant worse off. Mr. Stewart, let me try it this way. You're asking us to expand D7 beyond equitable practice to allow the government to keep the money. Do we have to

decide whether that triggers the Seventh Amendment in this case. Can we reserve that question? Yes. All right. Mr. Trude, I wasn't, just to be clear, I was just pressing Mr. Geiser, not necessarily saying I agree with you. But I guess one question that I have is how do we define disgorgement if not looking to the equitable piece of it? And actually, let me just back up and ask you, what is the government's practice with respect

to distributing it to victims? Do you only try to restore them? by calculating what they actually lost, or do you give them a windfall? I mean, I think it varies from case to case, and I think in some circumstances they probably wind up with what you might call a windfall. That is, you could have a circumstance, for instance, if somebody, if an investment advisor lies about his credentials in order to encourage clients to sign up with them, and then the clients can't point to anything about the advisor's services that was actually deficient, but the SEC, having received disgorgement, may try to give the people

who were diluted some portion of the recovery in order to compensate them for the fact that they weren't told the proof. But there are circumstances in which the SEC would say, yeah, we're just going to return to victims what they lost so that we can keep the overage? I mean, I think Mr. Geiser referred to one situation in which we might not make an effort at a distribution, and that is if you have violations that cause very diffuse harms, so the defendant may make a lot of money and may cause very small amounts of harm to a very large number of people, and the SEC may conclude that the administrative costs of identifying all these people and what each of them has lost is just going to eat up too much of the fund in order for —

And that's the only situation? I don't know that's the only situation, and I — you know, this has been our typical — Do you know what others are? Because the figures from the last last couple of years as I have them at least are that the SEC in 2024 collected, sorry, had ordered disgorgement of over $6 billion and returned $345 million. Last year in 2025 it was $10.8 billion and returned $262 million. Now, I know that's ordered versus collected, but even if you're a reasonably good collection agent and the federal government is a reasonably good collection agent, we all know,

let's say you get half of that. That's $5 billion versus $262 million. That's $3 billion versus $345 million. What kind of efforts does the government pay to get this money back? I don't think there's any reason to think that we get half of it. What I've been told — You think it's less than half? Yes. How much less? I don't know exactly how much less. I asked the question of do we know what percentage of the $6.1.1 billion was collected, and we're not sure of the answer. Well, so do you know that it is less than half? Or you just don't know? Well, I've also been told that of the amounts collected in, I think it was 2024, it could have been 2025. I believe it was 88% was designated for a distribution. That doesn't mean it would necessarily have been distributed at the end of the day.

But that was something that we intended to do. And it's a long and time-consuming, both the collection and the distribution can be a long-and-time-consuming process. And you're getting this from the SEC? Yes. I mean, the other thing I would say about the equitable principles, you're representing 88% of the money that's actually collected is distributed. It's designated for a... Designated. In a particular fiscal year.

How important is the distribution part of this analysis to your argument? I mean, I had understood that you were... differentiating disgorgement from civil penalty. So just in a very simple analogy, this defendant steals a million dollars from a bunch of people. And disgorgement would say, you can't keep that million dollars. The court could both order him to give back the million dollars that he stole and fine him for having engaged in that behavior. That would be the civil penalty part, right? It's coming out of his own pocket.

It's making him worse off because he's now fined or a civil penalty. And you're saying you'd have to have a jury trial for that part of it, the penalty part. Is that correct? We would have to have a jury. Even under our view that disgorgement wouldn't require a jury if you were seeking civil penalties as well, you would need a jury. Okay, so we have a million dollars order to give back. We have, let's say, $100,000.

fine, you'd have to have a jury trial for that part of it. In terms of the give-back, is it your position that whether that money goes to the victims or goes to the government, that's really not a key aspect as to whether or not disgorgement can be ordered? It's key under D5, but not under D3, A2, and D7. It's really not relevant at all in our view under D3A2 and D7. And the reason is traditional equitable principles are not limits on Congress's power. The reason that traditional equitable limits played a key role in lieu

was that the statute itself referred to equitable relief. And so to determine what sort of remedies Congress had implicitly authorized, the court looked to what courts of equity had traditionally done. But Congress can always create new remedies or adjust the terms on which existing remedies will be available.

And that's what it did in D3A2 and D7. It said, you can get disgorgement of any unjust enrichment that is received by the defendant as a result of the violation. As distinguished from D, I'm sorry, go ahead. As distinguished from D5, which really said something about benefit of the victims. It had two pieces of operative language. First was there was language at the end of the provision about for the benefit of investors, and the court in lieu also suggested that just the reference to equity, relief might require some effort to compensate victims because that was the way it was typically done. The other point I had made is —

Mr. Stewart, before you go to another point, I just want to capture this one. Do we even need to decide that question? You said we don't need to decide the Seventh Amendment question if you keep the money. Do we even need to decide whether D7 authorizes you to keep the money? To answer the question presented is just simply do we need to show injury to the investor? We could answer that hypothetically in your favor, no, without deciding the scope of whether D7 permits you to extend beyond equity to keep the money. Couldn't we do that? I think that's correct. The other point I was going to make about Lou and about typical

equitable practice is that when Lou was asking what courts in equity had typically done, they looked at a broad range of cases involving different subject areas. And because most litigation in this country is private litigation. The court in lieu looked mostly at private suits. And in private suits, it's understandable that any money recovered from the defendant is going to pass to a victim because the only person who's a proper plaintiff is going to be a victim, someone whose own rights were violated by the misconductor, who is injured in some way by the violation. And it's normal in private civil litigation that there is an award, if there is an award defendant pay money, it will be paid to the victim in order to redress his injury. And so

those are good reasons in private suits to expect that the money will go to victims. And when Congress was drafting a disgorgement provision specifically for SEC enforcement suits, it needed to decide to what extent do the rules that have applied in private suits translate over into SEC enforcement actions. And with the other two restrictions this court had announced, Congress incorporated them into the statute. It incorporated the term unjust enrichment to make clear that it's net profits, not gross receipts, and it incorporated the limitation that we can get disgorgement only of unjust enrichment received by the defendant. And both of those really go to kind of the core purpose of disgorgement.

Discorgement is intended to ensure that the defendant does not profit by its own wrong, but it's not intended to go beyond that by making him. worse off than if he hadn't committed the violation. And the other limits that the court announced in lieu were intended to draw that line. And therefore, it's understandable that Congress incorporated those into the new SEC-specific statute, but didn't incorporate a limitation that the money has to go to victims that seems more in keeping with what we would expect in a private suit. So if I could just understand, you've been talking about this, but your decision to lead with D7 rather than D5?

I guess my question is, like, what are you worried about on D5? Why do you think that D7 is a better argument? Why do you think that D5 is a comparatively weak one? I mean, I think the biggest problem from our standpoint with D5 is the question that the court left open in lieu, namely, under D5, can we get disgorgement if it is infeasible to distribute the profits to victim, I mean, the, the, the, the, the, the disgorgement to victims. And the fact that the court left it open means there's some possibility that we would lose that issue at the end of the day. And that would put kind of a substantial damper or potential damper on our disgorgement efforts because there would be lots of questions about, is it feasible? Mr. Geiser is arguing that if the only victims we can find are people who didn't suffer pecuniary harm, then it really isn't feasible to disqualification. to pass along the money to victims because they don't qualify.

And so part of the value of D3A2 from our standpoint is it just takes that question off the table. It says you can make the defendant surrender his unjust enrichment net profits so long as they are profits that the defendant received and so long as he received them as a result of the violation with no inquiry into where the money is going or where we could have routed it if we had wanted to. Mr. Stewart, I'm a bit confused by your answer for the following reason, okay? If we go your route, D7, then the Seventh Amendment issue looms large, because then the government keeping the money and not paying over to victims as compensation, okay, then serves

only one purpose, deterrence. And if it's only deterrence, I think you have a much harder way to go to say that it's not a Seventh Amendment violation to let the judge decided. I guess kind of looking ahead to a hypothetical case in which we were litigating the Seventh Amendment question, we'd say a couple of things about that. The first is the paradigmatic equitable remedy is a prohibitory injunction. And a prohibitory injunction has no legitimate purpose other than to deter the defendant from future misconduct. And so I don't think the court would stick to a rule, a categorical rule, that if deterrence is a substantial motivation, the remedy can't be equitable. The second thing I'd say is

11 years ago in Kansas versus Nebraska, this court exercising original jurisdiction ordered disgorgement as an equitable remedy and fix the disgorgement amount at number at an amount greater than — But that was the victim receiving the money. The victim did receive the money, but the court fixed the amount at a sum greater than the victim's loss. Well, that's because I agree with you that at equity, you could measure the victim's compensable damages by unjust enrichment by the defendant.

No question. And windfall profits have always been recognized in equity for — unjust enrichment or disgorgement concepts. But if the government is receiving the money, what legally protected right did you have to the money? I mean, the point I was going to make is the court in Kansas versus Nebraska in explaining why it made sense to set the disgorgement award at that amount said it will provide additional deterrence to future breaches of the contract, the compact. The parties were an unusual situation where the water was more valuable to the upstream Nebraska.

I'm accepting that if you are a victim who has a legally invaded right, you are entitled to also deterrence. But if the government is keeping the money, what legally recognizable right is it protecting? It is simply accomplishing a public-interested effort to deprive the defendant of his unlawful profits. For purposes of deterrence, not compensation, that's my point. I think substantially for purposes of deterrence, but I think kind of independent of the utilitarian justification, there is a sense of that it is inherently unfair, inherently inequitable to have an adjudicated violator.

and say you can keep the money. But then the other point I'd like to make in response to your question as to why in some circumstances we late D3A to better, is that if push comes to shove, we would rather be in a situation where we can get disgorgement but may have to go through a jury trial to get it than to be in a position where we can't get it at all. And the petitioner's argument is that we can't get it at all

except to the extent that it corresponds to identified pecuniary losses on the part of this. That's assuming we accept as underlying premises that equity required proof of pecuniary loss. If we disagree with that, that solves the case. And we're happy to win the case under D5, and we think we should win it under D5, because even looking at that provision, the petitioner's argument goes substantially done. Thank you, counsel. Thank you. Thank you, counsel.

Justice Thomas, anything further? This is Kavanaugh, this is Berenow, this is Barron, anything for the, this is Jackson. Thank you, counsel. Thank you, Mr. Chief Justice. Rebuttal, Mr. Geiser? Just a few quick points, Your Honor. The first is my friend says we're trying to make it as difficult as possible to get funds to victims. We, that is not our goal.

Our goal is to simply delineate between penalties and disgorgement. And if the government thinks it's hard to distribute funds, then they do have the option, seek civil penalties. You can deprive us of every penny, including up to gross proceeds that we've collected, or rely on the very inventive, you know, very powerful private securities bar, which is very good at filing lawsuits when someone is actually injured to recover and compensate an injured party. Now, my friend, I think equivocated a little, but I think the bottom line answer is that the government does not believe that disgorgement requires returning funds to investors. That is a penalty. Then the government is seeking a penalty. It is indistinguishable from penalties. It looks

exactly like the penalty in D3, just with a different cap. That is not the way that Congress rights statutes. And I do think, Justice Gorsuch, you do need to decide whether the government can keep the funds or not, because that's defining what is disgorgement. We can't just kind of put it in this empty vessel and say, in this case, they can deprive wrongdoers of profit, but we're not going to say what disgorgement means. We're not going to square disgorgement with D3 and the fact that Congress drew a stark distinction between civil penalties and disgorgement, even though I think that distinction collapses under my friend's read. I don't think my friend has any answer for D9. If Congress's point here is simply to deprive wrongdoers of a gain and has

nothing to do with a remedial function, they can keep it, they don't need to pay the funds back to investors, then I don't know why Congress would have been concerned that anyone would have even imagined that somehow empowering the SEC to seek effectively a second penalty, that they were precluding private investors from bringing their own lawsuits. That reading of D9 doesn't make sense. Our reading does. Under our reading of D9, Congress would have been concerned that because the SEC now has separate authority explicitly ratifying exactly what Lou, I think, under its best reading said to seek fair compensation on behalf of injured parties, that that might now be the exclusive way for private parties to recover. And Congress wanted to make clear, no, that compensatory

function that the SEC now has doesn't take away the right of private parties to seek that same function. I don't think it's a plausible reading of Congress's amendments in 2021 that they were adopting two-thirds of lieu. And then by negative implication, implicitly redefining in D7 without saying a word about it, the very core of what disgorgement means, which really does have that compensatory function of taking an asset that someone took, that it doesn't belong to them, and it belongs to someone else. We are taking that asset and returning it over. The final point I'd like to make is that if you do look to D3, my friend has said a lot about unjust enrichment, but D3 still says you can seek disgorgement under paragraph 7. If it's not disgorgement under paragraph 7, then you can't do it.

You start with saying what is disgorgement and then say this is the amount that you are disgorging. And I think Congress used that language in D3 because it simply was trying to come up with some way to describe the amount that you were taking as a discharging. As a discharging, you know, scorgent remedy and redistributing to an injured investor. If there are no further questions. Thank you, counsel. The case is submitted.