American History Hit - The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

Episode Date: November 28, 2022

On the evening of 14th April, 1865, the Union was celebrating victory in the civil war, won 5 days earlier with General Lee's surrender at Appomattox. President Abraham Lincoln was watching a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington DC. But some Southern sympathisers still thought the Confederacy could be restored. Among them was the actor John Wilkes Booth. He entered the theatre, made his way to Lincoln's box and carried out the first assassination of a US president. Michael Kauffman takes Don through the conspiracy to murder Lincoln and the act itself, after which Booth fled on horseback, into the night. Produced by Benjie Guy. Mixed by Aidan Lonergan. Senior Producer: Charlotte Long. For more History Hit content, subscribe to our newsletters here.If you'd like to learn even more, we have hundreds of history documentaries, ad-free podcasts, and audiobooks at History Hit - subscribe today! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Want to explore even more history? Sign up to History Hit, where you will discover history from around the world. From the American Revolution to prehistoric Scotland, there is plenty to discover. With your subscription, you'll unlock hundreds of hours of exclusive documentaries with a brand new release every week, exploring everything from the ancient world to World War II. Just visit historyhit.com slash subscribe to bring the past alive. We're in Washington, D.C. on the evening of April 14, 1865, and we are standing in the dress circle of Ford's Theater,

the balcony seats looking down at an ongoing performance of a British farce entitled, Our American Cousin. Suddenly, the actor John Wilkes Booth climbs the stairs and steps through audience members clustered about. People smile in his direction. They recognize his famous face. It is entirely natural that John Wilkes Booth would be here on such a night. What is not natural is the scene he's about to play.

Crossing to the far side of the theater, he approaches a small door, the entrance to the opera box, where President Abraham Lincoln watches the play with his wife and guests. Booth enters easily, strange though it may seem today. Inside the dim space, he pauses silently, grasping a small pistol and awaiting his cue. John Wilkes Booth believes he is about to perform his most triumphant scene ever, but in reality, he will enact a terrible drama that will drape himself and his nation in utter tragedy.

Hey, everyone. Welcome to American History Hit. I'm Don Wildman. Given the pinnacle that Abraham Lincoln had reached in April 1865 as president and savior of the United States, it's near impossible to imagine how low the nation must have fallen upon news of his murder. This was the first time an American president had been assassinated. Never mind, he was the visionary leader. who'd carried the country through the slog of civil war. Now, with a great man martyred, Americans were on their own, faced with the daunting task of binding the nation's wounds. Sadly, shockingly, the first step in that process would be rooting out a nasty infection,

tracking down the president's killer and his nest of conspirators so that the healing could even begin. Today we have Michael Kaufman, author of American Brutus, a detailed account of the shooting of Abraham Lincoln and the capture of John Wilkes Booth, America's most notorious assassin. Michael Kaufman, my friend, welcome to American History Hit.

Well, thank you. It's great to be here. Dare say most Americans have little understanding of the complexities behind the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. It's entered into that sort of caricature state of history.

You know, we've seen so many courier-knives shots of what happened. And as I just said in the intro, how linked the assassination is actually with the beginning of reconstruction? Most Americans don't realize that. This was part of reuniting the country, a very unpleasant part of it. In so many ways, Lincoln's murder can really be seen as the first step in that process. Honestly, most in the

South were as shocked and dismayed as up north, or at least many of them. Right. And, you know, the assassination affected almost everything that came afterward. And Abraham Lincoln was such an enormous figure in American history by that time, both North and South. They were all trying to jockey for position. In the north, everybody wanted to be the inheritor of Lincoln's legacy. They all wanted to say, well, this is what Lincoln would have wanted in their pursuit of their own agenda for reconstruction. And even in the South, they were all afraid of the retaliation that would come from association with John Wilkes Booth and the conspiracy. And that calmed a lot of them down and made them more conciliatory. You know, I want to let people off the hook. Part of the reason

that it has been so distilled down to simplicides is because it's a very, very complex piece of history. And that's why your book is so important, American Brutus. But let's start very generally and move towards specifics. We're one week from the surrender of Southern forces by Robert Lee at the Appomattox courthouse, which took place on April 9th, the assassinations on April 14th. So it's natural to think of the assassination as this revenge killing, sort of retribution, and it certainly was. But John Wilkes Booth had been plotting against Lincoln for more than a year and with a number of people. So tell me about this sort of web of intrigue that Booth had spun. John Wilkes Booth was enormously successful as an actor, and he was so great at manipulating people that when he had an idea, no matter how hairbrained it may have seemed to other people,

he could convince them that this was the way to go. And so he began a conspiracy a year before the assassination in 1864 with some old boyhood friends. And the idea originally was to help the Confederacy by forcing the federal government to exchange prisoners of war. We've all seen those pictures of living skeletons, you know, coming to. back from places like Andersonville. And in the south, they said, look, we can't do anything about this. We don't have food. We can't even feed our own armies. And it was a hugely volatile issue at the time. So Booth told his friends that we can break the stalemate here. They're refusing to exchange prisoners, as they used to do. And General Grant came in and said, we don't want to keep exchanging prisoners like we used to.

It's going to be a bitter pill to swallow, but we have to stop the P.O.W. Exchange. John Wilkes Booth told some of his friends, he goes, we have to get that prisoner exchange going again. The South looks really bad when we see all these photographs of living skeletons coming back from places like Andersonville. It's a PR nightmare, of course. And when we can get the P.O.W. Exchange going again. The South will get their soldiers back, and they can go back. into action again, and that would relieve a great deal of that manpower shortage. It sounded like a reasonable idea, and it was perfectly legal at the time to take hostages, believe it or not.

There's some really incredible facts of life in those days, not the least of which is the accessibility to the U.S. president. I mean, you can kind of walk into the White House in those days, really. But sticking with the generalities at this time, 1864, going very badly in the winter for, you know, really the fall into the winter for the southern forces. People are beginning to, the card they're playing right now is to try to get a ceasefire, try to sort of extend this war out so that the divided political forces in the north would finally agree that this thing should just be called off and the South can just go on their merry way doing what they always wanted to do. So this is the game that Lincoln is playing. The big card that happens to be drawn is that his election in the October

of the fall sort of seals the deal for all those anti-war forces. And the man who's leading the union through this conflict is still going to be in power, Lincoln. So that's really the change that happens for Booth and his web of intrigue. Who are these people that he's working with and how did he gather them? Well, initially, Booth got together with some friends from Baltimore, some old childhood friends. And their conversation might have struck anyone outside as being just drunken banter, you know, in a bar somewhere. But they were on the hook. They liked Booth. They were, they found it very persuasive. And initially, those people, a guy named Michael Lachlan and Sam Arnold, signed on with him. They would later on find out that there were other people.

And this is the thing that was never clear in any previous book. John Wilkes Booth had formed several different groups of people unknown to each other. Some of them were quasi-confederalates, and others were just personal friends. They never knew about each other until a month before the assassination. And one of the things I did was try to examine very closely the relationship between Booth and each person in the plot. And I found that you can actually tell how much Booth trusted a person by how much we ended up knowing about that person. Some of them he threw to the wolves. If he didn't trust them, if he had no further use for them, we got plenty of information about them from the public record. If, on the other hand, John Wilkes Booth needed and valued and trusted a particular person, a Confederate soldier named Lewis Powell, for example, nobody even inside the conspiracy knew who this guy was.

And historians to this day keep calling him pain. That was one of many aliases that he had. None of the other conspirators knew who he was. They didn't know anything about him. that indicates to me that John Wilkes Booth trusted him very much and protected him. The original plan was not to kill Lincoln, as I understand it. It was to abduct him, to hold him hostage in exchange for the North to exchange the prisoners of war. The South needed men to continue this effort. How was that supposed to unfold? Lincoln was re-elected in October, and they began to plot this thing through.

What was the plan? How would they do that? Historically, most people think that this. was one plot that morphed directly into another or made an abrupt change at the last minute into a plot to kill. I think that, you know, Booth really had it in his head all along to kill Abraham Lincoln, but was using that initial plot to force the exchange of POWs. He used that to get people on the hook, so to speak. I noticed that in January of 1865, which was a few months before the assassination, the federal government resumed the P.O.W. Exchange,

and yet Booth did absolutely nothing to stop his plotting. So what's he planning to do at this point? His initial goal was already achieved. And he was very good at keeping that information away from his fellow conspirators. And so I think that it had a lot more to do with his own ego, with, okay, you know, they've stopped and that's sort of anticlimatic, but I wanted to have a part in all of this. And so Booth keeps going, and he gets all of his conspirators,

especially the ones he had learned not to trust so much. He gets them into this position where they're committed now legally. And if anything happens, they're all in as much trouble one way or another as Booth himself is. He lets them all know that. Again, he is such a master manipulator of people. And as I'm writing this book, I'm thinking to myself, you know, he always came across as such a nice guy, but that was a weapon for him. He used people in such a way that I think he was a bit of a psychopath. John Wilkes Booth used people to such an extent. At one point, he even told another person. He goes, that person, you know, is a coward. And I don't mind. sacrificing him. I thought about that word sacrifice. He was doing that to a lot of people. He was building up a case in their minds for their imprisonment or execution in the event that something should go wrong. And that's what kept all of these different people quiet about the plot,

why it was able to succeed ultimately and why it went for as long as it did without being detected. Vain glorious narcissist. How unusual in American history. The metaphor that is obvious here, screaming out, is one of a play unfolding. I mean, here you have an actual matinee idol, this actor, John Wilkes Booth, who's famous in America for not such great acting, by the way. He was sort of a matinee idol type B-rate kind of guy. However, he's part of a legendary acting family, even his father, but certainly his brother Edwin Booth, who is, you know, a renowned Shakespearean actor. So he's smack in the middle of this. this world of the theater. So tell me about, let's talk about this in term of a cast. Who's the cast of players that are part of this production that John Wilkes Booth is directing in his mind? Well, Booth has a friend from several years back named David Harold. He plays the fool. Harold is not a particularly stupid person, but he's extremely immature. In fact, his father had passed away the year before the assassination and left a will behind that says, under no circumstances should my son David have anything to do with his will. It was said that when he

worked for a pharmacist, that he would switch prescriptions on people just for a joke. So David Harold was one of these people who was, well, let's call him a useful idiot. But one of David Harold's chief contributions to the plot was that he brought another person into this, a man named George Azzarot, who lived down in the country south of Washington. He was a carriage painter. He was very much a kindred spirit to herald himself. He was a bit loose with the information he passed around. He had something to prove. And one of the things he always wanted to prove is that he was a man of action. And so Atserrat was leaking information about the conspiracy left and right. He became an enormous headache for John Wolke's booth and kept him on his toes and off guard for much of the time. while the conspiracy developed. Booth had a couple of decent people in his plot from Baltimore, Michael Lachlan and Sam Arnold. They were respectable. He could hang out with them and not attract much attention. He had John Surrett, who was a person he had encountered along the way, who was a courier

for the Confederate government, who used to run messages back and forth from Richmond, the Confederate Capitol, up into Montreal, Canada, where the Confederate government had a number of people working. The fact that John Surat knew the way from Washington down to Richmond and from Washington up to Canada was very important for Booth because he needed an escape, and this is a guy who knew how to get from one place to the next and knew all the people along any possible route. The big coup as far as Booth is concerned was the almost accidental meeting with a man named Louis Thornton Powell. He was a Confederate soldier who had fought under the Grey Ghost, John Mosby in Northern Virginia. Powell was absolutely fearless.

He was quiet, discreet, enormous, and very strong, and he would do whatever you told him to do. In short, Lewis Powell was the perfect soldier, and he would be comfortable. the perfect servant for John Wilkes Booth in his conspiracy. So I'm counting, one, two, three, four, five, about six people outside of John Wilkes Booth. We've got David Herald, John Surratt, Sam Arnold, George Atserrat, Lewis Powell, that's five. History tells us there are two more, Mary Surrott and Samuel Mud, who we'll talk about in a moment. Very important to this whole production, Wilkes Booth's production, is the backdrop of Maryland itself, the state of Maryland. and it's city of Baltimore there.

Maryland was an enigma. It was on one hand a union state, but on the other hand, very southern leaning. Kind of a perfect place to sort of set this. The other aspect of this that's amazing, to this day, really, is that Washington, D.C. sits in the south.

The nation's capital, the union capital, is right smack in the middle of enemy territory. You've got Virginia on one side and Maryland on the other, which ostensibly is union, but it really is so south-leaning that it's almost the enemy. Without Maryland,

is no story of Abraham Lincoln's assassination. It is amazing to me how much of an influence geography had in all of this, because Maryland is south of the Mason-Dixon line. It is a slave state, and in some ways, it is also as much like Pennsylvania to the north as it is to Virginia to the south. We've always had a tendency to look at the civil war as being North versus South, black versus white, all that. And it's not that simple. When you get into an area that is neither really north nor really south, you get a lot of mixing it. That's a powder keg because you have families then and friends and tight little networks of people who go off in different directions. You can't tell whether somebody's a northerner or a southerner, just by looking at them.

And in Maryland, you often saw, quite literally, the brother-against-brother phenomenon. As a matter of fact, George Atserrat, one of the conspirators, had a brother who was a federal detective. There were some friends of Michael Loughlin and other people in Baltimore who were federal detectives, and George Atserrat's own brother was a federal detective. these are all Baltimore people, and yet they're all mixing together with this very volatile sort of stew of suspicion that they have of one another. And that made Maryland a much more intense, much more emotional, visceral struggle for many of these people because the war was in their face all the time. But what throws people off is that the war was generally not fought in Maryland.

and so it's an underground kind of a war. It's interesting also to note how permeable Washington, D.C. was. I mean, it being between Virginia and Maryland, it was easily accessed by spies, by Confederate couriers, all alike. I mean, people were in and out of that place. It's one of the great ironies of the Civil War, in my opinion. I'm curious, though, Booth being part of such a famous family, was his family southern leaning?

I mean, did he have pressures within his family about this? Did his brother approve? The booths were a typical Maryland family. They were divided. The oldest brother was southern leaning. John Wilkes and his younger brother, Joseph, were southern leaning. But Edwin was a very strong unionist and very much favored by Abraham Lincoln and William Seward, whom he had met personally. But they went in both directions. And they had to declare a truce whenever they were going to get together and agree not to talk politics because, you know, it was so explosive at the time, even among themselves. I'll be back with more American history after this short break. Booth had given up acting sort of in this last year of his life there because he becomes so active in his conspiracy. He's all over the country. And then ends up in Montreal, which is a hive of Confederacy. That's right. John Wilkes Booth traveled a lot as an actor.

And when he went from one city to the next, it was no big. deal to him at all. He knew the roots. He knew all about travel, and he didn't raise any suspicions at all when he went from one city to the next. So when Booth was developing his conspiracy, he would travel from one place to another, and it wouldn't attract any attention at all. If you're looking closely at the record, he's not going up there or out there or down there to perform on a stage anywhere. He's just going there and he's meeting people and he's building a network of sorts. You mentioned in the book that he has his sister on notice that people may be coming to the door asking for Dr. Booth. And the reason is because he was smuggling quinine, which was a valuable

fluid in the South. Why was that? I'm just curious. I read that and wondered. Well, the importance of John Wilkes Booth claims about doing work for the Confederacy can't be overstated. He told his sister that he was smuggling quinine for the Confederacy. That was what they were using to counteract certain diseases that they were getting in the Deep South. And in fact, Asia Booth Clark in her book, she says that her brother showed her the calluses on his hands from knights of rowing and so on, going across rivers into the Confederacy to do all of this cloak and dagger business for the southern government. But it's not that hard to go and track John Wilkes' booth from one place to the next and to know where he was almost every single day of the war. His sister said that he told her

in November 1864 that he had gotten his hands all calloused from rowing across the river to smuggle quinine into the south. Well, we know where he was and he hadn't been anywhere. near the South in probably five or six months at least. So those are long-lasting calluses, or more likely as I tend to see it. He was just blowing smoke at people. He was telling people he was doing things for the South. And he really wasn't yet. He was just thinking through what he was going to do, but creating for himself the sort of image of a person who was making his own contribution in a way that, well, I can't tell you or I'd have to kill you. All right.

So we have the background of the play. The action really starts with the re-election of Lincoln in the fall of 1864. At that point, they hatch a plan to kidnap him. Take me through that and tell me how it failed. John Wolksbooth initially told his two friends, Sam Arnold and Michael Lockwin, that they would capture Abraham Lincoln. and that was important, the word capture, because it was perfectly legal. And Abraham Lincoln was a man of some consistency in his habits.

And one thing that people all knew about him at the time is that he regularly went out of the city and up to a place called the Soldier's Home, following a predictable route and so on. And he didn't like having guards or anything. So he was going by himself up there. When John Wilkes Booth realized that, he told his friends, well, what we can do is meet his carriage as he's on his way to the soldiers home. And, you know, point our guns at the driver and take Lincoln out of the carriage and take him down through southern Maryland, which was very friendly territory to them. take him across the Potomac River into Virginia, and then take him over to Richmond, where the Confederate government can use him as a hostage to force a policy on the POWs.

But this was a plan that Jefferson Davis, for one, had heard about and rejected, right? The Confederates didn't want to do this. You know, in recent years, it seems like the trend has been to see more Confederate involvement in all of this. I don't think Jefferson Davis was so foolhardy that he would have endorsed something like this. And all of the sources that I came across show that a good many people think this was a hairbrain scheme, and they wanted nothing to do with it. They do have a date in March of 1865 to kidnap Lincoln. He's going to go see a show or something like that.

But he changes things up and they can't kidnap him. So the plan is altered. Am I right? On March 17th, John Wilkes Booth found out that Abraham Lincoln was going to go to Ford's Theater. And it wasn't the road out to the soldiers home. It wasn't an isolated place. It was quite the opposite, in fact. But he came up with the idea of capturing Lincoln and taking him right out of the theater box, lowering him to the stage, and carrying him out the back door of the theater.

Now, how anybody fell for that, I have no idea because even on the face of it, it's ridiculous. But when Booth expected Lincoln to show up, he gathered all of his people together in such a public way that it just didn't make any sense to me unless you realize, of course, that he wanted to be seen with all of these guys. And he wanted to look like he was all poised and ready to strike out against Lincoln. Well, Lincoln didn't show up where they expected him to show up. They went out to where they could lie and wait for Lincoln, and they found out afterwards that Lincoln had gone over to the National Hotel instead. Now, the National Hotel is where Booth lived, actually. It's so ironic.

And at that point, a month before the assassination, he says to the others, well, I guess that's it. We'll never get another chance to do anything. And history sort of records that as being the end of the kidnapped conspiracy. Anything that happens after that is now a murder conspiracy. How are they meeting? I mean, this is days long before the efficient way to call each other and so forth. They have a safe house in D.C., right? One of the conspirators was John Surat, the Confederate Courier, and his mother lived on H. Street in Washington.

She ran a boarding house there, and people would come and go at all time of the day and night. And the question was whether Mrs. Surat, Mary Surratt, knew exactly what was going on or had just learned to not ask questions. Anyway, John Surratt's mother, Mary, became very close to John Wilkes Booth, who stopped by her house quite frequently. One or two of the others came by as well. And so the Surat boarding house in Washington came to be known as the headquarters of the John Wilkes Booth conspiracy. How do we morph from kidnapping to murder? I mean, I suppose the pivotal event is the surrender of the forces, right?

Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Grant on April 9th was certainly a game changer, but I could put it back even before that. The previous week, Richmond had fallen to the federal troops, and the entire Confederate government was on the run. weren't in Richmond anymore, where are you going to take Abraham Lincoln if you capture him? At that point, the kidnap scheme was totally impractical. And so if John Wilkes Booth continued to plot about anything at all, then it certainly had to be about murder because he certainly couldn't have pulled off any kind of a practical result from a kidnapping. The surrender of forces at Appomattox obviously changes everything, dancing in the streets in

Washington, D.C. Parties everywhere. And that is part of what prompts the show and that Abraham Lincoln goes to on April 14th. It is in the spirit of celebration that he decides to go see our American cousin, a lousy play. I'm sorry to say, a bad comedy, very much in the fashion in those days. And, you know, it's just to sort of loosen the collar and go to see something fun with him and his wife. Grant is supposed to come with him, so says the newspapers even, along with his wife. They do not go. He's not feeling well. And so Lincoln and Mary Lincoln go in the company of another couple who they don't know very well and a military officer. This is well publicized. It is announced that the president will be at Ford's Theater on that night. So this is what really triggers,

no pun intended, John Wilkes Booth's plan. Well, the sequence of events in the last two days really was laid out very well in advance for anybody who's reading the newspapers. It was assumed that Abraham Lincoln would get out and about in the city on the night of Thursday the 13th, because that was supposed to be the night of the grand illumination, the big official federal government's celebration of basically, for all practical purposes, the end of the war. And so if Abraham Lincoln didn't get out and about and mix with the public, that would certainly look a little bit odd, but Lincoln was not feeling well. What most people don't know is that John Wilkes Booth assumed as well that Lincoln would be out there, and he was poised and ready to do

something on that night. Because Lincoln stayed at home that night, he felt somewhat obligated to get out in the public the following day. And he invited, at his wife's insistence, he invited General Grant, who had just come into town after Appomattox, and he said, well, my wife is going to have a little theater party. You want to go with us? And General Grant said, oh, no, I've got to get back home. Grant's home of record at the time was Burlington, New Jersey. His kids were there. He hadn't seen them in a long time. And Abraham Lincoln certainly understood, you know, you've done a tremendous job. You certainly ought to be able to go home and see your family. So he didn't argue the point.

However, he was probably not aware that the newspapers had already said that General Grant was going to be there with him. And John Wilkes Booth certainly saw that. John Wilkes Booth had very close ties to Ford's Theater. In fact, the same people who built Ford's Theater had built the house booth grew up in. It's a very tight community and word travels fast. And John Wilkes Booth certainly knew by early in the afternoon of April 14th that the Lincolns were going to come to Ford's Theater to watch our American cousin. He thought that Grant was going to be there as well, but, you know, Grant had better things to do. Okay, so John Wilkes Booth is going to act his biggest scene ever.

I've been in that community in the past in my life, and I know that these places are homes away from homes, these theaters that actors act in. So he was able to walk into Ford's Theater as if it was his living room. In fact, he normally picked up his mail at Ford's Theater. So truly a home away from home. So seeing John Wilkes Booth walk into Ford's Theater, especially on this big night when the president is coming, would be no unusual thing. The man was famous.

So when people see him come up into the dress circle of that theater, people are only delighted and excited that he's there. He has a whole different agenda. John Wolks Booth, being a famous actor, of course, had the wrong. of the place at Ford's Theater. He knew the Ford family very well. He could go anywhere he wanted. He just walked in and walked up toward the president's box. Nowadays, we think, oh, there must have been guards out there. You can look all you want. You'll never see any reference to guards or bodyguards in relation to Abraham Lincoln at the time. People didn't wonder how did Booth get in. Booth got in because he was famous. He got in because, well, there's the door. Open it up and go. in. Anybody who was prominent enough and had the nerve could just do that as well. But the fact that John Wilkes Booth was a familiar figure in the theater made it all that much easier for him to come and go as he chose in the theater and not to arouse any kind of suspicions about it.

The presidential box in Ford's theater was a very oddly shaped space that was right above the stage, and it was stage left. and very angular odd space that had enough room in it for a couple of chairs and a sofa. Abraham Lincoln sat right inside the door to the box. His wife sat in a small chair next to him, and next to her was a woman by the name of Clara Harris, whose father was a U.S. senator. Ms. Harris's fiancé Henry Rathbone, an army major, sat on the sofa. at the far side of the box. Now, the box was originally two separate boxes, but you could take a

partition out and make them into one bigger box. And that's what they always did when Abraham Lincoln was there. He'd been there so many times. I mean, there was a routine. Pretty much everybody associated with the theater knew exactly where Lincoln was going to be and how the box was going to be set up and so on, because, you know, that's what they always did. The box could be reached by a little passageway. When you go into that passageway, you'll see two doors ahead. The door on the left was right behind Abraham Lincoln. He was sitting in a big rocker just on the other side of that door. On the day of the assassination, a few hours ahead of time, Booth went into the passageway behind the president's box and had drilled a hole in the door right behind where Abraham Lincoln normally

sat. And so he could look in there to be sure that, in fact, it was Lincoln because there were so many surprises in those days about who shows up and who doesn't. And so he had prepared all of that, and he had also put a wooden bar in the passageway so he could bar the door shut. And anybody who wanted to try and get in and pursue him would simply be locked out. So he had done some preparation, and this is one of the things that he was able to do because of his easy access to the place. And so it clearly shows all the premeditation that was going into this a few hours ahead of time.

So let me stage this scene. John Wilkes Booth gets inside of the box. He's looking through the hole. Meanwhile, our American cousin is being acted on stage. He knows all the lines of this play. He's probably acted in or at least read it many times. He knows the timings that he's looking for, and there is one line coming up, late in the play, that he knows will get a big laugh.

At that moment, he can make his move. That's going to cover a sound of the shot. And so when there comes a big laugh, he enters there and shoots Lincoln, who he's already seen through the hole in the door. Take me through what happens then. Well, Booth had stolen quietly into the box. Nobody realized he was there. And he stepped toward the president and almost point blank,

fired a small derringer into the back of Abraham Lincoln's head. Lincoln sitting in his rocker slumped forward. And because of all the laughter and the element of surprise, you know, people didn't quite get what was going on. And there was this sort of momentary paralysis. Henry Rathbone was sitting in the box as well, and he jumped up and tried to grapple with Booth. And Booth pulled out a knife.

and struck Rathbone across the inside of his arm and tried to stab him to death. Rathbone was grievously injured by this knife wound, and Booth pushed past him, got up on the railing that was beautifully decorated with flags and festoons and all of that business, and he leaped down onto the stage. That's 12 feet down. And Booth had done that sort of thing many times before. He was known as a very athletic man. And when Booth leaped down to the stage, he raised himself up, held that bloody knife in his hand,

raised it up over his head, and said, sick semper tyrannus, thus always to tyrants, which he thought was going to explain everything to anybody who's paying attention. And as he screams this out, we have a shocked audience watching something they don't even know occurred. The gunshot was covered by their own laughter pretty much. And then it seems almost to everyone in the theater like this is part of the event. Like this is part of the show, especially with the president there, maybe something special was happening. And then down comes John Wilkes Booth of all people. I mean, that's like Robert Redford jumping out of the balcony onto a stage.

You'd think it's in the play, for God's sakes. And under the conditions they were in right then, celebrating the South surrender, one can assume or one can forgive anyone in that audience for sitting there dumbfounded. Many of those people in the audience were so. soldiers, many of them armed. Many of them had guns on them. These were men who, in many cases, had been in battle. I mean, they were ready to go in the face of violence. But here comes the most famous violence of their lives and they can't move. They're dumbfounded. And the man screams in front of them and then off he runs into the flats. Even at that point, they think that's just an exit. That's just the end of the play. And then suddenly reality hits them.

You can imagine how all these soldiers felt. They're sitting right there, They are close enough to have intervened, and this murder took place right in front of them, and they just sat there. That was one of the dominant themes of the eyewitness accounts that came up afterwards. The two dominant themes, as a matter of fact, was, oh, my God, I wish I had realized sooner what was going on. And the other thing was that they had no idea what was going on. One of the other things that most eyewitnesses were thinking was something must have fallen backstage, some set piece or whatever, some banging noise. Even John Ford, the owner of the theater, his brother was in the box office and he looks out and he sees John Wilkes Booth leaping to the stage. John Wolk's booth crazy?

That attention getting or, you know, prank or whatever it is that he's doing out there, that's going to mess things up for us. But it was not unusual in those days to improvise in theatrical production. And the only people who probably knew this wasn't a part of the play were the people who were in the play. And they're saying to themselves, well, wait a minute, we didn't rehearse this. Again, though, it could have been improvised. However, the darkest possible thing has happened. A great man has been murdered. And the killer escapes out the back of the theater into the dark where his

horse has been held for him by a conspirator perhaps, but he has passed it on to some kid who John Wilkes Booth and slugs over the head, jumps onto his horse, and gallops off into the night. This is where the second act begins. Thanks to Michael Kaufman, author of American Brutus. This has been part one of our conversation on the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Part two, covering Booth's famous flight and eventual capture, follows in just a few days' time. I hope you'll tune in for that. Until then, and as always, thanks for listening.

This podcast includes music from Epidemic Sound.