Badlands Media - Spellbreakers Ep.160: CERN Strikes Again - New Charmed Particle Discovered

Episode Date: March 28, 2026

Matt Trump returns to CERN for a deep dive into the latest announcement from the Large Hadron Collider, where scientists claim to have discovered a new “doubly charmed” heavy proton. He walks through what this particle actually is, how it fits into quark theory, and why discoveries like this are considered incremental rather than revolutionary within the current standard model of physics. Along the way, Matt breaks down complex concepts like energy, particle composition, and how physicists use familiar words in highly specific ways that can easily confuse non-experts. He also revisits earlier discussions on CERN, the Higgs boson, and the broader narrative surrounding particle physics, separating foundational science from the folklore and speculation that often surrounds it.  

That's a hell of a... Sort of physics-oriented, given the theme tonight. So, glad to see all of you in the chat. Five-by-five. Thank you, Sammy. I haven't been as bad with the sound lately. Somehow it's been working more, but I always need that check. At least I'm not as bad as Gordon.

It goes to bass Patrick Henry, who... He goes off and shows a video when he comes back somehow. sound never works. So he talks for a while with the sound down. He's got a lot of great things to say. So, you know, when we miss him talking, that's a big deal. So all right, great to see you all in the chat. Welcome to the show tonight. I'm a little bit under the weather, you might tell from my voice. Jessica was sick, and then I've gotten a little bit of the crud that she has that's gone down not too far into my lungs, thankfully. It's been a couple of years. It's been a couple of years. year it's been a year since i had something that was really bad in my lungs in fact i had it the last

time was a year before covid so that when covid came along i thought it was oh i had that last year and it's like no this is a new disease and i'm like really it is so i don't know it's been a while don't like it uh but hopefully it'll be okay hopefully it's not going to prevent me going to gart which is going to be in a week and a half right well almost oh let's see almost all still almost two weeks i have to recover. So I think I'm going to be okay and get to see all of you that are going to be there. That'll be fun. So tonight, um, tonight's episode is called we're going to discuss a CERN. Its title is CERN strikes again. I think I put up the title, uh, discovery based on discovery of a new, new particle at CERN. So we're going to talk a little bit about CERN. Uh, but before we do that,

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All right, we're back. All right. So I'm gaining a little bit of momentum as the show goes on. I can see you guys in the chat, wonderful friends here. I mentioned Sammy, hello Sammy, Bay Theater, Dave, hello. You mentioned I'm all about line dancing. Is that what you're talking about me? Because I love, I love dancing.

I hope we can do that. When I lived in Austin years ago, I took dancing lessons. My girlfriend made me take dancing lessons because she wanted to learn how to do the country swing. I loved it. I loved it. I thought to realize it's all in the feet, foot pattern. Dancing's all in the foot. You know, you look at people dancing and they're doing lots of things.

They're throwing people around and they're twirling. But I learned the true dancing, like people used to do it before like the 19, before the 1960s, people learned to dance. And it was all about the foot patterns. And once you get the foot pattern in time with the music, like there's a two-step has a foot pattern, you know, the jitterbug, et cetera, that it really doesn't matter what you do with your upper body so much. You know, it's all, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's,

It's really all in the feet. So long as you have the feet doing what they're supposed to do, then you're going to be doing the dance right. And I like that. I like that. It's really cool. We'll see about Nashville. Who else we got in the chat?

Oh, I saw Rawshark Lives. Have we finally settled that? And it's based on the character of, what's his name from Watchman? You mentioned it in the chat, the guy with the Rorschach. right so um okay so raw shark lives now we know that i i wasn't sure how to say it but i do now so thank you hello eleanor 2000 kate rose 23 hello hello unaki hello polars park mrs a wotley a ob 22 i am a my says i am a my pillow household yeah we love my pillow as a sponsor here on bad lands they would really help support us claire cat 367 hello

Hello, good evening. Yes, welcome to everybody. Sending healing love, Claire Kat says, for your speedy recovery and return to whole health and wellness. Thank you, thank you. This is having this kind of stuff in your chest and hacking at night. One of my least favorite ways to be sick. Not that I have a favorite way to be sick, but this is one of my least favorite ways.

Roarshock, yeah, EC was here, yes. your morning show has been one of the few things I've been able to scrape together the energy to watch over the last couple days. I figured it helps keep me abreast of everything that's going on. But I've been missing out on some of the other Badlands shows. And in fact, it's sort of, you know, and I feel so out of it now, just a couple days of not watching the other shows. I think the last one I watched all the way through was General Quest show on, was it Wednesday? Yeah, it was. I'm going to be on his show on May 6th, I guess.

So I will get to be on a show. There'll be after Gart. I don't know what we'll talk about, but I'm sure it'll be great. But since then, you know, but the world's movement's so fast, you know, and we've got one strange twist after another in the war where those videos that the White House was putting out. And so, you know, just, of course, it's just sort of more operational. to be confused, I guess. That's sort of what it boils down to. But, you know, you got to keep a, you got to keep a rest of the confusion. I was on, I was on the Gart panel show yesterday, and I just, I didn't have the energy to really say anything. I was using all my energy to look, look perky on the, on the broadcast. So here I am. We're going to be okay. Everything's going to be cool. But I do feel a little bit out of it. And it made me think of something. I was thinking how I am putting more attention back into physics lately.

I haven't felt like a physicist in a while. And I'm giving a talk in June in Washington, D.C. at a conference I helped organize that goes back years. And I want to do a good job. I want it to be a good talk. And so, but other than that, too, I've been wanting for a long time because I have a feeling like, you know, when is this war that we're in, not the Iran war, but this war that we're in the strange war, I think, is Chris Paul got calling, or maybe it was burning bright, the strange war that we've been in for so long, it feels like my whole life, you know, and when is this going to break, the fever

of this going to break? Because I feel like, I felt like it's demanded my whole attention as a rational person in the West and as an American to focus on this struggle that we've been in for so many years. And I think you know what I'm talking about and how that takes all your time. And I did a bunch of shows recently that I felt like we're about reminding myself of the aspects of that struggle and what's at stake. Like voting. I did a couple shows on the voting things. And, you know, we've got some really top. match people here at Badlands that are well that that are have been not only focused on it in

their shows but in their lives people like Cancon and Ash who've been on the forefront of the battle and I think that I sort of had to get in sync with their energy a little bit and understand that you know we are that there are people doing that fight and I don't what it means is I don't feel like I have to take on the burden of figuring it all out. Like, I don't have to figure out, like, how they stole the 2020 election. I felt at times, like, it was up to me to figure that out, like to crack the case. And there's other people on that. And there's a lot of momentum on that. So I could sort of let myself off the hook a little bit. And, you know, after, you know, what happens after a war, like after World War II is people go

back home and they resume the lives or not that they had before the war. So to me, in some ways, there's been no before the war, but I think, you know, in some sense, it's really scaled up recently. And we've all felt that. So to be able to do physics, to me, has felt like a luxury to be able to focus on that. The insight I had was that, you know, I know a lot of physicists who are, the default mode is sort of to be liberal, right, to be a Democrat. But most physicists I know are not deep into politics. And I'm talking about the guys I knew in the old days. There's a few that are, but most are not.

And but they're mostly liberal, the ones who are. And it sort of hit me why that's true. I think it has a lot to do with it, that if you're going to do physics and do it well, you sort of have to be obsessed with it. You sort of have to think about it all the time. And that doesn't leave room for a lot of other things in your thoughts. You have to devote the cream of your energy of your mind to that,

just like you have to do with anything that's creative. Being a musician, being an artist, whatever you're doing. If you're going to excel in it, you really have to devote the cream of your energy to that. And maybe there's some energy left over for other things. And maybe there's not. So I think what it is is a lot of these guys, and it's mostly guys, of course, is that they, you know, they, they don't want to be tuned into the news. They don't want to have to follow everything in the news.

So they wind up just following the mainstream media, getting all their information from that. That's sort of an insight I had. Now, of course, I don't follow the mainstream media. But just this week, I think it was because I was sick in part, so I had limited energy. And what I had, I really had to focus on, I'm going to talk about physics this. week I need to bear down so unity ten dollars Matt I love I just love you and I'm so happy that you are engaging in other shows I trust God for your healing take time that's the T Y T H Y M E and vitamin D okay I'll take your suggestion

Jessica's big in vitamin C vitamin D I take vitamin C too so oh what's going on here okay I need to I need to sign into my cloud account so I can show you my slides. I forgot to do that before. Sign in with pass key. Okay. All right. Doing some preliminaries I forgot to do before the show. All right.

Ah, here we go. We're almost there. I need to close down keynote. So last couple weeks we were doing Cold Fusion, which is a subject that I really find fascinating. and I had gotten a hold of a book on Killed Fusion. And some of you recommended a book on Cold Fusion at the end.

I can't remember the title, but I got a hold of it and I'm going to read it. But I need some time to process it. We'll come back around the Cold Fusion at some point and talk more about, I don't want to say like, oh, I'm going to figure it out and tell you the truth about it. I don't like to approach it that way. I like to just try to figure out myself, these things, as much as I can, and share the process with you. and you make up your own mind.

I don't want to be an authority on things that I don't really have the right to be an authority on. Some things I am an authority on, but there's fairly limited, actually. But you could sit in on my attempt to explore these things and see what somebody with a background, maybe in science, how I would approach it.

And that's sort of what we're doing tonight. Okay. Try not to cough too. much. So we'll talk about CERN. Now, I haven't, let me see. I haven't pop open my slides here. Get some slides going. Okay. Unity, challenge to support Matt, $2. Thank you. Thank you so much. Rainbow. Oh, I like your name. Rainbow. I'm up to the challenge, Unity. And ZBM, $5, watching while doing the dishes again. Thank you, Matt, for the awesome show and Bon Appetit, Spell Breakers fans. I often think about you when I'm preparing the show.

It's like, okay, ZBM's probably going to be doing the dishes or preparing a meal during this. And, you know, I first came on the air. I, oh, this is a visual medium and I did things very visually. And then I realized, oh, it's often more about the audio. Audio is the most important aspect of doing a show. You can lose the visuals. But if you lose the audio, you don't really don't have a show. So I learned that that's the more important part.

So that makes it hard to do things like that was the hard part about transitioning from my old model way back in the day when I used to teach in a classroom. And teaching in the classroom, you can count on the visual thing as being that people are watching the visual thing. And when you're teaching physics, it really is a lot of visual things. Chalkboard usually. So I had to sort of get away from that. And it meant that I couldn't do, you know, I was like, I don't. You know, I'm not teaching a physics class here. This is not what this is about.

This is people popping in, they listen, maybe for a show, maybe not. So we talk about something like CERN and there's some physics involved. There's other things involved with CERN too, right? That's sort of it. But we, you know, there's a way to talk about these things. And so I think I've been doing so well. I've been doing well enough to get by opening keynote on the web. That's what I want.

Okay. Rebel Nader. I'll see that. Thank you guys. You really, you're really picking up my spirits tonight, I have to say, with these rumble rants. It's, all right. So, okay, it's loading. It's loading. Should have done this before the show. But it gives me time to talk a little bit, too, which is that, all right. Is that CERN? Okay, let's see. We can share the screen now, I think. Go back over here. Present. Okay. Chrome tab. Chrome tab. Here we go. Nope. This up here.

It's giving me a spinning disk. I hope that doesn't mean it's stuck. You can all still see me, right? Oh, it's frozen. Oh, frozen. It's frozen. Darn. Yes, you are live. Okay. Well, it's stream yard is stuck on a spinning disc trying to open up my slides. That's not good. So I might have to close the browser and restart it.

Five by five. Okay, good. Well, while it's doing, I think it's stuck. Maybe it'll time out. Hopefully it'll time out and say, oh, you've got too many things open. you have too many things open. This is not good. Okay, well, we may just have to talk tonight. Okay. Come on. Come on. Oh, you know, I can just show the regular slides, too.

We're going to be okay. But we got it. Okay, so, so this is the, eventually it's going to come up, and my CERN slides will come up. I talked, so I haven't talked about CERN in a long while. I know a lot of you know what CERN is. I know that I'm aware that there's a lot of focal. lore about CERN. We'll get into, I mentioned that.

I don't, I'm not, I don't mind talking about that stuff too. But I want to talk about the physics tonight for one reason, which is that I did give a talk about CERN. And that was over three years ago, that was in November 2020. I gave a talk about CERN at Threadfest, threadfest, threadfest 2, which was in Dallas. So Threadfest was, and still is. evidently a conference series that's organized by my former co-host, former Badlands host, Patrick Gunnells,

who got me started here on Badlands, and we did Spell Breakers together for a while. And that was right after that talk that I gave. And I think that talk I gave about CERN at Threadfest is the reason I have a show, because John was there and it was like, we got to get you a show. So it worked out pretty good for me. Oh, it's just spitting. It's not. We've got two.

CERN is single-handedly responsible for the Mandela effect. Yeah, okay. So there's a lot of stuff. You know, I was watching a video today. And out of nowhere, they're talking about how the world went to off the rails in 2008. Somebody was, you know what, it was Gary Buehler, Bueller from Nerd Rodic. I love Gary. I started watching him during the shutdown. And so he was talking about how, you know, the world basically became inshittified. September 10th, 2008, because that's when they turned on the large Adron Collider. And I was like, oh, that's good.

I like that. So maybe, I don't know, you know, maybe it's what it did it. But so that talk I gave at CERN, it was called, does God believe in the God particle? So the God particle refers to something called the Higgs boson, which is a particle that was discovered, supposedly, at CERN. in 2012 and it was a big deal because they were looking for it people were looking for this particle they didn't quite know where to look for it but they were they were looking for a particle that could somehow match this particle that they were looking for and the reason is is because the entire body of theory the entire theoretical framework of particle physics that had been developed after the world war two on up through the 70s was incomplete and it needed this particle to exist. And the guys that had developed the theory, people like Weinberg, who I work with at Steve Weinberg at University of Texas, who had developed a key part of this body of

theory, called the standard model. It, you know, they were getting old. They were getting old and they wanted to see it completed. They wanted to see it verified at least. It, and it's not like finding the particle would verify that theory is true. It would just mean the, it means. it mean it wasn't completely bogus and false because if you could never find this particle, it would mean that this entire body of framework of particle physics that people have been working on

hard since the late 40s and hard in the 60s especially in early 70s, that it couldn't possibly be true unless they found something that they could call this particle, the Higgs particle. And they did. In 2002, they finally said, we've found it. Now, some of us weren't so convinced that this is what they found. And, but that's, and, and, oh, and by the way, there was a famous book by the guy who, who ran the biggest particle lab, particle accelerator in the U.S., sort of our counterpart to CERN, which was in, outside of Chicago, called Fermilab. And he wrote a book called The God Particle, and he dubbed, he dubbed the Higgs boson, the God particle. And I gave a talk about how that was sort of blasphemous and, you know, that they supposedly found it.

And it was, I thought it was a fun talk. Some of you might have been in the audience and seen me give that talk. And I wrote a substack article about it later. And the thing is, though, that I sort of regretted giving that talk afterwards. I was sort of, I didn't feel, I don't, I didn't feel good about it afterwards. Because about two months later is when I got this show. And when John Rage to have this show

with me co-host with Patrick And if you know anything about Patrick You might know that his views on science Are a little bit heterodox And he will especially anything that's Anything where you say something's fake and gay He's gonna run with that hard And so I think what I did with that talk

Is give him the impression That I thought all of physics was fake and gay And I was really And I don't don't think that. And I don't even think all of particle physics necessarily is that. But I sort of gave off that vibe like I was mocking it, you know, mocking it. You know, Patrick's a guy. He mocks stuff. He doesn't believe in. That's just sort of his personality. And my talk was a little bit mocking. And I felt bad like maybe I was too mocking. It was too much that. Now, I didn't talk in that about CERN, about things like, did Stern, I did mention, you know, the possibility does it create black holes is it you know the mandela effect these kind of things the opening the stargate all these kind of things plus and that's just the the supposed things effects of the large hadron collider there's also things like there's also things like

rituals around it like you know that you might have seen visuals i don't have it queued up and oh i you know i think i'm going to have to have to What can I do here? It's stuck. This is like the worst thing ever. How do I get out of this? Hmm. Hmm.

How do we get out of this? I think I'm going to have to shut down the browser and open it back up again. So the broad. So we're going to, I'm going to, I can't even use Streamyard. Okay. What can we do here? Think, Matt. Think.

what can we do here? I think we're going to have to... I think we're going to have to... I'm probably going to be offline for about 20 seconds. Let's see if I... All right. Let's see. Add to stage. There we go. All right.

All right. Too bad the topic isn't black holes, Katie Rose 23 says. Here's the link to the satanic ritual in front of CERN. Okay, so... I'm not going to open it because I don't want to tempt fate. But are you talking about the one with the the Indian Nataraj. Because that statue definitely is there.

I've seen what you're talking about there. There's the other one, which has got the people that's super satanic, right? And it's got like weird, strange angel characters and people hanging from strings and all that. And it was a bunch of the world elite gathered there. That's not CERN. People keep saying that's a CERN. That was the St. Goddard Tunnel in Switzerland. which is about, you know, it's Switzerland.

It's a small country. And so you can make a case like it's the same people, definitely, if you want. But that wasn't, the one that they say is the ritual with the people like demonic creatures, et cetera, that's not, sir. That's a different thing. That's the opening of the tunnel. And there were a bunch of people killed making the tunnel. So people were saying, oh, it's like a human sacrifice. Now, the one is Sammy, it's the one, you sound better.

now. Okay. The music video they made that everyone confused with CERN. Yeah, so the one with the Nataraj, there's a statue, there definitely is a statue of the notaraj in the courtyard, and you can see it when you're wandering around the grounds at CERN. I had a chance to visit in 2022, and there was, you know, there is the footage of people carrying torches around it at night. My guess is that they're just goofing. there, that would be my first guess, is that somebody became aware of this kind of image of CERN and they did something, they did something sort of in public and film, so that that would be my first guess, but I could be wrong.

Most of the people that work there are not, are not going to be, like I said, they got, they got so much going on, but there are administrators there. The CERN is a, is run by an international body that's, that's a, it's an international, independent, international organization that happens to be located in Switzerland. And it's paid for by, I think, 20 countries at least. It's grown over the years. They're mostly European countries and there's associate members. India was associate member. That's why they gave that statue of the Indian, of the Nataraj.

So, but it's not like it's owned by any particular government. It's its own thing and it's owned by all the member governments. And that's like a lot of things in Geneva, right? It's in Geneva, which is a city. What do you got? You got the World Economic Forum there. We love that. We got the World Health Organization there.

You've got a bunch of UN organizations there, two international Red Cross. All these things where globalists love to, you know, concentrate their power and money. And then there's CERN. And risk, $50. I was at Threadfest. We talked at the bar. I told you what red wine for your, for your heart. I live in Sonoma City for 13 years. I'm a chemical engineer from Cornell, 84. I have a Yale grad, math, and physics, five kids. Yes to this. All right. Thank you, R. Scriv. I think I remember you. Yeah. So you were at Thread, so that was at Threadfest one or two. I went to both. And so this is Threadfest. So I meant to say you rock okay Raw shark lives Switzerland is a deep straight deep state stronghold yeah yeah so it's a beautiful place I had a chance to be there a little bit I had a friend that lived

there that's I went to visit a friend there he's not Swiss but he's he's Swedish and I visit he was in Lausanne which home of the International Olympic Committee yet another of these international organizations. And just down the lake from Geneva. And I said, I want to go to CERN while we're here. So we went to CERN together and we took the tour together. And it was, you know, it's not like you can go and tour the whole grounds and walk down in the tunnel and all that. But they do have a nice visitor center and you can meander around a little bit, have lunch.

Look at the not. You can see that statue, the Nataraj, the multiple armed Hindu god, Hindu deity there that they did that. Definitely they filmed something there. I could, and there's an Indian restaurant, right, right outside the ground. So it's probably pretty popular, too. Called Nirvana. It's coming back to me. It was a fun day that I got to spend with my friend there.

And you do get to see some trappings, you know, and I'll show you a little bit of it here. So let me, what we're going to do here. I'm going to, I think I'm going to share my slides, but I'm going to have to do it this way. I have to do it. I'm not going to risk doing that thing I just did because that may screw up again. So in this way I can actually play them. So let's see what we can do here. Share your screen.

Window. Yeah. Okay, here we go. All right. So let's see. Okay, let's see. That should work. You can probably see my slides there now.

Surin strikes again. Claim of new heavy particle discovered. Okay. So this, so just this past, not the past week, it was, on the 17th. It was announced at a conference that CERN had, by the reckoning of their data from the large

Hadron Collider had identified a new particle. And it was, it's called the, it's called the CYDouble Plus Double Charm particle. I'll get into what that means in a minute. But in some called a heavy proton.

And it's exciting. I'm not going to lie to you and say it's a really huge deal. It fills in a little bit of a hole in the current model where it's like we expect to find this kind of particle at some energy. We're not quite sure. But, you know, eventually we would hope to find this in a certain energy range. And when I say energy range, I think that's one of the things I want to do tonight is we're going to talk about what that means. Energy range.

I was using energy at the beginning in a personal sense, like, I don't have much energy this week. But we're going to one of the things, you know, we talked about fusion energy last week's, one of the things to keep in mind in physics that I always used to tell my students, and I warn them and say, you know, in physics we use words that you use in everyday life, words like energy and momentum, or things like that. We use them in everyday life. But in physics, we use them with a very specific meaning attached to them. And that can, that's, that can be both good. bad from the point of learning physics.

But it can be sort of confusing in the sense that if you're stuck on a certain meaning of the word from your everyday life, it may not match how you need to think about it if you're going to think about it in a physics sense.

And I learned that, I tell people that because I had that problem when I first started learning physics. You had to learn that words have very specific meanings, words like energy. So, okay, let's a little behind now on the slide, so let's get through it. So please do give a thumbs up if you're watching the show.

I would literally love a thumbs up. So this was the article, observation of the doubly charmed heavy proton, XI, so that's the Greek letter XI, the capital version, sub-C-C, and then it's actually should be two pluses, plus-plus-plus. So today at the Rancontre de Morion Electro Week meeting, So this was a conference that was held recently in March, in Italy, I think, right across the border from where this is in Switzerland. The upgraded LHCB experiment.

So what does it mean to have an experiment? At CERN announced the first particle discovery, a new kind of heavy proton-like particle known as the C-C-C-plus. Really should be double plus, like I said. So they did this on purpose. But to appreciate what makes this particle special. So it's the double charmed. So what does even that mean? That sounds odd, right?

You know, like, you know, I think about like lucky charms when they added a new marshmallow, you know. They've discovered a new marshmallow in Lucky Charms. It was blue diamonds or something like that, you know. Okay. Do appreciate what makes this particle special, it helps to recall how an ordinary proton is built. So you know what protons are, right? They're in the nucleus of atoms.

They're the heavy things in nucleus of atoms, and they have positive charge. A proton contains three quarks. Oh, here we're getting into deep stuff now. I almost don't want to go on here. We're getting into quark. Right away, they have to leap into quark theory. And I sort of, I'm rolling my eyes a little bit because here's where you get a little bit controversial in physics.

There are people out there. So quark theory, what is that? It's a, it's a theory of that protons are not elementary particles, protons and neutrons. You thought you were taught in school maybe they were elementary particles. They're not, according to our current model. They actually are composite particles. They're made up of smaller particles. And these particles are called, well, there's a bunch of different particles.

At first they thought it was just something called quarks. And then there's other things now that make up a proton, supposedly, a whole bunch of stuff. And so Quark Theory, by the way, was come up with, we talked about the guy who came up with Quark Theory. He was a friend of, he's passed away now, Murray Galmond. So he was a friend of Jeffrey Epstein, by the way. He was one of those guys that Epstein invited to that conference in, I think, 2012 with a bunch of AI guys. And it doesn't mean that Murray Gilman was, you know, involved in the more lurid things there. You know, if you're, if you're Murray Gelman, you're going to want to, and you're invited to a conference where

of these other these other great minds you're going to go out hang and hang out with them you know you i think you could go off the idea that that epstein and that whole thing they use the lurid scandalous things as they needed to it wasn't necessarily always the thing that they were always focused on i think we often people think that because we have you know we think everybody is motivated by a certain kind of of of sexual deviancy But there's other things in the world that motivate people. And you can motivate a physicist by saying, oh, we're going to have a conference with a bunch of other great physicists.

Do you want to come hang out in the Caribbean? Yeah, sure. Okay. So, you know, now, I'm not saying he had clean and all this. I'm not saying that. I'm just saying you don't need to jump to that to suppose why he would be there. And I think we went through a phase recently where we, as a community, we sort of reevaluated some of the aspects of what we've thought about, Epstein's operation that it wasn't just about the escort services, that there was more going on,

that maybe they used that strategically, but there was wider things going on with it. And I think that's a more powerful and interesting point of view on the whole Epstein operation. So I'm not, you know, Murray Gilmon, he was there. So he came up with quark theory of the 1960s. And now quark theory is everywhere. I would say in the articles that about this new particle, they all leap to quark. theory right away even though nobody's ever seen a quark this and what do you mean by nobody's ever seen even that statement needs clarification but there are people who are who are quark

skeptics I'll just say that I might mention one of them when we'll talk about one of them next week what what what what are quarks and why you know why are some people don't believe it so but that I don't think we're going to get there tonight we're just going to talk about stern a little bit we're just going to sort of play it straight tonight so yeah C double double C double plus double charm charm is a type of quark if you want to know it's a type of quark and there's uh and if and so if you have have a particle with charm quarks in it this is what we're talking about here and we hadn't had that before we hadn't had this type of particle seen before and it's not revolutionary by itself it doesn't confirm quark theory it doesn't it doesn't revolutionize physics and all that it's sort of a nice to have. Oh, it's nice that we discovered this. It's nice to sort of fill in that little piece there, but it's by no means a revolutionary thing. But, you know, it's something sort of like, oh, we found something, you know, the people who did it, you know,

they get to write papers about it. You know, they're all happy about that. So CERN is there in Switzerland. You can see from the map. Okay, so now I'm sharing my slide. I do need to keep track of the chat now. Okay. Let's make sure we're there. All right. All right. Okay. notice the 666 and the symbol of CERN, Sammy the squirrel says. Yeah, yeah, you're right. Let's like we see it here. No, it's not there.

I've got to make the window a little bit smaller. Yeah, so I'm not saying there isn't all that stuff. I'm just, I'm sort of leaning away from it for tonight. I'm sort of, because, because I really did sort of get into the, uh, mocking, scandalous tone when I gave that talk before so I just sort of would even before we move on then we can I can go back to mocking it a little bit more we'll get into why maybe all of particle physics is bogus we'll get into that at some point but it's not all fake and gay it's again I got to be careful because I don't want you know I know so Patrick had they had threadfest three last week he had another one I don't notice because I saw brian

Brian kates was posting about it he used to be a friend of badlands he's not a friend of Badlands anymore. So I can imagine they all spoke very well of highly of Badlands at Threadfest 3. So I was not invited to give a talk this time. I was invited by Patrick to give a talk last two times. I was not invited this time. So I wouldn't have wanted to go anyway. Got got other better conferences to go to, go up in guard. So it's there. It's a long lake Geneva. Geneva's interesting community, very strange history. You do a whole show about that. You know, the six six six of it is it's sort of weird isn't it all right so and then here's the close up of geneva area and the red area is the what we call the lhc the large hadron collider some people just say this is

cern now uh the lhc the large hadlon hadron collider is what we call a synchrotron and uh it's a very big it's the biggest one in the world and it's it's uh 17 miles around the circumference and so this is the site it's the red thing there it's buried in a 50 meter deep tunnel in the Swiss and French country it crosses the Swiss-French border so it's mostly in

it's mostly in France actually you can barely see the border on this map and it dips into Switzerland and the made lab facility isn't Switzerland like right at the border crossing and that's where you go if you want to see the tour

and go to the gift shop and that's where the people live and work. That's the compound right there. But the tunnel goes around 17 miles around in a big loop. It's not completely circular. It's mostly circular, but it needs to be a little bit flattened, as we'll see here. Now, the one they were going to build in the U.S., by the way, we were going to build one in the U.S. in Texas, and it was going to be bigger than this, and we didn't wind up building it here in the U.S.

It was called the Superconducting Super Collider. And it was going to be Waxahatchee, Texas, and it was going to go under I-35, and it was going to be a big deal, and they were going to hire a lot of physicists. And they canceled it when I was in graduate school. So that probably was my chance to work in particle physics and lab if they'd built that. But they didn't, because we were like the closest. The UT was just right down the road. It was almost set up to hire a bunch of physicists from UT.

Not to be, and I don't feel bad about that at all. So, okay, so a little bit about this thing, this big tunnel. So this is, you know, you might have heard this stuff before. That's the Geneva airport by the rate. It goes right by the Geneva airport, which itself is a little weird, right? You know, it's like this big tunnel thing goes right by the Geneva airport that all the, all the globalists fly in and out of. You know, like, you know, it's like they went out of their way to make it weird, you know. So who knows what else is under there.

But the main thing, this LHC, this is the, this is the, it's not the first collider they built there. So it's not like LHC equals CERN and vice versa. CERN goes back to the 50s. The LHC only started in 2000, they only started building it in the 1990s. It's the latest and greatest of a bunch of colliders they built, the large Hadron Collider, LHC. But it's sort of synonymous with CERN now. And one thing, so if you can see the screen, it's got a diagram. of the of this and there's there's a ring there's a couple smaller rings and those are basically

like rings those are colliders that are they're not colliders they're uh synchrotrons that are used to to ramp up particle speed before they put them into the big one so he sort of goes through a bunch of stages where they make go it make it faster faster these protons and then they inject them into the main tunnel and that's where they really crank up the speed there Now, these blue things around the edges, those are what are called the experiments. This is where the physics is done. And this is where you collect data and all this. So what you have are these protons whizzing around in the circle, and you're going to eventually make them slam into each other.

And you're going to look at what happens when they slam into each other. And you have to do this at a specific place on the ring. And wherever you do that, then you've got, you set up instruments to watch what happens. And those are the experiments. And there's been a lot of experiments, and go over the years that they set up and they take down after a while. And the one that we're concerned here that was the one that was used in this latest experiment. It's called the LHC small letter B.

So it's the LACC large hadron collider and then the B, believe it or not, the B stands for beauty. Large Hadron Collider, beauty experiment. So it's a place along the ring where you send the particles crashing into each other and then you watch what happens there. beauty is a type of quark to get back to that mysterious word that we're not going to talk about tonight so here's another diagram of it this is one i made so the lhc is 17 miles around weaves in and out of the swiss french border that's so weird and the lhcb is an instrument where it's set up around a place where they send the particles crashing into each other so by the way the the synchrotron so the the the collider is an example of what we call a synchrotron synchrotron it's a specific

type of of of of collider there's more than one ways of colliding there's more than one ways to crash particles into each other you don't have to make them go around in a circle you can just send if they're charged particles you can just send them down a straight line and like there's one at stanford that does that the linear it's called a linear accelerator uh you don't have to send them around to the circle but a site a synchrotron they send them around in a circle and that's where you get the biggest of the biggest effects or the ones that go in a circle now this all dates going back to 1930 uh there was an instrument called the cyclotron which is not a synchrotron but it's an earlier version of it in the in this in the cyclotron the there's the

particle spirals out outwards and this was invented to look at particles by a guy named ernest lawrence at berkeley who was an american one of the great american experimental physicists of the 20th century. It won the Nobel Prize. So that's him on the right. On the left is the actor Josh Hartnett playing him in Oppenheimer, the movie Oppenheimer. Now, I didn't think Oppenheimer was the great, I did a show on it.

I don't think it was the greatest movie of all time. It was, it was the only, it's the only movie I've seen in the last five years, I think. The last movie I went to see was Oppenheimer. The story, okay, you know, the story is a little meh. but I thought the casting was amazing. The casting of the physicists in it, and if you're a physicist, you recognize half the guys there by name.

When they say, oh, this is so-and-so. You go, oh, yeah, I've never, you know, just to see these people that you've been thinking about your whole life portrayed in movies. And I thought the casting was amazing. And I particularly thought Josh Hartinent as Ernest Lawrence, who was, you know, he was like the conservative guy, too.

He was like the normal American guy, you know, amidst all these weirdos at Berk-Karton. who were lefties right so i've got uh our screw of another 20 dollars so sorry dumb person here cornell love to talk about there's their super collider under the football field okay i didn't know they had one there they didn't know they had a collider under the under the football was it a synchrotron or a cyclotron we'll look maybe we'll look that up here in a little bit um so the first cyclotron uh lawrence invented that in 1930 so it was a earlier version we now that it Sincretron is that more advanced version where you keep it in a ring instead of sending it out, spiraling out in a disc.

There was one at University of Colorado. There was a synchrotron there for a one day. They used it up to the 80s. I think they used it just for basic research still. It was still an interesting thing to have. It was revolutionary when Lawrence invented the cyclotron. And the first one that you see there, if you can see the screen, that's actually on display at the museum at CERN, if it's the same. what I'm thinking of. And it basically fits in your hand. You could wrap your fingers around it and hold it. That's how small the first cyclotron was. So we've gone from that to synchrotrons, which were invented later. So here's the progressed cyclotron. Synchrotrons were invented in the 1940s and were much more effective at studying particles. And so that's what we use. That's what people build today when they want a state of the art instrument. So one of the things I thought was really cool at CERN.

when I went through the museum there, was that you go in there and there's this, there's a picture here. This is from the museum. I didn't take this, but I took a photo like this. Because there's a tank of hydrogen there. It's this H2 that's hydrogen gas. And they, I think the, the, it's this proton source. So the at the collider, we're sending protons around in a circle at near the, very close to, the speed of light, at least as close as we can sort of get. And we'll see how do you get them up to that?

Is that you're doing that, but you know what you start out with? You start out with an ordinary tank of hydrogen gas like you use for a welding supply. Like you would buy off the shelf. You get one for about $100 on eBay. It's like that. That's where that's the source of the protons ultimately is a tank of ordinary hydrogen gas. As a physicist, you love that kind of stuff. You love that.

I take, I can take an ordinary hydrogen gas tank and use it as the source for this most expensive scientific instrument that's ever been built. You know, I'm going to start with an ordinary tank. That is physics. That is just salt of the earth physics when you're doing stuff like that. Using something super basic to start out with. Now you have to do some stuff with the hydrogen gas, but that's what you start out with. You have to do this. I made a little graphic here.

This is sort of what happens is you start with hydrogen gas. And then you have to turn it into protons, which means you have to, you have to, so it's H2, you know, the two hydrogen in a gas molecule, you know, like H2O, but without the O. So that's hydrogen gas. First, you have to split it apart. You do that by bombarding with electrons. And then you split it apart into two hydrogen atoms. And then you have to ionize it. And what ionize means is you knock off the electron that's in orbit around that makes it an atom and you just leave the bare nucleus.

And the bare nucleus of hydrogen is for most of the time, it's just a proton, just a single, that's it. So when we say a proton and we talk about a hydrogen ion, it's the same thing. It's just that bare particle that's left. So you have to do this before you put it into the tube, into the big tunnel tube. And then, but you've got a bunch of electrons now and you've got a bunch of electrons now and you've got a bunch of protons so H1 H plus that's the hydrogen nucleus but it's the same as a proton so we at some point we use P as a fit when your physicists you get used to like switching these kind of terminology a lot in knowing that it's the same thing but it can be confusing if you're not if

you're not aware of that we have to separate it well that's pretty easy to do you can do that in the classroom you can do that anywhere you can separate out you just use regular old electrostatics you just have a positive and negatively charged plates maybe and you separate out the hydrogen ions, the protons, from the electrons, just using static electricity. And now you've got a proton beam and you can send it into the tube. And now we want to crank it up. And we're going to skip over the parts where in those intermediate steps and there's a bunch of stuff you do. But let's just sort of summarize what we do.

We're going to put it into the beam tube. So inside the tunnel. So the tunnel sort of looks like a subway tunnel when you're inside of it. Not that I've been inside of it, but the photographs, it looks sort of like a subway tunnel. And you can walk in it because people have to go in there and do work and stuff to, you know, maintain it and inspect it and et cetera, setup thing. So, but inside there is is a is another tube. And inside the tube, that's where the protons are whizzing down.

But, but even inside there, there's, there's smaller tiny tubes in which that's happening. So even the photographs that you're going to see, this isn't. the tubes containing the protons. I'll show you what it looks like. But we're going to put the protons into there, into that tube. But then we have to really, this is what synchrotrons are meant to do, is they're meant to really crank up the speed, the speed on these things to as much as possible before we're going to send them smashing into each other.

That's the whole point. So how do you do that? Well, it's on parts of the beam tube, there are things called, radio frequency cavities. So they've got, we're going to have another static electricity effect. It's going to be longitudinal, means in the direction of the motion that's headed.

And what we're going to do is time it so that as, and the protons, by the way, they come in buckets. We're going to send them down in packs, packets of protons, not a continuous stream, but packets. And as a packet of proton comes into one of these RF cavities, we're going to time the electric field

so that they get pulled in, and as they get pulled in, then they're going to get pushed through the tube and set out, and it's going to be like, you know, the old merry-go-rounds that we used to have on the playground when I was in the 70s, and you know, somebody's going around, and you give them a push, like sideways push each time they go around,

you make it go faster and faster until people can't even hold on, you know. Oh, that was fun. I don't think they make those kind of merry-go-rounds anymore. They were fun. So we're sort of doing that inside the beam tube. And that's how we make the protons go faster and faster. So those are called the RF cavities.

So we do that. Now, there's a lot, so much of this stuff I did not know that I was using chat GPT to just say, you know, okay. I know that this in principle how this work, but first of all, I had to get refreshed on it. And then I'm like, well, how many of these are there? How many? I want to know details. Like how many RF cavities are there? And it turns out there's only eight.

There's only eight of these in the whole ring. And they're in two sets of four. And it's on sections of the, and I put them here in the pink, if you can see here. This is a diagram of the proton beam coming into the beam tube here. And then they're going to get bent in a circle, by the way. We have to bend them in a circle. Protons by themselves will not just go in a circle. You know, they're going to go a straight line.

They would hit the wall of this thing. So how do we keep them in a circle? We use magnets. And so the magnets are the big deal. That's what make this really expensive as an instrument, or the magnets. Because you have to have the magnets lined all the way around the beam tube. And they're set up vertically alongside their normal dipole magnets. They're electro magnets.

And they're made of superconducting materials. And they're kept at about two degrees of absolute zero. So cooling these electromagnets to make them powerful enough to bend the protons and keep them bent in a circle. And you can imagine we're sending these protons down something that's like just a like a centimeter or two tube ultimately. And we're going to send them down at near this, we're going to crank them up to the speed of light and that tube is 17 miles around. And we have to keep it so finely tuned to keep those protons in that tube, which means the. bending part is really super sophisticated. This is the super sophisticated engineering where people spend years mastering this. And that if they ever shut these instruments down, honestly, if they

ever shut this down and they shut down the one in the U.S., we would never start them back up again. We would never have them again. Because the expertise to do these kind of instruments is something that is developed by people that are maintaining these. And when you let those people go and they go on their merry way, you do not, it's like a Hollywood set when you say, oh, we, we can't shoot this TV show anymore because we took the part to set. So, well, why not just build it again? It's like, well, all the people are left, you know, we don't really, or the, or the Apollo program, you know, we dismantle the space program and people go on their way and you don't really put the team back together. And we sort of lose that. And then people say, oh, it never really happened. It was all

fake and gay, you know, because we can't do it now. Because the, Because we have to learn it all from scratch again. And that's what would happen if we ever shut these things down. Now, some people do want to shut them down, and maybe they will. And I don't know. I'm not going to make public policy. I'm just a physicist. If it was up to me, I'd keep it going.

You know, we've got to keep the Stargate open, you know, I guess. That's sort of a joke. I don't know if that's real. But we have these magnets. That would bend them in the circle. And along certain sections, we have these things that crank up the speed. And they're timed so that as a path. it comes in, it gives a little bit of boost of speed each time.

How fast do they go? That's a question I wanted to know. So, so this is what, this is what was used to, to, to discover this new particle, which, hooray for a new particle, charm, charm, down, CCDs. Those are types of quarks. Charm, charm, charm down. Okay. Well, I think next week we'll talk about, we'll get to quark theory a little bit next week. But I'm just sort of going to bypass it for now. But let's let's talk about how can we find out. I want it. Let's do. Okay.

This is a little bit, I'm doing this with a little bit of trepidation. We're at seven o'clock. We've got another half, half hour to go. We've got another half hour to go. And so what I'd like to do is get into the, into the nitty, riddy of some numbers here. Now, I know from experience, I used to teach physics to non-majors, and I know people would come into the class,

and they'd be, you know, they'd be terrified of anything involving math and numbers. And there's a little maximum. You write a popular book about physics, the more equations you put into it, the fewer sales you're going to have. On the other hand, here's the thing, is the class I used to teach at University of Texas

years and years ago in the 90s. We used a textbook called conceptual physics, which was sort of like physics with almost no math that was meant to be, where you learn, you do by experiments and you learn scientific principles by doing experiments. A really good idea, but it was not for me because I had started out that way. I'd started out in undergraduate school studying physics, thinking I could get away with sort of having an intuitive understanding of physics and that I could, and that I could, and, and, and, at one point I realized that's bogus. It works for a while, but at some point, if you really want to understand what physics is and how it works, you do have to get into some numbers. And you have to, and that's what, you know, Galileo said that.

Nature speaks to us in the language of mathematics. It reveals its secrets to us in the language of mathematics. And to a physicist, to a contemporary physicist, unless you're getting into the numbers, and the equations, you haven't really done physics. You just sort of flapped your gums. You've done, you can,

because you can say anything about anything. And, you know, when you hear this online, you can go online and call up any kind of videos about weird physics, and people will talk about it.

And the flat earth is like that, too. They don't, they're, they're, like, allergic to numbers, except for the ones they want to make up, you know. So it's,

I decided back in the 90s when I was teaching that, My students, they were all non-majors. They were like sorority girls and athletes. I had football players and golfers. I had a guy in my class went on to win the British Open golf tournament. I had guys that went on to play in the Super Bowl. And I knew they were taking the class because they had to.

It was like one semester before graduation or they were freshmen. And they probably didn't want to be there. And I sort of didn't want to be there either. But I'm like, I'm going to give, this is the last science class these people are going to take. All these kids. This may be the last science. They're going to go out in the world and this is the last chance to actually learn science in a classroom that most of them are ever going to have. And they're going to go on being citizens and voters and they're going to participate in society.

And the state of Texas has taken it, seen fit to appoint me to be the last person to give them any kind of of that knowledge before they go out into the world. I wasn't going to, I wasn't going to let, I wasn't going to let Texas down. No, I was going to do my best. And so I decided, I, I'm, what I'm going to do is I'm going to, I'm going to develop my own course. I developed my own course. I was not supposed to.

I went totally off the res. I got away with it completely because they didn't really care. The department didn't really care so long as the students didn't complain. They just didn't want any trouble. And I knew that and I knew how not to make trouble. So I developed my own course. I lectured. It wasn't supposed to lecture.

I lectured. I used, I developed, God, it's such a long story. I loved it. I developed my own course. I developed a workbook that I used with an overhead projector.

And I just led people through the answers. Maybe you remember back in grade school or kindergarten, you'd have worksheets, you know, with division, multiplication. And they might even have like dotted, dotted,

dotted outlines of numbers you were supposed to draw for some of them, just to practice drawing the numbers. I started out that basic. I was going to teach people how equations worked. How equations worked. I think I got another Rumble rant. Let's see it for it goes by. So there's R-Scrib.

Oh, R-Scrib $10. Can we link this physics with the chemistry of Venturi effect? I don't know. I don't know. I would have to, I'd have to think about that. I actually don't remember what the Venturi effect is off the top of my head. I have to look up a lot of things, but, you know, chat GPT is wonderful. I go back to chat.

Anything I forgot about chat GPT, now you got me curious. I'm going to have to look it up. Matt, even the res. Yeah, yeah. I started become famous on my other graduate students. We had 300 physical graduate students at UT, so I could really, you know, disappear into the crowd pretty easily. There's a big department.

They hired us all to teach the labs and stuff. But this was a lecture course, and I decided I'm going to teach people how equations work. I'm going to teach people how not to be afraid of the numbers, how not to be afraid of, I'm going to teach how equations work so that you can read an equation and see it and understand what's going on in it. And I succeeded. I really got, I was first semester I did that, spring in 1992, got amazing results. students loved it. It just took so much out of me, though.

I couldn't go on with that kind of energy putting into it because I had my own things I had to do. I had to get through graduate school. And they even told us, don't spend too much time on your teaching. That's not why you're here. Believe it or not, that's what we were told when I first got there. So I was like, okay. And then I promptly went and poured all my energy into the course. But I did it for a while, a season.

And I developed my, and so I wanted to bring back a little bit of it today. So that's what we're going to do today. I'm bringing back a little bit of that spirit and today. So, and we're just going to, we're going to do a calculation. We're going to use an equation and do a calculation just to show you, just to show. It's going to be easy. It's going to be easy. It's going to, the equation, you already know the equation.

When you see it, you're going to go, oh, that equation? Yes, that equation. So it's about CERN. We're going to, what we want to know. we want to see we want to get to how fast how fast are these protons going in in the tube in CERN and so what we're going to start out with is the mass of the proton the mass of the as if there's just one proton but they're all have the same mass that's one thing about you know maybe in another world universe they don't all have the same mass every proton has the same mass when it's when it's at rest it's called the

you know when it's just sitting there and the mass is just for the record. Now, don't worry about how where this number comes from. We're just going to take the number is granted. 1.6726-2192 times 10 to the negative 27 kilograms. Now, oh, my gosh, scientific notation. Oh, what is that? So the very first thing I did in my classes when I taught at UT was I had the students bring in their calculators. They had make sure it had scientific notation on it. And we did like a clinic, a clinic for the first day using how did you, here's how to use scientific notation. And I walked everybody through it until everybody understood exactly how to use what it meant and how to use it on their on their calculator and then we were gold right and so we're not going to do that tonight

but just know that if you wanted to you could learn you know you don't have to be scared to any of this stuff this is super really super easy now 10 to the negative 27 that's a very small number and but you know that negative number when it's a negative number in the exponent like that scientific notation, like 10 to the negative. You know how many zeros there are? That means it's 27 zeros, including the one before the decimal point, because we're going to put one, we're going to put a zero,

it's going to be zero point, and then a bunch of zeros. So there's 27, that's it, 27, including the one before the decimal point. And then you get to all the other stuff, which is called the mantissa, if you want a fancy word for the part that's not the powers of 10. And that, so it's a very massive proton, EVEH proton. It's very, very small. R-scrip. Venturi effect. Air flows faster through a small passage like a canyon, hence the tub's fire.

Okay, okay. It's coming back. Yes. Okay. Yes, there is something like that going on, no doubt. But we're going to show the beam here in a minute. But certainly there's all sorts of dynamical effects. Now, but as far as what you're talking about with fluid, so the tubes in which the protons are moving inside the large header and collider are as close to a pure vacuum as possible. They have to be. Otherwise, you're not going to get the protons movement. They have to move through a medium of any kind. And so I've heard it said it's, you know, emptier than space as far as the, the vacuum there and colder because it has to be kept cold for the magnets.

So there's it's as close to a vacuum as you could possibly get inside these tubes. So there's no air effect that way, but, but there are other effects. And we'll talk about those here. So that's the massive. So how, and we're going to get, we're going to get the speed of the protons in the tube. We need a couple other pieces of information. By the way, a kilogram. What's a kilogram?

A kilogram. Well, we can talk about it. But all these, there are people that obsess over what units mean. Physicists, they're very, they're very concerned with how we measure things with the units of things. A kilogram, well, until recently, it was the mass of a weight that was in Paris in a vault below glass. Literally, that's what it was. That was the standard kilogram. And there were other kilograms made from it that were distributed on the world.

like France, it was, France gave us one in 1820s. They had their top guy make a duplicate for us for America. So we could have a standard kilogram that was the same as theirs. You know, that's just a side note. Units are very important to physicists. So the mass of the proton, we're going to make it a little bit shorter. 1.67 times 10 to the negative 27 kilograms. Now, another piece of information we need is the speed of light.

Speed of light is 299,792, 458. meters per second so the units of speed meters per second and um i'm gonna skip a bunch of stuff i have it here on the slide because we're gonna we need to make through it here in time uh so we're gonna shorten that a bit to 2.99 times 10 to the 8 meters per second so 10 to the 8 that's a big number so we know get positive positive uh exponent there so we've got mass of the proton and we've got c speed of light which is a universal constant. So different particles and different objects have different mass, but the feet of light in a vacuum, speed of light in a vacuum,

is a universal constant. And so the equation we're going to use is, oh, it's E equals MC squared. You heard of that equation, right? We're going to use it. We're going to use it to do a calculation right here on the show. And so you can walk away from the show tonight saying, hey, I think we used E equals MC squared tonight, and you understood it because you're going to understand this.

This, by the way, that's the USS Enterprise aircraft carrier, my Uncle Dick, Dick Trump, served on it in the 60s. And here they are in the mid-60s, first nuclear strike force. And it's a bunch of sailors on there with the white sailor hats they no longer have spelling out E equals MC squared in honor of it being nuclear task force. I found that on Wikipedia. I thought it was cool. So we've got the mass of the proton. We got the speed of the light. And we're going to get what's called the rest energy of the proton.

So here's the word energy now is going to have a very specific meaning, but we're not even going to talk about it tonight. We're going to have to save that. So E equals MC squared. So how do we do that? We're actually going to use Einstein's formula right here. We're going to plug it right in. And you could do it at home if you had a calculator. It's super easy.

So 1.67 times 10 to the negative of 27. That's our mass. 2.99 times 10 to the 8. That's the speed of light. But we need it twice because we're squaring that speed of light. So we're going to multiply it twice in a row. And if you multiply all those together, you know, 1.67 times 2.99 times 2.99. That comes out to 14.9.

And if you, you know, you remember when you add, you might have remembered, we would have done this in class that we would, I would walk you guys through this to know how to do this, is when you multiply powers of 10, you just add the exponents together. You add negative 27, 8, and 8. And that's negative 11. So you've got 14.9 times 10 to the negative 11. That's the result of using Einstein's 4.1. formula to find what's called the rest energy.

So just to explain in brief, what is the rest energy? It's that it's the amount of energy that's in the proton when it's not moving that's in, that is its mass. So that was the big breakthrough of theory of relativity, was establishing, of the special relativity at least, is the connection between mass and energy. That mass, just the pure stuff of the universe by itself, is a is a form of energy, just like other forms of energy. So that's how much energy in it.

But any, well, okay, one, one point four nine times 10 to the negative 10. We'll shift the shifted over so we can keep just one number before the decimal point, which means we're going to bump up the negative 11 to negative 10. 1.49 times 10 to the negative 10 what? See, we aren't done yet. We aren't done yet. We've got one more thing. And this is the thing that was so fun.

glad we got at least this far tonight. We'll pick up, we'll pick up next week from here. But we need to get this far. And this is sort of this, this is one of those things that as an undergraduate, my undergraduate professor at Willamette, good old Bill U. Willamette in Salem, a great man, Morris Stewart, who passed away last year at a very advanced age. I wouldn't be a physicist without him. And he used to teach physics in a way that was for people like me, that were,

like, I need, I need some deeper understanding of things along the way, especially how equations work. So a lot of the way I taught my class at UT was because of him. But he would always harp on the, how to do these, how to understand equations right. So we did the, you know, we did the part of multiplying the numbers together. You can do that with a calculator. We multiplied the numbers together, but we're not done. Oh, and by the way, we can rearrange, we can rearrange the numbers if we want to, you know. this is what this slide is 1.67 times 2.99 times 2.99. We can multiply those together and then we can

multiply the powers of 10 together. We can rearrange the factors when we multiply them. Now, you can't always do that in physics. There's a whole part of physics where you cannot rearrange the numbers when you multiply them. You have to multiply them in a particular order. It's a very, it's a very interesting thing. It was only, it's a branch of physics. It's only about 100 years old. It's called quantum mechanics. You may have heard of it. In quantum mechanics, we generally have to keep the order of multiple. Why is that? Well, that's totally for a different night. But that's one of the weird things about quantum mechanics. But the other thing you have to do, and I'm glad we got at least this far tonight, is you have to, we're not done. We're multiplying physical quantities together. Mass and

speed of light. Masses and kilograms, speed of light. Or it can be in other things too. You could pounds. You know, we're not, we're just using these because they're the most convenient. You could use miles per hour for speed if you wanted to, but they're not convenient for us here. And we'll see why in a moment is we're not done because whatever we do with the numbers, when we multiply the numbers together in equation. And this is one of these big insights that if you walk away from tonight with this insight, I hope you can sort of keep a little bit of this. If you forget everything else, keep this insight that when we have an equation like E equals MC squared,

and we're multiplying m times c, times c, we're not just, just multiplying the number parts. We also have to multiply the units. Whatever you're doing with the numbers, we also do with the units. And the units are kilograms and meters per second and meters per second. And when you multiply those together, you get kilogram meters squared per second squared. What the heck does that mean? What the heck is kilogram? What the heck does kilogram meter squared per second squared? You know what kilogram meters squared per second squared are units of? Units of energy. Energy is measured in kilogram meters squared per second squared in our standard system.

You believe me? It's true. It's 100% true. These are the units of energy. We measure energy. Energy is just something you feel. It's a measurable thing. It's a quantity you measure.

And these are the units, kilogram meters squared per second squared. But, you know, it's sort of a drag. So, you know, to say that and keep that in mind. So we're going to, we're going to invent a. symbol that means kilogram meter squared per second square. We're going to replace it with a single letter. And the single letter we're going to place it with is J. And J is defined.

This is not a big secret in the universe. This is definition here. J is defined to me. It means exactly kilogram meters squared per second square. And we call it J stands for jewels. It's named after a British physicist who was instrumental in the study of energy. in 18th to 19th century, James Prescott Jewel. And so we honor him by the letter using his name for the units of energy.

Now, there's other units of energy. You might have heard of jules, but it's the standard unit of energy. You've heard of, might have heard of other units of energy, like the calorie. You know, the calorie is a unit of energy. And there's a conversion between jules and calories, for example. But we don't worry about that tonight. We're just going to use jules for now. So we've got 1.49 times 10 to the negative,

times 10 to the negative, left out the times 10. See, I missed up the standard scientific notion. It should be 1.49 times 10 to the negative 10 joules. That's how much, that's the rest, what we call, that's how much energy is locked in the mass of a proton. So we just use Einstein's equation to find that. So congratulations. You now are experts at E equals MC squared,

because that's pretty much the gist of it in some ways right there. But this number, I can't believe I forgot the times negative 10 there. That's, it's really lame, Matt. 1.49 times 10 to the negative 10, not 1.49 to the negative 10. That's wrong. 1.49 times 10 to the negative 10 joules. That's still a pretty small number, you know. It'd be sort of like giving you a recipe.

I gave you a recipe for baking a cake. And I said, well, I didn't say a T. of this I said, 10 billionth of a ton of butter. It's like, could you use different units maybe? You know, tons, maybe not the best unit to use for a recipe. You know, 10 to the negative 10 tons of flour. I was like, no, just tell me, giving you better units, please. And we're always doing this in physics.

We're always trying to use the best units. So instead of using jewels, jewels is just way too big of a unit to use. use for rest mass of in particle physics. We're going to use something called EV, which stands for electron volts. And their electron volt is 1.6 approximately times 10 to the negative 19 joules. Electron votes are tiny. They're way smaller than the rest mass of a proton. So the rest energy, the rest energy of a proton, rest mass, rest energy, same thing,

because mass is energy, is, is about nine. 0.3827 times 10 to the 8 EV. So around 938 million EV or mega electron volts. Mega just like, you know, like megabytes and all this. So that's, there we go. We did it. We did it. Now, we didn't get as far as, oh, just one more thing.

So we'll pick up here next week, I think, right here, which is that. So that's, that's how much. energy is in the mass of a proton. You know how much, how much effort, intellectual effort it took to discover that a lot. It took a lot to discover that to figure this out. And this number is an important, being able to do these kind of calculations is the heart of a basic particle physics. And you, now you know. And you also know about how equations work where, you know, we multiply the number parts. We also multiply the units. Same with division. When we divide two physical quantities, we're going to divide the numbers and the unit parts.

And if you know your units, it's almost like you don't even have to remember the equations. They just sort of fall out from the use of the units. All right. So we're almost at the end here. I just want to mention that, so we have, we have EV, which is way too small for what we need. We have millions of EVs, mega electron volts as units of energy. And don't worry about the name. electron volt what does that mean i know what electron means i've heard of volts that's like batteries right

yes the same thing as a battery but electron volt is a unit of energy like a calorie like a bt u other a kilowatt hour kilowatt hour is a unit of energy like what you that's what you pay for an electric when they bill you for the energy you've used they bill you in kilowatt hours even though it's got the word hour in there it's actually that's actually a unit of energy and it's what it's what they bill you for. So we could have used that too, but EV, especially mega electron volts is the most convenient one to use here. It's just the number with units. Just nothing more than that. And then a thousand, so if you go a million mega electron volts is a thousand GEV and that's one then terra electron volt is a trillion EVs. So it goes up. You've heard of megabytes and terabytes. It's the same

thing. You go up by powers of a thousand with each one. So, and we'll just leave you with this, is that we're going to pump in with the synchrotron at CERN, we're going to pump in 7 TV, terra electron volts into each particle, into each proton. So we're going to, we're going to pour a lot of energy into each proton. And that's what we'll pick up next week, because I've got to do the ads here. So our sponsors. So tonight's episode of Spell Breakers was brought to you in part, by our friends at well

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So we're going to pick up there next week. We'll do advanced equals MC squared. Now, one of you, I think, Spetzel asked, how is time, how is squared time? Kilogram meters squared per second squared. How is squared time, a physically measured unit? That's a really good question. I'm not going to answer it right now, but I just say, does that sound weird to you? Second squared.

Does that sound weird? It should sound weird. It is weird, but I'll tell you how to think about that that'll make sense next week. And we'll go from there because it can make sense. All right, meters squared is area, meters cubed is volume. Next week, please explain time squared and cube like I'm five. I will try to do that. I will try to explain it to you that way.

Like I said, this was part of what I used to teach back in the old day. only lands yeah there's a link from only lands i'm going to try to do i've been failing at raids lately somehow it wasn't working that it was working again i'm going to try to do the raid right now um i'm going to play off here i'll see you all next week thank you to the all that gave me rumble rants i really appreciate that please give a like on your way out please uh give the thumbs up and i will see you all next week i don't know if i'm going to be in only lands by the way i think i might call it early tonight because i'm just to conserve my energy but uh But I'm going to send you guys over there.

So we are going to close it out here. Close. See you guys. Thank you so much for joining us. And don't forget to hit the thumbs up on this video. And a special thank you to all of our advertising partners. Please remember to shift your dollars to support those businesses that support Badlands Media.