Bankless - Tokenized Stocks: The $100 Trillion Onchain Shift | Ondo Finance Ian De Bode & Nathan Allman

Episode Date: September 11, 2025

Ryan & David sit down with Ondo Finance’s Nathan Allman and Ian De Bode to map the path from stablecoins to tokenized treasuries to tokenized stocks. We break down why Ondo’s wrapper model is set out to win, how blockchain brings 24/5 primary markets with 24/7 secondary markets, Defi composability and liquidity at fair prices. Ethereum and Ondo are leading a $100T onchain migration you can’t miss. ------ 📣SPOTIFY PREMIUM RSS FEED | USE CODE: SPOTIFY24  https://bankless.cc/spotify-premium ------ BANKLESS SPONSOR TOOLS: 🪙FRAX | SELF SUFFICIENT DeFi https://bankless.cc/Frax 🦄UNISWAP | SWAP ON UNICHAIN https://bankless.cc/unichain 🛞MANTLE | MODULAR LAYER 2 NETWORK https://bankless.cc/Mantle 🎩DEGEN | JOIN THE COMMUNITY https://bankless.cc/degen ------ TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Intro 5:55 Is Business Booming? 7:59 Are RWAs Inevitable? 12:50 Tokenized Treasuries 19:13 Tokenization Roadmap 24:17 Types of Tokenized Treasuries 31:40 What’s Holding the US Back? 37:08 Tokenized Stocks 41:04 Tokenized Stocks Liquidity 50:56 Property Rights 56:25 Is Permissionless Tokenization Possible? 1:04:32 24/7 Markets? 1:07:52 Ondo Global Markets 1:10:54 Why Ethereum? 1:12:08 Stocks Meet DeFi 1:19:26 What Chains will RWAs Settle On? 1:32:41 Is Wall Street Ready? 1:34:29 What’s Next? 1:36:00 Closing & Disclaimers ------ RESOURCES Ian https://x.com/iandebode  Nathan https://x.com/nathanlallman  Ondo Finance https://ondo.finance/  Ondo Global Markets https://app.ondo.finance/  RWAs Overview https://app.rwa.xyz/  ------ Not financial or tax advice. See our investment disclosures here: https://www.bankless.com/disclosures⁠

What does Wall Street think about all this stuff? Like, are they, do they understand what's coming? Are they tokenization bowls? It seems like they're starting to wake up to stable coins. But do they know what is about to hit them? I don't think they really do. If I'm being honest. Welcome to bankless,

where today we explore the frontier of tokenized equities, tokenized stocks. We're doing it. This is Ryan Sean Adams. I'm here with David Hoffman, and we're here to help you become more bankless. Guys, we have Ondo on the podcast. They launched a pretty interesting tokenized securities market on Ethereum.

And so we dug into that in today's episode. The big takeaway I have from this episode is the whole rapt versus native debate. And I think a lot of listeners, when they think like tokenized security, tokenized stocks, they're thinking like, oh, yeah, we are going to find ways for like what the term I learned, native tokenization to happen on chain, whereas the actual token itself is the security. And I walked away from this episode, maybe thinking that that's actually not the case. I think there will be some of that.

Whether it's the dominant thing, I'm not so sure, because native dollars aren't stable coins. There is no native dollars on chain. There are zero native dollars on chain. There are only wrapped versions. And so I think there's going to be a little bit of like a tug of war between native securities tokenized on chain,

as we saw with Galaxy that was tokenized on Salon recently, versus what Ondo is doing, which is a wrapped version, which is more similar to stable coins. That's my big takeaway. That's what's floating around in my head now. Yeah, I think so. I think the big picture here is just take what happened with stable coins

and extrapolate that to every other real world asset category. So extrapolate that to treasuries, to bonds, and now to tokenized equities. And you'll recall, David, like, we've had stable coins in crypto for a long time. We tried all different models. We tried, you know, collateral about. stable coins,

some good models, some bad models. The model that scaled, the one we found was the one that USDA and Tether are effectively using, which is, you know, they're collateralized

with real world assets on the back. I think there are a few different, yeah, wrapper model. A few different models being tested in tokenized securities right now and we don't know which one will take off. But it's got to be the case that the one that is capital efficient,

the one that is most liquid, that will probably tend to do the best. And I think the model today was offered, have some of those attributes. The coolest thing about this is these tokenized equities can be used in defy. They're permissionless. And that is the neatest thing that, I mean, that's the reason that these assets are valuable

in the first place in crypto rails. I've been worried about this for a while and why I'm like not, haven't yet gotten up out of my seat about tokenized securities, because my understanding of securities laws is that if you want to have a natively issued security on chain, you have to KYC. And if you bake KYC into the compliance of the token logic, you can't have any fun. I can't send you stonks, you can't send me stonks, we can't put stonks into defy. And that's the good stuff. Just like being able to use Ethereum to hold them is like way less interesting.

And I kind of thought that that was going, could be a dead end. With the wrapper model, not necessarily. And it's also nice that the wrapper model worked for USCC and USET, and it can potentially also work to give wrapped stocks, permissionlessness inside of crypto. All right. Let's get ready to that episode with Ondo Finance. Before we do, we want to thank the sponsors that made this possible.

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He's the founder and CEO. We also have Ian DeBode. He's the chief strategy officer at Ando Finance. We're going to get into the state of real world assets. Gentlemen, how are you doing today? Pretty good. Thanks for having us. Doing well.

Thanks Ryan. Thanks, thanks David. Is business booming? Because we got about 300 billion, I think, in real world assets on chain. at the time of recording, all right? It seems like it's going kind of well, but put it in your words, is business booming?

Are we doing this thing? Are we getting the real world assets on chain? I think so. I mean, I don't almost like to anchor on $300 billion, although it is getting significant. But if you compare it to true trap-fi scale, $300 billion is still rather small. But the growth of things is very significant.

I joined Ondo about 18 months ago, and when I joined, I think tokenized treasuries were maybe a billion dollars, Nate, if that. Now we've crossed seven and are still growing pretty aggressively. So the growth is definitely very encouraging. Yeah, I mean, are things booming? I think you can look at this from a couple of lenses. Like from a product adoption perspective, things are booming with stable coins today.

Like stable coins across the chasm, you know, they're reaching mainstream adoption. Lots of, you know, traditional big tech companies, you know, are deep in the weeds of you know, their integration outs and, you know, they make up the overwhelming, you know, majority of that, you know, 300 billion in rural assets on chain. Outside of stable coins, I think we're really just starting to scratch the surface. I mean, tokenized treasuries and, you know, I guess figures, private credit products are, you know, the bolt of what remains. But, you know, I think just starting to, you know, see meaningful growth there. You know, we launched our tokenized equities products recently and, you know, things are even more

nascent there. But certainly from a market interest perspective, things are moving. I mean, asset managers, banks, regulators, they all see the inevitability and, you know, they're writing on the wall of the long-term potential of tokenized securities. And so there's certainly a ton that's being done behind the scenes that I think will, you know, lead to more product growth outside of stable coins in the future. Nathan, you said the word inevitability. Can you just actually walk us through why. Because I think as crypto natives, we all kind of understand. Like, oh, yeah, blockchain technology is the future.

And that assumption has just been baked into what crypto people. We always have thought this. We've always known that it's inevitable. But maybe we could talk about why it's inevitable. Maybe to just start off this conversation, why do we assume that real world assets are coming on chain? Well, I think stable coins have really shown the potential, right? I mean, there is now a blueprint that we could follow for how.

to make assets globally accessible, you know, permissionless, transferable peer to peer. And, you know, the world outside of crypto is starting to appreciate that potential and that power in the context of money. The current pain points to solve in the context of securities are even bigger in a lot of regards, right? I mean, existing security settlement processes are even more regionally fragmented, cumbersome and slow, right? Every region, for the most part, has set up its own, you know, so-called central securities

depository. It's the, you know, the DTC in the U.S. In Europe, there's Euroclear, Clearstream, LuxiSD, you know, Asia has a whole bunch of them and, you know, moving securities from one of these CSDs to another, you know, takes days, if not weeks, you know, and I think, you know, there's obviously similar friction points, you know, in the traffic system around moving money, but, you know, I think we're very excited about, you know, taking what stable coins have done for money

and doing that for the rest of securities. It's funny because with a stable coin, I mean, stable coin is just tokenized cash, right? But we were used to having that cash in our bank account, but at least you could very easily send it to other people. Yet still, a stable coin is a meaningful improvement over cash because now you can do that 24-7 globally and you can use it in a smart contract.

With stocks and ETFs, treasuries and the like, that's not even the case. I mean, you can technically move it from brokerage to brokerage, but that process is way more difficult than just moving cash between platforms. So to Nate's point, I think the leap in enhancement and efficiency and better user experience that we can get by tokenizing stocks, ETFs, treasuries, and the like is even so much greater for those assets than it was for cash. yet people right now are super excited about the concept of a stable coin already, rightfully so, but the quantum leap for other types of assets I think is going to be even greater.

I think people don't understand actually how much Tradfai kind of sucks until they use it. Like a lot of crypto natives actually, I find myself someone in this camp of like I'm learning about finance by route of crypto, right? And so you see all these advancements and people complain about the U.X of crypto and then you go back to your brokerage. and Tradify. I was recently, Ian, to your point, I was trying to move some retirement accounts I had from E-Trade over to Fidelity.

Oh my God. What a process. Okay? The amount of people, like I just, I click some buttons, fill out paperwork. I think like they were probably faxing things around in the back office. Like, it's that difficult.

Simple things like. David's face right now. But it's true. You got to try this stuff. It's like going back in time. You can even, in your brokerage, David, I'd like to see you do this. Like, you have probably a brokerage, right?

You can't swap a security, one security for another. You can't just do that trade, okay? First, you have to go back to cash. Yeah, I think you're talking, but you're on me. I am talking, yeah. I was shocked, was this so sounds that are coming out of my mouth. So it's very slow. You have to go back to cash and then you have to wait for the cash to settle.

Yeah, that's right. You have to wait for the cash to settle. That's ridiculous. Practically speaking, most folks use margin accounts to get away from that problem so that they can, you know, buy without having to wait for the cash to settle. But if you do that, then you're effectively lending out all of your securities and you take on counterparty risk to the broker dealer that you're doing that at. And sure, like there's, you know, some SIPC insurance, but that's limited. I mean, stuff like this is absolutely insane. You guys, who I appreciate you guys coming here is you both have TradFi experience, right?

So, Ian, you're ex-McKinsey, I believe, right? And you're doing digital assets there. And Nathan, you're at Goldman. And so you're kind of bridging into crypto here. But when people talk about real-world assets, I really want to give bankless listeners a sense for what we're talking about in case they don't understand. So we're definitely talking about stable coins.

Everyone knows about that. They're the most mature real-world asset on chain right now, so mature that we even have legislation. So the government has just been like, oh, this is great. We support this. And Secretary Besson is saying, we want to get three trillion in stable coins on chain. Okay. So it's fully blessed now by the U.S. government. That was the genius bill legislation that just happened. So that naturally is going to be the most mature stable coin asset. We've got about 270 billion in stable coins. But let's talk about some of these

other categories. And we're going to get to equities. I know you guys have just launched something really cool on the tokenized stocks world and the tokenized equities world. But if we go down from stable coins, the next largest asset class it feels like is U.S. Treasuries. I know Ando has some offerings in U.S. treasuries. Actually, just prior to this, I was looking at, I think maybe somebody from your team notified me, and I saw this, Fidelity launched money market accounts on Ethereum, on chain. They're like, I don't know.

I didn't hear about this. They stealth watched this last week. Okay? And Fidelity for people don't know has about $1.3 trillion in money market accounts, okay? They're the largest. What's the money market account? That's Tradfi speak for.

It's treasuries. It's staple coins with the yield wrapper. So you get your 4% yield, right? That's what a money market is. Don't hold dollars, people. Hold money markets if you can in any of your investing accounts, of course, because you don't want to give up that yield to a bank. Anyway, that's what a money market is.

And they token. their money markets and put them on chain. This is fidelity. There's $7 trillion worth of money markets in TradFi. That's why you guys were laughing earlier and you're saying, oh, yeah, it's kind of cute. We're at $300 billion. $7 trillion in just money markets.

That's what we're talking about when we talk about this category of U.S. Treasuries. That includes short duration treasuries, long duration treasuries. The short duration is going to be more of the money market. I think I'm speaking correctly in terms of Tradfai lingo. you guys correct me. What's treasuries on chain? It is now about 7.4 billion. How big is the treasury opportunity? And what are you guys doing in that space? Yeah, I'm happy to start with that one. You are correct. Fidelity launching on Ethereum, no less, is kind of a big deal. Money market funds

or tokenized treasuries are an incredibly popular product in traditional finance, right? To your point, don't keep your cash or set a bang, put it into a money market fund so that you can earn yield on it. And in part, the reason why Ando started with tokenized treasuries is exactly because of that. We looked at stable coins. Stable coins are amazing products with clear product market fit, but they're not perfect, right? They didn't really offer very good investor protections. Some of that has been resolved now with the new legislation, but not every stable coin is like that. And the other big downside is that they don't offer yield.

And so what better way to kind of address that problem by tokenizing treasuries. itself so that when users were holding this particular asset, they would have better investor protections and they would get yield paid out on a daily basis. So Ando started tokenizing treasuries back in 2023, Nate, I'm not mistaken. With OUSG, which was at the time a pretty meaningful innovation because it was the first time that a tokenized treasury fund could actually be transferred between participants on an allow list. That model was then later copied by the BlackRock Biddle fund, but the benefit of that structure was that you could actually transfer it even into a smart contract. So then Ondo also launched the flux finance protocol where essentially you could

use OUSGS collateral and start tapping into essentially a repo use case because that's the other thing in TroutFi that is incredibly massive. Most of TratFi liquidity runs on treasuries and repo markets for overnight finance. So that was really the beginning of us tapping into these traditional financial use cases and trying to put a better product on chain with good investor protection is one that paid out yield. But now recently, we've expanded that mission and really focused on stocks and ETFs that I'm sure we'll talk about later. But it's interesting to see how stable coins, right now tokenized treasuries are at $7.5 billion, give or take, is what you showed. I think it took tokenized treasuries two years, give or take to get there. When you look at how long

it took stable coins to get to the $7 billion number. It is much, much, much longer. So it's very interesting to see how people started with stable coins. That obviously is now an incredible large pool of liquidity and capital. But people have kind of understood now that if stable coin really is just exposure to tokenized cash, they then look at a treasury and say, oh, wait, if I want to earn yield, maybe I should buy a tokenized treasury asset. And the adoption of that as an asset class has happened a lot.

faster than a stable coin. And we think the logical next step now obviously used to do the same thing for stocks in ETS, which hopefully in terms of adoption will see another acceleration. Nate's going to jump in here in a second. But Ian, before I let you off, you said repo markets. Okay, that's something in Tradfey. Actually, I don't quite understand yet. You said that's a big deal. You know, treasuries are used for repo markets. What's a, like, what's a repo market? What's the 101 of, on that? No, I'm sure Nate will do a better job at articulate. that than me, but the concept is essentially a lot of banks hold a lot of their assets in these actual treasuries, and they hold them at custodians like being I. Mellon, J.P. Morgan and the like,

and oftentimes there are liquidity financing needs that happen overnight or people that want to earn yield on excess cash. They can essentially swap them into a treasury or the other way around. So treasuries is the most liquid collateral asset that is being used that can typically be pledged in overnight, even at the Fed itself, where you can then earn a yield on it whenever you want. So treasuries and cash are kind of like the lifeline of the traditional financial ecosystem where you can very easily swap one for the other, even directly at the Fed. I'm getting at this notion that we are as an industry, back in like 2021, 2021, 2022, Ryan and I would use this line all the time is like crypto is speed running the history of money and finance.

And I'm getting this notion that we are... doing something similar with like the financial tech stack or it's like the same thing, whereas we're starting with dollars, just inert basic dollars, federal deposits, right, is like the very bottom of the stack. And like the next highest thing is the repo market. And on top of that are people that hold treasuries, short term treasuries. And then maybe there's like long term treasuries on top of that. And then we start to get into like equity or like maybe we get into like corporate bonds,

corporate debt and then at some point we get up to higher and higher into equities markets. That's how I'm imagining things. Is that a David brain thing or is that it actually like somewhat coherent in terms of like how you guys understand the stratification of tradfai and also how crypto is starting to build out its own parallel version of that. Am I onto something here? I think so. Nate, do you want to articulate a little bit how you've kind of seen it go from cash treasuries

to equities and why we focus on those asset classes in the first place? when people hear tokenization, sometimes they talk about private credit and real estate and PE and all these other asset classes. But one of the reasons I joined Ando is because Nate had the vision that that's not how it's going to play out, who's going to go stable coins to treasuries to equities with good reason. So I actually think that's quite helpful to just articulate a little bit as to why that's going be the case.

Yeah, Nathan, give it to us. I think it's a totally fair observation as well. But, you know, we're recreating financial rails with some, you know, big advantage. that maybe didn't exist the first time a lot of these things were created. I mean, if you think about commercial banking, like it is really a historical artifact that you have these institutions

that had to both, you know, handle payments, savings, and lending altogether, right? And money was sort of created in the process of lending. And then, you know, through writing paper checks and that was sort of the OG payment system. And, you know, now with technology, with, you know, certainly Bitcoin, creating this ability to hold value in a digital scarce manner.

You know, we're able to really decouple savings, payment, and lending. You know, that's been a trend that's been happening to some degree outside of crypto for a while with the emergence of the so-called shadow banking system and all these like specialty non-bank lenders taking, you know, over more and more of commercial lending from banks. and I think crypto technology is a huge accelerant of that. So certainly we're seeing that with stable coins and then, you know, increasingly with other securities.

So I kind of build on what Ian was saying. I mean, we started with treasuries really because there was a clear pressing market need at the time in early 2023 with, you know, 150 billion plus in stable coins not earning any yield. So that was a very simple value prop. I think the value prop for tokenized, securities more broadly, especially in the United States where investors already have access

to these assets, is a little bit more complicated. I think it requires the emergence of an ecosystem, particularly of financial applications, of things like borrow a lend, which practically speaking is effectively repo, you know, trading, you know, maybe derivatives and other arrangements that accept these sorts of assets as collateral. And so we are working to build out much of that ecosystem. As you mentioned, we help build flux finance, which is a sort of a proof of concept for how you can use tokenized securities as collateral

in, you know, defy-like arrangements. And so, you know, as we build out that ecosystem more and more, I think the value prop will be more clear in the United States. But for now, we're very excited by, you know, the very simple pitch of making very liquid public U.S. securities more accessible to investors all around the world in, you know, Turkey, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and, you know, very small check sizes for folks who don't have U.S. brokerage access today, which is the majority of the world and, you know, much of the early stable coin investors. So we've always viewed

tokenized treasuries as, you know, a wedge, a B-Chad into broader, you know, tokenized securities capabilities. It's become, you know, a very, very competitive, almost commoditized space. And, you know, we really see tokenized treasuries for us as, you know, synergistic with what we do more broadly. You know, we can get into what some of those synergies are when we start talking about the world markets in a little bit. So for people who haven't maybe used tokenized securities, but I'm sure all bankless listeners are basically familiar or tokenized treasury specifically. All bankless listeners are familiar with stable coins, right?

Stable coins are like, you know, super easy, you use them on exchange, you keep them in your crypto wallet. U.S. treasuries, on-chain treasuries, what you're talking about with Ondo or even Biddle, they are an asset that is a security. And so it's not quite as easy as going to a crypto wallet or an exchange and just, you know, flip, you're swapping assets,

you're using the stable coin for something. I've used on-d-d-d-do before. It's kind of cool. So for the crypto-native, you basically, you go to the interface, you connect your wallet, you have some sort of a stable coin. Let's say you have USDC inside of your wallet,

and I believe you have to fill out some paperwork. I don't recall doing this. I'm sure I did one point in time. I have to fill out some paperwork first because it's a security, and so there's some things that need to be checked due to regulatory compliance. But I can do this in my crypto wallet,

and I can essentially use my USDC and mint the treasury. Okay, and this all happens kind of on chain. And then I have the treasury, I'm holding the treasury asset. Why do I want the treasury asset rather than the stable coin because I'm getting the treasury yield, of course.

And then I can, so I can, I've just minted my treasury asset. If I want to swap back to USC, I can then do that later. But I do have to get kind of like approved by the platform. There is some compliance I have to go through. This is really an early example

of putting a security on chain. And so that's kind of cool. But it's not free. You can't do whatever you want as you can with stable coins and defy with these tokenized treasury types of assets. So I described this correctly? It depends, is I think the short of it. There's two versions of a tokenized treasury product. One is we have OUSG that is very similar to Biddle and some of these other products that have just been issued. That very much operates the same way as you just described. You have to onboard with us and you can only hold that asset. If you are onboard it with us, because that asset operates on an allow list, if you want to transfer it to anyone, it checks this address on this allow list, yes or no. And if it is not, then a transfer is canceled. There are other acid implementations such as USDA Y that are slightly more stable coin like. So with that one, if you want to mint and burn it directly from us, you always have to onboard. That obviously has compliance reasons, as you highlighted, is very similar to anyone who wants to mint the USDC. directly from Circle

needs a circle mint account, right? That's the same thing for a stable coin. But the USDA asset is issued like a permissionless bear instrument. So on secondary market,

once you have acquired that asset, Ryan, and certain compliance periods are passed, you are free to do with that asset what you wish, right?

You can also, you can transfer it to R.3 wallet, a different wallet, can transfer it to a crypto exchange that they supported. Those assets

are permissionless bear instruments, but they do still payout yield on a daily basis. That's very cool. And the SEC was fine with all that. That's okay? We can do this now?

These are issued to non-U.S. investors in the primary market. That's why I couldn't get my hands on that. Okay. So in contrast, the BlackRock Biddle Fund, you need to be KYC'd and added to the White List, the contract whitel Fund. So there is no permissionless transferring of that

fund to anyone, which makes This one unique. Correct. So Biddle and our fund OUSG is very permissioned. It's a permissioned walled garden on whatever network it is issued on. U.S. Y is different in that it is a permissionless bear asset, but it can only be issued to non-U.S. investors in the primary market.

How do you know that they are non-U.S. investors? They have to onboard with us. Do they KYSC with you? Okay. Yes. Just like with a Circle Mint account, you have to go. get an accountant circle. Right.

But I thought I heard you say that the USDA Y contract address was permissionless. Correct. In the secondary market, post the compliance period, you can send it wherever you want. So, okay,

so I can go find someone. I can, me, not whitelisted, or also technically a U.S. citizen, I could go find someone who has it and they can send it to me? I mean, what you just articulated is essentially a peer-to-peer transfer and they would be allowed.

What, the benefit, ultimately, the benefit truly of making these assets permissionless, quite frankly, is that they work in defy. We fundamentally believe that it is very hard to get a defy ecosystem going when your asset is permissioned. Totally agree. So by making these assets permissionless, they can be integrated into a wide variety of defy protocols, just like with stable coins. And that really gets, that makes them embedded and entrenched into the defy economy in a way that with a permission asset you could not achieve. So as long as the primary, when you say primary market, that means, I'm assuming that means that the

when Ondo gives the tokens to their first owner after being minted, that first owner is primary and must not be a United States citizen. And after that, whatever happens after that is not your concern. U.S. persons are not allowed to hold USDAI. There's a lot of legal and regulatory

nuance here, but the products are fundamentally issued not in registered form, meaning that all investors do not need to be onboarded with the issuer or known to the issuer. And so there are fundamental limits to the issuer's ability to police what happens in secondary markets. This is sort of a modern day equivalent to old school, you know, bear certificated securities

where, you know, an issuer would, you know, have as the authoritative record. of ownership, some piece of paper, you know, that might be shipped offshore by a U.S. issuer to non-U.S. investors, you know, and if they want to redeem the coupon or, you know, principal value, you know, they need to return that piece of paper. You know, crypto technology allows us to have that piece of paper, you know, be digital. And it actually provides us with a lot advantages from a regulatory compliance perspective, because we still do have the ability, you know, to freeze blacklist, do the types of things

that stable coin assures do. So we certainly do our part to monitor for flowback into the United States to the extent that we can and to not have selling and marketing efforts for, you know,

reg-ass products in the United States, but they are not, you know, registered foreign products. So they have certain accessibility and, you know, friction advantages over registered foreign products like, you know, what Ryan was describing earlier, where there's pretty cumbersome onboarding paperwork processes. I mean, what you're describing is kind of what we all want, of course.

And maybe this gets into, I know we're going to talk about tokenized equities and tokenized stocks in a minute, but since we're talking about tokenized treasuries and the perspective of securities, when I go view, you know, on those tokenized securities, I'm in the U.S., So I'm hit with a geoblocker that basically says, sorry, Ryan, you're a U.S. citizen. You can't access your own country's capital markets on chain. You can't do it. I know that's not your fault.

If you guys could, you'd open it to everybody. You'd have this all available in defy. This is also the case with tokenized treasuries. Why is that the case? All right? I understand a little bit why it was the case back in 2023, 2024. You know, the crypto-native story is like Gary Gensler was there, and he really didn't like crypto.

He really didn't like us. Now we have a SEC that has a token, is it a crypto task force? Like they have something called Project Crypto. We know Hester Purse. We've had her on bankless many times. She's an architect of this. They could not be more friendly. They, it seems like, are actually interested in moving American capital markets.

to crypto and modernizing the Tradfai stack for the 21st century. That's amazing. We've never had that before. Maybe it's too early. But I'm asking, why can't U.S. citizens have tokenized treasuries and tokenized stocks on chain? Why is it always everybody else in Europe and other parts of the world? Why don't we get this? I don't think we will be blocking U.S. persons for too, too much longer for what it's worth. I mean, these things just take time. It really hasn't been very long at all. all, you know, in the scale of, you know, getting new regulatory actions approvals, you know, the SECs indicated very publicly, you know, as you know, openness, you know, to engage with

issuers on multiple different models for tokenization in the U.S. And, you know, we've certainly been a part of those discussions and, you know, expect to see some of those different models, you know, in the hopefully not too distant future. But guys, do we need an act of Congress? Because I don't want to wait for an act of Congress. It took a lot of like work to get the Stable Coin Act through. Is this something that SEC can just do? I think we pretty clearly don't generally. Okay. We don't need an act of Congress. So the existing regulatory bodies could just go through a process and, you know, green light this so we can have these tokenized securities in the U.S. You know, when they go through their process, right? This can happen in the next six months.

It could happen in the next 12 months. And to be clear, there are tokenized securities in the U.S. today. I mean, oh, USG, you know, our permission tokenized Treasury's product, you know, which you were talking about earlier, Ryan, like that is available in the U.S., but only to accredited investors. There are other tokenized securities available in the U.S. to retail. I mean, the Wisdom Tree tokenized funds, the Franklin Templeton tokenized funds are available to U.S. retail. Not that long ago, those tokens were very, very uninteresting in that they were like non-authoritative receipts of ownership, you couldn't do anything with.

Those asset managers have been making really great progress to get their tokens to be more useful. And you can actually self-custody them now. You know, you can send them between different allow listed wallets to affect changes in ownership. So there have been really exciting developments, some of which were even, you know, under the last SEC, towards, you know,

making those products available in the U.S. though, you know, that progress is very much continuing, where exemptive relief for clarity is generally needed isn't even around how to tokenize securities in the U.S., though there are, you know, some points of clarity that could be beneficial there. But it's more so around how distributors can get involved in, you know, reselling or making these sorts of assets available

around questions like what qualifies as a distributor or a broker dealer, right? Is a wallet or a front end for, you know, a Dex? You know, is that a distributor? So, you know, I think the part of why things have been slower in the U.S., frankly, is just like the retail value prop is a little bit less clear or is going to take more time to develop, especially. And that's also where there is a little bit of regulatory uncertainty. but all of that is certainly coming.

The retail value prop being less clear because what? We already have. Because U.S. retail membersers already have. Right. But they suck, Nate. What we're saying is they suck. But if you're just trying to like buy and hold, right? And you're not trying to like shop around for different margin rates and, you know,

use these assets as collateral for derivatives positions. Like if you're just, you know, really basic retail investor, like, Robin Hood is a great solution. Sure. I think they're, in order to really unlock the benefits, you need more of an ecosystem. And the involvement of that ecosystem is where we do need some regulatory clarity. Since you mentioned Robin Hood,

Robinhood, of course, is bringing some of their stocks on chain. So they have about 150, 160 billion in not on chain equities. and to the prospect of them coming on chain is a pretty big deal. They are launching an Ethereum layer two. Ondo, you guys, have just launched a tokenized stock offering as well. Now, of course, to disappoint U.S. listeners, there's only available outside of the U.S., so we'll stipulate. But as Nate and Ian said, they are bullish that this is coming to America sometime soon.

Let's talk about that category. We talked about stable coins, $270 billion. We've talked about treasuries, about $10 billion. Tokenized equities, tokenized stocks on chain, they are the smallest so far, the most nascent. This is a tiny, tiny market on chain. So at this point, the time of recording, there's about $400 million in tokenized stocks on chain.

And some of these are dominated by some silly things that just look more like experiment-to-type projects, right? There's something I think on the, what chain, I don't know, some chain is just like one stock. It's like not very interesting. But there have been experiments that seem a lot more like what you might find in a brokerage. So X-Stox is one of them. Denari, we talked to the founder.

Now, you guys launched something on Ando, and I think you launched with over 100 different assets. Let's talk about where tokenized stocks are right now and what you guys have launched. Yeah, we were very excited to launch it on the global markets platform last week. but as you rightfully point out, it's not the first one, right? We had a very large Robino announcement in June 30th, I believe. Same day X stocks launched. So clearly there's a lot of appetite to figure out how to tokenize stocks in ETS, which we very much welcome because we've been a proponent of that category for a while.

The thing when you look at the tokenized stocks category, the two things you just want to look at, number one is this permissionless bear instrument or not, or is it a Walt Garden, right? That kind of matters. The second one is, what is the liquidity available on these assets? And what is the price at which I can buy them in size and sell them in size? Those are the two key things that you want to look at. And I think for both of those dimensions, they're very, very important. Honda Global Markets is the first platform where the assets are both permissionless and you can buy these things in size at the right price, just the price that you can get in your normal brokerage account for buying and selling instantly.

So it does represent a pretty meaningful innovation. When you look at the Robin Hood offering, for example, I'm sure you can buy in size at the right price, but it is a Waldgarden approach. You can only, Robin Hood is only offering this to their own users and you cannot transfer these assets off platform. The X-stocks example is the most known example, I think, of the permissionless implementation. These assets are freely tradable on secondary markets, but the problems with the X-stocks model is that they really rely on these on-chain inventory pools, these decks pools that trade in and out of, and the liquidity and pricing available in those pools is pretty terrible, quite frankly. So a lot of people have bought, let's say, you know, Tesla X at the wrong price.

It's not the price of the underlying. And you can't just exit it in size because the slippage you would get on an order like that is incredibly meaningful. So a lot of people, I think, were very excited about the prospect of these permissionless stocks, but the implementation was such that the pricing of it was unreliable

and you can trade in and out in size. So on the global market, it does represent the first one where both are present, and that is the true innovation that we launched last week. I want to explore both of those because both of them are just unique problems

in of themselves. One being the permissionlessness, and then second being the liquidity. I think the liquidity thing is smaller of the two, so let's start there, and then I have a bunch of questions about the permission list of after that.

Isn't that just a problem, though, of a nascent market, as in Tradify, there are market makers, there are like just, you know, that's where all the bids and asks are. And on day one or week one or year one of on-chain tokenized securities, wouldn't you expect that to just be a very illiquid environment

that would become more liquid as more buyers come online, more supply comes online, and market makers all kind of come online. Or also a question, The question is, that, and then also, how are you guys bringing liquidity? What's that mechanism like? I mean, I think it's true that the market is nascent and can and may become more liquid over time,

but there are still very fundamental differences between the model we're pioneering with global markets and the X stocks model that lead to very different outcomes in terms of how, really how costly creating that liquidity is. So X-stocks is, I mean, it is effectively a rebrand of Backed Finance, you know, in partnership with Cracken and Backed has been around for a couple of years with, you know, this same model of relying on largely pre-funded liquidity venues in order for, you know, investors in the secondary market to get access. And, you know, this is really how most of crypto has traded to date where like trading and settlement are one in the same and pre-funding is required and we put all these assets somewhat passively in liquidity pools and you know wait for investors to come

around that really is not scalable to hundreds of different securities or thousands of different securities. I mean you can't have market makers holding inventory and like enormous supply like on every chain, you know, waiting around for buyers and sellers to come around. And that's not how trading and settlement work in Tradfai, right? I mean, there is sort of good reason for, you know, trades to be agreed upon, which, you know, at all sorts of different venues, you know, at different broker dealers and then for settlement to happen, you know, after the fact, only once the trade is agreed upon. Now, that's like a pretty long lag in Tradfy. We're able to make it, you know, seconds, even a fraction of a second instead of, you know, days.

But by supporting this kind of instant mint redeem where the trade is agreed and then, you know, a fraction of a second later we settle, you know, we are able to port like the full tradfied liquidity on chain more or less without needing market makers to be holding all this inventory. So like only when a user comes to us or comes to some secondary market platform, you know, and tries to buy a security, only then do we mint the token and buy the underlying stock to back the token. I see.

Okay, and so when it comes to actually, like the token itself being liquid off of your guys' platform, not your concern. Just normal animal spirits of on-chain markets, you know, the unoswaps or wherever people put them. But like, that's not the liquidity that you're referring to. You're referring to specifically the bridging of liquidity between Tradfai and.

And your guys' platform, is that correct? Well, they're very related, right? I mean, we don't provide liquidity on secondary markets. But the ability for other market participants to provide liquidity on secondary market venues is very, very tightly coupled to their ability to access liquidity in the primary markets. And, you know, as a practical matter, you know, there are a lot of market participants who are, you know, minting these tokenized securities from us.

on a real-time basis, you know, only after, you know, some purchase requests has been made on some other venue, you know, and reselling after the purchase has been made. Okay. Yeah. I understood. So, David, like, to put a finer point on that almost is like, imagine if you want to put a thousand stocks on chain, right? And you have to rely on these decks pools like what some of the others are doing. Let's say you need at least a million bucks, at least, right? For some assets, you want to get way, way more to get meaningful liquidity.

Immediately you're looking at a minimum of a billion dollars to just put a thousand different stocks in ETFs on chain. And then you probably have to put that on 10 different chains. So it just does not scale because all you're doing to Nate's point is reinventing liquidity that already exists elsewhere at a cost of capital that is enormous, particularly for these market makers. So no one's going to be willing to put that capital on chain, which is kind of what we've seen over the years with the backed finance model and increasingly,

with the X-stocks model. And as a result, that liquidity becomes thinner and thinner and thinner, and these assets start to depeg left and right, which is, again, what we started to see with X-stocks, where people are buying something they think is at the price at the right price, but it is not. Like, it's 10% depict. It's like buying a stable coin at $1.10.

Immediately, you're going to lose money. So no one wants that. The real way to put liquid markets in Tradfi on-chain is to essentially make sure that whoever wants to buy it on-chain can immediately tap into the liquidity that exists in TradFi already, and that essentially is the platform that we've built. Legally speaking, is the token an IOU for a security? Is it a true, is it the true security?

How does that work? Is it like a wrapper? What's the nature of the actual asset? It's actually a debt security that is secured by, collateralized by the underlying security itself, and that provides a return that tracks the underlying and we reinvest the dividends. So it's actually a total return tracker.

So if I own a stock that has dividends, I'm not getting the dividends, but the dividends go into the value of the token somehow? That's right. Yeah, the issuer will reinvest the dividends into more of the underlying stock. And we really do that to aid in composability with defy. Right, right, because dividends just break a lot of things.

Yeah. but the investors have a first priority security interest in the underlying shares. And so there's a third party collateral agent we call them that every day is like checking for sufficient collateralization of the tokens. And if we ever breach collateralization or a bunch of other terms of the debt, then the collateral agent has the ability and an obligation to actually like step in and, you know, seize the assets and, you know, take over. a kind of a wind-down process.

Interesting. And this actually, these are investor protections that we added to USDA back when we launched that, you know, a year and a half ago or so that we saw as lacking

from stable coins at the time that are like very common in traditional finance. So, you know, certainly anytime you like wrap a security in some new structure, there are structural, you know, operational,

legal, you know, counterparty risks that can be added. But Tradfai is very used to doing this and doing it very well, you know, in the securitization space. And so there are a lot of best practices, even around things like bankruptcy remoteness of the issuing entity itself, you know, to make sure that that would never get caught up in like a hypothetical onto finance ink bankruptcy, you know, it has an independent board of directors. You know, there's sort of arms like services agreements so that, you know, it's de-risk as much as possible, which is like, you know,

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This is a third that I think you didn't mention earlier that David was getting into, which is like, what are the property rights of you as an owner of this? And so you're describing this as kind of a, it's not quite the same as owning a stock in your brokerage, correct? Because if I own a stock in my brokerage, I have dividend rights,

I have the right to vote on, you know, basic, you know, equity's governance types of issues, that sort of thing. I don't get that. with the type of tokenized security that you're offering on chain. And that's different from the sort of the experiment that we saw last week, which was people were following this Galaxy Digital issued Galaxy, tokenized Galaxy shares on chain.

And this was more of a kind of, it gave you all the property rights, right? It was like a native asset. I mean, correct me if I'm wrong on this, but what are the kind of the property right guarantees and what's kind of the, where do you think this all fall? when we figure out what these tokenized assets actually are.

I mean, I think that voting rights are a little bit of a red herring. I mean, we certainly could pass voting rights through to end token holders if we wanted to. We just don't think there's, you know, much commercial demand for that. Yeah, I don't care about that. I would add that. You guys don't participate in governance? Come on. Works.

Yeah, I have a few too many other things to focus on. But, look, I mean, if you hold. securities in your, you know, Charles Schwab brokerage account. And it is a, you know, set up as a margin account, like pretty much everyone has so that, you know, as we were talking about earlier, ride, you don't have to wait, you know, for cash to settle, you know, and you sell a security before you can, you know, buy another one. Then ultimately what you have is an IOU to your broker, right? And so that is how, like, the vast majority of people in the U.S. hold their securities

anyways. So if you compare that to holding one of our tokens where what you have, is like a senior secured debt obligation that is one-to-one back by shares, you know, held in an SPV that does nothing but like hold these shares and issue these tokens and you have a collateral agent, you know, protecting those interests. I mean, that is tremendously less risky, I would argue and, you know, a whole lot of dimensions than holding stocks at a brokerage. But yeah, it is different than, you know, holding shares on the books of some, issuer. I mean, that is the, you know, the so-called native tokenization approach that some of the

industry advocate for. I think it introduces other risks, right? I mean, you start asking issuers themselves to, you know, track or have a transfer agent of theirs track the separation of shares issued and tokenized form versus non-tokenized form, you know, and are we really, you know, ultimately someone has to track that, you know, whether you're relying on. you know, the DTC or some broker dealer or custodian sitting on top the DTC, right? That's sort of the rat model. A public company issues all of its shares effectively,

and they're all held at the DTC, right? And then some custodian, you know, holds some of those shares at the DTC and then holds them in an SPV and issues tokens, right? And when you mint and burn tokens, you move the shares in and out of, you know, the SPVs box at some custodian. And, you know, custodians and the DTC are very used to doing all of this, right,

to tracking the transfer of shares between these different legal owners. The alternative and the native model, you know, you're relying on this new system, the issuer, or its TA, to track what's on chain versus not. And I think that has, you know, that has other risks of its own. Yeah, there's been a lot of conversation around the wrapper model, and we've come out pretty much in favor of that wrapper model for our tokenized stocks. And a lot of people then say, no, you have to natively tokenize. But I think what a lot of people are forgotten to an extent is that a stable coin's a wrapper,

and that was just fine. In fact, that it was a wrapper with terrible investor protections. And people are fine holding it, just fine. Like that stable coin is not the same legal rights as the cash in the bank account, but that was fine for a very long time. And as Nate articulated, the way we do tokenization in the wrapper model has a bunch of investor protections. that you never had it in a stable coin, and we could argue, quite frankly,

may are even better than what you would do if you hold a stock in a margin account in a traditional brokerage. And then the upsides are enormous, right? I mean, we could do this for anything that we can invest in. And that avoids a lot of the adverse selection that the native tokenization proponents have.

I mean, generally speaking, it's the issuers that can't raise, you know, capital in traditional form, that have been coming on chain to try to sell stuff to crypto natives or stable coins. And that's led to a lot of the like, you know, blowups with a lot of the on-chain lending,

you know, activities that happen in, you know, prior rural-world asset cycles, if you will. Yeah. I want to pause for a moment and kind of highlight over what we're talking about and why we're talking about it here, especially with this like native tokenization word. I'm pretty sure I understand what you guys mean by that,

which is like true one-to-one, not even a rapper, but an equivalent of like an Apple share is a token that is natively tokenized is an Apple share. It's on an IOU for an Apple share, but it is an actual itself is the share. And there's a bunch of problems with that. And it kind of goes back to blockchains and nation states just don't play nice together. And a native tokenization process to me like neuters some of the biggest most cool things about tokenization in the first place, which is complete transferability, permissionless transferability between participants, which if you don't have that, you can't put it in defy very well or really at all. The crypto bull in me wants like, oh, no, like, I totally

want clarity from the SEC to get native tokenization. And so we can have like, you know, put NASDAQ and the New York Stock Exchange on Ethereum. I want that. But also at the same time, I just know that the SEC is never going to allow permissionless, non-whitelisted ERC 20 tokens to also be true one-to-one securities because you have to have KYC. If it's native, you have to have KYC. There's no way they're not going to want to allow that. And so what maybe we do get guidance on what native tokenization looks like, but I could accept the argument that actually the native tokenization status of securities is actually not going to be the dominant pattern moving forward and it's actually going to be a rapper because we want these things to be

freely non-KYC transferable between all participants because then we get transferability, which we like, and we get full integration into defy rather than kind of like hacky integration into defy. And so maybe the, I don't know what you guys call it, non-native tokenization path, the wrapper path, is actually the dominant strategy that ultimately wins out. I know obviously you guys are a fans of that, but maybe you can kind of just comment on just like the difficulty of native tokenization and how blockchains don't play nice

and how maybe this just inevitably turns into just a wrapped system. Yeah, I mean, I'm not sure I'd go as far as to articulate it exactly in the way that you did. But if history is any indication, like a stable coin was a rapper that was a permissionless format that was integrated into defy, clearly had tremendous product market fit so that globally a lot of users

saw it as an easy way to get access to the US dollar and it cemented itself as a liquidity layer in this crypto on-chain economy. If a stable coin had originally been issued as true native cash sitting at a bank account, I'm pretty sure that evolution probably would not have happened.

And stable coins got so important that to your point, we have our, you know, Secretary Bessent is saying this market can grow to $3 trillion over time, and Congress just passed a bill that essentially cements the stable coin model as legal and the stable coin as legal tender. So I think there's a lot of learnings in how the stable coin model came to pass, how it grew, how it was structured, as mentioned, the stable coin is a wrapper. And I would not be surprised is to an extent the

on-chain, the brain on-chain U.S. capital market assets follow. a similar type of path ultimately. I remember listening to Nick Carter and Matt Walsh on their podcast on the brink. Back in something like 2020, their podcast has been around for a while. And they said something about stable coins that stood out to me at the time,

which is they were comparing USDC to PayPal. And maybe we all have PayPal accounts. And if I want to send you money from my PayPal account to your PayPal account, well, you have to be registered on the platform and KYC'd on the platform. Otherwise, there's no way for me to send you. money. That's not true with stable coins. And stable coins, that was a breakthrough innovation

with stable coins that I think we kind of have just come to take for granted these days where I can send you stable coins and you don't have to have account with anyone. You just have to have an Ethereum address and I can send you stable coins. And money has never been like that outside of cash until stable coins came around. I remember Matt and Nick talking about like this is actually not going, this is going to be illegal in the future. I remember them saying like, and they recently reflected on this on a recent podcast. Like, oh, there's no way the regulators are going to allow this. Enjoy your permissionless stablecoins while you can because eventually we're all going to have to KYC. And that's not what happened. Stablecoins just grew so large, so fast. And we just wedged

ourselves in. And like to me and my bankless values in cypherpunk interest is like, yeah, hell yeah. Like permissionless technology won. And hopefully maybe that's just the same way that tokenized securities plays out is this industry just grows so fast that there's just like user rights and property rights that happen that becomes status quo because the rapper model is actually just more aligned with how blockchains work. And this is kind of what bends the arc of regulation towards what I would consider like individual autonomy, individual freedom. Yeah.

I mean, I would say ultimately what the model that we have now with on the global markets and the product structure that these tokens have, it does combine very, very good investor protections as well as the ability to innovate on chain with these assets, right? And even from an SEC's perspective or the broader U.S. government perspective, they're not against, you know, innovation and the like,

quite the contrary. They want innovation in U.S. capital markets if they want to do it in a responsible way and in a way that you can actually have investor protections, and ideally in a way that doesn't mess too much with the existing system as it currently stands. And the nice thing about this wrapper model in the way that Andova has implemented it, with all of the investor protections,

the wrapper being tokenized debt instruments, the third-party collateral agent, everything being fully backed, yet it's still being permissionless assets, is that you actually do get a lot of what it is that you would want to see in a model with permissionless innovation, very good investor protections, and because of the wrapper model, not too much interference with the system that currently exists.

So I think the added benefit of the model that we have is even a U.S. regulator may look at that and say, that's fine, let it play out, see if there's any real demand. Yeah, I mean, what we're doing definitely could be extended to, you know, a native tokenization model, right? I mean, it's all just sort of a reference point, but there's no reason why, you know, an operating company couldn't go out and issue directly from, you know, its own corporate entity, you know, securities that are

in, you know, effectively bare, I guess fashion just like, you know, our global market securities are, right? I mean, the tokens that the global markets entity, the SPV issues are, you know, native with respect to the SPV itself. It's just that the SPV is in the business of, you know, holding other securities and issuing these tokens. So, you know, I think more than anything, we, are advancing the wrapper model, not because it's what allows us to get to permissionlessness, though it does, but really because it's what allows us to scale

without the consent of every issuer so that we can offer, you know, exposure to the whole landscape of all publicly traded securities or, you know, those that, you know, our investors actually want, you know, in one go. Okay, so we covered the property rights of this thing. I want to go back to the liquidity for a minute. and I think I understand the liquidity story

of how you guys are doing this. It's almost like a just in time minting, if you will, if that makes sense. So I buy 100K worth of Tesla, let's say, and it's not already pre-provisioned. At the time that I buy it, you guys are minting it effectively. And so it's lower cost of capital. And I believe some of the infrastructure here,

you guys are using intents for this on Ethereum, which is all the intense infrastructure if people are familiar with that, thankless listeners, being leveraged, that's kind of what you're tapping into here. Do you have a question on that? And maybe you get back to the intents, but I do have a general question. Okay, these markets, though, they're not open 24 hours a day, at least the equities markets. Of course, we know crypto is.

Do your markets have to close at night, too? Or do you have to keep banker hours? Or what do you do during the off hours? If I, on Saturday night, decide to buy my Tesla or sell it, are you able to connect to the underlying infrastructure and like do the thing where you're you're minting or burning it? We support 24-5 minting and burning. So U.S. markets have evolved to enable 24-5 trading, which is really defined as 8 p.m. Eastern on Sunday until Friday, 8 p.m. Eastern as well.

So you do get that 24-5 window. Most people at a Robin Hood account are used to trading 24-5 at this point. And our platform taps into the same liquidity sources as what a Robin Hood. would use. So what happens to the value of those assets in the off hours then? Like the time when, I mean, during the weekends, let's say. That's, you know, part of the seven, not the five. Yeah, the moment the market close, it's at the close price.

And then at that point, you know, there's no additional movement in TradFi. So normally that stock would not move in price until market's open again. But I can still take that token. I can still sell it on Uniswop or wherever, right? Anyone can deploy a permission sticks pool with these assets. and then over the weekend, you are correct, that that price may diverge. So we've created market discovery during the weekend.

Price discovery happens on-chain now. Yeah. Yeah, I mean, one of the value props, quite frankly, that a lot of the centralized exchanges and the like that want to list these assets, everyone is very excited about 24-7 markets. And sometimes we do have to tell them as like, that's great.

If you have inventory on your platform and you have market makers willing to make markets, then you can go for 24-7 all you want. We cannot support finting and burning over the weekend, but as long as there's inventory on chain and a market maker willing to make markets, then that works. And it's very cool, though. It's very cool.

And it's something that I don't think is sufficiently highlighted where some of the very, very large stratify market makers are seeing the tokenization of these stocks in ETS as a way to move towards 24-7 markets. Because the moment some of these large centralized exchanges decide to adopt these assets, their user base is used to trading 24-7. And so some of these market makers are preparing for that eventuality and are really spinning up, you know, weekend desks trying to figure out how to do these 24-7 pricing of these assets, fully anticipation of large centralized crypto exchanges, starting to list them.

And that will act as a flywheel source of demand, basically, because if crypto is the only place where you can trade effectively and do market discovery on the weekends, then there's going to be more minting of the assets during the weekdays, of course. in order to expand that market so you could do more price discovery and trading over the weekends, right? This is an example of actually crypto leading

tradfi and offering functionality that they won't have and using that as a flywheel to grow the market. I think that's right. And it's uniquely enabled by blockchains that can operate 24-7,

no problem. Let's talk about, okay, so liquidity, we got that, we got the property rights. Can we go back to permissionlessness? So we've said it could be in exchanges.

But when you guys are saying permissionless, these, if I go, and I mint Tesla shares, okay? And they're in my, well, I guess I can't do this. So if I was European and I went and I did this. You're Canadian today. I don't know if it's available in Canada either.

So like if I was in another jurisdiction and I minted this, I had these assets in my wallet, you're telling me there's no restrictions. I can do whatever I want. I'd spin up a uniswap pool with them. I could send them to whomever I want. It's like just as permissionless as USDC in my crypto wallet. Yeah.

I mean, there are certain compliance restrictions that we have to enforce, like what a stable coin does with the old fax sanctions oracles and the like. So we do have the ability to freeze these assets. But the main reason why we structured them as permissionless bare instruments is exactly to your point, such that people can use these things in defy, no problem. Okay, so AVE loan is totally possible on Tesla shares? If you want to put up a governance proposal, I'll happily put it on that. Wow.

Some of these things will take time, obviously. Yeah, yeah. So how big is this right now? So you guys have opened this up on Ethereum right now. I think I saw something like 60 million in tokenized assets. Yeah, I think we broke 70 today, but give or take. Okay. So, you know, one week post launch, we did surpass.

stocks in TBL. Wow. Okay. And then so what can I buy? Can I buy all the big U.S. companies? I can buy, can I buy, you know, indices as well, you know, the spy, something like that? Can I buy NAS? Can I buy QQQ? I do all these things. Spy is the most popular asset right now. So you can buy all the major stocks. You can buy the major ETFs. The benefit of our model, too, is it's actually very easy to put additional assets on chain because we don't have to reinvent liquidity, right? We just tap into the traditional financial markets. So you'll see us put more assets on chain with a regular drumbeat because it is very easy for us to do. All it takes truly is a contract deployment. And at that point, you know, people via the intent system can purchase it again. And for the

best price and liquidity, we just tap into the traditional financial markets. Why did you guys start with Ethereum? Great question. I think it was twofold. Number one is, and I think you posted something about this recently, when you, look just at total TVL of RWA's, Ethereum is by far the leader. So there is a lot of existing liquidity available, particularly in the form of stable coins. But there's also a DFI ecosystem. I mean, DFI was invented on Ethereum. So over time, if you're going to be structuring these assets like permissionless bear instruments, you might as well do that in the home of DFI so that an ecosystem can grow around it. As Nate mentioned, ultimately more

utility on these assets conform to make the tokenized version truly better than what exists in a Tradfai account. I think the third reason really is the intense architecture that existed on Ethereum that truly was required for us to put the liquidity on chain with just in time liquidity as we discussed. The intense architecture on Ethereum is by far the most advanced of any other blockchain. So it truly lends itself quite uniquely to putting traditional financial assets on chain and really building that bridge between Dratify liquidity and a blockchain really starting on Ethereum. As we get more and more tokenized stocks on chain, I think we're going to be able to see a

bigger picture for how the nature of these assets just differ from what we're used to because if I open up my brokerage, Robin Hood, and I open up the stocks that I own, I got two buttons. I got buy and sell. And maybe there's a third. Maybe I can margin. I can margin two. I got three buttons to do things with my token. stocks. When they're on Ethereum, you have all of Defi, which is something that no stock has ever

seen before. Stocks have not seen Defi. And that's kind of like the theme of what we're all kind of doing here in the second half of 2025 is like, stocks meet DFI. Defi meet stocks. That's what's interesting to me. And that's what makes sense about stocks on Ethereum is like we can already exchange. Like we already have the swap button in TradFi. We can already do all of the trading. That's like, we're not like, yeah, we can do it on chain and that's kind of cool, I guess. But really, to me, the exciting thing for me is integrating stocks inside of a very rich, vibrant DeFi ecosystem where you're like, yeah, you can send stocks, you can sell stocks. I don't think on an on-chain context is going to be the best at providing liquidity and swap

features for stocks for a very long time because there's so much liquid momentum behind the Tradfi markets. like maybe we can get app parity to it pretty damn soon. But that's not really what I see as like the main quest here. The main quest is putting stonks onto defy apps. And I'm just, once again, on my soapbox here. But like that's what I see as like why stocks will come on chain specifically on Ethereum. I'm wondering if this resonates with you as like, is this to me the main kind of quest line for tokenized stocks?

Maybe it's also trading. What do you guys see here? I think yes and no. I mean, I think it's easy to get overly excited. about all the things that one can do in defy, but there's a lot of innovation for innovation's sake, and there's a lot of, like, very complicated, you know, financial engineering. And I don't think that, like, most investors are actually trying to do complicated,

like, interest rate swaps and structure products and, like, long-tail derivatives, you know, on their stock portfolio. At the very least, we're very early in, you know, bringing stocks on chain to be super focused on enabling those sorts of use cases. I think you're right to observe that on-chain infrastructure is not really going to create, like, better liquidity than, you know, already exists for stocks, at least in the short to medium term. And that's why we're very focused on, you know, porting traditional liquidity on chain. So we, in terms of what defy applications are interesting to us, I mean, we are trying to keep it simple. So we're really trying to provide the kind of rates, the terms, the experience to some degree that an institutional client of a large U.S. Prime Brokridge Desk has to effectively like permissionless global investors.

And, you know, one area where retail gets kind of scam today is on cost of capital for leverage. right, if you want to lever up your stocks in your brokerage account in the U.S., the vast majority of big name brokerages, you pay like many percentage points of premium on top of the risk-free rate, whereas if you're an institution, the spread is very minimal, right? I mean, it's very low risk to lend against liquid public securities. So, like, you know, institutional repo markets where these things are accepted as collateral have like a tiny spread over the risk-free rate.

So, you know, it's not live yet, but one of the things we're working on is, is effectively bringing that very cheap cost of capital in our case against, you know, tokenized stocks on chain. You can imagine a lending protocol architecture being used, you know, in conjunction with maybe an RFQ, you know, execution environment for the delivery of that sort of experience to global on-chain investors. So I think a lot of what we do about Ando is like repurposing tech, which in this case is like a lending protocol, you know, an RFQ decks, et cetera, for traditional markets. So I totally get that. I do think what part of what David's getting to is like all the defy innovation that we already have. You guys are basically issuers, right? So if you're a tether or a USDC or a circle or something like that, you just issue this table coin. That's all you worry about.

And then all of defy gets to figure out. all of the various ways the market finds value and using that particular asset. And that's what you guys are doing. I mean, I for one, the way I can't take my ether and buy Tesla right now. There's no way for me to do that, much less on a Saturday at like 10 p.m.

I can't do that right now. When Ryan does his trading. Not that I ever would. But I mean, so that is now possible just because why, Defi just makes it possible. It's like totally native. you guys are issuers in that situation. Turning a stock into basically what is essentially an API endpoint for a

solidity developer to do anything with. Defi got that. Defi made that available to people in 2015, 2017. Whenever we invented the ERC20 token. We've never had that available for stocks. And now stocks are a money Lego that defy developers can do anything with. And that is cool. That has always been like the golden goose, the North Star that we've been trying to get

to. and having that and like allowing creativity, which is just a weird word to combine with stocks, allowing that to flourish, I think is pretty exciting. Oh, I agree. And what does it even mean to be an asset manager or how you create products? I think that's all going to change

once you have these individual stocks floating around on, you know, rails that allow for permissionless innovation, how we think about a robo advisor, wealth advisory more broadly. whether that can operate 24-7, the type of products that you can very easily spin up. I mean, recently I wanted to invest in defense ETF, and I just looked at whether it was available.

And I found one that looked pretty good, but then I was like, hey, I want Palantir in this, and it didn't have Palantir. But if I then want to go and ask an asset manager, can you create a new product for me that automatically gives me exposure to these stocks plus Palantir? Like, good luck. And me doing that myself from a passive investment standpoint,

I don't want to have to deal with that. But if all these things live on chain, all of a sudden, I'm sure someone's going to spin up some sort of chat GPT interface, where it's essentially like I can tell it what I want to invest in, and it just spins up a vault that automatically rebalances with whatever it is that I want, right? So this level of innovation and personalization that I think we're going to see in investing really enabled by these, I love your point around these permissionless Lego blocks in the form of individual stocks, I think that's going to surprise,

quite a few people. Very cool. Another thing we're wrapping our heads around at this point in the market is as all of these real world assets come on chain, you know, treasuries and stable coins as we've seen and now equities and stocks, of course, is what chains will benefit the most from this or how will the different, you know, like chains change? As you mentioned, you know, I did look at this this morning. Ethereum right now is kind of dominant in real world assets. It was actually, you know, pretty surprising. Ethereum has about 70% of all real world assets because it has the bulk of stable coins as well. L2s have a small portion of that. Then if you look at the EVM, so Ethereum virtual machine, it's like 93%.

So there's some network effects at play for Ethereum, particularly if you include EVM. There's also been a trend where we've seen some corporate layer ones kind of spin up and develop, right? So Stripe announced tempo, that's going to be an EVM, but it's its own layer one. Arc, our circle has arc, again, stablequin. These are real world assets, and some of these issuers are coming up with their own layer ones. I believe Ondo also has a layer one. I don't know if that's still in TestNet, or if you guys have fully ruled that out.

But I think that's EVM. I also think it's a layer one, if I'm correct in this. So can you talk about what's going on? So what assets, where will our open, permissionless, fully decentralized public networks like Ethereum, where will they play? Whereas where will, you know, corporate L1s? Where does the, the, the, the, the, Ondo L1 play? And how do these kind of markets, or how do these,

how do these various ledgers kind of work together and like, who does what? Yeah. It's a very good question and clearly a hot topic for debate. I mean, I think it's going to, what you're seeing now is a lot of these issuers looking at the infrastructure that they need for a particular use case and saying, you know, Ethereum, Solana, some of these other public blockchains are great, but if I really want

to design it in such a specific way to enable specific things with a block time that I can control, a latency that I can control, add some bells and whistles from a privacy perspective, or do the right things that I really need as the issuer, that's why they want the L1. And when you're dealing with RWAs more broadly anyway, the trust assumptions that you have in a particular asset are very different than when you're dealing with crypto in the first. place. So I actually don't think that it is that bad that a lot of these issuers are designing their own chain. As you mentioned, we were one of the earlier ones, I think, to announce the fact that we were designing our own chain with the onto L1 that is also EVM, but that was really supposed to be

a purpose-built environment that made it very easy to issue tokenized stocks, ETFs, securities more broadly with a couple of bells and whistles. But then these assets, once they're on this L1 network, they can freely go to the entire, you know, Ethereum and other public blockchains. We've issued all of our assets as Lira Zero OFTs in part because we expect these assets to go to wherever the users are and to wherever there is a vibrant defy ecosystem that can support these things. So I think it's just another sign of us evolving to a multi-chain world where certain chains are going to be more specialized for a particular use case. the Andro chain will be very much designed for equities and ultimately brokerage, prime brokerage, more broadly.

But it doesn't mean that our assets or that we're not a big fan of Ethereum, right, we issued the on global markets first on Ethereum because its intense infrastructure is so good and liquidity available is great. So I think we're just moving towards an omni chain world where different environments are going to be optimized for different things. but ultimately, I think the overall innovation and distribution of these assets will become better for it because you're just going to be able to do what it is that you need on a particular environment. I mean, take the case of defy, and I promise I'll stop in just a second, but defy in its current state, David, you mentioned earlier in my brokerage account, there's a buy, a sell, and a margin button. But you can very easily get margin on a thousand different stocks in ETFs. Defi right now is not really designed to give you margin on a thousand.

thousand assets all at once, right? It's just not built that way. So what if you can design an L1 so that it's very easy to do margin or prime brokerage more broadly instantly across a thousand different assets? There are certain L1s that will not be designed that way, and that's fine. But it means that we as the asset issuer and the use cases that we have in mind for our roadmap, that's what we have to build for. What are the like design properties of a layer one that unlocks that. Because my understanding is you can kind of do anything with any app layer. What's the unique feature of a layer one that unlocks that ability? Well, I wouldn't say you can do anything with an app layer alone. Like the latency of a particular

network is something that you're going to struggle to work around. I think the privacy components of a particular network, you're also going to have difficulty working around. And there's a couple more examples of just how you design network security and the like that you may not be able to do just on any L1. So there are, I think, limitations to the network that you wish you on, but I don't think that that is a problem.

I don't think a single L1 is going to be able to please everyone and everything. We're already seeing that, quite frankly, with Ethereum and Solana and some of the things that they're optimizing for differently. And that's fine.

I think that's totally fine, and that's the world that we're going to live in. What we have to figure out, though, is how these different L1s and different stacks really communicate one another so that we don't fragment everything away because then, you know, some people will say,

did we really solve the mess of trapfi if all we're going to end up is these islands of liquidity that don't talk to one another because that's the current state in trapfire. Yeah, it's like as if some ecosystem should stitch all the chains together. Yeah, I mean, to some degree,

that is one of the goals of auto chain. I mean, we're trying to make it easy for issuers to go multi-chain and come to Ethereum, Solana, you know, B&B chain, like the broader public block chain ecosystem. You know, there's a lot to manage for an issuer, you know, a lot of pain points

that we've experienced and bringing our assets to a whole bunch of different chains. And those complexities are only greater now that we have, you know, this kind of increasingly complicated infrastructure around managing, you know, instant minted burns for, you know, potentially thousands of different assets. So we view onto chain as a hub where issuers can bring assets for the first time. And then, you know, we'll port them to the broader ecosystem. And, you know, I think that the latency point is certainly a very important one.

I mean, we have to price in, you know, reorg risk. We have to price in, you know, Mempool front running and other things that kind of impact the experience for, you know, and investors on public Ethereum that, you know, may not be appropriate for all use cases. Can I push you guys a little further on this because I think it's somewhat interesting. We actually recently hosted a debate between two professors and one was of the opinion that real world assets don't belong on public immutable blockchains at all. and his point was basically like immutability for real world assets is a bug.

It's not a feature. Your crypto-native assets, it's a feature. But for real-world assets, what happens if somebody hacks the account and, you know, grandma's Tesla shares end up in, you know, Lazarus Group, North Korea, right? Like, well, that's like a bad outcome. And of course, the real-world asset issuer is not going to honor that, for instance. They don't belong on public blockchains. The other was arguing that no, actually, public blockchains are exactly the type of neutrality that we need and that basically all of the industries will kind of, you know, will agree to coordinate to use something neutral.

And again, if we want to end up with something that's not like Tradfai, everyone has an independent kind of ledger, then we're going to have to use the same state at some level. What do you guys think? Do you think public chains are the place? will they tend to attract the most liquidity? Is like mutability decentralization? Is that a feature for real world assets? Or is the critique right that it's actually a bug? I guess let's take this in turn.

I mean, on the first argument being made that public blockchains are not the right place because real world asset transaction should not be immutable, I mean, you don't need a permission blockchain in order to have transaction reversibility. I mean, certainly that could be done. you know, at the token contractor application layer. And I think the, in terms of whether reversibility is required, I think that very clearly just depends on, you know, the preferences of the parties transacting, right? And, you know, that hinges on the size of the transaction,

you know, the use case, you know, the, you know, familiarity of the counterparties with each other. And, you know, no different than we see in tradfai, you know, all sorts of different, you know, settlement times, reversibility tradeoffs, et cetera. I mean, you know, differences, between a wire transfer ACH. And so I think pretty clearly many market participants, you know, as we've seen with stable coins, you know, which are real estate, do choose, you know, the instant settlement, you know, at the cost of transaction reversibility.

So I think we'll certainly see, you know, a spectrum there. And, yeah, I think, you know, making rural asset transactions reversible for some period of time is something we'll see more and more. And that is one of the benefits of separating trading from settlement, you know, like it's done in Tradfai so that you have, you know, at least a few hours or, you know, once a day or some period of time to, you know, correct for errors. In terms of, you know, the sort of broader question, I mean, I think before we can even answer it, we need to align on what we're even talking about. Like, there isn't a binary like, public. versus permission chain, right? I mean, you can insert permissioning at so many different layers in the stack, right? Like, permissioning the ability to deploy code,

to view the block explorer, to run a validator, you know, to have a wallet. And, you know, in the case of ondo chain, like the validators will be permissioned in large part because that's helpful from a compliance perspective for some of the more highly regulated activities that we're targeting, particularly in broker-dealer land. You know, it's not necessary for

a lot of activities, as we've seen asset managers, you know, can bring tokenized securities to public chains. But, you know, broker-dealers, when they're processing transactions on behalf of clients, you know, they have a responsibility to ensure, you know, proper routing, best execution, you know, that their client's orders aren't being front-run. You know, these can be a little bit problematic from a legal compliance perspective in a system where there's permissionless validators where there's, you know, malicious MEV going on, you know, sort of able to address those by permissioning the validators and that's helpful, you know, for certain applications. But we're able to still have code deployment be permissionless, have having a wallet be permissionless.

And so, you know, I'd argue from a practical perspective on no chain still is kind of a public blockchain, right? And a lot of blockchains that we might think of as public blockchains and crypto today have like basically permission validator sets anyways. And so I don't know, Ian, maybe you have other thoughts to add. But yeah, I find it kind of a, I mean, I saw the debates when I'm exactly where you're talking about. Just looking at stable coins, I think that settles the debate. Stable coins flourished on a public permissionless chain. They were not structured as some sort of permission asset. They had some compliance controls and they were able to flourish with that model. It wasn't a permissioned rollout at all. And to the extent that there were questions around

the legality of that model and what to do, what an issue we're supposed to do, that's in part what the Genius Act was designed to address. So I kind of don't really think it's a debate. I think RWAs can very much flourish on published permissionless chains. That's where all the innovation happened. Like fundamentally, this is about permissionless access or global access, which clearly was needed for a stable coin and for other RWA's as well, as well as innovation and how you design DFI around something like that

so that it becomes something better than TratFi. So if you fundamentally believe that an RWA cannot truly operate on a permissionless chain, I'd almost say what's the point? And when you look at the history of the RWA sector so far, it has clearly demonstrated

that RWA's on public permissionless chains can very much flourish, can bring about very big, innovations and now have been blessed by the U.S. Congress with the Genius Act. Very cool. Guys, as we close this out, maybe I have one question. Both of you are from Wall Street. What does Wall Street think about all this stuff? Like, are they, do they understand what's coming? Are they tokenization bulls? It seems like they're starting to wake up to stable coins, but do they know what is about to hit them? I don't think they really do, if I'm being honest.

But at the same time, a lot of them have actually been preparing for this moment to give them credit. And now with increasing regulatory clarity, I'm very bullish on what a lot of these asset managers in particular and now even some banks are starting to do. And we had on to have never really taken the position that what we're doing is to replace all the banks and fatfyes. It's really to augment the entire system so that it can move on chain and become a better version of itself. and really enable global access, global innovation at a scale that wasn't possible before. So we're very happy to be working with quite a few of the tradfives. I think, Ryan, you mentioned, you know, Fidelity just did their first money market fund on chain. They're the largest money market fund issuer in history.

Ondo seeded the fund. When you look at it as $200 million in it, that's our OUSG Capital. So it was a partnership between us and Fidelity to really make sure that they could be off to a flying start. that's just one example. We did a pilot with JPM earlier this year to really connect their ConnectSys platform to the onto chain test net to make sure that there could be 24-7 flows

between TratFi and on-chain environments. So we're very happy to be working with Trat-Fi's and help them bring on-chain. But to answer your question, do a lot of them truly know what's coming? No, but quite frankly, I barely know what's coming in crypto half the time. What do you guys think is going to happen?

So if we were to project this forward to 2030. What do you think capital markets? What do you think Tradfai looks like? What do you think Wall Street looks like? How much in value do we have in tokenized assets just in general? I mean, we're at, we're still under a trillion, right? We're a quarter of a trillion right now. How big does this get? How fast does it happen? And what does the future look like? That's a tricky answer, tricky question to answer. Because I think what we've seen so far is the adoption of this space really works with the hockey stick, right? So it's almost like you're doing a lot of prep and for a while nothing really happens and there's a little bit of adoption. But then all of a sudden, the right components are in place. I think with Stablecoin that end up being the defy ecosystem that formed. And all of a sudden there was just this hockey stick growth of the asset so that it now is, you know, 280 billion and continuing to grow because we're more and more people's minds. The Stablecoin is a good way to get access to the U.S. dollar. and I'm sure over time we'll see the same thing with U.S. Treasuries, U.S. stocks, and U.S. CTFs.

So it's going to be very interesting to see. I'm not sure I have a number for you, but I do feel pretty confident that, you know, five years from now, 2030, a lot of people who open up an investment account for the first time, it will be on, on chain rails, on blockchain rails, and they'll be able to hold equities, crypto, really whatever asset class that it is they want to hold and be able to transact in it 24-7. That's great. Gentlemen, thank you so much following your efforts to tokenize equities with great interest and other securities with great interests. You're doing fantastic work. Thanks so much for sharing on bankless today. Thanks so much. It's been a pleasure. Thanks for having us on.

Really appreciate it. Got to let you know, bankless listener. Of course, you know, none of this has been financial advice. Cryptos risky. So are stocks. You lose what you put in, but we're headed west. This is the frontier. It's not for everyone. But we're glad you're with us in the bankless journey. Thanks a lot.