Behind the Bastards - CZM Rewind: Harlon Carter: the Man Who Militarized the Cops and the NRA

Episode Date: June 19, 2025

Originally aired June 2022 Robert is joined by Matt Lieb to discuss Harlon Carter and NRA.  SOURCES: https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/04/27/meet-the-2-texans-who-took-over-the-nra-and-made-the-gun-rights-group-a-feared-and-powerful-force/%3foutputType=amp  https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/22/us/harlon-b-carter-longtime-head-of-rifle-association-dies-at-78.html  https://www.linktv.org/the-legacy-of-the-texas-rangers-a-look-at-the-long-history-of-violence-at-the-border  https://timeline.com/harlon-carter-nra-murder-2f8227f2434f  https://bostonreview.net/articles/america-as-a-tactical-gun-culture/ https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/04/us/hard-line-opponent-of-gun-laws-wins-new-term-at-helm-of-rifle.html  https://nraontherecord.org/harlon-carter/ https://medium.com/epic-magazine/sons-of-guns-a250e6637593  https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/23/battleground-america  https://scholar.colorado.edu/downloads/s1784m73m  https://addran.tcu.edu/history/files/Dissertation-Prospectus-2.pdf  http://web.archive.org/web/20190331211610/http://www.davekopel.com/NRO/2000/Misfiring-at-Harlon-Carter.htm  https://newhampshirebulletin.com/2022/05/31/how-nra-evolved-from-backing-1934-ban-on-machine-guns-to-where-it-is-now-commentary/  https://www.thetrace.org/2020/01/gun-industry-legal-immunity-plcaa/  https://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2013/02/gun-violence  https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-02-28/how-defective-guns-became-the-only-product-that-can-t-be-recalled  https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005LW0MNW/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

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To hear this and more on identity, inclusivity, and the power of being seen, listen to Good Game with Sarah Spain, an iHeart women's sports production in partnership with Deep Blue Sports and Entertainment on the iHeart radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Presented by Capital One, founding partner of iHeart Women's Sports. Marsha P. Johnson is the trans icon of the queer movement, and it's time to listen to her. I want to be one of the world's biggest drag queens. Today, you can buy t-shirts with her face on them,

but her death in 1992 was never solved. I'm dying, dying, dying. Hear how Marsha's life and legacy reshaped our world. Just get your heart ready. Listen to Afterlives on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey everyone, Robert here, and we're on reruns this week. So we're deciding to rerun two episodes with you, cutting multiple parts into a single episode, reducing some ads and getting some ears on some topics that have unfortunately only become more relevant as time has gone on.

And this week, we're talking about one of the founders of Border Patrol as an organization and institution and one of the men who was behind the start of the NRA and its growth into what it has become today. Like with the DHS, these episodes have only gotten more relevant as time has gone on. And it's very important that we get them in front of as many people as we can.

So please listen and I don't know, enjoy seems like the wrong word, but enjoy. Matt, how are you doing today? I'm good, man. I just got married. You did just get married. I got married to former guest Francesca Fiorentini, you know? Yeah, one of our favorite guests with our least favorite. Oh shit! Oh, how dare you, motherfucker? I'm just being an asshole, we love you. I love you. That's why I've brought you on

to read you a 12,000 word script about. Ooh, a script? Oh, a script, that's right, Matt, because I do love you and we have such a good time talking. And I wanted to celebrate that you have embarked on this new chapter of your life. Yeah, love, I got love in my life. By making you very sad.

Yeah, actually this is the perfect palate cleanser to a weekend of joy. That's right, that's right. Coming on this podcast and just being just torn to shreds emotionally. Because there's gonna be no joy here. Matt. Yeah?

How do you feel, how do you feel? How do you feel? First off, I guess have you ever heard of a motherfucker named Harlan Carter Harlan Carter. I don't think so. Okay. Okay Is that Jimmy Carter's brother? Oh boy, not at all. That would be Billy Carter and Billy Carter will be on our episode behind the heroes I thought you're gonna ruin ruin that guy because he seemed pretty dope. Can you imagine back when the biggest scandal a president had? Was that like his brother made bad beer? Right.

What a time. Yeah. What an administration. Yeah, it was just like, hey, his brother's too cool. Yeah. Dudes were not supposed to rock this much. That was, you know, that was the biggest scandal yet. We gotta get this guy out of the White House

and put in a dude who's gonna do part of a genocide. Anyway, Matt, how do you feel about the proliferation of firearms in American society? I'm pro. Okay. I think, you know, the more guns, the better. Obviously, uh, nothing, you know, uh, the only thing that

stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun. I think we all know that. Um, and I think it's super cool. Or 19 good guys with guns stacked outside of a classroom for 78 minutes. Exactly, dude. Just kind of sitting around waiting to be like,

oh, I can't wait to be a hero. I'll just give it another 45 minutes. You've got to clock in first. Yes. So it's interesting. It's fun that we got to the incompetent militarization of police, because this is a thing, one of the things that's frustrating,

obviously you and I may have some slightly different attitudes towards firearms, but I'm frustrated with American gun culture, which I think is primarily toxic, and also the culture of police militarization, which is 100% toxic. And the guy we're gonna talk about today, Harlan Carter, is the dude who started both of those things.

He's the guy who started militarizing the police and he's the guy who made the NRA. So, it is, Sophie's got a picture of him. He looks like, he looks like who you would cast if you were putting Kingpin, that like comic book villain. He looks like Kingpin. Like he literally looks exactly like Kingpin. He looks so mean.

Oh my God. And I, spoiler. I'm sorry for body shaming the NRA guy. I would prefer any gangster to, it's not even body shaming, he just looks like, like his neck is the width of his ears. No, he's like a literal dickhead. Like it is the most dickheadish head I've ever seen.

He is a chode, someone poured into a suit. I'm pretty sure, I'm pretty sure that this is what Joe Rogan was like. I want this, and then that's where he based his style off of. Yes. Someone has been cutting Joe Rogan's HGH with lemon juice just to try to keep him from getting too huge. But if Joe got the amount of HGH that he intended to shoot into his testicles, this is how he would look.

Yeah, he would look like this guy. His neck would be even thicker. He's exactly the way you are picturing him in your mind, listeners. He does kind of look like, because Alex Jones has that thick neck, but he's smaller. And Joe Rogan's got that big muscle guy head.

If like Joe Rogan and Alex Jones, if you like in vitro fertilized, like cut their sperm in half and like merged them together with the egg from like a dead California condor, you would get Harlan Carter. What's better is this painting of him where he literally looks like Dr. Evil. He does, he does look like Dr. Evil. Who shit. He does look like Dr. Evil.

Who painted him? I don't know. A lot of people. He's a very important person. A lot of people that we would not get drinks with. Fair. So we're gonna have to start by discussing the history of gun control in the United States.

And because this is the United States, that also started with white supremacy. I can only, yes, like just from, this is just a guess, but I bet you gun control laws that have been enacted were mostly racist. Yeah, it's one of those things, when you get these arguments online

where like people will be like, gun culture is white supremacist, and it's like, yeah, an awful lot of it is, and then folks who are pro-gun will be like, well, gun control is white supremacist, and you're both right, because it's the United States of America. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.

It's like people talking about like, oh, well, the Democratic Party used to be, like was a white supremacist party for a very long time. And it's like, yes. Both major US parties are primarily rooted in white supremacy. 100%, and it's always super weird that, you know, Yes, both major US parties are primarily rooted in white supremacy 100% It's always super weird that you know

Whenever someone is just like no, and it's like what why are you you don't need to be so attached to being a Democrat that You're just gonna refuse to believe that it's this doesn't make an argument One way or the other about gun control because like you could say, like zoning laws have a lot of the rooting in white supremacy. It doesn't mean zoning shouldn't exist. Because fundamentally, yeah, factories maybe shouldn't be in the same place as apartment complexes. But that also that like, yeah, anyway, whatever. We're gonna do our Robert Downs episode.

Hell yeah, we're doing gun control. We're doing CRT on this podcast. This is gonna be- A little bit, yeah. We're getting into a lot of stuff, but we're gonna be talking a Jones episode. Hell yeah, we're doing gun control, we're doing CRT on this podcast. This is gonna be. A little bit, yeah, we're getting into a lot of stuff, but we're gonna be talking a shitload about the Border Patrol. But first, let's talk a little bit about the history of gun control in the United States.

Obviously, 1619, thereabouts, is when the first African enslaved people are brought to the United States. Well, it wasn't the United States then, but you know what I'm saying, right? Yeah, yeah, yeah. The colonies against their will. And not that long after, in 1680,

which is pretty quick considering how slow things went back then, the Virginia Assembly passed one of, if not the earliest, gun control laws in the colonies. Now this law did not restrict the ability of white people to be armed. It might even be more accurate to say it wasn't gun control, but weapons control. But this law passed in 1680,

made it a crime for any African American to carry a weapon or weapon-like object. Now, that last term there is interesting, Matt, because you could, I mean, like as a man, right? Anytime you're out in the world, you think about all the different things you could use as weapons It's just a thing that I enter every room going what could I use for self-defense and or if I just felt like harm

Yeah, someone yeah If I had to defend myself against the 84 year old man next to me in the post office How hard could I hit him with one of these empty cardboard boxes seriously Seriously, in the genes of every dude is just Mark Wahlberg going, I would have stopped 9-Eleven if I had been on that plane. And you know, that's all of us. It would have been so funny. It would have been really funny if he'd like,

if he'd stopped it, but then he'd had to try to land the plane and had accidentally crashed it into the White House. Like, oh God. Anyway, so as you might guess, the vagueness around the term weapon-like object meant that this law, it didn't just like ban black people from carrying guns.

It meant that they could be punished brutally for holding any object if it could be used to hit somebody. This started what wound up being like a more than a century long tradition of elderly black people being banned from having canes. Oh my God. Cause you can hit someone with the cane, right? As Gandalf showed us, you know?

Yeah, oh yeah. They weren't being fooled by that in Virginia in 1680. Yes, we will pardon old man for his walking stick. I know a wizard staff when I see one. You think I don't know you gonna cast a spell? Now, this being 60 years after the forced importation of African slaves to the continent, the 1680 law was aimed at slaves, obviously, but it applied equally.

There were some freed black people in the colony at this period, and it applied to them as well. The law was amended in 1723 to specify that African Americans were not allowed to use firearms for any purpose, be it hunting or self-defense. And again, 1723, it's kind of important to be able to use a gun, you know, just if you're living in the Virginia frontier.

Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. There's a lot of other people with guns and it seems like it's time to have one. You need food and stuff, you know? And there's bears, like. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah, how do you catch your food if you are not allowed to use a gun? You can trap, but I think the purpose here,

no one's thinking about like, they're not, they're doing whatever they can to make these people's lives harder because they're terrified of the existence of free black people. Yes, of course. And under this law, a free black person who defended himself from a white person using a firearm

was committing a crime. Technically with any weapon, any tool they were to use to defend themselves would be illegal. So gun control in the early colonies, most of the time, these kind of laws in Virginia were sort of the exceptions of the rule because as a rule, like, there were...

The laws were less kind of specifically banning certain things and more just kind of generally trying to make it possible for black people enslaved or free to challenge white supremacy in any way. So it wasn't just guns. And in fact, because guns were like not as good back then, those were less of a focus than some other objects that might surprise you. Possession of dogs by black people

was heavily regulated in this period. Just having, they couldn't have dogs? Well, it was not impossible, but it was very hard. If you were a black person who wanted to own a dog in Maryland in the early 1700s, for example, you were forced to get a license from the justice of the peace who was going to be a white man. So it you were forced to get a license from the justice of the peace who was going to be a white man.

So it was not easy to get a license from a justice of the peace for this. And if you managed to get one, you were still restricted to owning no more than one dog at a time. Mississippi banned the ownership of dogs for black people under any circumstances and even allowed slave patrols to kill dogs found in the house of a black person.

So the police tradition of shooting people's dogs is very old indeed. Of course, I should have known. Of course, dog control also ties directly to white supremacy. Well, and it's one of those that you have to, again, firearms are a lot less deadly back then. So like a gun, you get one shot and it's not easy to reload. I think there are some revolvers. But yeah, a dog, a dog, you don't need to

reload, right? A Doberman will keep fucking going until, you know, yeah. Um, so that's what, you know, white folks were particularly scared of. And again, it's also worth noting. Obviously the prohibition against black people carrying guns or other weapons makes sense if you're afraid of a slave or, you know, just an uprising, right? Because a group of people with guns can do an uprising. You can't really effectively organize a bunch of dudes

and their dogs to do an uprising together. It's hard to do that. I'd like to see it though, dude. It would be cool. That would be the greatest. What they're doing here, they don't want black people to be able to defend themselves from like mob violence, right?

Like individual and families. They don't want them to have any kind of defense if like somebody wants to do a murder, you know? Jesus Christ. It's like inventing laws that are completely useless. The idea that somehow this is like, oh, well we can't kill that guy. He lives in a kennel filled with ravenous dogs surrounding him. Like he's fucking filled with ravenous dogs surrounding him. Like he's fucking Ramsey Bolton. Just like ready with hungry dogs to bite your dick off. If I'm, yeah.

So in the late 1700s, spoilers, the American Revolution broke out. Hell yeah. Yeah, and by 1787, we have us a constitution, you know? We fight them English, we beat them, and then we're like, oh boy, this first government we tried as a giant shit show, we should probably give another shot at this.

And they do a constitution. And eventually this constitution comes to include a Bill of Rights and the now infamous Second Amendment. We're gonna be talking a lot about the changing ways this has been interpreted through time. And despite what people tend to say on either side of the modern issue, there were a couple of different ways to interpret

how the so-called founding fathers intended it to function. And again, as a general rule, they weren't all in agreement about pretty much anything. But one thing is perfectly clear, they did not see the right to bear arms as extending to black people. Now, black people were not categorically forbidden from owning weapons in the new United States,

but in those states where it was legal for them to own arms, they were always required to register those weapons with the government. This was not the case for white people. While there was some hope during the revolution among black Americans that independence would bring about an improvement in their circumstances. And that was not unreasonable again,

the British empire allowed slavery too. So at this stage in time, it's not like, it's perfectly reasonable to hope that like, well, maybe things will get better when they don't have a king anymore, right? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Obviously that doesn't happen. And when that doesn't happen,

there's some uprisings in the new United States. In 1811, Louisiana uprising of enslaved persons failed and in response to this, New Orleans made it a crime for black people to carry weapons. And this was again, primarily even more than guns, banned them from stuff like canes. Crutches, wheelchairs.

Yeah, any, yeah, definitely. Wearing glasses. No one with an assault, wearing glasses. Yeah, definitely don't want them with an assault wheelchair. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So as we've discussed in our Behind the Police series, many Southern police departments started as slave patrols

made up of armed white dudes searching for escaped slaves and using weapons to keep a boot on the neck of even free black people. In 1825, Florida gave slave patrols the right to enter any black person's home and take away firearms, ammunition, or any other weapons found. And obviously these kinds, as is the case with no knock raids today,

these often were basically just pretexts to kill people in their homes. By saying you felt threatened. Now in the early 1860s, obviously, we have us a civil war over slavery. And broadly speaking, this goes pretty well. If you think slavery is bad, US Civil War, broadly speaking, goes all right.

Yeah, yeah, yeah. Now, one of the most kind of revolutionary aspects of the Civil War is that for the first time in US history, a shitload of black men are legally carrying guns in an organized way. 179,000 black people serve in the Union Army, which is roughly 10% of its total. And you suddenly have tens of thousands of black men

with guns marching across the US South, which really freaks out people in the South. Yeah, that's gotta be the scariest thing. They looked at that and they're like, see, this is what I'm talking about. This is the scary shit I did not want to happen. Yeah, this is why we're losing, started this war that we're losing.

Yeah. So post-Civil War, black people are not immediately entitled to the same rights as white people. So starting in 1865, which is the year the war ends, states like former, you know, states that had lost basically, start enacting black codes. And these are kind of, okay, these people aren't slaves anymore,

but we wanna treat them that way. So let's just write new, let's just, we'll take the old laws that we had that restricted slaves from doing things in order to keep them under control, and we'll replace the word slave with servant, or, you know, something similar, so that we can try to hold them

under the same laws. In Mississippi, black people were still banned from possession weapons or ammunition. And if white people turned them in for this crime, they would be given their firearms as a reward. And again, this is after they've been freed. So they like should have the right to bear arms and whatnot.

I wanna quote now from a 2021 honors thesis by Alexandra Lanzetta from the University of Colorado. Quote, other Southern States to enact their own set of black codes were Alabama and Louisiana. Both States prohibited African-Americans, not including veterans, from owning guns without a license or special permit. Not surprisingly, these permits and licenses

were controlled by white men, making it virtually impossible for a black man or woman to legally obtain a gun. This resulted in many blacks illegally purchasing guns, making the potential penalties of exposure even greater. Punishment for having an unlicensed firearm was a fine and confiscation of the weapon. Old slave patrols re-emerged to enforce the black codes and to terrorize African Americans. This, along with a combination of great incentives to catch blacks with weapons and a hatred over their newfound freedom, created a white frenzy, making it extremely difficult to

Hide a gun as an African American white frenzy. Yeah, the worst frenzy It's it's it's it's the most common frenzy It's it's it's our their most traditional American frenzy. Mm-hmm, but it is not is not a fun one We do love us a frenzy. We love a frenzy. We love a good frenzy. We love a bad frenzy. So 1865, right? Bunch of black codes come into effect to basically try and keep black people

in similar positions to how they'd been during slavery, even though the war was over. So in 1866, US Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, which this is like, there's a big old fight over this. And this is the law that basically says, hey, you actually have to, these people have the same rights that white people have under the Bill of Rights.

Right, like that's what that does, you know? And you know, things do get a lot better for a while. You know, we talk about- Yeah, reconstruction at this point was like, do you ever just like read up on Reconstruction and go like, holy shit, for a hot second there. We seem to be on a good track for a minute. We were on a good track.

Like it seemed like shit was gonna like work out. Yeah, things get a lot better for a while and then there's a violent reaction from the reactionaries. And they do an insurgency, which is kind of centered around the KKK. Uh, we have talked about this in other episodes. Uh, it ends with a series of demeaning bigoted laws aimed at maintaining white supremacy in the former Confederacy. Uh, these are, you know, Jim Crow laws,

right? And these, these come into place alongside a wave of lynchings, which killed at least like 5,000 black Americans. Obviously, there's no way of knowing the actual total good chance it was significantly more, but at least 5,000 black Americans. Obviously there's no way of knowing the actual total. Good chance it was significantly more, but at least 5,000. So in response, black people do what you would expect. They form militias, you know?

They start carrying guns for what I don't think I need to explain the logic here, right? And they organize to stop lynchings. This culminates in Louisiana in 1876, where a bunch of Klansmen who are also government officials, these are like elected leaders in Louisiana who are also in the KKK, are charged with conspiring to disarm a meeting

of black Americans. Basically like one of these groups of black folks had gotten together with guns to like figure out how to protect their community and these state officials like try to take their weapons away. Right. A bunch of court shit happens. It goes to the Supreme court

who rules in favor of the Ku Klux Klan saying that the state had the legal right to disarm this meeting to protect the common good. God. And you know, in this period of time, there's also one of the things that's happening during the lynching period is sometimes lynchings get stopped because the person who has attempted to be lynched

has a gun and they shoot the people trying to lynch them. And when that happens, a number of laws are passed in different towns and states to ban the carrying of concealed firearms. And in fact, those are some of the first specific laws against the carrying of concealed handguns. Now, this is an area where like the kind of the anti-gun control people

tend to focus entirely on this stuff. It's very much worth noting, all gun control in the United States in this period is not based in white supremacy, in part because a lot of it is put in areas where most of the population is white. And there was, it's worth noting, significantly more gun control

in portions of the so-called Wild West than there are in a lot of those same states today. In places like the Dakotas and whatnot, it was common for the open carrying of firearms to be restricted. In many towns, if a visitor came into town, they would be expected to leave their guns with the local police before entering.

They'd get like a little card or something. You weren't supposed to like, there were, it's, and there's a lot to be said about like why this is being done, but in general it's being done because they see that it's perfectly reasonable to say that like, well, there should be restrictions

on what you can do in town with a firearm, right? Right, yeah, yeah, yeah. Walking around with a gun seems, I don't know, threatening. Yeah, they certainly don't want you doing it openly. And then like, there's a bunch of, there's laws about carrying concealed and those kind of vary from place to place.

But it's worth noting that the infamous gunfight at the OK Corral actually occurred because a guy, like it was over gun control, right? Like a guy was openly carrying his guns in the city. And you know, there was, as far as I'm aware, like everyone involved in that, I'm pretty sure was like a white dude. So I don't think there's anything particularly racist in the city. Um, and you know, there was as far as I'm aware, like everyone involved in that, I'm pretty sure was like a white dude. So I don't think there's anything particularly racist in the gunfight.

You could talk about it be it involving like police overreach, which people will make the case that like this was, this was a case of like a fucking early cop going bug fuck on some people. Yeah. Um, but don't tread on me. And yeah, people, you see this whole time, I didn't know that that was a real gunfight at the okay. Oh, yeah. Oh, no, no, no It's a pretty cool story as as it perfectly accurately described in the documentary Tombstone. Mm-hmm It's a great gosh starring Val Kilmer. Yes. Yeah, I thought the reason was

You know like a card game got lost or something or someone had like extra aces up their sleeve, but it turns out gun control. No, that would be the documentary. Shit, was it Maverick? What's the documentary about the card guy who gets like, yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's Maverick. I need to rewatch that.

That was a good fucking, that's a good movie. My other guess was gonna be a giant metal spider who tries to take over the cell. My third favorite documentary. And this is what brought about the famous US law against the carrying of gigantic metal spiders. Right, right, right, right. Which I consider to be the civil rights era of the day. I think access to giant metal spiders should be democratized.

I mean, that's just a legit point. Well, the only thing that stops a bad guy with a giant metal spider is a good guy with a giant metal spider. I would argue that you can't be a bad guy with a giant metal spider Cuz look no matter what it's doing if I get to see a giant metal spider Tromping around town my days improved like yeah, okay with that spiders going everyone feels safe and everybody feels better with a giant metal spider so This podcast is brought to you by giant metal spider comm promo-code giant metal spider is brought to you by giantmetalspider.com. Promo code giantmetalspider.

Get yours today. You're actually right on time because it is about that time. Wow. Well, look, everybody's talking a lot about AR-15s. You know what's more powerful than an AR-15? A metal spider, the size of the Chrysler building. That is scary.

Yeah. Yeah. In 2012, 16-year-old Brian Herrera was gunned down in broad daylight on his way to do homework. No suspects, no witnesses, no justice. The call was horrible. I replayed over my head all the time. For years, Brian's family kept asking questions,

while a culture of silence kept the case cold. Snitches get stitches. Everybody knows it. Still, they refused to give up. I would ask my husband, do you want me just let this go? He said, no, keep fighting. I told her I would never give up on this case. And then, after a decade of waiting, a breakthrough.

We received a phone call that was bittersweet because it's a call that we've been waiting for for a very long time. I'm Enrique Santos. This is Cold Case Files Miami, a podcast about justice, persistence, and the families who never stopped fighting. Listen to Cold Case Files Miami as part of the My Cultura podcast network, available on the iHeart radio app, Apple podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts.

I'm Andrea Gunning, host of the podcast Betrayal. Police Lieutenant Joel Kern used his badge to fool everyone. Most of all, his wife, Caroline. He texted, I've ruined our lives. You're going to want to divorce me. Caroline's husband was living another life behind the scenes. He betrayed his oath to his family and to his community.

She said you left bruises, pulled her hair, that type of thing. No. How far would Joel go to cover up what he'd done? You're unable to keep track of all your lies and quite frankly, I question how many other women may bring forward allegations in the future. This season of Betrayal investigates one officer's decades of deception. Lies that left those closest to him questioning everything they thought they knew.

Listen to Betrayal on the iHeart radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Camp Shane, one of America's longest running weight loss camps for kids, promised extraordinary results. Campers who began the summer in heavy bodies were often unrecognizable when they left. In a society obsessed with being thin, it seemed like a miracle solution. But behind Camp Shane's facade of happy, transformed children was a dark underworld

of sinister secrets. Kids were being pushed to their physical and emotional limits as the family that owned Shane turned a blind eye. Nothing about that camp was right. It was really actually like a horror movie. In this eight-episode series, we're unpacking and investigating stories of mistreatment

and reexamining the culture of fatphobia that enabled a flawed system to continue for so long. You can listen to all episodes of Camp Shame one week early and totally ad-free on iHeart True Crime Plus. So don't wait. Head to Apple Podcasts and subscribe today. Camp Shame one week early and totally ad free on iHeart True Crime Plus. So don't wait, head to Apple podcasts and subscribe today. Have you ever thought about going voiceover?

I'm Hope Woodard, a comedian, creator, and seeker of male validation. To most people, I'm the girl behind voiceover, the movement that exploded in 2024. VoiceOver is about understanding yourself outside of sex and relationships. It's more than personal. It's political, it's societal, and at times, it's far from what I originally intended it to be.

These days, I'm interested in expanding what it means to be voiceover to make it customizable for anyone who feels the need to explore their relationship to relationships. I'm talking to a lot of people who will help us think about how we love each other. It's a very very normal experience to have times where a relationship is prioritizing other parts of that relationship that are being naked together. How we love our family. I've experience to have times where a relationship is prioritizing other parts of that relationship that are being naked together. How we love our family.

I've spent a lifetime trying to get my mother to love me, but the price is too high. And how we love ourselves. Singleness is not a waiting room. You are actually at the party right now. Let me hear it. Listen to VoiceOver on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Oh, we're back. So you have, you know, again, the Wild West, how common gunfights and stuff were, especially

in like cities and towns, is exaggerated. But also, there was a lot of like, there were a lot of rob. But also there was a lot of like, there were a lot of robberies, there were a lot of crimes. Like, and it's the same as it is today. Like the gunfights that have kind of come down to history were like the ones that the media went nuts on in the day, like the gunfight at the OK Corral. Right.

But broadly speaking, by the end of the 1800s, most places in the United States had banned the concealed carrying of handguns, although open carrying remained legal in a lot of places. We'll talk about when that ended. In 1893, the government of Texas said that, quote, the mission of the concealed deadly weapon is murder, to check it as the duty

of every self-respecting law-abiding man. And again, he was probably saying that primarily because he didn't want black people to have concealed guns. This is the governor of Texas in 1893. So do keep that in mind. But US gun control in this period was at least deeply preoccupied with the specter of armed black people.

And even where laws were perfectly reasonable, they were often used specifically to enforce white supremacy, even if that hadn't been the initial intent of the law. Lanzetto writes, quote, and the boy was charged for violating this law. However, when his case was being reviewed by a judge to determine his guilt, it was discovered that the gun was fake. Knowing this new information, the judge should have dropped all charges

given that it is not possible to fire a fake gun. But this was not the case. Instead, the boy was found guilty and the judge fined him $10, almost $310 today. Which is interesting. Again, another thing that goes back very far is black kids being penalized for having toy guns. Right, exactly.

Quite far back, yeah. I mean, it's literally just, these are like rulings. It's like, well, you scared me. Yeah. That's the entire thing. That has been the, I believe the explanation for the deaths of countless, countless black people. Well, and it's also just like this.

I was scared. Perhaps we don't like, perhaps we're fundamentally frightened by the concept, even if it's a toy of like black people having guns, because that's how we maintain our power over them, right? Right. Which is again, even in these areas where concealed carrying or open carrying is illegal,

it's generally not illegal for white people to do if they're being vigilantes, right? This is a key aspect of this period. And this brings us back to the glorious state of Texas. Like much of the South, after the Civil Rights Act, legislators had to at least pretend that their laws meant to disarm black people were not motivated by racism. Brendan Rivas from Texas Christian University writes,

The post-1865 laws, however, used race-neutral language to accomplish a racially motivated goal. Most of these laws attempted to disarm black Texans, but some from the 1870s stopped to curb the racial violence of the Ku Klux Klan by disarming everyone. For instance, a part of the Texas Slave Code prohibited slaves from carrying a gun without written permission from a master or overseer, and a law passed in 1866 prohibited laborers from carrying firearms onto a plantation without the owner's consent. In race-neutral language, the 1866 law achieved the same result as the Slave Code, without specifically declaring that African Americans should be disarmed. Their arming was conditional, subject to the authorization of an interested white party.

Similarly, the state's first comprehensive weapons control law did not use racially charged language, but left enforcement in the hands of local officials who could apply it selectively against uppity blacks or white vigilantes, depending on which political party controlled those local offices. And you can guess which of those happens more often. And this is the state of affairs legally in the state of Texas when Harlan Bronson Carter is born on August 10th, 1913 in Granbury, Texas. Now at the time, Granbury's primary claim to fame was that it was the home of Davy Crockett

for a little while. And every town in Texas was Davy Crockett's home for a little while. And every town in Texas was Davy Crockett's home for a little while. So not super impressive. Every town is just, he stayed at a motel here for two weeks. Yeah. Just fucking all our hookers.

He's like a celebrated hunter and frontier guy. And Harlan, certainly, I heard God knows how many fucking stories about David fucking Crockett when I was a kid in my mandatory Texas history class. I am going to guess in like 1920, young Harlan Carter is growing up and learning even more of these stories.

Yeah. And obviously he's also enmeshed in the local gun culture of the time. Pretty much everywhere is semi-rural. So he does a lot of hunting, he does a lot of target shooting, he becomes an excellent shot from an early age, and he develops an intense affinity for firearms,

shall we say. So when he's young, the family moves to Laredo, and Laredo is a border town, right? They moved to Laredo because his father is a border patrol agent. And in fact is one of the very first border patrol agents. So the year that they moved to Laredo is 1927, Harlins 14. And it's the same year that a border patrol inspector named Clifford Perkins makes a trip to the town

and expresses in an official document his shock to find that quote, Laredo was strictly a Mexican town. Probably 90% of the people were either Mexican or of Mexican descent. He adds with horror, the only Anglo on the police force was the chief himself. And this is an interesting, like Laredo at this point, because it's so heavily Mexican,

is not a town controlled by white people. And the police are not a white force, right? You'll note that quote I read earlier states that like kind of the laws against gun control were usually mainly like put into force against like armed black people, but depending on politics could be used to try to stop white vigilantes.

Well, this is one of those towns where maybe that's more likely because the police force is not white. So the border patrol, however, is not happy with the idea of a town where Mexican folks are running things, right? That does not thrill them. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Well, next, you know, they'll start inviting other Mexicans to live here and they won't stop the border. I mean, I love the idea of these like people going to a town right on the border of Mexico in Texas, which used to be Mexico and being like, what the hell are all these Mexicans doing? Yeah. These communities that had been there for decades

before a state of Texas was a thing that anyone had thought of being like, these people are going to change the nature of Texas. Yeah, this is not the Texas I know that we invented about 20 years ago. We invented when I was 15. Yeah, exactly. So this inspector guy, Perkins, again, as exactly as racist as you might expect. And he decides that Laredo's immigration cops

are not going to be able to enforce US immigration restrictions, which are again geared towards enforcing white supremacy if the state of affairs in Laredo remains the way that it is. So he carries out what he describes as a quote, full-scale house cleaning. Now in the wonderful book, Migra, Kelly Hernandez writes, quote, he charged local officials,

the chief patrol inspector and border patrol officers in the Laredo station with immigrant smuggling and forced just under half of Laredo's 28 Border Patrol Inspectors and the Chief Patrol Inspector to quit or be fired Perkins then transferred select Border Patrolmen who had all been Texas Rangers into the Laredo sector because all were experienced well-disciplined fighters who knew the country well Detailing former Texas Rangers to Laredo was a strategy used to divorce the Border Patrol station from the local Mexican-American political elite. Tension quickly mounted between the ex-Rangers and the Laredo community, particularly the Laredo Police Department.

While the Border Patrol enjoyed close relations with the local police in most borderland communities, in 1927 several officers of the Laredo Border Patrol got in their Model T automobiles and spent about half an hour circling and shooting up the police station. Holy fuck. So he cleans house, brings in a bunch of Texas Rangers, which is like the most racist police force in the United States in this period,

and has them shoot up the police station. Oh, fucking A. I mean, like on the one hand, A cab. Yeah, I guess it's like on the one hand. Yeah. Yeah. But on the one hand a cab. Yeah But on the other hand I don't think it's a I think it's just these particular cabs You know what? Yeah, like they're going after specifically an armed group of Mexican Americans It's also probably worth noting but that in this, if you're being a fucking, being a Mexican American police officer in Laredo in 1927

is a bit different from being a police officer pretty much anywhere in the United States at this point, which is part of like why the border patrol is purging them. Cause he's like, you guys, they're not stopping immigration. They're not like violently cracking down on people who aren't white. They're not enfor immigration. They're not like violently cracking down on people who aren't white. They're not enforcing white supremacy.

So we have to get rid of them with guns. And they get rid of, they do get rid of the Laredo police force with guns. The only time in American history that police have been able to be fired. Yes, yeah, this is the one time it happened. This is what it took. The one time. So it's safe to say that Laredo was a pretty wild place

when Harlan Carter was an adolescent. His father, Horace, was among the first cohort of border patrol agents hired in 1927, and he was transferred to Laredo in 1927 as part of this process. It's entirely possible that Horace Carter was one of the guys shooting that police station. And in this period of time,

Harlan's father would have seen his job as explicitly to use violence to assert white supremacy in a place where most people were not white. Quote from Migra, "'Although most local stations develop their own strategies, policies, and procedures, the Laredo station was exempt until the men and the infamously brutal racial violence of the Texas Rangers slashed away at the

bonds between the Laredo Border Patrol and local Mexican-American leadership. The cleanup transformed the Laredo Border Patrol into a refuge for white violence within Mexican-dominated Laredo. So they've turned the border patrol prior to this and they're all like local guys, right? So they don't really care about like Mexican America, like Mexicans coming into America, because like that's how they got there, right? That's like their family, everybody. Like, and again, they also probably don't see the border as this solid thing because their relatives

have lived here for forever. It used to not be like a thing to cross. But this is the period where the border is really, is becoming a thing in a way it hadn't been before. And part of how they do that is they clean house, bring in a bunch of white people and have them shoot anybody who disagrees, right?

Like that's how the border becomes real in Laredo. The American way. And it's how borders are enforced everywhere. Yeah. That's why borders are bad folks. Yep, yep. Although today, I mean, there's a long conversation to be had about the fact that the border patrol today

is extremely diverse. Like one of the things people on the left particularly have gotten wrong about Ivaldi is like the assertion that like, well, they probably didn't go in because those kids were Hispanic. And it's like, have you seen the pictures of the Ivaldi police? A lot of them are Mexican-American.

It's, and the border patrol guy, like it's, it's the whole thing. If you go down to border communities, you'll see. It's not that simple. White supremacy isn't always as superficial and simple as it seems. Yeah, so in 1930, Harlan, aged 16, joins the National Rifle Association.

And again, the NRA is rightfully, again, I'm more pro-gun than most people on the left tend to be, but the NRA is like undoubtedly, we'll be spending hours talking about this, incredibly toxic. It's not at this point, right? It's not, there's nothing wrong with the NRA at this stage really. And in fact, the NRA has its roots

on the correct side of the Civil War. There are these two Union generals who are like, cause again, Civil War, one of the things early on, the South is doing pretty well. And part of why they're doing pretty well is that like all the boys who like wind up fighting in the Confederacy's military, like they're country boys, right, they've grown up shooting and hunting.

They're like, and using guns to enforce white supremacy. They're good with firearms. Whereas most of the Northern boys who get drafted are like city kids. And many of them had never had any chance to use firearms. So they're like, they suck with them, right? And these two union generals are like, boy, our soldiers are really bad at shooting.

And it takes a long time to train them up. Maybe if we should get ready for the next war by having an organization where boys who grew up in urban areas can like go in and learn how to shoot, you know? Like that seems like a good thing to encourage. So that's, and the NRA up until the early 20th century is like a sportsman's association.

You're doing it for target shooting, you're doing it for hunting. Now it is worth noting that like from the beginning, and this was not seen as problematic at all at the time, there's a military aspect to it as well. It's not like a military organization, but part of the purpose of the NRA is to prepare people to be part of the military if necessary.

And this is also, the military is a really different thing in this period. You know, we have a big standing army during the civil war, but we hadn't before and we don't quickly afterwards, right? Like this is again, when world war one happens, they have to like make an army when world war two happens, they have to like make an army in a way that like it had not hugely existed prior to this. So there's this understanding that like, if there's an emergency, we're going

to need to activate all of these civilians and they need to be ready to like fight and whatnot. So yeah, the US Defense Department would regularly hand over old weapons and other equipment to the NRA, which would sell them to members quite cheaply. This used to be able to get like World War II guns like Garands for really cheap from the NRA. It was a bunch of stuff they did like that. So in February 1931, the Carter family's car is stolen from in front of their house, right?

Now they have no idea who does this. This is the origin story of so many racists, but go on. Oh boy, Matt. So again, as far as I know, it was never figured out who had done this, but a couple of weeks after their car is stolen, on March 3rd, 1931, while Horace Carter is out at work, Harlan's mother sees three Hispanic boys,

quote unquote, loitering out in front of the house. Now she says loitering, we have no idea. They may have just been like walking around or what, like even if they're loitering, it doesn't justify this. But like racist white lady sees people who are not white vaguely close to her house. And she decides that like, these boys must have been who stole my car. Yes. Yes. Yes.

The earliest recorded incident of Karen. Yeah. Yeah. So Karen Carter calls the cops. Karen Carter. Well, you can't really call. It's 1931. Some people do have phones. I don't know if they do. It's not easy to call. It's not as easy to call the cops. They send a pigeon or whatever those guys did there. No, her son winds up taking this into his own hands. Ah, yes, that's right.

I'm gonna quote from a write-up in timeline here. The elder Carter was at work and likely wouldn't be home for hours. So the son picked up his shotgun and walked out the door. It didn't take him long to find the boys who were between the ages of 15 and 12 at a swimming hole nearby. He demanded they come home with him.

When they asked why, he wouldn't say. 15-year-old Raymond Casiano responded, "'Hell no, we won't go to your house "'and you can't make us.'" Carter and Casiano started swearing at each other. Casiano pulled out a knife and asked if he wanted to fight. Carter lifted his shotgun to Raymond's chest. According to testimony from that time,

Ramon told him not to do it and pushed the shotgun aside. Then he took a step back and laughed. Annoyed by Ramon's lack of fear, Carter asked if he thought he wasn't going to shoot. Then he did. Cassiano lay dying on the ground with a two inch shotgun wound in his chest. Jesus.

So that sounds familiar, right? There's shades of Rittenhouse, there's shades of Zimmerman, you know? Like this is again, not, and obviously I'm sure like if we had been around at the time and paying attention to the news, we'd say, oh, there's shades of like this thing that happened in like 1920 and this thing that happened.

Right? Like- We just happen to know the most recent incidents. Yeah. This is a very familiar incident, right? And you can imagine, if this happened today, it would be a massive culture wars. Well, he had a knife.

What was he supposed to do? He was just defending his family, yada, yada, yada. So it's worth noting, talking about why Harlan felt comfortable leaving the home carrying a shotgun, which there are some, like obviously, it's not entirely legal to carry shotguns because people go out and hunt and stuff, but this is, you're not supposed to like walk out

to try and solve the robbery of your car with a 12 gauge shotgun. Like that's not explicitly legal. But there's a long history of vigilante violence by white people. And so whether or not this actually is legal is gonna come down heavily on the local courts, right? And so the fact, because this is happening in Laredo,

if this had happened in like Dallas, you know, the city of hate, perhaps it would never have been even an issue, but because it's happening in Laredo, this is gonna be a problem for Harlan, right? Did you call Dallas the city of hate? That's literally its nickname. What? Yeah, that's the nickname of Dallas, Texas,

is the city, we killed JFK! Yeah, I mean, good point. Holy shit. Yeah. The city of brotherly hate. That's, wow. I mean, not anymore, but like that is the nickname of Dallas, Texas.

Like, yeah. So because this happens in Laredo, the law is not as on his side as you might expect if it had happened in some other parts of Texas. Harlan Carter is arrested, he is tried, and he is convicted of murder. He's sentenced to three years in prison. Again, you can say like he should have been sentenced

to more, I'm mixed because he was a child, right? Like this is bad, but also like, I think you have to, if you believe children are not culpable in the way that adult, but anyway, this is academic because he only serves two years. His family appeals the judgment. And they complain for about a number of things. They say the judge is related to the prosecutor,

that self-defense had not been adequately explained to the jury, that one that, that self-defense had not been adequately explained to the jury, that one of the witnesses was like a criminal himself and wasn't trustworthy. A bunch of racist shit. Yeah. Yeah. They were like, well, uh, the judge failed to consider that, uh, the victim was no angel. That like that's based. Yeah. Although they focused more on like the, the kid who watched him friend to get his brother or whatever get murdered was no angels. Yeah. He was also no on like the, the kid who watched him friend get his brother or whatever get murdered was no angels. Yeah. He was also no angel. So eventually legally allowed to kill.

No angels. That's right. That's right. In the Bible. That's right. That's why anytime I see a bunch of floating eyes, I just start shooting. That was a biblical angel joke. Sure was. So eventually a judge with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals agrees that like the case was bad and he overturns Harlan Carter's conviction on these grounds and because quote, several of the material witnesses for the state

have been discredited having been convicted of infamous crimes. It does not seem accurate that they were convicted of infamous crimes. But you know, it that they were convicted of infamous crimes. But it's also worth noting that like Harlan's dad helped run law enforcement in Laredo. It's impossible that some of the people who had witnessed the shooting were like targeted

by the police to provide plausible deniability for his kid. And if not likely. So Harlan gets led out of prison. His conviction is overturned and he proceeds with life now as a young adult, as a free man. He enrolls in the University of Texas, but he changes his name. So his original name had been Harlan, H-A-R-L-A-N,

and he swaps out the A for an O. And he does this basically under the understanding that like, well, this will make it hard. If people go looking for Harlan Carter, his criminal record, they won't find anything. Wait, so he changed it to Horlan or Harlan? Harlan. Okay.

Okay. Our L O N as opposed to H a R L A N. Right? Okay. Okay. Got it. Got it. And again, it's, it's a marker of like how different the time is that like this works perfectly for him for decades.

Like people are like, well, they swapped an A with an O, with nothing we can do. Yeah, I was like, well, the search engine doesn't do other letters, so fuck it. I guess he's going. It was so easy to get away with crimes back in the 30s. My God, was it easy.

Speaking of getting away with crimes, do you know if you walked fast, like if you could walk pretty fast, you could get away with a crime. Oh man, those were the days. Those were the days. Let's bring them back. Robert, do you know who else gets away with crimes?

The corporation when they hired those mercenaries to gun down union organizers in Latin America. That was a lob and you took it. I'm very proud of you. Yeah, yeah. Drink. Ah, we're back. And I'm just gonna have a nice refreshing sip

of. Oh, it's a classic drink, you know. That tastes like locking a bunch of nuns and union organizers in a church and lighting it on fire. God, that's good stuff. Yummy. Love it. So, again, it's one of those things,

if this had kind of been the end of Harlan Carter's story, I'd say like, well, that was a fucked up thing that happened, but I guess I don't believe a 16 year old should be locked in prison for their whole life. So, ooh, but that's not the end of the story. It sucks that like, there are are cases where I'm like, it would be sick if he had. It's like with Kyle Rittenhouse.

I don't think the right thing was to throw him in a hole for forever. Certainly the right thing is not to turn him into a celebrity and give him millions of dollars. That's maybe even worse. But I think fundamentally you have to believe that, well, if a child does something, even if it's heinous, you have to be that like well if a child does something even if it's heinous You have to be extra focused on the possibility of rehabilitation because otherwise

You don't actually believe that children are less Responsible than adults and anytime you like try to set up Anytime you you know try to be more punitive It always affects brown people and people of color way more. And obviously, yeah, like Raymond Casiano suffers even more for whatever, however questionable you wanna think his call to pull a knife might have been.

Although I think it's, again, you could argue justified because the other kid had a fucking gun. Anyway, whatever. Yeah, yeah, a fucking shotgun. It's, like, it's, one of the problems with guns in America is how often angry teenage boys get ahold of them. And this is, again, quite an old story.

Yeah, I know, the tale is old as time. But regardless of like what you think of, should be done when kids commit murder, Harlan definitely committed murder. That's not self-defense. And anyone who says otherwise is probably racist. But it's worth noting that even modern sources, and this is where things get really in common,

even modern sources that are like very pro gun control, very anti Harlan Carter, who will attack Harlan for his later work with the NRA, tend to tell the story of what happened with him and Raymond Casiano in ways that sometimes subtly reinforce Hardland's claims of self-defense. This is a very strange thing I've noticed in a couple of sources.

I've read a lot of articles about this guy and his actions can be framed in fascinating ways. I wanna highlight particularly a passage from the book, Gunfight by Adam Winkler. And Gunfight, there's actually like five books titled Gunfight. I think one of them seemed to be slightly grifty. It's like a former gun industry lobbyist

who like does an anti-gun book because I think maybe that's where the money was. I don't know, I'm not gonna go into date because I haven't read it. I haven't read it, but like, there's a bunch of books with this title. The good one, the one that you would actually be worth reading is Winkler's Gunfight.

He's a UCLA professor. And Gunfight is a critical history of the battle over the Second Amendment in US politics. That has a lot of really useful context, including some of what I went over about the early racism and gun control. It's a good, and again, very much anti-NRA, but here's how Winkler describes what happened between Harlan Carter and Ramon Casiano, which I find very peculiar. Quote, Carter loved guns from childhood.

He was an excellent shot and would go on to win two national shooting titles and set 44 national shooting records during his lifetimes. His most infamous shot, however, came at the age of 17 when in defense of his mother, he unloaded a shotgun into the chest of a knife-wielding Mexican teenager. Nope, not what happened. That's a weird way to describe that

That's such a weird way for and again Winkler is like He's a professor of law at UCLA like he's all over the New York Times writing about this kind of stuff It's like really weird that he describes it that way. Maybe it was just like, Oh man, I've done all this other research. I'm just not gonna, I'm just going to go with the autobiography that he wrote this description. It's like calling Ramon Casiano a knife wielding Mexican teenager. It's such like an unsettling way to choose to phrase that strange. It was just like, people forget that Casiano was guilty and he had a knife. Yeah, you're bringing a knife to a gunfight Yeah, yeah, it's again the book is not at all right-winger reactionary

There's a lot of good stuff in there the fact that he describes Casiano's murder in this way though It makes me question some stuff that like maybe I missed in vetting this thing because it's it's a really weird passage Now let's compare that to this write-up by a right-wing dude, Dave Coppell, from an article he wrote explicitly defending Harlan Carter's legacy. Now in this article, he's critiquing a fundraising letter from a gun control organization that accurately noted,

quote, 50 years ago, Carter shot and killed a 15-year-old boy and was convicted of murder. Arguing against this, Coppell writes, the letter admitted the fact that Carter was defending his mother's ranch against a gang of intruders led by the boy and that the boy was menacing Carter with a knife. Again, this is also not true. He was not defending his mother's ranch.

They were swimming. Yeah, they were swimming and having a good time and being accused of doing a crime that they, I mean, did they do the crime even? I don't think there's ever been any evidence that they did. There's no evidence that they even stole the car. Again, this is a little murky, but it kind of seems like what happened is

their car was stolen. A couple of weeks later, she sees some Mexican kids walk past their house towards a swimming hole and six her son on them, right? That kind of seems like what happened. That seems, that tracks. And it's weird, cause Winkler and Coppell could not be more apart ideologically,

but their description of this murder is very similar in way. Like I just, it's, I don't want to harp too much on this, but it's like really weird to me that that happened. Yeah. Yeah. Do you have any like inkling as to why that may be? Or is there just a... Most people don't dwell too much on... It took me a while actually to find good specific details about what happened that day. And I think most people take the attitude that just like, well, he said he was defending his mom. And like, that's the, I don't know.

I think in part, you know, Winkler's covering a lot of ground, right? Cause his book is a whole, it's not focused on Carter. It's a whole history of like kind of the, how the second amendment has been interpreted and ruled on and whatnot over a couple of centuries. So he does have a lot of ground to cover. It's just very, and I guess that one of the things he did

was just kind of brush over what happened there. It's just an unconscious bias. Like the way I would do it, right? Cause it's perfectly reasonable if you're covering a broad history to not go into detail, but I would have just said something like, he confronted another teenager over something his mother said, or he just confronted another teenager and something his mother said.

Or he just confronted another teenager and shot him under suspicion. Even that would be better, right? Yeah, and also, you do a podcast. This guy's a UCLA professor. Yeah, it's, yeah. Again, I don't wanna shit on him too much because there's a lot of good stuff in the book. It's just that part, I don't get it.

I don't get why you would write about it though. Anyway. So Harlan Carter commits murder, does two years in prison, goes to college, and then he decides to follow in his father's footsteps and join the border patrol. He becomes an agent in 1936, three years after leaving prison. Carter's rise was rapid, if not meteoric.

So he joins in 36, having been imprisoned two years earlier. In 1950, he's running the entire border patrol. Wow. Now again, border patrol's a lot smaller back then. It's a lot newer. It's easier to become head of the border patrol. And also, his murder was definitely something on his resume.

You know what I mean? Probably unlike the secret, I don't think he put it on his paper resume You know what I mean? Like. Probably unlike the secret. I don't think he put it on his paper resume, but I'm sure. But certainly. Because he's known in Laredo is that like, I'm sure the guy's giving him his first gigs

all know about it and think it's rad, right? Right. Yeah. Yeah. But he also, he does keep it a secret publicly, right? Like he doesn't brag about it in public. Again, when he's hanging out with his buddies, I'm certain it comes up fucking constantly.

But it's not like a part of his public persona as a, once you're the head of the border patrol, that is like a political position. Right, right, right. It's not like today in which that would be something he would be celebrated for and talk about on multiple right-wing podcasts. The shotgun that he used to kill Raymond Cassiano

would have been auctioned off for tens of thousands of dollars. Exactly. And he would have used it to buy an F-350 with fucking chrome rims. The Daily Wire would give him his own column. It would be a whole thing. Yeah, he'd be making documentaries with Matt Walsh. Times were a lot more chill back then, which is... It is when we're talking about the story of this guy

who does like a racist murder as a teenage boy and like, wow, he really was less proud of it than he would be today. Right. Exactly. Yeah. That's where we're at, where we're like, Oh wow. He didn't make that like his whole brand. Yeah. Weird. Wild. So the border patrol had shifted at this point from being geared mainly towards policing the border

to being a force for policing Mexican Americans inside the United States on the pretext of them being potentially undocumented migrants. As a result, their work strayed further and further from the border and increasingly into American cities, factories, farms, and anywhere expected of harboring illegals. Some border patrol agents had difficulty with this, right?

This was not a lot of the folks who had signed up earlier. This was not like the thing that they had signed up for specifically. Harlan though is hugely supportive of this change. And in fact, he wanted to expand the border patrols purview even further and use it to eliminate Mexicans from the country entirely. This was justified in his mind by the fact that a large number of undocumented migrants were living and working,

or this was justified publicly, right? So Harlan, there's like a racial motivation, but you can't use that, like as we talked about earlier, right, like you have to hide when your laws are racially motivated. So the justification is that a large number of undocumented migrants are living and working on ranches and other businesses in the borderlands

Often under nightmarish slave like conditions. Now, this is a real problem that's happening, right? Like the absolute as it is today, right? Yes. Yeah completely and yeah, there's this like Suggestion of a new thing called the bracero program that will provide kind of like a legal way for these people to like work But they'll have, you know, there will be more control over the conditions that they can work in, which obviously the people who would be hiring them don't like. Right.

It's a whole thing. Just fucked every which way. From the perspective of Harlan Carter though, this is primarily a humanitarian pretext for carrying out like a purging of Mexican Americans from like the borderlands. And I'm going to quote from Migra again. Carter had convened a meeting to request the assistance of the U.S. military and the National Guard to purge the nation of undocumented Mexican nationals and seal the U.S.-Mexico border. The Border Patrol's proposal was titled Operation Cloudburst and consisted of three basic steps. First, an anti-infiltration operation on or near the border would seal the border with

the assistance of 2,180 military troops. In addition to stationing troops along the borderline, the Border Patrol planned to build fences along the areas of heaviest illegal traffic. Two metal picket barbed wire fences, eight feet high and eight feet apart, with rolls of concertina wire in between and one roll of concertina wire on Top of the fence nearest Mexico built several miles along the border would form the fence But previous experience had taught the Border Patrol that fenced areas still needed additional security Therefore the concertina fence would be reinforced by officers and Jeeps who will be directed to the scene of any attempted fence or canal

Crossing by observers in radio equipped towers. So This is the first modern. This is the wall, right? This is the start of it. This is the beginning of that. Not that there hadn't been like fences and stuff in different areas before then. This is the first time someone's like we need to build a wall and has like a concerted vision of that. Yeah, and specifically a vision of using the of the wall as a system of violence in order to keep the borderlands white, right? That's what he's doing here,

and he invents that shit, you know? Wow, wow. He's like the Thomas Edison of making racist borders. That's right. Yeah, wow. Yeah, he's the Elon Musk of border racism. Sure. Yes. Yeah, wow. Yeah, he's the he's the Elon Musk of mm-hmm border racism sure Yes, so

To continue that quote race X. Sorry. I just wanted to do a right. I wanted to do a pun Yeah, sorry good good good work. Thank you. Yeah, so I'm gonna continue that quote second a containment operation would maintain roadblocks on all major roads leading from the southwest to the interior of the United States. These roadblocks would be used to inspect traffic, including railroad traffic, for the purpose of detecting illegal entrants and to maintain safety patrols around the checkpoints. The roadblocks were planned for strategic locations that would prevent aliens from fleeing to the interior of the nation when the mopping up operations, the third phase, began. The mopping up operations would be conducted in northern areas such as San Francisco, where the task forces would raid designated locations such as migrant camps or places of business. So San Francisco, I don't know if you've ever been Matt, not super close to the border.

Oh yeah. Well, I guess close to like a sea border, right? Yeah, exactly. I mean, those are the other aliens that they guess close to like a sea border, right? Which is what we're building towards. Yeah, exactly. I mean, those are the other aliens that they also want to put a fence around. Watch out for all those turtles and fucking, you know. Don't worry, we'll get rid of those in a couple of decades.

Right, exactly. Just put a few more of those soda, you know, fucking soda rings in the water. But yeah, no, not close to the border. I lived in San Francisco, and I'll tell you, it was a trek to get to TGA from San Francisco. Oh yeah. Exactly.

So the primary downside to his plan, right? This is a pretty good idea if you're a white supremacist, right? Sure. Solid plan. The only problem with it is that it is wildly unconstitutional. So there's this thing, right?

This law that kind of gets in the way of this. So right at this point in time, nowadays the border patrol, like you see those guys fucking walking around and they look like soldiers, right? They've got their plate carriers and their AR-15s and all their fucking cool tactical gear. At this point, the border patrol is like slightly better armed

than a modern Boy Scout troop, you know? Like they're not packing that much heat compared to what they're going to be packing. And they- They have a lot of merit badges. They have a lot of merit badges in racism, but there's not a ton of them, right? So they can't do this without the US military.

And in fact, the military is gonna wind up being a significant portion of the effort if they try to do this. But US military. And in fact, the military is going to wind up being a significant portion of the effort if they try to do this. But here's the problem. There's this stupid fucking bullshit ass 1878 law called Posse Comitatus, right? And that means you can't use the military to enforce domestic laws without Congress's approval. Oh, damn.

Yeah, I know. I know. We all hate Posse Comitatus. Yeah, I do. Um, I for one think the military should enforce all of the laws. Yes, damn. I know. I know. We all hate Posse Comitatus. Yeah, dude. I, for one, think the military should enforce all of the laws. Yes, dude. Particularly jaywalking. Exactly. They're the best at it.

You don't want to. You don't want a bunch of, you know, Boy Scout Border Patrol's getting a looking merit badge for walking a Mexican old lady across the border. You should have drones making sure, watching for people to cross the street illegally. And we should have MLRS rocket systems to just bombard the area. If they cross the street, not at a crosswalk. Exactly, dude. We want more Robo cops.

And we want them to be federal. Yeah. Yeah. Reinstate the draft and use it to stop jaywalking and littering. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Someone cut, you know, absolutely. Someone like cuts you off. Someone's speeding agent orange immediately. Absolutely.

Absolutely. So this, this fucking law, posse comatitis really, really grinds Harland's gears. Yeah. So obviously I should also note here that like the fact that it's the military's not supposed to be used to enforce the law doesn't mean it isn't, right? If you've casually Googled the Watts riots, you know the government has a way of finding out,

figure making it, being able to use soldiers to do cop shit when it needs to. But in this case, the government wasn't willing to like push things that far, right? And the general who's like, job it is to, basically the general who's liaising with Carter is this guy named Swing who really wants to do this. He's a racist too.

But he's like, hey, we can't make this work legally right now, but we could do it if the president issued a proclamation. It's not impossible to do, but you'd have to get Eisenhower on board. So Harlan Carter gets in touch with Eisenhower's people and he tries desperately to get approval, but Eisenhower isn't quite willing to deploy troops.

Now he, again, not to give Ike any credit, he agrees with Harlan's basic goals. He just, this like using the army in this way is a little too far for him. But again, he's not against this. So in May of 1954, Eisenhower appoints general Joseph swing to be commissioner of the immigration and naturalization surface, right?

INS we don't have INS anymore. Now we've got whatever, but like these guys are in. So he's basically now he's Carter's boss, essentially this like general and swing had a long history of commanding troops in battle from Mexico to Korea. Obviously you could see the fact that now a general is in charge of INS as like the start of the militarization of the border patrol.

And Swing is a bastard in his own right, but this is really happening in part because of like what Carter is pushing to turn the border patrol into. This is not just the start of the militarization of the border patrol. The border patrol is going to turn the Border Patrol into, right? This is not just the start of the militarization of the Border Patrol. The Border Patrol is going to become the first large police agency to militarize, right? This happens decades before,

we talked about the Watts riots, which happened like a decade or so from now, and then the LA riots, which were a big, decades later, which were a big pusher. This happens way before all of that. This is 1954. So this is like, in a lot of ways, the beginning of police militarization happens

because Harlan Carter and General Joseph Swing want to cleanse the borderlands of Mexican Americans. Quote, as promised, one month after joining INS, Swing announced that he would lead the US Border Patrol in an intensive, innovative innovative and paramilitary Law enforcement campaign designed to end the problem of illegal Mexican immigration along the US Mexico border No one questioned how in four short weeks he had prepared the officers of the Border Patrol for such a massive campaign. I mean at this point too, what was even the, the like, what were the migration numbers?

Like was it even that? I mean, certainly it's not as much as it was now, but I'm thinking about like what 1950s 1950s Mexico was what they had, you know, the civil wars, not that long ended. Yeah. The PRI is and power. It's isn't it fairly stable at this point? I feel like yeah. So it's like it's like what they were doing this pretense of like, oh, we got to stop

the illegals. I mean, we're not even talking about like, you know, we're not talking about modern Latin American immigration that we have today, which is used as a pretext for all sorts of racist laws against Latin Americans here legally. We're talking about- Yeah, and there's a lot like labor stuff that's taught. And again, they have to like do moral panic

and stuff about the treatment of migrants. But like, this is all very messy because like some of the biggest people opposing the government doing this crackdown are these different ranchers and other employers who are like exploit people's labor like it's not there's a lot that's that's going on overall in this issue but when it comes to Harlan Carter it's pretty simple right he's racist you know yeah he's trying to do a racial purge under the pretext of like, oh man, you know,

they're not paying fair wages. Like he gives a shit. And it's, you know, he's, he's also like starting the process of, of justifying, figuring out ways to justify this, that are like palatable to large chunks of Americans. And yeah, that's that's what's happening in this period of time.

And you know what else is happening right now? What? I'm going to ask you for your pluggables. Oh, hell yeah. So my pluggables are I just finished the entire series, the Sopranos Pot yourself a gun is a podcast that I do with Vince Mancini and we just did our very last episode We watched all of it. We watched all the Sopranos and you can listen to the series finale Wherever you get your podcast. So check that out and also follow me on Instagram because

You know, I feel like that's where all the like cool kids hang out So like yeah, you know hit me up hit me up there and also be be excited because me and Vince our next show We're gonna be talking about the wire. That's right 20 years after the wires come out finally two white men will break down the wire because finally, you know, finally, someone's got to do it. I mean, that is the right group to break down the wire season two. Oh, for sure. For sure. Very excited. You got to make sure at least one of you is a poll. Oh yeah, we're

going to get some, we got some polls who are going to come on. We got a bunch of a Greek Baltimore friends are going to come on. We got a bunch of Greek Baltimore friends are going to come on It's going to be great. But yeah, look look look for that. What do you call it? Probably when you pod through the garden You know which you know kind of continues our tradition of having a really bad title for a TV rewatch podcast Yeah So check it out whenever that comes out. But for now listen to pod yourself a gun bad title for a TV rewatch podcast. Um, yeah. So check it out whenever that comes out. But for now, listen to pot yourself a gun. Uh, you can go back, listen to the whole thing.

Tell your friends to know who your favorite character on the wire was. Um, I mean, I relate the most to bubbles cause I used to love heroin. Um, but, uh, other than that shit probably clay Davis Clay Davis is cool. He's a he's the state senator. Yeah, who says yeah who says shit a lot She she you know for a show that is like lift and lift it up is one of the greatest TV shows of all time They're sure certainly are a lot of catchphrases It's a weirdly catchphrase heavy show for something that is incredibly serious. I'm so excited. What the fuck did I do?

You got a proposition, Joe. I got a proposition for it. It's like, this is a serious show, but they love catchphrases. Anyways. I'm excited. That sounds awesome. Me too. Boom.

Podcast. Me too. Boom! High-Cast! In 2012, 16-year-old Brian Herrera was gunned down in broad daylight on his way to do homework. No suspects, no witnesses, no justice. The call was horrible. I replayed over in my head all the time. For years, Brian's family kept asking questions, while a culture of silence kept the case cold. Snitches get stitches. Everybody knows it.

Still, they refused to give up. I would ask my husband, do you want me just let this go? He said, no, keep fighting. I told her I would never give up on this case. And then, after a decade of waiting, a breakthrough. We received a phone call that was bittersweet because it's a call that we've been waiting for for a very long time. I'm Enrique Santos.

This is Cold Case Files Miami, a podcast about justice, persistence, and the families who never stopped fighting. Listen to Cold Case Files Miami as part of the MyCultura podcast network, available on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. I'm Andrea Gunning, host of the podcast Betrayal. Police Lieutenant Joel Kern used his badge to fool everyone. Most of all, his wife, Caroline.

He texted, I've ruined our lives. You're going to want to divorce me. Caroline's husband was living another life behind the scenes. He betrayed his oath to his family and to his community. She said you left bruises, pulled her hair, that type of thing. No.

How far would Joel go to cover up what he'd done? You're unable to keep track of all your lies. And quite frankly, I question how many other women may bring forward allegations in the future. This season of Betrayal investigates one officer's decades of deception, lies that left those closest to him questioning everything they thought they knew.

Listen to Betrayal on the iHeart radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Camp Shane, one of America's longest-running weight loss camps for kids, promised extraordinary results. Campers who began the summer in heavy bodies were often unrecognizable when they left. In a society obsessed with being thin, it seemed like a miracle solution. But behind Camp Shane's facade of happy, transformed children was a dark underworld of sinister secrets. Kids were being pushed to their physical and emotional limits as the family that owned Shane turned a blind eye. Nothing about that camp was right. It was really actually like a horror movie.

In this eight-episode series, we're unpacking and investigating stories of mistreatment and re-examining the culture of fat phobia that enabled a flawed system to continue for so long. You can listen to all episodes of Camp Shame one week early and totally ad free on iHeart True Crime Plus. So don't wait, head to Apple podcasts and subscribe today. Have you ever thought about going voiceover? I'm Hope Woodard, a comedian, creator, and seeker of male validation. To most people, I'm the girl behind voiceover,

the movement that exploded in 2024. Voiceover is about understanding yourself outside of sex and relationships. It's more than personal, it's political, it's societal, and at times, it's far from what I originally intended it to be. These days, I'm interested in expanding what it means to be VoiceOver,

to make it customizable for anyone who feels the need to explore their relationship to relationships. I'm talking to a lot of people who will help us think about how we love each other. It's a very, very normal experience to have times where a relationship is prioritizing other parts of that relationship that aren't being naked together. How we love our family.

I've spent a lifetime trying to get my mother to love me, but the price is too high. And how we love ourselves. Singleness is not a waiting room. You are actually at the party right now. Let me hear it. Yes. Listen to VoiceOver on the iHeartRadio app,

Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Welcome to The Wire, the podcast that created the hit TV show, The Wire. We were first. Our idea was stolen by that hack David Simon. We went to HBO in 1998 and you said, have you ever considered making a show about wires? Yeah. And we said, you know who understands Baltimore? Mm-hmm me and Matt Lee. That's right. Exactly. That's right, baby We understand Baltimore more than anyone understands Baltimore. I stopped there once for gasoline on a road trip

So yeah, I get I get it. I was I played for the Baltimore Orioles That's a lot of people are talking about that right now. Yeah. Yeah, I get it. I get it. I was I played for the Baltimore Orioles. That's a lot of people are talking about that right now. Yeah. Yeah. And, uh, you know, I feel, I feel like, I mean, it was in Los Angeles. Um, and I was in fifth grade, but I was an Oriole. So, and we famously season two was based on the fact that I once bought a sandwich from a Polish man. That's right. That's right. I said, what if this was a whole show? What if this was a whole season about Longshoremen?

Yeah, yeah, just like Longshoremen, like Stevedores, and like, you know. That's a word that doesn't get used enough. I love the word Stevedore. It is a great- What an incredible job title. It's the coolest job title. I don't know like what about moving like crazy makes no sense to me based on what the job is why

they're I imagine there was just like the first guy to ever do that was named Steve Steve and he was just so good at it that they were like everybody's we're all Steve out here now. Yeah Steve adores. You're like look at how good he is at moving crates. You're moving shipping crates like Steve did. Mm hmm. Oh. I want that job Yeah, this was a meandering way of introducing the podcast behind the bastards Matt Leib guest also host of a podcast Yeah, yeah pod yourself a gun which is a sopranos podcast and then soon to be a wire podcast coming out shortly

So which is why I did for that we were talking about the wire yeah it's a good show also soon to be the host of a baby I know I'm having a baby dude will subsequently launch a podcast called the goo goo guy I can't wait to do a Barney rewatch podcast yeah with my little baby yes like analyzing like you know the role of American imperialism in the happy purple dinosaur. Well, you know, there was that whole season of Barney that took place in a contra camp in Nicaragua. Yeah, that was great.

Yeah. Choice. You have to give it to them. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Barney was like teaching, you know, classes over at the school for the Americas. Yeah. A lot of people don't realize that he worked hand-in-glove with Oliver North Exactly those missiles to Iran exactly is the only person the Shah trusted or the yeah the shot the I told the trusted dinosaur yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah soul so He did sell a lot of crack, but that was that was completely unrelated We should probably talk about, when we left off,

we were talking about Operation Cloudburst, this attempt by Harlan Carter and the Border Patrol and this guy General Swing to cleanse the border area. We should probably give a little bit more background about what's happening in the border in this period. So this is kind of, again, I think Harlan's primary motivation is racial, but there's other stuff happening. So in the early 1940s, the US government had created a, this thing called the Bracero program,

which is like a guest worker visa program that would let Mexican farm workers enter the country legally, temporarily to work for American farmers. This gets started during World War II, cause like we don't have any, we don't have any dudes left in the country. Like we send them all over there, you know? Like we need some more dudes. Yeah, yeah, that's the shortage of dudes at this point. But it also, one of the reasons why it's popular, even with people who like are pretty racist

is that by providing kind of a legal regulated way for them to work here, it also provides a legally regulated way to get them out of here. Wow, yeah. They can't become residents, right? The Bracero program does not. These people are supposed to leave. And in fact, part of the deal is that like 10%

of the migrants' wages are taken out of their paychecks and deposited to an account that are given to them when they come back to Mexico, right? So that's part of why this is popular, is that it allows them to do the work that the country can't function without, but it also ensures that they don't stay, right? That's why this is such a big deal for a lot of folks.

So it's actually very popular. And one of the things about it is it doesn't limit the number of workers, because why would you, right? Because they're not, anyway, millions and millions of Mexican workers use the Bracero program over the years. And from the perspective of the US government, it works pretty well for a while. And it certainly keeps workers in farms. But and so by like the early 1950s, there's like two million of these workers or there's like five million people have worked in through the Bracero program,

but also like unauthorized migrants continue to cross into the border. And by the early 1950s, there's like two million of these people. Um, and part of one of the things like that happens in this period is that there's suddenly like a big surge of folks coming in on authorized in the early 1950s. Um, and this is part of what like inspires Operation Cloudburst is that like Border Patrol has never had to deal with like these kind of numbers of people crossing post war and they're not really capable of handling it. So by the early 1950s, the number of like voluntary departures in had raised in 1946, like 101,000 undocumented migrants voluntarily leave the United States.

In 1952, more than 700,000 do. And you can, like these numbers are just kind of useful in seeing like how many folks are coming in. Sure. So this, a lot of people are not wild about this because again, racism and such. Yeah. So Joseph Swing, part of his motivation here is that like,

he wants to get the employers of unlawful migrant workers to cooperate so that they can like increase the number of folks who are working there under the Bracero program and shrink the unauthorized workers. And so his justification for like participating in some of the stuff that Harlan Carter is building is that he wants to cut down the supply of unauthorized workers in order to get more

of these employers on board with the Bracero program. So again, there are a lot of like kind of wonky aspects to what's happening with migration here that you can, as always, justify as like not based in racism, it's based in like, well, there's a lot of these undocumented people coming over and it's like, create a problem for the border patrol and the conditions they're working under are like really bad and we wanna

reform this program so that, you know, everyone is documented and legal and like, we're not trying to stop them from coming over, but also one of the things you're trying to do by expanding this program is making sure that they don't stay, right? And I guess, again, you can look at what's happening with the Bracero program in a couple of different ways, but if you really wanna know what's going on

with the immigration sweeps that Carter and Swing eventually enact. The main thing you need to know is what they call it. And this is Harlan Carter's name for this is Operation Wetback. That is the official name of this immigration purge that they're going to do. And again-

Did they invent the term or was it- No, no, it existed for a while. Okay, so they did just explicitly name it after a slur. Yes, yes. Okay. Yeah, that's exactly it. And obviously like, again, for folks who maybe are not aware of this,

I know we have a lot of like European listeners, Canadian listeners who may not have heard this, like what back is a racial slur for Mexican immigrants to the United States? It takes its name from when people would cross illegally, they would do so through the Rio Grande often. And like, so you know, you get wet when you do that, right? And so like, that's the origin of the slur.

Right. The backs part, I don't know why they specify it. I don't know why they specify it, but this happens, there's like a history of this, like an old anti-Italian racial slur is WAP, which means without papers. I don't think it was entirely just for Italians, but like, you know, this is like the late 1800s, I think.

Right, yeah. So yeah, and Carter again, so Swing is the kind of guy who can sit down and explain to you like, well, this is where the Bracero program was broken down. And like, these are the problems that we're having, and these are the different violations that we're seeing. And like, we need to get these employers on board with this program to reform the system.

And the only way to do that is to cut down on the, like, so he can get very wonky with it in a way that doesn't sound racist. Whereas Harlan Carter's like, yeah, Operation Wetback, let's get it out of here. And Carter is not great. It's like, he says, he just kind of says the loud part loud. Right.

In interviews with the press, he describes it as the biggest drive against illegal aliens in history. He tells the Los Angeles Times that he intends to deploy, quote, an army of border patrol officers complete with jeeps, trucks, and seven aircraft in order to declare, quote, all out war to hurl Mexican wetbacks into Mexico. Jesus Christ.

So he's not a subtle man. He added yee haw after every sentence. Yeah, you have to imagine he's shooting his six guns into the air as he gives these speeches to the press. He was in the middle of burning a cross as he lit a cross on fire on someone's lawn. Harlan Carter gave the statement to the LA Times. So what followed was close to, again, Operation Wetback is kind of, a lot of what he had tried to do with Operation Cloudburst

only just toned down a little bit so that they could get the federal government on board. Obviously this follows like a massive hiring campaign of border patrol men and they take thousands of border patrol agents and they separate them into mobile task groups and they set up mobile immigration systems to block roads. So basically doing like this,

they've already put this like, started putting these fences up, but they do like kind of a, you could call it a kind of like racist defense, like defense of white supremacy in depth, where they're setting up blockades deeper into the country. And they're also carrying out raids on factories and restaurants, uh, and just through whatever mean they can arresting and containing huge numbers of Mexican migrants.

Uh, and I'm going to quote from Migra again, to hold the detainees, the officers turned public spaces into temporary detention facilities. For example, in Los Angeles, the border patrol transformed Elysian Park, a popular public park into a temporary holding station where apprehended Mexican nationals were processed for deportation in countless fields and along many country roads, border patrol officers set up

mobile immigration stations to process unsanctioned Mexican immigrants for official deportation. They use trucks on loan from the armed services to transport the apprehended immigrants from California to Nogales, Arizona for deportation to Mexico. To showcase the large numbers of migrants being processed for forced removal into Mexico, officers were directed to raise Mexicano communities, leisure spots, and migrant camps, ranches, farms, and parks. They also paid close attention to urban industries known to employ undocumented Mexican immigrants. Between June 17th and June 26th, 1954,

2,827 of the 4,403 migrants apprehended by the task force assigned to Los Angeles had worked in industry. After border patrol raids during the summer of 1954, three Los Angeles brickyards were left without sufficient numbers of workers and temporarily closed down their operations. Similarly, border patrol officers paid close attention to the hotel and restaurant business,

which routinely hired undocumented Mexican immigrants as busboys, kitchen help, waiters, et cetera. Officers reported apprehending such workers at well-known establishments, such as the Biltmore Hotel, Beverly Hills Hotel, Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, Los Angeles Athletic Club, and the Brown Derby. At times, Border Patrol raids created moments of chaos at popular restaurants when migrants attempted to escape by running through the servant area. Everywhere they went, the

officers were chased and photographed by journalists who had come to witness what General Swing had promised would be a spectacular show of U.S. immigration law enforcement. Swing pledged that the Border Patrol would deport or otherwise purge the one million undocumented Mexican nationals estimated to be living in the United States at the time. Oh, well that sounds like a lot of fun. Just, uh, yeah, there's just going buck wild with journalists in the back. Like this is great footage. Yeah. And it's interesting because a huge number of these guys are immediately let back into the country.

Like a lot of times what they're doing is they're pushing them across the border and then making them recross under like the bracero program So again, they can be because they need the labor, right? They don't want the brickyard shut down They don't want these places to go out of business They just don't want these people to be able to actually build a life in the united states, right? They want to guarantee that they go back Um, so that's like a huge chunk of what's of what's happening here. Like it's it's basically taking That's like a huge chunk of what's happening here. Like it's basically taking, it's taking the natural movement of people across an area

where like their ancestors and relatives had been moving freely for centuries. And it's stopping that, stopping like the ability of populations to move and build lives and turning them entirely into economic units, right? You're not a member of the community, you're labor. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.

You're an entirely different class of citizen, which is non-citizen, which means you have no rights. You have no rights. You're not entitled to any of the human rights that we give to our citizens. Super normal and definitely a natural state of things. Certainly not a way things are supposed to go. Exactly. Not an invention of humans at all. No. So at the same time as they're doing this and obviously the

media is a big part of like why this is such a hit because you know INS says hey we're gonna raid the Biltmore like yeah you're gonna show up there and like that's like who doesn doesn't wanna see that as like a journalist. So like part of like what increases sort of the, because the people hadn't really, the border patrol had not been, probably most Americans had only been kind of vaguely aware

of its existence up until this point. This is part of what turns them into like an institution within the United States is like all of the press around Operation Wetback. Right, it's like the, you know, they took a cue from the FBI. They're like, we need to be flashy. We need to look cool as shit

doing a bunch of horrid shit to people. Yeah, I mean, like, and you're talking about like what the FBI does against anarchists and socialists and like the late, you know, the early 1900s. Yeah, this is, this is like the border patrols equivalent of that. Yeah. And creating like, you know, an entire propaganda arm that made like, you know, the G man cool. Yes. Yes. And at the same time, they're doing this. Carter and swing are like meeting with these influential ranchers and farmers and industrialists, the people using the undocumented migrant labor, and they're getting them in line between like a revamp

of the Bracero program that is again, like supposed to fix some of the issues the program had. I'm not gonna get terribly into the weeds on that kind of stuff. There's plenty of places to read about that, if you'd like. There's a pretty good article. Yeah, we'll have some sources in here,

but the book Migra goes into a tremendous amount of detail about it. So in the end, it was a wild success. More than one million people are deported, potentially as many as one and a half million people are deported. Beyond that, the precedent was established that the US Border Patrol could and should

conduct operations from deep within the United States. that the precedent was established that the US Border Patrol could and should conduct operations from deep within the United States. Border Patrol is legally able to carry out immigration checkpoints within a hundred miles of the border, right? Of any border? Like that's the exactly of any border, right? Which includes the coasts and Canada. So basically all of the places where most Americans live are covered by the two, about two thirds of the US population are in this area, which is why the border patrol has like the whitest

ranging purview of any law enforcement agency pretty much. I guess, yeah, like the FBI technically has more, but like their mission is more limited. Anyway, it's whatever. Like this is like the border patrol. This is what turns them into what they are to this monster, this juggernaut they are today, as opposed to like some dudes literally on the border.

Again, and not that they weren't getting up to problematic shit earlier in their history, but their ability to do harm was limited by geography. It's not after Operation Wetback. And we can thank Harlan Carter for that. And it's worth kind of noting here. I'm not going to get too much into Trump, but he, Donald Trump consciously looks back to Harlan Carter's period of time running the border patrol as, as an inspiration.

Yeah, clearly. During a 2015 presidential Republican presidential debate, um, Donald Trump said, quote, let me just tell you that Dwight Eisenhower, good president, great president, people liked him, I liked him, I like Ike, right? The expression I like Ike. Moved 1.5 million illegal immigrants out of the country, moved them just beyond the border, they came back,

moved them again beyond the border, they came back, didn't like it, moved them way south, they never came back. Dwight Eisenhower, you don't get nicer, you don't get friendlier. They moved one and a half million people out. We have no choice. We have no choice. Just kidding.

So first off, obviously, it's probably not gonna surprise people. That's again, as we've seen, completely wrong. Among other things, nearly all of them come back under the Bracera program. That's part of the point. But yeah, it's... So Carter, and again, there's the kind of folks

who, like again, Swing, I'm sure has his racism, Ike, there's racism and like his motivations, but it's also, there's a lot of economic, and just like, they're the kind of people who believe all of this stuff should be done based on a set of laws. So they're like kind of fundamentally, they're probably more offended by the fact that people are undocumented than they are necessarily about the racial element. That's a chunk of laws. So they're like kind of fundamentally, they're probably more offended by the fact that people are undocumented

than they are necessarily about the racial element. That's a chunk of these people. Absolutely, lack of documents alone is just like, Jesus Christ. Carter's doing it for white supremacy. And that's the thing, you'll notice the thing Trump takes out of Operation Wetback isn't the way they established this kind of like system

in order to like document and like make these workers legal in order to provide labor, a labor for like, that's not the thing he takes out of this. The thing he takes out of this is they got one and a half million Mexicans to leave, right? Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Like that's the thing that has come down in history

from Carter's period is the racism. Right, cutting to the heart of really what's going on here behind all of the, you know, I don't know, respectability politics or whatever of it. Yes, that's what has lived on. And of course the militarization of the border patrol and the fact that it gets to work every. We get all of that from Harlan Carter.

And here's the thing, Harlan's just getting started. This ain't even his whole thing, right? This isn't even his main gig. I know, we haven't even gotten to the beginning, where it's just like, we're gonna talk about some NRAs and some gun shit. We're not even into that shit yet. Like this is just his first gig, right?

God damn. This is his, like, the equivalent of the time the rest of us spent working at a Wendy's or something. This is that for Harlan Carter, right? This is Hitler at painting school. Yeah, this is Hitler at fucking like hanging out in Austrian opera houses. Yeah, exactly.

Arguing with homeless people about the Jews, which was like a whole chunk of his life, but anyway, because he was homeless too, it's whatever. They were living in a men's shelter anyway, Hitler. So I should note before we move on to the NRA that while Harlan Carter was massively expanding the reach and power of the border patrol, he was also robbing it blind for his own benefit.

See, Harlan loves shooting, right? Like he's not one of these NRA, like Wayne LaPierre, the current head of the NRA. I don't think Wayne particularly cares much about, like a lot of these guys, like it's a political thing as opposed to them. Like Harlan Carter is, you have to say, loves to shoot guns. But here's the thing about shooting guns,

bullets cost money. So three years after Harlan Carter retires from government service in 1957, the Justice Department opens an investigation into what are termed, quote, various allegations against him, including the claim that he had stolen 40 to 50,000 rounds of ammunition from the border patrol,

quote, with the sole intent of converting this property to his own use after he retired. Wow, wow. So he steals like a pallet of bullets to go shoot privately. I would love it if we found out that he's the one who stole his mom's car. Yeah, he went joyriding and crashed it. It was him, he was just like, Oh fuck, I gotta find some

Mexicans. A 15 year old gets murdered. So yeah, it's not that funny, but like that's not impossible, right? Yeah. Yes. Um, so I'm going to quote from the New York Times here about this theft of tens of thousands of bullets that Harlan Carter perpetrated quote asked in an interview in Denver about the allegations. Mr Carter said that he had testified before a federal grand jury in San Diego for some hours and they covered a lot of things, none of which I'm ashamed of and none of which I had any difficulty asking. He added that he did not, quote, know anything about the disappearance or misappropriation

of government ammo. The missing ammunition, worth several thousand dollars, was never traced, according to an agent who worked on the investigation, and no charges were fired. Filed. Yeah. Filed. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. Very funny.

Now, obviously Carter didn't need to steal those bullets because he's about to get a new job that is never gonna let this him run out of ammunition. So as we stated earlier, there's a little bit of debate about when he joined the NRA, whether it was before or after he killed Raymond Casiano. Probably he was like 16 when he joins. And in 1951, the year after he becomes head

of the border patrol, he joins the NRA's national board. And again, at this point in time, there's obviously, there's people who are right-wing in the NRA, there's people who want it to be more of a conservative institution. It's not really a political organization. Right, right. It's almost at this point from, just from what I remember,

it's almost an apolitical, just kind of gun lobbying group that kind of- They're not lobbying. There's no lobbying. They do not lobby in this period of time. Oh, so they're like the Sierra Club at this point. Yeah, they're just kind of like, yeah, they're there to provide training courses for people.

They're there so that one of the things they do is when the government demilitarizes weapons, right? They're like, okay, we're not using, like the M1 Garand is no longer the gun that the army uses. So we have a couple of million of these things. We will sell them at a discount to the NRA who can sell them very cheap to their members. And like, it's part of this.

So there's like stuff that they're doing, but they're not getting in, and they have some involvement politically, we'll talk about that in a little bit, but they are not like lobbying on behalf of the Republican party or something, right? Like that's not really a thing that the NRA is doing yet. Harlan Carter wants that to be a thing that they're doing,

but they're not in 1951 when he joins the board, they're still not very political. But now that he's on the board, he starts to see the organization with friends and comrades from the border patrol, right? Cause he can help get people hired. He can put in a good word. So he starts all of his buddies from the border patrol who are like wanting a cushy job and the private sector after, you know, working for the, like he starts filling them, filling the, the NRA with them.

Um, so he finally leaves government service in the early 1960s. He stops running the border patrol in 57, but he does some other shit, not really that important for our purposes, but he retires from working for the government in the early 60s. And he gets pretty much immediately elected president of the NRA from 1965 to 1967.

But that doesn't mean he's actually running the NRA, right? It's just like a job within the organization. You've still got this board of directors. So he's an influential figure in the NRA, but he's not actually directing it at this point. Right. He's collecting a check and he's probably getting a bunch of free bullets, which is all he wants at this point.

Yes, even more free bullet. Well, he also wants it. He wants the NRA to get more political. And again, we're going to we're going to chat a little bit about why in a second. But one of the things that happens is like the folks at the NRA who kind of don't necessarily want that know they have to do something with Harlan Carter, right? Like you can't like ignore him.

So they stick him. They create a lobbying arm for the first time of the NRA, the Institute for Legislative Action, and they put him in charge of it. And again, this is the first time the NRA had had a lobbying arm. In the early 1960s, it was like, not, they barely funded it. So there's this, you know, there's kind of this growing fight. And Harlan is one of these guys saying that like, hey, the NRA needs to get more political. We need to be lobbying. We need to be focused on second amendment advocacy.

That was not, had not like the NRA's planks, like their like stated purpose as an organization did not include like protecting or defending the second amendment at all. Like that was not on there, even on their radar. He thinks it needs to be, and the old guard who run the NRA don't see it that way. They see themselves as essentially in partnership

with the government to ensure the development of a healthy shooting sports culture in the United States, right? And part of what that means is that when gun control laws get passed, they work with the government to formulate those laws. So again, they're certainly like, they're not anti-gun, right?

But they're not anything we would recognize as like, in like a modern political context. They just wanna, so it sounds like they just wanna make sure that gun control doesn't affect hunting and or like regulation of people owning actual rifles or? Yeah, yeah. And it's, again, everything is different, right? Like nothing, the AR-15 exists in this period,

but it's not what it's going to become, right? Like, because it's harder to make, they're much less common. Like today, an AR, like one of the things that has made the AR-15 what it is, is that it's a perfectly modular platform. So it's basically like gun Legos. So there's like a million,

you can customize it infinitely. You can make the basic gun itself for a couple of hundred bucks if you have some sort of, it's not like that at this point, right? It's now it's like the Honda Civic of guns. Yeah. So they just haven't like, part of why it's not political in the way it will become

is that there's not really a need to, you know? Like no one's, there's not like, there's not the culture that the NRA helps to create doesn't exist because they're not doing that. So yeah, their primary focus is like hunting and target shooting, right? Right. And again, Carter has his own interpretation

of the Second Amendment. And in the 1970s, he's going to go to war with the NRA's old guard in order to change it. But before we get into that, we should probably have some ads. I love ads. Oh, I do too. Including this ad for...

Guns. The concept of, yeah, guns. Sure. How about the life card? The life card. It's a gun that's built into a little credit card Can it shoot well? No, is it accurate? Of course not. Is it? Is it a stupid thing to carry in your pocket? Yes a hundred percent. Enjoy

It's a real thing look look it up very silly gun of the of the of the of the meme guns easily the meme-iest Wow, that's the whole thing. We have these days. There's no meme guns in the 1960s. We haven't invented memes, you know Well, we had one but it yeah, which was the meme from the 1960s Well, it's it's earlier than that. You know that this is getting way off topic, but you've heard of kill Roy was here Oh, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, there's memes bet But yeah, I was thinking I was like was the a, this is the Zapruder film. Was that a meme? I guess that came out in the seventies or something. Yeah. No, it comes out a little late. Oh, that's like the 60 or mid sixties, right? That's right. But when would the, did people see the Zapruder film? I thought that was like, I don't know. I mean, I will tell you my entire life. I have specifically picked houses with a floor plan where the bathroom is kind of

like back into the left of the living room so that when people ask where the bathroom is, I can say, Oh, just take a Kennedy. Yeah, you know, go back into the left. It's a J F K getting murdered joke. Anyway, here's ads. Anyway, here's ads. Oh, we're back. Everybody's having a good time. You know, Robert Kennedy was killed with the 22, which is the same caliber as the life card. The gun that's built into a credit card.

I love that there's a credit card gun. Yeah, yeah, I mean, honestly, if Sirhan Sirhan had had one of those, RFK would probably be alive. Yeah, it'd be fine. Because Because the lifetime is a really stupid gun. Anyway, the second amendment, well, actually, weirdly enough, that's getting close to an argument

Harlan Carter will later make, but I don't wanna get ahead of things. So the second amendment is, I think it's fair to say the most politicized part of the Bill of Rights today, right? That's probably not, maybe the first amendment gives it a run for its money.

But even then it's usually people differing over interpretations of the first amendment as opposed to the argument over the second is really, should it exist or does it exist in the way that it's currently being interpreted, right? Because an awful lot of Americans think it shouldn't be the law of the land at all. Which is difficult to square with actually doing

something legislatively because it does exist. But anyway, in 2008, the Supreme Court ruled in DC versus Heller that the Second Amendment establishes an individual right to bear arms. Now, obviously a lot of liberals see this as terrible Jewish prudence and claim that an individual right to bear arms was basically invented by the NRA. Conservatives will say the opposite, um, that, you know, this was clearly what the founders had intended. Uh, and the reality of it is that while an individualist interpretation of the second amendment at a federal level is only like 20 years old,

different courts have ruled very differently on the second amendment for quite a long time. And also the Supreme court is stupid. So I don't personally give a good goddamn about what the founders intended. Yeah, that seems like the weirdest standard to uphold to this day where we're like, the founders intended and it's like the founders, first of all, none of them had teeth. None of them had, and it's one of those,

this is it's comprehensively wrong. Cause again, liberals will often be like, well, the founders would never have wanted people to have AR-15s. And it's like, did you know some of those, it's comprehensively wrong, because again, liberals will often be like, well, the founders would never have wanted people to have AR-15s. And it's like, did you know some of those guys? A lot of those dudes would have been like, this will kill so many more like, indigenous people. Of course we should have these.

They all wore powdered wigs, because they all had like, herpes on their heads, and they, you know, they were all syphilitic. So yeah, they were insane. Being like, the founders wouldn't like that. It's like, no, no, no, all syphilitic. So yeah, they were insane. Being like the founders wouldn't like that. It's like, no, no, no, don't defend the founders. Well, and they would have liked it

for a variety of different reasons. Thomas Paine would have liked it because it would allow you to shoot government agents much better, right? Like Thomas Jefferson would have liked it because he was scared of how many slaves he had, you know? Like different people would have liked it for different reasons.

They all would have loved to have that gun. Yes. So obviously, again, as regards my personal standing towards gun control, I don't care about what the founders thought about anything, including free speech, because they didn't actually believe in free speech either. Yes. Yes. Because a lot of the most, well Thomas Paine did, again.

He's our one good one. He was, yeah, you know, although kind of in a reactionary during the French Revolution, you know, they locked his ass up. They did lock his ass up during the French Revolution. But they locked a lot of people up. They really just kind of went overboard. As is the left! So I think it's probably valuable to discuss

how interpretations of the right to bear arms have varied over time in the United States. Because again, if you're ever saying it's always meant this thing or that thing, that's not, you're not gonna be correct because a bunch of different courts have found a bunch of different things. So the Bill of Rights was the brainchild of James Madison.

And in portraits, he's the founding father with just massive bags under his eyes. Like you look up a drawing of this dude, he looks fucking exhausted in every sketch of it. He probably was. He was literally dying at all times in his famed career. He was dying all the time. If only every American political leader

had followed in his footsteps of dying. I know, I know. You know, he's a, yeah. He was supposed to write way more of the Federalist papers, but he was so sickly he couldn't. We are getting to that. So obviously he's a, he's, you know, on that side of the Federalist, Anti-Federalist divide, but he drafts the bill of rights because the Anti-Federalists are worried and they have a very good point that like, okay, well we're establishing this supposedly democratic government,

but if we don't place limits on the powers of the federal government, they could get the power to do anything one day, which is a very reasonable thing to be concerned about. Right? Broadly speaking, one of the better ideas the founders had was having a bill of rights. Yes.

So most of them are terrified of the idea of a permanent standing army, which is also a good thing to be frightened of. And if we had stuck with that idea, maybe things would be a little bit better. One of the things that like, these guys are all ancient Roman history nerds, right? And they are well aware that like the history

of the Roman Republic includes so many times where just like a guy gets an army and takes over, right? Or tries to take over and there's a big fucking fight over it. So they don't like the idea of like a big centralized standing army because it's very dangerous. So the second amendment was initially drafted to guarantee people's right to form a militia.

The original text, and this is not what's in the Bill of Rights now, but this is the original text Madison writes is quote, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, semicolon, a well-armed and well-regulated militia being the best security of a free country, colon, but no person religiously scrupulous a bearing arm shall be compelled to render military service in person.

Now, this is interesting because if that had been in the Bill of Rights today, right? This would have done a couple of things. Among other things, it would probably have made a Rights today, right? This would have done a couple of things. Among other things, it would probably have made a draft impossible, right? Because that second clause is like, you cannot force someone to render military service, which like you would think would make a draft impossible.

That said, it also might have made it impossible to do things that a lot of liberals support, like banning weapons like the ARF 15. Because when you have well armed in there, it does kind of seem to more specifically endorse heavier firepower than the current text of the Second Amendment does. That interpretation could at least be argued.

Now this is all academic because the wording winds up being changed to the present text, which puts well regulated upfront and fun times also makes it legal to draft people. Obviously people have argued for years and will be arguing for years what the second amendment should mean about gun control and how it should function.

I'm not an originalist. I think the constitution is too old for anyone to care about, but obviously it does matter because it is the law of the land and how it's written and how it's interpreted has a huge impact on what is legally possible within the present situation. And so I think the context of how the second amendment like was seen at the time is helpful

to have even though again, I'm not an originalist, please don't take this as me arguing because the founding fathers felt this way. This is how people should act. But yeah, I don't think don't think we can stress enough. We do not care what the founding fathers thought about literally anything. My stance broadly in support of civilian arms ownership has nothing to do with the Constitution

because it's a stupid document written a long time. Well, again, given the time, not a stupid document, probably speaking, better than, anyway, whatever. I don't need to have this conversation. I am gonna quote from the New Yorker here because I think it gives some helpful context. None of this, this being the Second Amendment, had anything to do with hunting.

People who owned and used long arms to hunt continued to own and use them. The Second Amendment was not commonly understood as having any relevance to the shooting of animals. As Gary Willis once wrote, "'One does not bear arms against a rabbit. Meanwhile, militias continued to muster. The Continental Army was disbanded at the end of the Revolutionary War, but the national

defense was increasingly assumed by the U.S. Army. By the middle of the 19th century, the U.S. had a standing army after all. And this is what I, one of the things I think is interesting because again, the kind of especially on Twitter, common takes on one side or the other of this is that like, well, you don't need these guns for hunting, which is obviously the intent of the Second Amendment, which no, it's absolutely not.

But at the same time, the idea of the Second Amendment as referring to an individual's ability to stockpile an arsenal is not really accurate because it was within the context of a militia. However, if you're bringing that up, it's one of the things that they meant by like, one of the things that the founding fathers wanted with this militia was for it to be the primary method

of defending the country as opposed to a massive standing army. So again, if you are, if you are one for one reason or the other, if you're arguing that we should do things the way the founding fathers argued, probably the most accurate thing would be to limit civilian arms ownership outside of the context of a militia and also ensure that the militia

is the only armed force in the country, including police. So that like a massive civilian militia is the only armed force, there's no federal power to deploy a massive military, and there's not really federal policing in any meaningful way. Because that's how things were in the 1800s. Yeah, yeah. If you're or 1700, if you're arguing that that's probably closer to an originalist

interpretation than anything being argued right now. Right. Which is not to say that that makes much sense in the current day at all. Although I would argue there's a number of, you could look at like what Switzerland does, right? Which is often brought up by second amendment advocates. What do they do? I don't even know what. Switzerland has like, basically, if you want to own a weapon in Switzerland, the government will give you one, but like there's training and you're part of a militia to get it.

It is a military assault rifle, right? And a lot of, Switzerland's, the percentage of Swiss people who own guns is not significant compared to the United States, but it's one of the highest in the world, right? But it does come as, you don't, it's not, well, you can buy some arms in Switzerland. It's not like, you're not like just stockpiling guns for your own personal thing.

You are being armed by the state as part of the state's defense apparatus, right? Right, right, right, right. But also not in a way like the Swiss, like the civilians who own guns in Switzerland are not like deployed for, obviously Switzerland, right? They don't do that kind of shit. Famously.

But anyway, I mean, this is again, when I talk about like Rojava and like what I think about in terms of the value of the state not having a monopoly on the use of force, these are some of the things that I think about. Broadly speaking, stuff has been different about the second amendment throughout history. Shit's changed a little bit.

And kind of as a result, the second amendment as heavily politicized as it is now was kind of like, nobody, it was like the third amendment, nobody talks about that anymore. Nobody fucking talked about the second amendment on a national level for like a century or so, right? We talked about like gun control earlier, but it was basically all state level, right?

Different states, different cities would have like different rules based on shit that was happening there. The federal government left them alone. Like there was not really any kind of federal interest in regulating the second amendment until the early 1930s. And that is when we get our first major piece of national gun control legislation. Now the NFA or National Firearms Act

was a response to the era of the gangster, right? In particular, you get this weapon starting in like, I don't know exactly when it was invented, I could have looked it up, but like it becomes popular in the 30s, the Tommy gun, right, which is the Thompson sub machine gun. And it is broadly speaking, kind of like, at least in terms of the way it's interpreted by the media

and the way it's used in crime, kind of like the AR-15 of its day. Cause it is, the Thompson, it's an automatic 45 caliber weapon. It's a sub machine gun, right? So it's not like a full sized rifle. This will be one of the most popular squad weapons that the United States uses in World War II, right?

A very effective weapon for what it does, which is shoot a lot of big, heavy, slow bullets very quickly at people at close range. So super good if you're, for example, a gangster who wants to murder a bunch of people in an enclosed room, right? If you're like lining a bunch of other gangsters up against the wall, you can kill a shitload of people

with a Tommy gun, you know? Very fun for, you know, pulling off some sort of St. Valentine's Day massacre. Incredible bank robbing weapon, great for all sorts of stuff. Going to the local gaba-goolery and shooting up the gaba-ghoul. Exactly. You could gaba a hell of a lot of ghoul and shooting up the Gaba ghoul. Exactly.

You could Gaba a hell of a lot of ghoul with this gun. Lots of ghouls. It's nowadays, honestly, not that impressive of a weapon, but at the time, right, like prior to this, most Americans, like their experience with this, like single shot rifles and lever action guns and like revolvers and shit, right? Even semi-automatic handguns are pretty new

and fancy in the thirties. The Thompson is just so much deadlier than anything else. That's scary as fuck. And the crimes that get committed with it, again, as with the AR-15 on like a national scale, very little gun crime involves a Thompson submachine gun. And again, the AR-15 not the most common gun used in crime

by any, like it's not super common compared to a lot of other kinds of firearm. But the crimes that it's used in are so spectacular and kind of like horrifying that they shock the nation. And law enforcement gets nuts about this because one of the things that gangsters do with Tommy guns is shoot lots of police officers with them. So there's a whole kind of America's

first panic over a gun, right? Is, is what happens with the Tommy gun in the thirties. Um, and it's not just the Tommy gun. They're also freaking out about sawed off shotguns, which is actually pretty dumb. They're only scared about them. Cause you can like. Hide them.

Hide them, but they're, they're not even like, anyway, it's dumb for sawed off shotguns to be regulated more than regular shotguns. They're actually less deadly. Right. Yeah. But whatever. They look cool as fuck though. And, and you see them a lot in the hands of gangsters, right?

So it's, again, there's this part of this is that like, yeah, the Thompson is a lot deadlier than guns that had been available before, but part of it's also just like, there's this media sort of panic around the Thompson. Right. Um, and by the way, I should note that this period of time, if you want a Thompson, you write to Sears and they mail one to your house. Like this is not, they're not like, you don't have to go to a gun store.

You don't have to do it. They're like background checks. Like they just will send it to you. It's like if you order like a book on Amazon, it was that easy to get a Thompson sub machine gun. So the NFA puts an end to that. It's like if you order like a book on Amazon, it was that easy to get a Thompson sub machine gun. So the NFA puts an end to that. It heavily restricts the ownership of machine guns, sawed off shotguns and silencers.

Now the NRA is again, not a political organization at this point. It does initially oppose the NFA and this is kind of the first time it gets political. The organization writes a dissent in their magazine, American Riflemen, and this is a pretty like, tamely phrased dissent, and it prompts congressional leaders to sit down

with the NRA and work to limit their bill. The main thing that it does is that like, it stops the ban from being total. So rich people can still get machine guns and sawed off shotguns and silencers, right? Well, and we could, I could rant about silencers, which are not what people tend to think that they are. They're not silent.

They're not silent. All of these things are still legal if you have the money, right? In the case of like a silencer or what's called a short-barreled shotgun, it takes like a $200 tax stamp in a couple of months. It's technically like a similar legal process to get a machine gun,

but machine guns cost the cheapest machine guns today are like $10,000. So it's, that's why you don't see them like used in crimes. Yeah. I guess I don't know what a machine gun is. What's an AR-15? An AR-15 is a semi-automatic gun. The legal definition of a machine gun is a weapon that will fire more than one bullet per trigger pull, right? This is all very wonky because like we had bump stocks a while ago.

Right. Which function more or less as a machine gun, but legally weren't technically a machine gun. There's a couple of weird kinds of triggers. You can, as with anything with guns, because when you, you like, when you make a law to ban a thing, you have to specify what that thing is in mechanical terms. Right.

And so you find a way to, people do this with drugs too, where it's like, okay, they banned MDMA. Let's find a way to, people do this with drugs too, where it's like, okay, they banned MDMA, let's make a drug that affects the same parts of the brain, but doesn't like, isn't explicitly banned, right? Right, different compound. Yeah, and the same thing happens. Now there are sought off shotguns

that aren't legally shotguns because of very, anyway, whatever. This is getting off of the point a bit, but the NRA works with Congress, right? They don't do like a big political brouhaha. They're like, hey, we wanna make sure that rich people can still own these weapons. Let's sit down and work some things out

and Congress is happy to work with them. Now, some people in Congress are. The attorney general claims that they emasculate the bill, but broadly speaking, the NFA seriously limits the types of weapons that civilians are allowed to have. And this is the first time anyone had done that at the federal level. And the NRA is pretty happy with the resulting bill

and they endorsed the 1934 NFA. Now there was still no real like massive national discussion of the second amendment as an individual right in this period. Not that it was like particularly discussed much at all. This is just not super constitutionally controversial in the period of time. It's not yet part of the culture war.

Yeah, that hasn't really evolved yet. The context, the discussion of the Second Amendment as an individual right to bear arms doesn't really start to take off until the early 1960s. And this is when the very first law review articles arguing an individualist interpretation are published. Now this period coincides with the civil rights movement and the second big push for gun control in federal history. This time, rather than well racism and crime have a role to play as we'll discuss, but one of the first things that sets it off Is the assassination of President John F Kennedy? Famously John F Kennedy is assassinated by Bernard Sanders using the manly Kirk Harkana rifle that he'd ordered from a classified ad in the

American Rifleman magazine, which is the NRA's magazine. Mm-hmm. So the gun that kills GFK is ordered from the back of a magazine, right? Yeah And this is it's not again, he's not killed with like anything you would consider an assault weapon. It's like an old bolt action rifle. But the fact that he was able to get it from like a magazine ad becomes like, and like, you know, again, background checks are not really a thing yet.

And that makes a lot of people very angry. And I'm gonna quote now from an article by Alina Savadra Buckley quote For years prior to Kennedy's assassination America had been watching television and learning how to shoot in the 1950s when Hollywood studios were churning out Westerns popular science estimated that half A million Americans had started quick draw shooting for fun And by the end of the decade three thousand Western style guns were selling per week According to Frank Smythe in his book the NRA, The Unauthorized History.

At the same time, accidental gun wounds and deaths were on the rise, and three out of four Americans supported stricter gun control measures as a result. The NRA braced itself for new legislation in the early 1960s, sprinkling the first references to the Second Amendment in American Riflemen. Eight months after Kennedy died, the magazine had even added a new statement to its masthead. The strength of the NRA, and therefore the ability to accomplish its objects and purposes depends entirely upon the support of loyal Americans who believe in the right to keep and bear arms.

And a lot of this push is coming at the direction of Harlan Carter, who writes stuff for American riflemen and who is a big believer that the NRA needs to be a second amendment advocacy organization. Yeah. Yeah. And that's, again, that's different from what they had always been pro-gun, because obviously it's the NRA, right?

But when you look at what they're doing in 34, they're not advocating for the second amendment. They're advocating for what they see as sportsmen, right? And obviously there's problems with that. It's based heavily on like the desire of rich people to be heavily armed, but they're arguing for sportsmen as opposed to Carter wants to turn it into an advocacy organization for this thing,

this idea of the second amendment. And when you do something like that, number one, if you kind of are an essentialist and you claim that this is like, there's this kind of inherent, timeless essential interpretation of this rule. And that's your guiding light. There's not any ability to compromise there, right? Like you have to be kind of a fundamentalist about it.

And that's- Right, it doesn't matter if a president was just murked in front of everyone in Dallas. Yes, yes. You have to be like, sorry, the law's the law. And this is, you know, this is my interpretation of it. And Carter understands, again, he's a very smart guy. What he'd done with the border patrol shows,

he understands how the media works. He understands how to advocate for white supremacy without advocating for white supremacy, right? And so he knows that it's not just enough to like say that you support gun ownership. And I'm gonna continue with a quote from Buckley here in order for there to be good guys with guns, there had to be an opposing force for the NRA and many lawmakers that opposing force was usually black.

Now this gets into the aspect of the gun control push. Again, there's an aspect that's just based in these assassinations. That's not at all based in racism. And then there's an aspect that's based on the Watts riots. So in 1965, the LAPD beats a black man named Marquette Fry with a baton during a traffic stop and protests erupt. It becomes an insurrection and spreads throughout the country. The military is eventually called in to augment

an overwhelmed LAPD. This is part of what jumpstarts the war on crime, a period of largely racist crime bills that culminate with the whole super predator panic that Biden is famous for. And the in our way, huge supporters of crime bills, anti-gun control support crime bills, right? So you see what they're doing here is,

you have some folks because people are during the Watts riots using guns to fight the LAPD. And so there are like, and this is kind of, there's pushes, this is what starts some of the momentum for gun control in California comes from this. But more than that, what the NRA looks at is they see these armed black people carrying out an uprising and they're like, well, we can take away focus

on guns and on legislating guns by focusing on legislating to criminalize black people, right? Right. And that's what Harlan Carter realizes like, well, this is the business the NRA needs to be in. And also like, this is the business of like arming the police, arguing that like,

cause that's where the good guy with a gun argument starts, right? Is the idea that like you need to, the police need to have more and more weapons to deal with today's like dangerous, heavily armed criminals, right? Yeah, and also the, you know, guns don't kill people. This racial group that I do not like kills people. Yes, which is an argument you still see made today.

There's just a fucking Republican congressional candidate who was arguing that like America doesn't have a gun violence problem, black people have a gun, something like that, right? Like this is an old argument. And Harlan Carter is the one who first figures out how to make it, right? So two years after the Watts riots,

the members of the Black Panther Party start assembling and openly carrying firearms, which is lawful at the time. They would assemble with guns and they would audit police during traffic stops to ensure that cops did not abuse members of the public. One could argue this is in some ways closer to an originalist interpretation of the Second Amendment than anything today.

Now, their activism scares the fuck out of white people. And again, white people who are not pro-gun, right? Right. And we're gonna chat about all of that. And we're gonna chat about my favorite president, Matt. I know your favorite president, Ronald Reagan. Star of Bedtime for Bonzo. Love him.

Star of- The monkey movie. Yeah. Those McCarthy hearings. Star of- The monkey movie. Yeah. Those McCarthy hearings. We owe Ronald Reagan a lot, including the beginning of the career of my favorite musician, John Hinckley Jr. Oh, he's so good, dude. Incredible. I was just like,

you gotta get his mixtapes. Follow him on Twitter. I like his early stuff better, but he's still really cranking out some solid things, you know? Yeah. His early stuff is, woof. Yeah, his early stuff. I'm unbelievable unbelievable just Right. Mm-hmm. Number one with a bullet. Here's here's here's our ads. Oh

We're back And you know, I just wanted to give a special statement from our sponsors That they completely support the career of John Hinkley Jr. And, uh, uh, I dunno, Sophie, how do we, we, you're shaking your head. Probably shouldn't, probably not good. It's just a boring bit. It's a boring bit. You think it's boring that John Hinckley Jr. Is making a comeback tour now. Yeah, he's, he's touring and he's nailing it. is making a comeback to her now. Yeah. He's, he's touring and he's nailing it. It's he's got a guitar and it says this machine

almost kills fascists. He's pretty close to killing a fascist. This machine's shot the side of an armored limousine with, and it bounced and managed to penetrate a fascist chest cavity. This machine loves Jodie Foster and almost yeah. Yeah, this machine heads. It was very Creepy she did say she was impressed. She should be I mean it is impressive, right? Yeah I don't know mixed bag. Whatever That was probably enough Johnny bad jokes mixed bad Look, he did he did shoot Ronald Reagan. He did whatever, probably enough John H. H. Jr. jokes. Mixed back. Mixed back.

Look, he did shoot Ronald Reagan. He did, unarguably. Mm-hmm, yeah. All right, Evans. So, two years. You did not. Sorry, go ahead. So, you get the Black Panthers start assembling

with guns in public, and this scares the shit out of both kind of the progressive liberal crowd in California and crowd in California and conservatives in California. And so all of California gets on board the idea of banning the open carry of firearms. Um, and the NRA happily endorses the measure. Um, the black Panthers assemble with their guns in the Capitol. On one of the last days it would remain legal to do so. It's described in local news as an invasion, even though again,

it was people legally protesting in a way that was not again, whatever, for the exact rights that the same, you know, like white wackadoos do now. But again, fucking a Harlan Carter, totally on board with criminalizing this. As is again, Ronald Reagan is the governor at the governor of California Reagan's totally against yeah so yeah some of these guys get arrested during their protest in Sacramento as they are handcuffed Bobby Seale read from their executive mandate which protested quote the racist California legislature which is now considering legislation aimed at keeping black people disarmed and powerless the

measure passed and it laid the groundwork for the extensive gun control that the state of California now enjoys. To this day, those laws primarily impact poor black people. Rich white folks can acquire concealed weapon permits very easily. You just have to be able to have a second home in a place like San Bernardino and you can get the license to carry a concealed gun in the state of California. They can also purchase, so California, one of the things that they have is a handgun roster, right? So the only handguns you can buy in the state of California are specifically ones that have been approved

from the state. However, you can bring handguns into the state if you move there, as long as they don't have an illegal, as long as you don't bring magazines with higher than a 10 round capacity, you can bring those into the state and then you can have them or you can sell them to people through an FFL.

And if you're a police officer, you can buy any kind of gun you want and you can sell it to whoever you want. So there is a massive industry in California of police officers selling handguns to people that are illegal in the state of California to buy unless a police officer sells them to you for twice the normal price.

Anyway, whole bunch of sketchy shit happens. Yeah, it's a nice side hustle for the cops, you know? I mean, cause hey, there was a gig economy back then too. A lot of us are Uber drivers slash gun salesman now. So I get it. And it's one of those things. There's a number of things about including like waiting periods and stuff in California

that there's a strong argument to be made in favor of. But this is where a lot of it starts and it never entirely gets divorced from this thing of like, again, you can look at the same thing in the 1934 NFA of like, well, no, we don't want rich people to be affected, right? Yeah, yeah. Anyway.

But they banned, what is that, the Saturday night specials, like any like- Oh, we're getting to that. That's where the handgun roster starts though, yes, with the Saturday night special. Yeah. But we'll get to that, don't worry. So, Harlan Carter's support of an individual right

to bear arms was not out of principled belief that all Americans deserve to defend themselves or out of a desire to even check governmental power. Again, he militarized the border patrol. Instead, he believed that guns were a tool to enforce white supremacy and he wanted to ensure that white people maintained the right to do this. And backing California's open carry ban,

he was engaging in an intelligent strategy. You draw attention away from guns and you focus on who is carrying them. This is the origin of the quote, guns don't kill people, people don't kill people argument. But when Harlan made it, the people were explicitly quoted as black. I'm going to quote from Epic magazine now. The same year, American Rifleman published an editorial titled, Who Guards America's Homes.

It depicted protests like Watts as mob violence, who then supports the police, who then guards the doors of American homes from senseless savagery and pillaging. It read, with home front safeguards, spotty and uncertain, the armed citizen represents a potential community stabilizer. Right? Nothing is more stable stabilizing for a community than a bunch of armed white people. Well, and he's, he's very much making the written house argument here, right? Oh, 100%. The armed citizen supports the police. The Black Panthers are making what I might argue

is more of an originalist interpretation, which is the armed citizen protects the community from government overreach. That's the Black Panthers. He's saying the armed citizen aids the police in enforcing white supremacy, right? That's the argument being made by the NRA here. Yeah, yeah.

It's funny because obviously you do have your right-wing insurrectionist militias and shit like that. But for the most part, what is being supported is like arming the suburbs. And anyone who supports the police should be armed, and anyone who in any way ways against it shouldn't be and that is You know, yeah, it is a problem

Cause some issues. It's a problem that deserves a more complex series of solutions than to get suggested on on and Debates over this but that's a separate topic So after RFK and and Martin Luther Jr. are murdered in 1968, Senator Thomas Dodd reintroduces the Gun Control Act to Congress. This has been put forward a couple of times. He pushed it through again in 1968 after those assassinations. And the Gun Control Act is intended to ban the interstate sale of guns, ban their sale to children, to convicted felons, and because of some bigotry, mental defectives, right?

So again, like all of these laws, there's like, okay, you don't want people to just be able to ship guns through a mail order catalog across the country. I can get on board there. Right, probably shouldn't be selling them to children or convicted, although I have issues with who becomes a felon, right? Like, if somebody's got a violent history, sure, that makes sense.

You don't want somebody who's like a convicted rapist buying guns and then like, and mental defectives. Well, how the hell do you define that now? Now? Right now? I've got some concerns. Um, but this, this law, again, there's a lot that's very reasonable in here and the NRA rallies against it in huge numbers. Harlan Carter and his partner in the, and they are not in, they don't have an issue with the mental defectives part, right?

That's not the thing that's a problem to them. This is the first law that causes the NRA to get like hugely political. And Harlan Carter, again, there's this war still within the NRA that hasn't resolved between the old guard and the new guard Carter because he has a lot of influence in American Rifleman magazine He he enlists like the people that he's been seating the NRA with these new guard folks to start like coming up with a series Of blistering editorials in American Rifleman magazine that are urging people to write letters to Congress to like this is the first real

Concerted lobbying campaign. And I'm trying to figure out which part of it it is. Is it the children part? Is it the fact that they're like, no, children is neutral, racially neutral. So they're like, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, we can't do that. Or what is it?

A big part of it, this is an attempting to establish like, if you're buying a gun, you have to do it through, there has to be like this this legal process like You can't just be a dude has a gun and I get it, right? And that's that's the big that's the center of the problem, right? There's the idea that the federal government is now going to be involved in hair like In all legal gun purchases, which is obviously not what the gun control act does There's these things called face-to-face sales in a lot of states where if you're not a gun dealer,

you can sell a gun to anybody without there being any kind of a background check. That is still the law in a lot of the country. But most gun purchases you have to do, you have to fill out what's called a form 4473, which is, and you have to have like a federal background check, right? And the government gets involved, right?

That's the thing that they're scared about. And again, you can't divorce this from like the John Birch Society, from all of his panics about communism, about like, you know, the government getting increasingly centralized. And I guess you might argue that that's also closer to an originalist interpretation of the second amendment.

But anyway, so the NRA, you know, Harlan Carter urges like helps to organize this massive campaign of resistance against the gun control act. And it's not popular with many of the folks running the NRA at the time. And again, the way they'd done things before, Congress would suggest a bill,

the NRA would usually have some issues with it, but they would like make those issues clear then they'd sit down and like hash something out as they did in 1934. So the vice president of the NRA would usually have some issues with it, but they would like make those issues clearer than they'd sit down and like hash something out as they did in 1934. So the vice president of the NRA, a guy named Franklin Orth figures, that's what we're going to do, right? He doesn't want the organization to take like a really public political stance because that's kind of permanently alienated from like one party, right?

And he doesn't, that's not his goal with the NRA. He doesn't want it to be like a Republican or a democratic thing. Short-sighted idiot. Yeah. So. Fool. And he doesn't, that's not his goal with the NRA. He doesn't want it to be like a Republican or a Democratic thing. Short-sighted idiot. Yeah. Fool. For what would be the last time? Cause again, Orth and his people are still in charge

of the NRA broadly. The NRA sits down with Franklin Dodd and they reach a compromise on the bill. And they, you know, they, they alter it and whatnot to be a little bit whatever. Orth describes it as a law the sportsmen of America can live with. The fact that anything had been passed at all enrages the base that Carter has put together

and they respond with a flood of hate mail so voluminous it nearly makes Orth resign. It becomes increasingly clear that the old guard did not speak for the increasingly radicalized masses of the NRA. Um, and these, again, these people are, they're, they're frightened of black mobs of the Watts riots, right? They're also have been stoked by Carter and his lackeys with like fears of communist infiltration and invasion.

This is all kind of coming together as part of it. And obviously a lot of the right in this time sees the Watts riots is like, it must've been the Soviet union. Right. Right. 100%. There's like a synonymous, like, you know, any kind of black uprising synonymous with communism at this point. Yeah. So kind of what you're seeing here is the radical chunk of the NRA doesn't want like wants to oppose any like this law under all conditions, right? There's no

no way in which they'll be okay with this. And they lose the fight to the old guard who works with the government to pass this law. But the new guard, I guess new guard isn't really a term, but like the Harlan Carter's faction starts to become more dominant as a result of this because it off so many people. And because it's so much easier to electrify people with like threats of the communist government is coming to like take your guns to start.

You have to be able to protect your family against these dangerous, that's easier to rile people up for than we should work with the government to come to like sensible accommodations. Right? Let's compromise. That's not a selling point. Right? So because of what Carter builds here over this fight, membership in the NRA soars to over a million people for the first time in the association's history. So this is part of what scares the old guard and makes them silo Harlan

Carter off to the ILA, which is the NRA's first registered lobby. And when they make this lobbying group for him to run, they don't like fund it. So he's going to have to raise his own money to do anything. And their hope is that like this guy is dangerous, but we can't kick him out. So if we give him this lobbying organization, but don't give him any money, he's going to have to spend all of his time raising funds and he's not going to be able to like cause any trouble. Sure.

Um, this proves to be a bad strategy because Harlan Carter invents the concept of right-wing fundraising. Damn it. Yes. The first podcaster. Yeah, he's the first guy to figure out how everything is going to work for right-wing fundraising in the future.

And he does it because he figures out, he uses computers, right? Like that's the thing he figures out is going to be critical. And I'm going to quote from Alina Buckley again. Their computer could print 1,100 lines per minute, letting Carter's team produce thousands of letters addressed to members over a 24-hour period. It was the latest iteration of a powerful tool, direct mail.

The medium had reached prominence by the early 1970s when it was first pioneered by Richard Viguerre, who as a campaign worker had copied down the names and addresses of people who had donated to Barry Goldwater's unsuccessful presidential bid. With that list of Republicans and their addresses as good as the gold bricks deposited at Fort Knox, he once wrote, Viguerre had developed a way for conservatives to reach the people most likely to become coveted single-issue voters. With the right messaging, Carter hoped to use the tool to drum up support for ILA's legislative work.

Viguerre himself collaborated with Carter to build their database. ILA did all of this under the noses and the shoes of the NRA executives, gaining ground for a hardened line against gun control. I'm building an organization capable of public persuasion not only in Washington, but in the states, Carter said at the time. We don't know the best way to reach all the people yet, but of course, we shall. Ugh, goddammit. He. Oh, God damn it. He built a mailing list.

Yeah, he's one of the very first people to do this. Jesus. And is arguably the most successful of anyone in this period at doing this. Yeah, yeah. And yeah, that's where we're gonna leave things for today. But first, Matt, you got a mailing list, you wanna plug?

Oh, I got a mailing list. Yeah. it's called Instagram. Mm-hmm. You can find me there At Matt leap jokes, please follow me and also Hey, if you like the Sopranos listen to pot yourself a gun and is a rewatch podcast where me and Vince Mancini talk about every episode we just wrapped it up and it is the greatest and only Sopranos podcast in the world.

And I would love for y'all to check it out and tell your friends. That's wonderful. I would like to use this time to get everyone to get involved in my fundamentalist right wing mailing list. NACA, the National Anti-Quartering Association. We're third amendment fundamentalists, Matt. Not only do I think that soldiers shouldn't be quartered

in houses, I don't think they should be quartered anywhere. I think soldiers should be kept awake constantly with heavy doses of amphetamines for the duration of the time that they're serving. No quartering of soldiers anywhere, not even on military bases. Keep them in the sea or in the sky on drugs at all times. That's the NACA line.

Yeah, I love it, dude. Yeah, find us online, give us your email, send us money. And yeah, actblue.com slash anti-quartering. No quartering, nowhere. Yeah. Good times. Good times. Good times. In 2012, 16-year-old Brian Herrera was gunned down in broad daylight on his way to do homework. No suspects, no witnesses, no justice.

The call was horrible. I replayed over in my head all the time. For years, Brian's family kept asking questions, while a culture of silence kept the case cold. Snitches get stitches. Everybody knows it. Still, they refused to give up. I would ask my husband, do you want me to just let this go? He said, no, keep fighting. I told her I would never give up on this case. And then, after a decade of waiting, a breakthrough. We received a phone call that was bittersweet because it's a call that we've been waiting for for a very long time.

I'm Enrique Santos. This is Cold Case Files Miami, a podcast about justice, persistence, and the families who never stopped fighting. Listen to Cold Case Files Miami as part of the MyCultura Podcast Network, available of the podcast, Betrayal. Police Lieutenant Joel Kern used his badge to fool everyone. Most of all, his wife, Caroline. He texted, I've ruined our lives. You're going to want to divorce me.

Caroline's husband was living another life behind the scenes. He betrayed his oath to his family and to his community. She said you left bruises, pulled her hair, that type of thing. No. How far would Joel go to cover up what he'd done? You're unable to keep track of all your lies and quite frankly, I question how many other

women may bring forward allegations in the future. This season of Betrayal investigates one officer's decades of deception. Lies that left those closest to him questioning everything they thought they knew. Listen to Betrayal on the iHeart radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Camp Shane, one of America's longest running weight loss camps for kids, promised extraordinary results. Campers who began the summer in heavy bodies

were often unrecognizable when they left. In a society obsessed with being thin, it seemed like a miracle solution. But behind Camp Shane's facade of happy, transformed children was a dark underworld of sinister secrets. Kids were being pushed to their physical and emotional limits as the family that owned Shane turned a blind eye. Nothing about that camp was right.

It was really actually like a horror movie. In this eight-episode series, we're unpacking and investigating stories of mistreatment and reexamining the culture of fat phobia that enabled a flawed system to continue for so long. You can listen to all episodes of Camp Shame one week early and totally ad-free on iHeart True Crime Plus. So don't wait.

Head to Apple Podcasts and subscribe today. Have you ever thought about going voiceover? I'm Hope Woodard, a comedian, creator, and seeker of male validation. To most people, I'm the girl behind voiceover, the movement that exploded in 2024. VoiceOver is about understanding yourself outside of sex and relationships. It's more than personal, it's political,

it's societal, and at times, it's far from what I originally intended it to be. These days, I'm interested in expanding what it means to be voiceover, to make it customizable for anyone who feels the need to explore their relationship to relationships. I'm talking to a lot of people who will help us think about how we love each other. It's a very, very normal experience to have times where a relationship is prioritizing other parts of that

relationship that are being naked together. How we love our family. I've spent a lifetime trying to get my mother to love me, but the price is too high. And how we love ourselves. Singleness is not a waiting room. You are actually at the party right now. Let me hear it.

Listen to VoiceOver on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. What's Epstein, my bar virus? Why was that your intro? Why was that your intro? Sophie, as with all of our podcasts, this show is sponsored by the Epstein bar virus. It is not, but okay. Have you had mono?

No? Well, maybe try it. Maybe try mono. Hell yeah. It's good. It might cause multiple sclerosis later in life. There's all sorts of things that mono does. Hard to tell.

Hard to tell. But you will know if you had it, if you ever take the Epstein Bar Exam. That's right. Which is a test. You get the rest of the joke. You can do it for free on this podcast if you sign up for a week of food.

F***. We love the Epstein Bar Virus. You just like to make our poor editor bleep things. I do, I do. It's fine. I'm so sorry for him, Chris. Well, once upon a time when we still went to the office, somebody dinged my car. Maybe. I'm not a hundred percent sure, but I've decided it was our editor. You don't know that,

Sophie. You don't know he didn't come in. You don't know that he didn't do it. I've seen his dogs. His dogs are honest. He would never do that. Well wait, unless you did it. I do, do you wanna know how I know that? I've seen his dogs, his dogs are honest. He would never do that. Well. It was the, it was the, you know who it was. You're on blast, Chris. You know who it was. And I don't know who it was.

It does wrench us back onto topic, which is Harlan Carter and the birth of the national, well, not the birth of, but the rebirth of the, like this is, it's like a racist, you know how Gandalf is like Gandalf the Grey, and then he gets reborn as Gandalf the White after fighting a Balrog? The NRA gets rebirthed as a white supremacist organization

after fighting the Balrog of the Black Panthers assembling legally with guns to check police power? Yeah, yeah, yeah. I may have lost the thread a little bit. No, I gotcha. You shall not pass legislation. Pass gun control legislation. Yeah.

All right, we figured it out. We got it, we got it back on. We did it, we workshopped it, it got there. See people, this is how the sausage gets made. So. Disgustingly. Now, we're talking about the NRA, and particularly we have this over the Gun Control Act,

this first big clash between Harlan Carter's people and the old guard. And the old guard wins, right? Cause they're still broadly speaking in control, but it becomes like they kind of sack, like in the course of winning, it becomes clear that an awful lot of perhaps most NRA members are actually not on board

with the direction they want. Are really excited about this more fundamentalist attitude towards the second amendment. And while Harlan Carter was busy building the bones of a fundraising and lobbying machine that would dominate conservative and really in a lot of ways American politics for the next half century,

the old guard were wistfully looking back to the organization's past as a sporting association and, and figured maybe we could go back to that. Right. Um, and so they are the conservatives. Harlan Carter is the radical, right? Um, politics kind of leaves a bad taste in these people's mouths. Um, cause again, they're all aristocrats, right?

Um, they're all like, they're, they're kind of like Joe Biden. They want to have all of their friends, right? They, they, like on both sides of things, they don't want things to get too political cause that gets nasty and it reduces the number of people who can give you money. So in 1973, the old guard had purchased land in Colorado and they wanted to turn it initially into a shooting range, which is pretty normal thing for the NRA to do. Um, but in 1976, they decided to go with a grander plan, the National Rifle Association Outdoor Center.

This was going to be a massive compound dedicated to classes on like wood crafting and wilderness stuff and conservation research. There's supposed to be like scientific research done there and also other sporting skills. And of course there would be a shooting range there and people would be able to hunt on the land, but like guns were not the primary purpose, right?

It was like a whole outdoor recreation center for the NRA. And this was in line with, they wanted to expand the organization because that's obviously it's more money and whatnot, but they didn't wanna like hone in on guns entirely. They wanted to be like, well, we could be like the, we could be like the American go-to organization for like outdoor, you know, sporting and stuff.

So in order to help them kind of make this shift, right? Cause this is, at this point, that is different from the NRA's initial vision as is Harlan Carter's vision, right? So they're both trying to move it in different directions. Right? It's become clear that like this thing the NRA had been isn't going to continue.

And the old guard has a vision and the new guard has another one. And so the old guard hires a PR firm, the Orem Group, to help them drum up funding to make this facility a reality because they need tens of millions of dollars to build this thing. It's a pretty impressive vision. And they hope that they see Carter's built

this like massive fundraising arm. He's getting all these people organized on behalf of his Second Amendment absolutism. And they want this PR firm to help them take back power from Harlan Carter and get people on their side. Now, here's the thing. Be like, yeah, Second Amendment absolutism is fun, but what if we built a rec center?

Yeah, what if we had a rec center for rich people? You can see what, this kind of like how you've got like those, those like old political ghouls in the, the, the, the democratic party and like the parts of the Republican party that turned into a Lincoln project to oppose Trump with like very slick political ads that did nothing. Whereas Trump just got people angry and that works a lot better than like, anyway, this is a version of that same fight, right? And part of how you could tell the Orem group

was not going to succeed in their goals is that their founder, like the guy they're named after their founder is this wealthy New York philanthropist whose most prominent clients before the NRA were Planned Parenthood and the NAACP. So this guy maybe doesn't get the base of the NRA and it's gonna have trouble speaking to them. Right? Yeah. That's going to be a problem. I might, that might be a problem. Yeah.

I mean, it's one thing if it's just like, Hey, we have two different branches of conservatism or whatever, but no, these guys are going to be politically and morally opposed with each other. It's going to, it's not going to work out. Well, it's not going to work out Well, it's not gonna work out Well for them. It may have it may be such a bad idea that literally anyone could have called it But the NRA bigwigs they bring this guy on the team and his goal in his organization's goal is to chart like a safe New course for the NRA in which they kind of keep out of politics

And this is in part because like they want to build this new facility, you're not going to get $30 million in 1970s money, uh, like by, by hewing to a hard political line. Right. So they succeed in roping in a bunch of big donors from all across, you know, major American business interests. They get Bill Spencer, who's like the second guy at Citibank. Uh, they get Ezra Taft Benson, who's the highest apostle of the Mormon church. They get a bunch of oil and gas industry bigwigs, all of whom agree to like, start putting money into this project. So in order to like celebrate that they've found enough rich old dudes to fund this thing, the NRA sets up a big party on their land in

Colorado for all of these, these rich guys. And they basically host like a multimillionaire summer camp. People are like camping in their private jets on the land. Like they park their private jets there and like sleep on them and then they hunt and fish in the daytime. I love it, super relatable. Exactly, right? You see, again, this just makes it really easy for Carter

to be like, well, these guys don't have your interests at heart, because they don't, right? Yeah, no. Yeah. It's not defending Carter to say that like, these guys don't give a shit about the average person who might want to join the NRA, because most people who join the NRA

are not millionaires with private jets. Right. Exactly. They're missing the entire cultural aspect of it at this point. Yes. Yeah. And so this is not going to work out well for them.

Right? So there's some backlash. And Alina Buckley describes kind of the old guard's vision of the association's future as quote, one in which shooting accompanied frontier abundance funded by corporations that had long bankrolled conservative causes, one in which guns were a reflection of American might, cowboy like to be sure, but still with a military like formality rather than a vigilante ethos that saw federal power as a threat. So again, the NRA, this is the attitude the NRA works with the federal government in order to ensure

the sporting culture and in order to ensure a degree of military readiness, which is basically back to their old principles as opposed to the NRA is an association that enables individual Americans to be vigilantes, right? Right. Like, which is more what Carter's pushing. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. The fun, the fun type of NRA. Carter, the guy who was a vigilante, right? Which is more what Carter's pushing. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. The fun type of guy. Carter, the guy who was a vigilante, you know? Yeah, yeah, yeah.

So while the Old Guard are hobnobbing with the great and good, Harlan Carter is making a strategic alliance with a gun industry journalist, a guy named Neil Knox. Now, Knox had been educated at a Christian college in Abilene, Texas. And the fact that he comes from Abilene is a red flag. Oh yeah. Just in general, don't go to Abilene. I will not.

No, it's almost as bad as Brady. So, anyway, sorry Abilene. I wish I knew anything about Texas. This is just Texas, Lor. You have to, if you come from Dallas as I do, you have to shit on every other city in Texas so that people don't notice how terrible Dallas is. So I like to throw a lot of flack Houston's way

in order to ignore that their food is better. It's whatever. So he goes to Abilene College and every social find on Neil Knox will note that he marries his wife because she was the only girl on campus who kept a rifle in her dorm room Hey, you know what that's love right like he finds his he finds this person good for him

Yeah, he was interested in safe sex I mean it is this is like getting into like how different some things are in the country but like at the elementary school where I went to, it was not uncommon for people, particularly teachers, to have guns in their cars in the parking lot. And at the high school, kids would regularly have their guns in their cars in the parking lot during the hunting season and stuff. It's like they're hunting rifles, right?

Because they're like, this is in Ida Belle, Oklahoma. It's not uncommon during the season. You go straight from there to like whatever blind you've got. Yeah. So again, this is like different time. But also Neil Knox is a very modern kind of gun guy who is going to help make the NRA

into like the gun culture war organization that it becomes. Yeah, yeah. He sounds like the kind of origin story of like the first guy horny for guns That's gonna be normal like he's gonna Normalize being horny. No, he's gonna normalize being gun horny, but also with conspiracy baked into it, right? That's one of the keys, right? It's not just like an appreciation for guns It's an appreciation for guns within this like conspiratorial milieu that Neil Knox is like he's a guy on this

Yes, it's a it's yeah, he's yeah, he's read the Turner diaries and shit. Yeah, I mean, he would have been the kind of guy to help write them. Not that he was, because that's a different set of guys. Although they are kind of connected by the Goldwater campaign, but that's another story. I wanna hear that. As the Dallas Morning News writes,

Knox was, yeah, I'm just gonna quote them walking through this guy's background. In the mid-1960s, Knox worked as a reporter and editor with newspapers in Vernon and Wichita Falls before getting a job as founding editor of Gun Week, a newspaper covering firearms issues of the day. From his base in Arizona, the bearded gun evangelist spent the next 40 years railing against gun control and pinning himself against NRA leaders he saw as too compromising. In the 1960s and 70s, the gun industry and the NRA were inclined towards pragmatism,

said Jeff Knox, who's his kid, from his home in Buckeye, Arizona, and willing to make concessions. The elder Knox believed strongly that the Second Amendment was absolute, and he especially didn't like the idea of registering guns, which to him raised the specter of a dictator confiscating all arms and subduing the citizenry, Jeff Knox said. At one point in the mid-19 mid 1990s Neil Knox even suggested the Assassinations of Kennedy and King might have been staged to build support for gun control So Knox is the start of specifically the strain of the American right and American gun culture that Kind of culminates in Alex Jones, right? Yeah, right and he's not super big about pushing that but he is like the first kind of prominent

voice to start talking about like these these these shooting attacks exactly made specifically right gun control that's one of the big things that Neil Knox introduces into American culture at least helps to introduce I'm not gonna claim that he was entirely on his own there but he's like he's like the vanguard of that kind of guy who winds up doing the Sandy Hook conspiracy shit later on And it's it's worth noting though that wow when Knox partners with Harlan Carter again, this is 76 77 So he has not yet started pushing conspiracies outright But you can see kind of where he goes is where he he and Carter helped to lead a lot of the gun culture

and where he and Carter helped to lead a lot of the gun culture. And yeah, so these guys, the old guard, see Carter and Knox and see them as like, kind of unhinged, but even more than that, they're not primarily objecting necessarily to their goals as much as the fact that they're so extreme that it's going to take away funding, right? It's going to reduce the NRA's ability to attract a lot of like people,

to give them money for the Republican establishment during like Trump's run. They were just like, listen, we agree. All Mexicans are rapists, but you're not going to get the nomination by saying it. And it's like, want to bet? Yeah. Yeah, exactly. Like that's, that's kind of like, they're arguing like these people are too extreme, the NRA will like, die out if their kind takes over.

And Hartland Carter's like, oh, motherfucker, you wanna see how to make the NRA make a lot of money. I will show you some things. He's about to. So one Friday, in November of 1976, the head of the NRA purged 80 staff members loyal to Carter, right? They fire everybody with like very little warning, because again, Carter spent years getting his border patrol guys

in there. So they try to get rid of all these people. And what becomes known later is the weekend massacre. And Harlan, it's the only massacre. Harlan resigns from his position in protest. And Alina Buckley continues, quote gun week hand loader and rifle all Publications Knox had once edited writers began reporting rumors about a shakeup at headquarters The Orem Groups report on the Outdoor Center had been leaked and gun group leaders around the country bristled at its language And this is from the the Orem Groups report in the public mind The NRA is current image is based almost totally on its supposed opposition to any form of gun control. This public image constitutes a weakness for fundraising.

A new piece of, again, very bad at being at their job, by the way. A new piece of information had gotten out too via a brochure sent in the mail to some members. The executive committee was considering moving the headquarters to Colorado Springs, not far from Rattan, where the NRA could focus more squarely on its sport shooting ties. Regional gun groups began receiving concerned notes from their members. The Shooters Committee of Political Education, SCOPE, based in New York, wrote a letter to Rich protesting the NRA's recent board appointees and to let him know that they would advise

their membership to write in Neil Knox, among several others, as board candidate at the annual meeting in Cincinnati. In The American Rifleman, an unsigned editorial appeared. There have been charges that the National Rifle Association is being subverted, it read, in abandoning its fight against gun control. So this, and you see here they've built in their partnership, Knox and Carter have built a very effective both fundraising and propaganda wing. That is, they're building a moral panic over this, right?

In a very modern way, in a way that is, and it's modern because this is like the fucking, this is part of like the blueprint of like everything the right will do in the future. So for the next couple of weeks, Knox and Carter call every other NRA lifetime member they can, in brief, like, when you have an organization like the NRA,

every year you have to have a meeting and you have to do like voting at that meeting and stuff. And like there's people who are the actual like board and stuff, but also the lifetime members get to vote. And so the board is in control unless you can get like enough of those members to vote on measures that would like replace the leadership, right?

So, and they didn't, they had never, no one had ever really tried to do this before. The fact that the members get to vote had kind of been like stock options voting where it's like, yeah, I mean, the random citizens who control 20% of the company's stock get a vote, but like our CEO controls 45% and his best friend controls 20,

so it doesn't matter what they say, right? That was the thinking, but obviously the NRA isn't like a publicly traded company. You just, each of these people has a vote. And if you can whip them all into shape, you could actually wrest control of the organization away from the old guard, which is what Knox and Carter start planning to do.

Now there's a lot of politicking that goes on here. You can read about it in detail in Alina Buckley's article. One thing I think that's worth noting is that the whole event has something of an early Trumpy vibe. The folks Carter lines up to back their plan to take over the NRA saw the old guard as out of touch aristocrats, which they were. They framed themselves as like Paul Revere types, right? They're founding fathers, right? They're, they're fighting a revolution against an unjust

like aristocracy. Yeah, yeah. One person who was present. They're all doing the cosplay now. It's all begins with the don't tread on me flags and the three pointed, you know, fucking hats and. Yes. Oy vey.

And one person who was present later recalled, some members were angry enough to bring rope, tar, and feathers to Cincinnati. Yeah. What is an obsession with this like patriotic forms of like You know like old style LARPing it's just just the same fucking oh God I mean this gets into a broader issue that actually

is present in different forms everywhere, which is that like, everyone has their types of violence that are like good and traditional and okay, and their types of violence that are, so black people breaking a bunch of windows during a riot or like, you know, flipping a cop car and lighting it on fire, black people breaking a bunch of windows during a riot or like flipping a cop car and lighting it on fire, that is not okay, that's horrifying. That's evil.

Yes, evil, violence, end of civilization. Tarring and feathering a guy trying to raise taxes, like literally melting a man's skin off in order to stop him from getting the taxes that will pay for a road, that's traditional, right? Yeah, that's, that's, yeah, it's allowed. You know, it's, uh, I mean, burning their skin off and then the feathers is just so they look like a chicken. Just the most horrifying joke that you can possibly think of. Yeah. There was like that John Adams, uh, HBO series with Paul

Giamatti. Oh yeah. Yeah. They had like a t Adams HBO series with Paul Giamatti. Oh, yeah, yeah, they had like a tarring and feathering in it. And it was like the first time I was like, Oh yeah, that's incredibly violent. Really, really violent actually to turn and feather a person. I thought it was just like, Hey, we're gonna make you look like a funny chicken, like a pie in the face. I put it on the same level as a pie in the face, but it's, um, no, it's not. It's pretty bad. No, it's's like, I mean everyone, there's a degree to which this is very common

across the political spectrum, because on one, you get, like whenever people suggests, like, well the cops should confiscate this, or the cops should like do that, it's like, well okay, what happens when police confiscate things? Like what does that look like violence wise, you know? Yes, yeah. And it's because like, I don't know, everyone's got,

it's a, I mean, it's a common political tactic, right? To frame the violence you wanna do or you wanna have the government do as not violence because it's being done by the government. It's like, you know, when people do a panic about like drug dealers sneaking fentanyl into things and their solution to that is have the DEA raid more people. It's like, well, the DEA kill people too.

You know? Like. Yeah, yeah, yeah, completely. I don't know, this is just what people do. Anyway, so Knox takes point on the actual day of the convention. He's the one who's actually whipping votes at the NRA convention to propose a series of bylaw changes.

Using the support base Carter had built, he gets them to vote in a defense of the Second Amendment to the NRA's mission for the first time, right? So he's like, this is the first time they actually add, because they have a mission statement or whatever as an organization. The first thing they do is they add like Second Amendment, like we are advocating for

like the, you know, this interpretation of the second amendment to that. The next thing they do is they block the sale of the NRA headquarters in DC, uh, and they block the development of the outdoor centers. They put it into this plan. Um, and then, uh, Carter or, uh, uh, uh, Knox brings up a guy named Bob Kukla, who's one of Carter's people who's still in the NRA when Carter resigns in protest Kukla takes over the lobbying arm and he's Apparently, I guess the the old guard had thought he was trustworthy But he secretly records one of their managing committee meetings and they play this in front of the crowd and in the tape You can hear the current head of the NRA and the other members of the old guard

criticizing Kukla for quote going to war every time someone mentions gun control. So, he pulled a project Veritas on he does he Veritas again, these guys are really building the playbook that's going to be used everywhere well outside of guns. So following this Knox and his voters stripped the board and managing committee of power. And basically, again, this is that you can go into a lot more detail about how they do this all legislatively. But by the end of things, the old guard are no longer in charge of the NRA and Harlan Carter

is the new executive vice president. Damn. At 330, yeah, yeah, they do it fucking street style. And at 330 AM, Carter takes to the stage to give his first speech to his newly conquered NRA Your America's greatest people my friends don't ever forget that you are you have afforded the NRA this wonderful Historically important reaction of yours to the way the association has been going to the way you want it to be to the way It ought to be and if I have anything to do with it. You are going to win because you are the NRA

Fuck so you are going to win because you are the NRA. Fuck. So. You did it. He did it, very Trumpy speech. Yeah. Yeah, it did his Trump speech and he took over the NRA and I imagine now people are gonna start falling in line. Is that? Yeah, well, the NRA is gonna make a lot of people

fall in line and we're gonna talk about what they do. But first You know who? Loves to carry out coups Our our sponsors who backed a series of coups in indonesia in order to gain access to the island That you can go to hunt kids on Yeah, that's what they're known for and And hey, if you're not, if you're not into guns understands you can use bows. You can use an at a ladle. You know, uh, ninja stars, ninja stars for sure. Look, there's, they can't stop you. Yeah. Uh, a bow staff, literally any weapon the ninja turtles use. Yeah. The government of Indonesia has no control over this island. So it's all on.

In 2012, 16 year old Brian Herrera was gunned down in broad daylight on his way to do homework. No suspects, no witnesses, no justice. The call was horrible. I replayed over my head all the time. For years, Brian's family kept asking questions while a culture of silence kept the case cold. Snitches get stitches. Everybody knows it. Still, they refused to give up. I would ask my husband, do you want me just let this go?

He said no, keep fighting. I told her I would never give up on this case. And then after a decade of waiting, a breakthrough. We received a phone call that was bittersweet, because it's a call that we've been waiting for for a very long time. I'm Enrique Santos. This is Cold Case Files Miami, a podcast about justice, persistence, and the families who never stopped fighting. Listen to Cold Case Files Miami as part of the MyCultura Podcast Network, available on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

I'm Andrea Gunning, host of the podcast Betrayal. Police Lieutenant Joel Kern used his badge to fool everyone, most of all, his wife, Caroline. He texted, I've ruined our lives. You're going to want to divorce me. Caroline's husband was living another life behind the scenes. He betrayed his oath to his family and to his community. She said you left bruises, pulled her hair, that type of thing.

No. How far would Joel go to cover up what he'd done? You're unable to keep track of all your lies. And quite frankly, I question how many other women may bring forward allegations in the future. This season of Betrayal investigates one officer's decades of deception, lies that left those closest to him questioning everything they thought they knew. Listen to Betrayal on the iHeart radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Camp Shane, one of America's longest-running weight loss camps for kids, promised extraordinary results.

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one week early and totally ad free on iHeart True Crime Plus. So don't wait, head to Apple Podcasts and subscribe today. Have you ever thought about going voiceover? I'm Hope Woodard, a comedian, creator, and seeker of male validation. To most people, I'm the girl behind voiceover, the movement that exploded in 2024.

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Let me hear it. Listen to VoiceOver on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Oh, we're back. podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. Oh, we're back. So immediately after carrying out his coup, Harlan Carter sets to work remaking the NRA in his own image. One of his first hires is a guy you may have heard of, Matt, Wayne LaPierre.

Ah, yes. Good old Wayne. Yeah, there we go. W, Big Wayne. Yeah, Big LaPierre. Pepe LaPew, pew, pew, good. Oh, there we go. W big Wayne. Yeah big Pierre P. Pepe la pew pew pew pew Yeah, I don't think it's not French, but you know, it's I mean probably somewhere along somewhere along the line Yeah point is Pepe la pew pew pew pew is a very good No, that was a good joke. You should be proud. So by 1986 LaPierre is running the NRA's entire lobbying arm, right?

So he kind of takes the job that Carter had had basically. But by the 80s, he has turned it into, because again, it was, I mean, and Carter started this process, but it becomes the most, the best funded and most effective lobbying organization in DC, right? In the entire country. Again, Carter draws kind of the blueprints. LaPierre carries them out though. We'll talk about that in detail someday.

That exists, that has a lobbying arm that changed into just like a, you know what I mean? It was like, this was a sportsman lobby that it wasn't even a lobby. And now it is the most powerful lobbying group. And again, there's like critiques about, well, they were primarily interested in like preserving rich people's right to ownership, but they were broadly speaking, saw that like, okay, when a law

affecting guns is proposed, we'll sit down and we'll let them know this is how we think this will affect our members. And these are some changes we'd like. And again, it's like broadly speaking, like, like what you would kind of want to see in a democracy that's supposed to function the way ours does yeah as opposed to like we are going to Become so key to right-wing fundraising that if somebody proposes any kind of law meant at curbing gun crime We will destroy them. Yeah, right Yeah, by any means necessary into it to extent that like it doesn't matter how like reasonable The the restriction might be like even outside of stuff like an assault weapons ban

Like if you're going to propose like universal background checks, which most gun owners support right? We're gonna come for your ass, you know, yeah, yeah Unless you're the Black Panthers, but whatever So another 1977 hire brought onto the NRA at the same time as Wayne LaPierre is a guy named Robert Dowlatt. Now Dowlatt becomes the NRA's general counsel and it's his job to begin wrangling together

legal scholars to push hard the idea of an individualist interpretation of the Second Amendment. So between 1960 and 1970, there's only three law review articles endorsing an individualist interpretation, right? There are some like state level rulings you could argue kind of endorse one earlier,

but there's never been like a national, like as a Supreme Court ruling on the matter, one way or the other. And it hadn't really, people had not even talked about it in that way until the 60s. So three law review articles written between 1960 and 1970 endorsing that interpretation.

Between 1970 and 1989, the period in which Dowlitt is the NRA's general counsel, there are 27 law review articles, three of which are authored by Dowlitt himself. And his work would start to bear fruit again, there's some like lower level rulings, but it makes the individualist interpretation of the second amendment makes its way to the Supreme Court

for the first time in 2001. Some people will say, like point to DC as Heller, that's not the first time, it happens in 2001. And the case in question has its origins in a 1997 criminal case in which a Texas woman divorced her husband and filed for a protective order against him because he had threatened to murder the man she cheated on him with.

The next year, while he's got this protective order, which he's not supposed to have guns because he has the protective order against him, right? During a meeting with his wife and daughter over some financial issue, he pulls a gun during an argument and points it at them. So he gets indicted, again, if you're a rational gun owner, you would think like, well, this is exactly the kind

of person who shouldn't have access to a fucking gun. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. He gets indicted for possession of a firearm while subject to a court order, and he files for dismissal, arguing that this had unfairly infringed on his Second Amendment right. And the ruling, what it actually rules

is kind of complicated. The ruling is not entirely in favor of this guy, Emerson. It's Emerson versus the United States. But in the ruling, the Supreme Court rules that describes the Second Amendment as an individual right, right? So this is the first time that happens at a federal level.

And then this ruling in 2000 is reinforced by 2008's DC versus Heller, which is like the big ruling that is really more explicitly on can you ban like categories of weapons and whatever. It's based on like a DC, I think, handgun ban. And then in 2010, the Second Amendment is finally incorporated in McDonald v. Chicago. But this is all orchestrated by Robert Dowlitt, right? Starting in the 70s.

And one thing you have to say about the man is he earned his salary, right? That's a significant change in US Jewish prudence that he kind of painstakingly is the architect of pushing. It's probably worth noting here that he was a murderer. So I'm gonna quote from the Boston review here. Robert J. Dowlatt was convicted of murdering Anna Marie Yocum, the mother of his then girlfriend in 1963.

Dowlatt also robbed and shot the owner of a pawn shop. Like Carter, Dowlatt was 17 years old when he pulled the trigger He confessed to the shootings and served six years at prison before his conviction was overturned on a technicality The crimes were not made public until 2014 Goddamn, no wonder it's like this is it's also he and Story over and over he and Carter and Kyle Rittenhouse, all 17, when they fucking kill people in like these, I guess I would, maybe you wouldn't call

what Dowlitt does vigilante violence. He's really just murdering people. No, that just sounds like straight up murder. Yeah, he just murders a woman and then shoots a pawn shop owner in a robbery. So I guess you would say he's not a vigilante. He's just straight up an armed criminal. That is fucking insane.

And this is the guy who's made it easier for fucking everyone in the world, or in the United States. He's the NRA's general counsel. So at one point, I assume he went to law school. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Cause again, he gets off like Carter does, right? He gets off and then he goes to college.

And then he starts his career. good for them. I guess nice to know we live in the land of opportunity like that I believe firmly that people should be able to get a second chance after making a mistake Especially when they're you know, not a legal adult. I believe in certain second chances for certain kinds of mistakes I think perhaps if you murder your girlfriend's mom and then shoot a pawn shop owner during a robbery An avenue that we ought to close to you is representing the National Rifle Association That's right. Maybe that's not okay. Yeah, I mean, you know, it's like listen that guy Explicitly does gun crimes. Yeah for fun. This should not be his job I want to know what happened with the, with the, the relationship.

Did I don't actually know suffer after the murder of the mother? It must've been hard while she was his girlfriend. So I don't think they wind up staying together. Oh damn. Yeah. It's like, you know, with Harlan Carter, I think a 17 year old who in a crime of racism commits a murder, there should be some way for that person to be rehabilitated, but perhaps they should never be allowed to be a border patrol officer.

Yeah, yeah. I mean, you know, there's like little things like not giving them, I don't know, authority over other people or requiring them to use lethal force as a part of the job. And maybe the guy who murders his girlfriend's mom shouldn't help to be an architect of federal gun policy. Perhaps not that guy. It sounds rational, but you know what? I don't know if that's yeah, I think I think it'll work out fine I'm not even arguing against an individualist interpretation of the Second Amendment because again I don't really believe that the Constitution is something that we should treat as a religious document But not this guy not this guy making that case if you're gonna make that case

Maybe Ross Dowlats shouldn't be the man doing it seems seems like not no So that's cool. And the Boston Review article I found does a good job of pointing out that the NRA's embrace of the specific legal interpretation does not occur in a vacuum. While Dowlatt's lawyers are making their case, right? So while they're, and again, this is a very,

it's a pain, it's 40 years, it's a painstaking process. Well, not, it's, I guess, 20-ish, 23, something like that. But while they're making their case, the NRA is carrying out mass mailing campaigns, some of the most extensive in political history, and they're publishing magazines that reach millions of people. They're paying for ads

and all of these different gun press magazines. They're having paid spokesmen show up and talk radio stations, right? And part of what they're doing, they're obviously, they're having paid spokesmen show up and talk radio stations, right? And part of like what they're doing, they're obviously, they're arguing for this interpretation of the second amendment, but they're also pushing a cultural change. What some scholars have termed the tactical turn

in US gun culture. Again, even to the extent that like, I mean, one thing that liberals get wrong is like, it is not new for civilians to own on a widespread scale military grade weapons. Among other things, one of the most popular guns in civilian hands that the NRA, before its political turn sold to people was the M1 Garand,

which was the US service rifle of World War II, right? Right. But what is really new is that it's, is this kind of paramilitary turn for gun owners because people were not buying M1 Garands primarily to like play act as soldiers. They were buying them because the Garand is a perfectly good hunting rifle, right?

It's a 30 out six, which is a very effective hunting round. And those were cheap, right? So it was a good weapon to buy. So people are not dressing up as soldiers with their M1 Garands primarily, right? That kind of stuff, the tactical turn in US gun culture occurs because it occurs alongside

the militarization of the police and these kind of Hollywood valorization of the militarization of police. So there's a lot that's going on here, right? And including like, broadly speaking, the kind of like, you could, you also should tie in Hollywood's partnership with the Defense Department, right?

And the increasing degree to which like, military tactical culture becomes like popularized. But the NRA recognizes like, this is, there's a lot of promise in this. Number one, you can get more people involved. You can sell more shit to people, which means you can have more companies funding the NRA who are not selling not just guns,

but all this tactical gear. I'm gonna read a quote again from that Boston Review article. And it's quite long, but it really ties all of this together. Quote, though the story of this tactical development in US gun culture is complex, I focus in this essay

on a few particularly crucial components. The first is that border enforcement has been increasingly militarized since the 1970s US gun culture is complex, I focus in this essay on a few particularly crucial components. The first is that border enforcement has been increasingly militarized since the 1970s and diffused deeper into the interior of the country. This has blurred the boundary between domestic and foreign conflict, brought the use of exceptional police powers into nearly every US town, and turned militarized border security into a ubiquitous mechanization of radicalization. This has also corresponded with the militarization

of local police forces, which was certainly worsened by the war on terror, but which historian Elizabeth Hinton has identified as having deeper roots in the Johnson administration's war on crime, which of course the NRA backs. Like the nationalization of border security, it turned this nation's city streets into sites of militarized racial enforcement.

Second, individuals once arming themselves for self-defense, often out of racial fears or a perceived threat to their masculinity, are now frequently claiming to do so in defense of the Constitution and freedom itself. The NRA has played an outsized role in this vigilante reframing by promulgating the myth that gun ownership has always been about an individual, constitutional right, and oriented towards a nativist version of self-defense. This vigilantism operates in conjunction with extra-legal violence of law enforcement officers and is fueled by an individualish notion of sovereignty more dangerous than any military-grade

weaponry. It rejects the freedom of others as equal to one's own and views any attempt to support such equality as tyranny. More importantly, this sovereignty is assumed to grant the individual the power to take life in defense not of law but of particular social and racial orders. There are now 25 federal agencies with special tactical units. In May of June of 2020 alone, 16 deployed their tactical teams to Black Lives Matter protests, including the Border Patrol, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, the Bureau of Prisons, the U.S. Marshals, the U.S. Coast Guard, and every one of the FBI's 56 field offices.

And at the local law enforcement level, special weapons and tactics SWAT units are now a staple of daily policing. Their very ordinariness is a testament to how dramatically local policing has changed since 1969, when a SWAT unit was first used to raid the Black Panther headquarters in Los Angeles, pioneering what was at the time an almost unprecedented domestic use of military force. In Carter's victory speech, he declared, "...beginning in this place in this hour, this period in NRA history is finished."

The post-1977 NRA was decidedly partisan, took an absolute position against gun regulation, and redoubled its efforts to cultivate a social identity and authoritarian political ideology among its members Goddamn. Yeah Blink when you lay it all out like that. Yeah. Yeah all of that in a row and concisely done Yeah fucked up. Yeah, and it's Jesus again. I I'm Yeah. And it's, again, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, be made, if you're again, care about being an originalist, that that is close to the original interpretation

of the second amendment, right? Right. What part of what by, and they're claiming to be originalists, they're claiming to be that the initial original interpretation was individualist, but what they're doing that for is not any idea of community self-defense

or a fear that the federal government will accumulate too much power, although it's often framed that way. Fundamentally, it is about allowing regular white citizens to emulate the military and the police and to act as vigilantes in their stead, right? That is where the NRA turns. And vigilantes in their stead, right? That is where the NRA turns. And that is the tactical turn, right?

It's not that there's nothing evil about owning body armor, which people can do for perfectly reasonable defensive purposes. There's nothing like, but what they're doing is pushing this idea of like, not just that like society ought to be militarized, which you get in every kind of argument that like what we need to do is harden the schools, we need to add more cops.

But it's this idea that the individual white person should militarize themselves in order to protect this kind of racial hierarchy, right? Yeah, uphold white supremacy. And this is the thing, this is what I wish folks who are supportive of more gun control would more often do is tie in all of this to what has happened to the police.

Because they cannot be extricated, right? And that's, I think, Ovaldi made that perfectly clear, that like these are two sides of the problem. And the NRA is a huge part of how we get there, both how we get these cops that look indistinguishable from like Marines in downtown Fallujah. Not that I think the Marines necessarily should have been in downtown Fallujah,

but you have these guys, it's this, there's this thing called the weapons effect, right? Which is a psychological phenomenon that's noted that like the presence of weapons in an area, visible weapons, can increase the willingness of people to use violence, right? There's like something about that that heightens it. And that's happening here.

And part of why that happens is just the fact that America has so many goddamn guns, right? But another part of that is the fact that everywhere you go, you see fucking cops in a way that like, you don't see cops armed as heavily as our cops in fucking war zones a lot of the time, right? Like it's, anyway, whatever. That's what Arlen Carter builds, you know?

Yeah, no, I, I hear exactly what you're saying. And I, I, I agree to an extent with, with what you mean. I feel like in general, my problem with liberals is that, um, they tend to kind of like put guns in the same category. Like they moralize guns the way they moralize like the right will moralize drugs and kind of this idea that like, you know, if we were to just make all the guns illegal, then you know, this would solve the problem and whatnot. And that's not to say that it there isn't, it wouldn't be helped if

you had some serious regulation, but, um, this like moralization of it, like misses the entire point of why exactly the, uh, why the people who want guns and have those guns have them, you know, it's like the people you're speaking to are not, it's people speaking to the choir. Liberals often just speak to themselves and go like, uh, isn't it crazy that, you know, all these people have so many guns and it's like, yeah, well, while you're talking amongst yourselves, all these guys have created an entire family filled with guns.

It's like looking at these right wing, like militias that people are rightly like concerned to see militias marching around US streets like threatening people. And, but also failing to see the thing that is like, well, every one of those guys has friends who are cops and like a significant percentage of them are cops, which is why a whole bunch of cops

were present at January 6th. And that's a huge chunk of it. And like, you can't, you can't divorce your desire to reduce the number of guns in American culture from the need to reduce the militarization of the police because they are both inextricably tied to the problem, which is the constant gun violence in this country has two points that need to be really like hit on.

It's not just civilian gun ownership. It's also the way in which the state uses and legitimates armed force. Going back to even the earliest days where it's like, yeah, in Texas, your right to carry guns was heavily restricted, but if you were a white vigilante who carried guns to do racist violence,

you would often get off, right? Even though you'd broken the law, right? Like Harlan Carter, you know? Anyway, under Harlan Carter, the NRA's membership triples from one million to more than three million. It would reach five million members under Wayne LaPierre. Obviously the NRA, we're not gonna get into this a lot,

but it's like well past its prime at this point for a variety of reasons of primarily rampant corruption. There's a pretty good podcast about like what the fuck happened there, but. Yeah, it's called Pod Yourself a Gun, a Sopranos podcast, I'm sorry. about like what the fuck happened there but yeah it's called pod yourself a gun a soprano's part yeah so the NRA tops out at about five million members but as of 2017 about 14 million Americans claimed some sort of affinity for the organization and I forget who did the poll but whatever and one of the things

that's interesting here is that like that's like a lot of people to get around anything but that's also not a lot of people as a voting block compared to the entirety of the United States, right? And so looking at that, you have to kind of marvel at the success of the NRA in making their ideas a cornerstone of right-wing politics. Because it's actually- 100%, I was just thinking to myself,

that seems like a low number. It's right, because again, if you look at actually polling of Republicans on gun control issues, they are a lot less hardliners on guns than you would guess by how the party acts. And it's because the party's ability to fund elections for decades was heavily based on who could get the NRA's approval, right?

Yeah, gotta get that A plus rating. Exactly, in 2016, they spent more than $30 million on Donald Trump's campaign. And this again, people often miss this. Like my parents were hardcore right-wingers, right? So was my whole family. I had like two relatives who owned guns, like my grandpa and one of my uncles, right?

And I did go shooting as a kid, but my parents didn't have any, my aunt and uncle didn't have any. There were not guns in the house of my family in Texas, you know? Because like it's actually not as integral to conservatism as a, at least, I mean, this is again changed because the culture wars have accelerated.

So like this is, there's less conservatives like the ones I grew up with when they were today. But the NRA, it wasn't that everyone on the right was in lockstep, it's that the elected leaders were scared to cross them because that's where the fucking money came from. Right, of course. That's why they were able to wield power so effectively.

One of the most peculiar, but also influential aspects of Harlan's time in power was his repeated and intense defense of cheap, shitty handguns. And this gets us to the Saturday Night Special. Here we go. So, Saturday Night Special in brief, like there's a type of handgun that was very cheap in the 70s up through in the 80s and stuff called a,

it was nicknamed the Saturday Night Special. It's like a five or a six shot, usually 38 caliber handgun. These are still, guns like this are still used in violent crime way more often than like the guns that are politicized. Like cheap handguns in general are the primary guns that are used in violent gun crime. Yeah.

Although what is a cheap shitty handgun is different now because actually six shot revolvers are kind of pricey these days as opposed to like a high point or something. Yeah. But yeah, so this is a cheap shitty handgun and these are particularly low quality handguns. They were not like well-made as a general rule. Right.

They didn't always work. They did not always work. We are, that's that we're building to that. Okay, sorry. Jumping the gun. So you have this massive crime rate raised. It starts in the seventies and really like peaks in the early nineties.

And again, a lot of Joe Biden's career is based off of this like violent crime panic that starts in this period. And one of the first like legislative like tsunamis that forms around the crime surge is around this fear of the Saturday night special. And one of the reasons why people are so scared of the Saturday night special is that it is a gun that black people can afford, right?

Right, it is a cheap handgun and so it is affordable for those folks. Harlan Carter opposed new legislation to ban the Saturday Night Special. Although he didn't do it on the grounds that poor people deserved firearms, but fascinatingly on the grounds that they were shitty and broke easily.

This is one of the most incredible arguments I've ever heard from NRA ontherecord.org, quote, speaking in opposition to legislation that aimed to ban Saturday night specials and other inexpensively produced handguns, Carter stated in a 1972 speech before the NRA's executive committee, I can produce actual cases that the cheap handgun that snaps in a police officer's face instead of firing has saved many, many lives. And the question arises, what are we trying to do? Upgrade the quality of handguns

in the hands of our criminals? God. That's an amazing logical argument. Yeah, I mean, it's like he has a point, a really fucked up evil point. And it's also, he's getting straight to, I mean, the crux of it here, which is like, he's lucky to be in a situation in which he can claim like,

oh, actually I don't want to ban this because this makes me feel safer to know that they have, you know, the poor, their quality of handguns is way worse. Yeah. There's a lot, there's a lot that's messy on this whole, or their quality of handguns is way worse. There's a lot that's messy on this whole thing, but it is very funny. And it's going to wind up getting a lot of people killed, not just from violence. A lot of people are going to die

because of Carter's defense of terrible handguns and where it leads. But before we get into that, you know who else loves shitty handguns that break in their owner's hands and... They... I'm sorry, Sophie.

Absolutely loves it. Motto is, we want you to be armed and we want you to never know if that gun's gonna fire or not. Yeah. Completely inexplicable. We want a weapon that you cannot trust under any circumstances.

That's the f***ing guarantee. Absolutely. Remove drop safeties from handguns. Let them free, you know? I enjoy this because I am watching Sophie just shaking her head every time you do this bit. She's like, please stop. She hates it.

Makes you so angry. Do you know why I hate it? Why is that Sophie? Because there's like 50 reddit threads of people being like wait what is this? I've never read about this before. Who has a child hunting island? Is he? And I just it just feels like betrayal to our listeners. I love it. I love it. I love it. I love with most of my heart. I like fucking with them. Yeah. I feel the same way towards them that I do with my cat. When I like, I like pick it up and I like toss it in the air and it hates it, but it can't, it can't,

it has to let me like squeeze it and wrap it in a blanket. It's called rent. It's called paying rent. Yeah, that's right. Motherfucker. Yeah. You gotta be adorable for me. Sometimes your fear makes me smile. I feel the same way about our pigg Yeah, you gotta be adorable for me. Sometimes your fear makes me smile Mm-hmm. I feel the same way about our piggies, you know everyone it's like you feed the slop to the piggies and you let them oink

But it's you're the farmer. Remember that right? You're the farmer. Well, I'm the farmer you are. Yes, exactly Rod remember don't do that to the goats. I don't think it'll work out work out Well, it's really fun to fuck with the goats. If you pick them up, like they don't know what to do with their little legs and they just like kick in the air and then you can hug them. It's very cute.

I love it. They go, wow, wow, wow, wow, wow. Except for my boy goat. He's the ram. He loves it. He fucking, as soon as he sees you, he'll run up because he wants to get cuddled.

Damn, dude. His sister hates it, but whatever. Yeah. Anyway, here's that. Of course she does. Of course she does. We're back. So before we get on to the consequences

of Harlan Carter's embrace of terrible, unsafe firearms, let's talk about his defense of the virtues of arming small children with derringers. Now Matt, if you're not a gun guy, the derringer is a tiny ultra concealable one or two shot pistol that were originally made for riverboat gamblers as documented in the documentary Maverick. I'm pretty sure there's a derringer in that. I know exactly which gun.

Right? Yeah. They're like little bitty like, yeah. Little hot girl guns is the way I think of it. Here's something he said to Congress. There was a little boy and it was real cold and he had his hands in his overcoat. He had one of these little old arrangers

and four bushy guys ampled up in an arrogant manner. He stopped them and three of them were very nice and decent and one of them said, what would you do if I told you I had a pistol and I was going to kill you? And he says, I would kill you, you son of a bunch. These little guns have a very noble and important purpose and we should make our position clear. God, that is the first recorded incident

of like someone being like, my five-year-old just said, daddy, why does Trump do the bad thing? And I couldn't explain, it's like a totally fake story that did not exist. There's absolutely no way this happened But also didn't have it makes it like what does it mean by their bushy? What is that? Right he has to be being racist here. Oh, yeah for sure. I don't know how which race Unlike were they acidic Jews? Yeah, what does this mean? What does bushy mean?

It would be Italians. It would be funny if like the real story is that, that the Jeb and George Bush, who were young at this point, like it was, it was the, all of the Bush brothers like trying to mug children. Yeah. You know, Bushy, like, uh, the former, uh, head of the CIA. Yeah. I think he was current probably would have been current when this was, I guess it's like the late seventies. Yeah. So obviously that's probably a lie. Um, but it's very, again, Harlan Carter is, he is the kind of guy who is not just like, I think, uh, children

should be able to engage in shooting sports, but like, I think children should be routinely carrying handguns on their person. Yeah. Yeah, because what is a bushy guy? Yeah, exactly. That is out of its damn mind Just oh man a bushy man could strike at any point Yeah, you never know when a bushy dudes gonna come in you gotta be you have to always have a derringer in your five-year-old Pocket, it's the 70s. Maybe it's talking about like a Tom, like a, like a lot of chest hair type guy, you know, like a disco stew shows up. Yeah.

A bunch of disco guys come out and start threatening children. So anyway, back to the point under Harlan and his successors, the NRA acted repeatedly to defend the rights of gun manufacturers to build dangerously shoddy firearms. Like, this is, we talk a lot about, rightly so, the things they do like legislatively to defend the gun industry, but this is often left out because one of the things is its primary victim is gun owners, right? I'm gonna quote here from a write-up in Bloomberg. In 1972, Congress created the Consumer Product Safety Commission.

Four years earlier, Lyndon B. Johnson had signed the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, up in Bloomberg. In 1972, Congress created the Consumer Product Safety Commission. Four years earlier, Lyndon B. Johnson had signed the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, which regulated several aspects of firearm sales, and advocates of gun control hoped to give this agency oversight of defective weapons. Representative John Dingle, a Democrat from Michigan and a hunter with an A-plus rating from the ascendant NRA, blocked them. In 1975, he did it again when a colleague introduced a bill making a second run at giving Democrat from Michigan and a hunter with an A plus rating from the Ascendant NRA blocked them. In 1975, he did it again when a colleague introduced a bill making a second run at giving the CPSC firearms authority.

We put in there an express prohibition against them getting their nose into the business of regulating firearms and ammunition, Dinkle said in debate in Congress. That second bill was crushed 339 to 80, and the issue has never been seriously considered again. And it's one of those like, this is again, a perfectly, I, even if you're like a, a, a, a gun fundamentalist, you should want there to be oversight of guns that don't work or explode and like ammunition that doesn't work. Like, right, right. That seems to make, that shouldn't be a political issue.

It seems like you'd be into that. And the only explanation for you not being into it is like, Oh good. They can't get the good guns. I mean, like, like poor, poor people, black people getting the defective guns seems to be the only excuse here. I mean, well, I mean their specific excuse is that like, this will enable potentially the government

to like regulate what kind of ammo is illegal and ban types of like whatever. Right, that's- Which they do anyway. Right. Like that shit happens, like whatever. It's dumb. It's dumb that this happens this way.

It is worth noting that yeah, it's like a blue dog Democrat who is the one who like blocks this shit. So the end result is that when gun manufacturers produce firearms that for example, fire for no reason and kill their owners, it is impossible for the government to order them to recall those weapons. Not even the BATFE, which supposedly regulates firearms, can force a gun maker to take broken

guns off the market. And I'm gonna quote again from that Bloomberg article. And this is actually how the article opens. Thomas Budd Brown makes his way out the back door and stops a few steps to the right, raising a trembling arm, pointing at something. It's where he found his boy slumped against the cold back wall of the house

around 7.15 a.m. on the last day of 2016 bleeding out. Brown is telling the story now about how he was sitting in his chair in the living room when he heard the shot. His son Jared, 28, had just picked up Bud's Taurus PT-145 Millennium Pro Pistol and headed out to do some shooting near their house in Griffin, Georgia with his best friend Tyler Haney. Bud figured Jared had fired at something for the fun of it like he did sometimes. I was thinking I'd better go out there and tell him be careful or something, Bud 54 says, his voice trailing off. But what he'd heard was the pistol going off without anyone pulling the trigger, sending a.45 caliber slug through Jared's femoral artery. Oh shit, my leg, my leg, Jared yelled, loud enough for his father to hear.

Haney, 26, rushed to the house in a panic, pleading for help. When Bud got out there, the pistol was house in a panic, pleading for help. When Bud got out there, the pistol was still in its holster, tucked into Jared's waistband. So... And he can't sue, he can't do nothing. Absolutely nothing. Bud is one of, we have no idea how many Americans died

due to defective tourist guns. The company did eventually issue a recall on something like a million weapons that were potentially defective, but they didn't have to run ads anywhere to inform people of the recall. They were not required to reach out to their customers, to reach out to gun stores,

to take any action at all to warn people that they'd sold guns that could fire for no reason. An unknown number of those weapons are still in people's gun saves, closets, and holsters today. That's fucking crazy. Just like, I don't even know the justification. It's just guns don't kill people. Yeah, it's this.

Faith kills people. The NRA, they are. There's this like social, like a culture war component of how they do what they're doing. But they fundamentally represent the gun industry in any industry that can stop there from being a way to sue them if their products don't work. Like we'll do it if they can, you know? Yeah, yeah.

It's just, it's so insane to get to a point where it's so clearly a manufacturing lobby mixed in with a culture war issue that just creates death Everywhere. Yeah, it's and it's I mean again for among other things don't buy tortoise guns for any practical purpose but In the 1990s more than 40 US cities filed lawsuits against gun manufacturers spurred on by a surge in violent crime This was the super predator era spurt on by a surge in violent crime. This was the super predator era.

Now, I can't speak as to the legal merits of the individual cases of these cities against these gun manufacturers, but the response the NRA chose was interesting. They used their lobbying arm to launch a campaign that got Senator Larry Craig of Idaho and Representative Cliff Stearns of Florida to propose a piece of legislation

that would end all pending litigation against gun companies and prevent any future litigation It took a while to actually get the law which is the PLCAA written And by the time it was introduced George W Bush was on his second term in October 2005 He signed the PLCAA into law which blocked lawsuits from seeking damages on gun industry companies for unlawful use of a firearm, right? So if the company could be sued for like breaking the law in some way, but they cannot be sued for what people do with their weapons. And I have some conflicting feelings on some of these lawsuits, but one of the things that

people will point out is that the advertising of a lot of these companies leads to the, and this is a big thing, like the Sandy Hook lawsuit, right? One of the big issues, one of the big points used to justify the suing against the Bushmaster who made the gun that was used in Sandy Hook was this ad campaign they'd just done where it was like, consider your man card reissued and they would like send you a man card with an AR-15.

And it's, again, there's, again, this is like a complicated thing to get into entirely, but there's a debate to be had. And to my mind, the area in which it's kind of most relevant to have this debate is on to what extent does the way the gun industry tries to sell weapons to people complicit in when those weapons are used for violence? So for example, when Daniel Defense launches an ad

where you have like a Bible verse and a small child holding an AR-15, to what extent does that help to lead, to what extent does that help make gun culture in the United States more violent, right? Right. And this is not really what the lawsuits are for, like the Ivaldi families aren't suing Daniel defense or they're attempting to right now.

This is all happening at the moment on those lines. But to my mind, that's kind of the most, that's the thing that like, I think there's a point on. Sure. I mean, it's like, uh, I mean, the way cigarettes were marketed changed, you know, were regulated like crazy and has actually had an effect on the amount of smokers. Yeah. And so anyway, again, I have some complicated thoughts on like suing companies for the unlawful use of

their products, but there's like, anyway, the PLCIA kind of in, in did that for a long time. This is starting to be challenged but for for 15 or 17 years Whatever made any kind of like debate meaningless, right? Because it was just prohibited and it was prohibited again This is the NRA Spent a lot of money on George W. Bush's campaigns, you know, I am wondering if the like initially the I am wondering if the like initially the Hitachi magic wand actually was a back massager and if you could sue sue a company Because it gave your wife an orgasm Well, like again there I think people do need to consider when we talk about like to what extent should a gun

Manufacturer be liable for something about a mass shooting. There are some unsettling implications to some of that. It's not a super cut. It's not as cut and dry as certain other things are. Yeah. Obviously I'm not saying it's a slippery slope necessarily, but I am saying that. I thought it was a back massager and now it's better at making my wife calm than I am and that always has been. Yeah.

And well, I mean, it seems kind of unfair to me to have not known that. What's really, I mean, people are bringing up, people on Twitter have brought up the fact that like, you're limited to six dildos, I think, in the state of Texas. Is that right? Yeah, yeah, yeah.

There's like literal laws on how many. I mean, I don't think they've ever been in, what has been enforced though, is that like, anyone you know who works at a sex shop in Texas has to be like, is like prepared. This is a little bit less the case now, but when I had friends in the early 2000s, like you get training on like what to do if you get raided

because you're not allowed to sell sex toys. They were always called cake toppers, right? Like the dildos and shit were like cake toppers or personal massagers or whatever. But you couldn't like, you couldn't say like say these are for fucking in the same way that you could sell a bong, but you had to call it a water pipe for tobacco. Like if you use the word bong in a Texas head, again, head shops were always kind of inconsistent about how much they were paranoid

about this. But you could get asked to leave for calling something a bong in a head. Right. But I mean, what do you what do you call the you know? That you know that silicon butt that has both the pussy and the vagina That's a sex ass. Yeah, so But you I mean, I'm just saying how do you market that? I don't I don't think they really had sex ass Although I know people bought

I don't think they really had sex ass, although I know people bought fucking, what do you call them? The fleshlights. So there must have been some, I'm guessing they probably, they must have been advertised as a novelty, right? As like, this is for joking around at a bachelorette party. You put it on a,

like it's dumb. Texas's whole legal system is stupid as shit. That's insane. That's a lot of fun though. I mean, you know, but people get around it like I didn't have access to a big silicon, you know But vagina and so I fucked a big mouth Billy bass. Yeah, who didn't fuck a big mouth Billy bass? Yeah I'm just saying a versatile experience of people in the early 2000s. Yeah, I'm sorry I just like eventually I just was like,

we're gonna start talking about cum. We're gonna start talking about cum. Look, you know, the same year that George W. Bush signs the PLCAA into law, that's the year that many millions of young American boys encountered a Billy large mouth bass for the first time. That's right, yeah. And thanks to the NRA's lobbying,

the Billy Bass Company couldn't be sued for taking the virginity of all those boys. Take me to your virginity. All right, I'm done. All right, the last thing I wanna talk about here, and this is maybe the most unsettling thing the NRA has done, is that they have made it impossible, not just to, not only do they fight

like any regulation that might potentially impact positively America's gun violence problem or America's gun death problem, they've made it impossible to research how gun violence works, and like the extent to which different policies affect it. In 1993, the New England Journal of Medicine published an article that show article showing that gun ownership

was a risk factor for homicide in the home. Now, this is a study you'll see cited a great deal, and it's often used to argue that firearms in the home make people less safe. This study was widely reported on at the time, and it scared the shit out of the NRA. So the NRA campaigned to eliminate the organization that had funded the study, the CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention. Congress included language in the 1996 Omnibus Appropriations Bill to insist that, quote, none of the funds made available for injury prevention

and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control. Now you may note, they weren't doing that with that study. It was a study that you could use to argue gun supported gun control. But it was just a study on like the homicide risk and how that changes when you have a gun in the home, right?

Right. Like the CDC was not like lobbying specifically. They were carrying out a study, but the NRA basically argued. Yeah. How people get hurt in the home. And the NRA argued that was inherently like that's political and should be illegal.

Yeah. And then they make that happen. Right? Like Congress goes through with this shit. This is later referred to as the Dickie amendment because of some dude named Dickie. Now under extensive lobbying pressure, Congress also removed $2.6 million from the CDC's budget as that was the amount they had invested in firearm injury research the year before. So they cut all of the money out of the CDC's budget

that had been used to research firearm industry. And again, whenever you think about gun control, there are 400 million of these things in the country. There should be research into how they affect people. It just seems prudent. It seems prudent. It just seems prudent. Yeah, if auto companies were blocking research

into how car accidents work, right? Like you would say that's nuts, you know? Cause it would be. And it's not even, it's like, it's not even that I fault. I'm sure car companies have tried to do that. Right, I don't fault them for trying. It's the same way with the, you know. That's what they're going to do.

That's what they're gonna do. They're gonna try to do that. And you know, it's a fucked up capitalist system. We're in, if you have the money, you can try. The crazy thing is the success rate of the NRA in these things that are completely like common sense ideas. There's a wide variety of arguments about how should you interpret this?

This, you know, the findings to studies like this, to what extent should they inform policy, all that kind of stuff. But at the end of the day, I think if you're saying you shouldn't be studying this kind of stuff at all, you're the bad guy here. You're definitely bad. Like for sure you're the very least coming in bad faith, but you are 100% doing bad guy stuff and should be stopped. And federal funding for research into gun violence and gun-related injuries dried up after that. Since 1996, the CDC's funding for firearm injury prevention has fallen 96%

and similar attempts to fund research have met with further attacks on the ability to study any of these stuff. Most recently in 2012. Um, and yeah. Um, so anyway, that's broadly speaking, the story, um, our buddy Neil Knox, I should give you a little bit of context on how our heroes turned out. Yeah. How they doing?

Neil Knox wound up being way too radical for even Harlan Carter's NRA. He was forced out of the organization in 1982 after being overshadowed by the rise of Wayne LaPierre. I think LaPierre kind of helps maneuver him out. He dies of colon cancer in 2005. He outlived Carter by a fair amount.

Harlan died, not surprisingly, of lung cancer in 1991. So the tobacco industry did us all a solid on this one. Yay, occasionally it works out. One of his final acts in this world was to hand over control of the NRA to Wayne LaPierre Shit that's the that's the Harlan Carter in the NRA everybody god damn There's a pretty good song about him called Raymond Casiano by the drive-by truckers. She's good That guy fucking the he sucks. It sucks that he sucks that he's dead, too

I feel like the one of the big reasons why I'm just like I don't you know I'm not for like a let's make guns illegal or whatnot is because like I feel like guns might end up being very useful in Stopping all these ridiculous, you know fucking NRA lobbies, you know Yeah, and this is, I have tried, I think I've done a very good job of not inserting a bunch of my own specific opinions on gun control, because at the end of the day,

there is a history of here, and it deserves to be talked about without a tremendous amount of editorializing. But yeah, I feel similarly, my attitudes on what gun control should be around are impacted by like number one, I don't think only rich people should have guns. I don't like the idea of a thousand percent excise tax on AR-15 so that only wealthy people can afford them.

Right. And I don't like the idea that like at this point, at least culturally, the only people who are interested in having the only people who are interested in in having guns Are people who are interested in upholding white supremacy and that is deliberately designed that way And one of I mean one of the things that has happened in the last couple of years This is really accelerated since 2020 is the demographics of people buying firearms have changed wildly Particularly first-time gun buyers and it's gotten a lot more left-leaning and a lot less white And you know, there's a variety of changed wildly, particularly first-time gun buyers. And it's gotten a lot more left-leaning and a lot less white. And there's a variety of personally, okay, because people do ask about this,

because I talk about guns sometimes, in terms of what I think are the number one, the laws that you could most easily pass without the Supreme Court guaranteed shutting them down. And I think a federal assault weapons ban, the Supreme Court will rule against, right? Like it will go to the Supreme Court and they will rule against it in their current construction outside of like talking about should we stack the Supreme Court whatever

like Biden's not doing that so stuff that I think would not number one would not necessarily like obviously anything is a crap shoot with the Supreme Court so literally anything could get turned down by them because they're about to rule on a concealed handgun carry bill anyway. But I think it's perfectly reasonable and is also there is legal precedent for raising the age at which someone has to be in order to buy a semi-automatic firearm.

Certainly 18 year olds are not full adults and our current gun legislation recognizes that by banning them from buying handguns. Although that's also not entirely accurate because you can still buy handguns through like face-to-face sales or have them given to you by a parent or whatever. There's always like ways around this kind of stuff.

But it's been established since I think 1986 that the federal government regulates, does not want people under 21 buying handguns. So it's the kind of thing where if you were to pass a law extending that to semi-automatic rifles, you'd have a stronger argument in front of the Supreme Court if it came to the Supreme Court in order to like defend that piece of gun control legislation. And both of our most recent mass shootings as of this recording, there may have been another one by the time this drops.

We're 18 year olds who bought a gun and immediately carry it. So I do think just on a moral level, there's a case to be made that yeah, this might fucking save some lives. And I think the best thing you could do, you would probably not have to call it a red flag law because that term has been politicized, but a law that would allow you to take guns

and stop people from buying guns if they have a history of domestic violence and violence towards women and making violent threats of mass shootings. Which seems like a no-brainer. Again, like everything has been politicized to a stupid degree, but the Buffalo shooter had been doing threatening shootings

and threatening women and was on law enforcement's radar. It should be possible to do something there, right? You'd figure. And yeah, I feel like that there's so many like common sense like laws that don't exist, that you're surprised every time you find out they don't exist. I do think, I think one of the things

where gun control advocates make a mistake is focusing on universal background checks. Not because I don't think it's a good idea to have background checks for buying a gun, but because nearly all of the guns bought and even used in massacres were by people who passed a background check, including the Buffalo and Ivaldi shooters.

They both like, universal background checks, they passed those. So like that's not as much of the solution as I think something like an effective kind of, again, I think you would need a better term than red flag law cuz but also maybe I don't know the rights gonna culture war whatever You try to do right, but I everything's poison-pilled no matter what you can yeah any Fucking let's you for mystic nice. Yeah, if you hit your wife and kids You shouldn't have a gun bill

But of course one of the issues with that is that you're gonna disarm like 40% of the police. Right. So, like, I can talk about like what I think would be a good idea at the end of the day, like, I don't know, like, what actually is going to pass, that's a totally different fucking conversation. And, Yeah, no, I don't know what the answer is.

I know that one thing that I don't think the answer is, is this like mutually assured destruction thing where we're't think the answer is, is, is this like mutually assured destruction thing where we're all armed at all times and that's the society we live in. I also know the answer isn't every like liberal and leftist being like, oh, well I'm, you know, I'm going to trust that the government and the police will keep me safe from the bad men. And so I'm like, it's hard to know.

It's hard to know what to do. I mean, this is a very difficult issue because again, a lot of people say, no, it's simple, just like, ban the guns, but it's like, well, how are you going to do that? There is legal precedent, there is a Supreme Court, and also there's a police force That's not going to disarm certain people like this is not as simple as you're making it out to be right

You can say it is the guns and yeah, of course access to guns is like why a lot of this is happening but also like that doesn't that's not the end of Like the complexity of the issue because there are 400 million of these fucking things in the country right now the complexity of the issue because there are 400 million of these fucking things in the country right now. And a whole culture built up around being ready to immediately use them against right now, gay and trans people are particularly in the fucking crosshairs.

And again, this is like, so I don't know. I think fundamentally, like I argue a lot about gun control with people. I think the folks who wanna see more of it are coming from a fundamentally natural and noble position which is looking at repeating massacres and going like, we gotta be able to do something about this. Right?

Like there's gotta be something we can do about this shit. No, I completely understand it. I mean, and yeah, I feel the same way. It's like there's certainly gotta be a fucking solution to this that is a systemic solution, a governmental solution, a governmental solution. Nothing about this is like an acceptable state of affairs.

Yeah, yeah. But like so many of the problems we have, like how to fix it and like how to fix it without having a shooting war over it and like who does the fixing and like, I think like one of the things that is frustrating to me is that like it is just a big fundraising issue in a lot of ways. And in ways that I think are kind of like unhelpful

and actually solving the problem. And I, again, nobody knows what to do with this because it's so much like, no one has ever had anything like this happen, right? People bring up the Dunblane massacre, the Port Arthur massacre, they bring out like, you know, when Australia confiscated all those guns

and like, that was 200,000 guns. Like there are 20 million AR-15s in the United States. There has never been a society this heavily armed or a society that has turned the random mass killing of civilians into a meme. Yeah. Both of those things have happened here and they've happened alongside like the militarization

of an increasingly unaccountable violent police force that wants dictatorial control of American cities. And all of this stuff is pretty, pretty unique historically. So I don't know how we fix it. It feels so American and unique that it feels like, yeah, if I knew the answer to it, I would say it, but I really do not. I mean, and again, it's like one of those,

I don't vote, I'm not a gun issue voter. I'm barely a voter, right? Like I do vote, but I don't believe in it. I don't believe it I'm not a gun issue voter. I'm barely a voter, right? Like I do vote, but I don't believe in it. I don't believe it's going to do any. I vote as like a, well, what if I'm wrong? If I'm wrong and it's best to vote and vote and the people who say you gotta vote, if I'm wrong and they're right,

then at least I put in the vote and I tried that thing. I don't think it's going to work. I don't think they're going to solve any of these problems. I think other things are going to be happening in the future that are not what we recognize as part of American politics, but are going to become the way things get decided in this country, and I think they're going to be uglier

and weirder than our parents were used to. But I do like, voting is like a, well, okay, but maybe I'm wrong about that. It's the same reason I have a 401k, right? Right, right, right, right, right, exactly. Maybe there'll be an economy in 30 years, so I'll get to retire, you know? It's the same reason I own half of a Bitcoin.

Yeah, exactly. Who knows? Maybe I'm wrong, yeah. You know, I get it. Yeah. Oh, you got it. Just in case, what if I, I'm not missing out. Just half. Yeah. If I just have a one case. What if I just half? Yeah. I just have a one. It's all I could afford. But the point is, is yeah, I, I, I just want to say I

vote and I also am cynical and I have the exact same, I have the exact same uh, pessimism that you do. But uh, you know, know, the only optimism that I have is there's gonna be someone smart who does something good. One would hope. And I don't wanna miss the bus. I don't wanna miss, you know? I mean, and I tend to think we should all, maybe if people are more committed to like getting out there

and taking personal responsibility, not as a militia, but in a responsibility for believing, I think sometimes, because we just had a mass shooting in Portland that was stopped by an armed member of the community, a shooting at a protest for a police violence victim, that was stopped by an armed member of the community. But I think community defense is

everyone should have an IFAC, right? Downsides to owning a gun, no downside to having a tourniquet and some gauze on you and some chest seals and knowing how to use them, zero downside, could be useful in a car accident. You could have a fucking piece of rebar fall off of a building construction and impale somebody and maybe you'd get to save their life with an IFAC.

Million times that could be useful. Have an IFAC, right? Organize in your community to provide houseless people with defense against sweeps to provide people who are low income with eviction defense to stock food pantries. Like all of that stuff is... You can wear cool uniforms if you want while you do you can get a plate carrier

You can put patches on it. You know can I wear tactical sunglasses? Yeah, why the hell not yeah? Be the be the be the be the Tactile sunglass guy yeah Whatever make it make it cool. Just help your help your kid black panthers look cool as shit when they were like serving food to kids You know yeah, they had they had swag, you know Yeah, they were berets and they made berets look badass, you know Yeah, look cool as hell and protect your community and yeah Yeah, it doesn't mean you need to own a gun

But maybe a little more community involvement might be helpful and also a variety of things that you can you can do Yeah, abolishing the police. Mm-hmm That is a good idea. Anyway Matt got any place. Oh Man, I've had a great time and if you love The bastards and getting behind them you'll love the and getting behind them. You'll love the podcast,

pot yourself a gun as a Bronos rewatch podcast that me and my friend, Vince Mancini do. We just finished the entire series, so you can re listen and rewatch the whole thing and it's great. You'll love it. And yeah, you look forward to us doing our, the wire podcast very soon. It's going to be great. And, uh, you know, speaking about cops being bastards, it's a whole show about it. So you'll, you'll love it. And I promise you that, uh, you know, well, we're not going to, you know, be, it's too white guys talking about the wire. We're not going to,

it's, you know, so just don't worry. It's a good, it'll be good. I promise. I don't know how to say that without saying. I'm excited to listen to it. We don't, you know, we're, left us. Anyways, I'm excited. Follow me, at Matt Leib jokes on Instagram. Follow Matt Leib home.

You have a Twitter? Track him in his car. I do. It's at Matt Leib and you can follow me there too. That's fine. But I feel no jokes on that one. That's definitely serious. That one. You know, I just post whatever today.

In fact, I posted something from a doomsday dried food ad that I saw. Good. I love those and it was really weird. It was like a Mac versus PC commercial, but they made the doomsday the like, you know, dried food guy, you know, he was talking about his product. And then the other guy who was selling the fake patriot food was very much an anti-Semitic meme. Oh, great. Oh, God. Oh, yeah. Yeah, they made him very clearly a Jew and he sweet It opened rad hello fellow Patriots, and I was like holy fuck Go went for it and yeah, so I posted a little bit of that and You love to see it. You love to see just straight up

Antisemitism on the on this was an Instagram ad by the way. Yeah. But hey, it was on. It usually is. Yeah, anyways, follow me on all the things. And learn to can. Look, it's cheaper than food buckets. Yes.

Learn to can, and it works way better. It does work very well. Yeah. Woo hoo. Behind the Bastards is a production of cool zone media for more from cool zone media visit our website cool zone media.com Or check us out on the iHeart radio app Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts Behind the Bastards is now available on YouTube new episodes every Wednesday and Friday Behind the Bastards is now available on YouTube. New episodes every Wednesday and Friday. Subscribe to our channel, youtube.com slash at Behind the Bastards.

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