Betwixt The Sheets: The History of Sex, Scandal & Society - How Hot Was Lord Byron?

Episode Date: December 26, 2025

How 'mad, bad and dangerous to know' was Lord Byron really?We know the Romantic poet had a bit of a reputation, but how true was it? And how unusual would his behaviour have been?In this episode from our series on the worst f*ckboys in history, we're digging into Byron's relationships with Andrew Stauffer, President of the Byron Society of America, professor and chair of the Department of English at the University of Virginia, and author of 'Byron: A Life in Ten Letters'.This episode was edited by Tom Delargy and produced by Sophie Gee. The senior producer was Charlotte Long.Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe.  All music from Epidemic Sounds.Betwixt the Sheets: History of Sex, Scandal & Society is a History Hit podcast. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

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Sign up to join me in locations around the world and explore the past. Just visit historyhit.com forward slash subscribe. Hello, my lovely betwixters. It's me, Kate Lister. Welcome back to betwixta sheets. And if you're a newbie, hello, take a seat. We're very pleased to have you.

But we do have to let you know. This is an adult podcast spoken by adults to other adults about adulty things in an adulty way of arranging a range of adults and subjects and you should be an adult too. Oh, we do that so we all feel much, much safer and less triggered, right? Okay, let's proceed with caution together. They name thee before me, an knell to mine ear, a shudder comes o'er me, why wert thou so dear?

They know not I knew thee. Who knew thee too well? Long, long shall I rue thee, too deeply to tell. In secret we met, in silence I grieve, that thy heart could forget thy spirit deceive. If I should meet thee after long years, how should I greet thee with silence and tears? Huh, well that was Lord Byron, the man himself, the famous romantic rogue, the heart-breaking chaos goblin who is always falling in and out of love and then bitching about it. This is a man who certainly has a reputation and his own word in the dictionary to describe his moody sex appeal, Byronic. But is it fair to call him a fuckboy? Welcome back to Betwixt the Sheets, The History of Sex Scandal and Society with me, Kate Lister. I've got to confess, I've always had a little bit of a thing for Lord Byron.

I know he's mad, bad, dangerous to know, but even so, I just know that I would have been one of those dopey girls following him across Europe going, but I can change him. No, you can't, Kate. Nobody can change him his allure and to himself. Sorry, he got a bit carried away there. Earlier this year, I went on a mission to find out more about this romantic poet, and Ask, is he history's ultimate fuckboy? And I'm joined in this episode by none other than Andrew Stafer, president of the Byron Society of America. So if anyone can help fill us in, it's him.

Should we get on with it? I think we should. Welcome to Betwixt the Sheets. It's only Andrew Stouffer. How are you doing? I'm doing well. Happy to be here. I'm so glad you are here because this is an episode for our little mini-series

on quote-unquote historical. fuck boys, which is very anachronistic, historically anachronistic. But we are looking at Byron and you are the person to talk to about Byron. I'm ready. I'm ready. Yes. Lots to talk about. I made a list of some of his most important lovers and it's like 12 or 14 or 20 people long. And that's just the ones I could think of. So I thought we should define terms being proper academics. And according to Urban Dictionary.com, so obviously peer-reviewed and very serious,

a fuckboy is defined as a guy who lies to girls so he can pull as much as possible. He thinks he is God's gift to earth and is pretty damn beautiful. He will lie to you about planning a future and then when he starts to get too serious he will ghost you. Fuckboys invented ghosting.

That's funny. Well, part of that applies. I'm not sure all of it. I'm not sure how often he deceived women he definitely was unreliable, but I think most of them sort of knew what they were getting into beforehand, except maybe paradoxically the woman he married who thought she could fix him and to whom he did make promises. But, you know, a lot of the others were different kinds of things, and we can talk about that. But he was handsome. He was handsome. He was an object of desire by many people, particularly after he became famous. So he made the most of that. He's got that.

And it's called the Byronic Hero, isn't it? Like the moody, super intelligent, very emotional, very attractive, slightly dangerous. Am I going to drop that quote already? Yes, I am. Mad, bad, dangerous to know. You must be so sick of that as a Byron scholar. That's become his slogan somehow, you know. But yes, all of that, all of that.

Partly an effect of the characters he was creating in his poetry that were like that, as you just described. And then partly that got confused with his real personality. The way celebrities do now is Taylor Swift, the subject of her own song. You know, is Billy Elish the same person in person? You know, so there is that kind of conflation in the celebrity world between the art and the life. So we should take this back to where Byron even came from, his origin story, because that's suitably romantic and Byronic as well, isn't it? It's like a high romantic tale all of itself.

Yes. I mean, he was born not knowing he was going to be Lord Byron. And he was born with a deformed foot, and his father left him soon after the birth, so he was raised mostly by a single mother. In relative lack of opulence, let's say, compared to later in his life, raised in Scotland. And so he's brought up not really expecting to rise to the heights of society that he did, and particularly not to rise to the fame that he did as a poet. So he sort of begins not as a figure of ultimate privilege, but he ascends to that position later. When does he start developing an interest in writing and poetry? Is that something that he always did? Is that something that he came into his own at university? When did he start doing that?

He ascends to the title of Lord Byron at age 10. And after that, he moves from Scotland to Newstead Abbey and begins writing love poetry for the local bells and some poems about his own sense of himself as a newly risen or newly anointed lord. At the age of 10. Yes, at the age of 10. And as round, he's hitting people. puberty that he begins to write poems, partly as amatory exercises, partly as translations from school, as you say, and it goes from there. He publishes his first book in his teens, and it's mostly these sort of occasional love poems and school exercises, some of which are deemed too hot to handle for the local community. He has to recall the first book and excise some of

the more sexy bits and then publish it a more chaste volume later. Look, there we go. First Red flag, Red flag number one. What do you think it was that set him apart? from the other people writing at time because there were a lot of people writing at this time. There was a lot of people writing complete rubbish. So what was, that's true. Some fabulous writers, but also some not so fabulous writers. What set him apart? Yeah, the poem that made him famous suddenly was Child Herald's Pilgrimage,

was a bit of a travelogue, a long poem about his travels in the Near East in Greece and Ottoman Turkey. And it was mixed with this byronic persona that you've talked. about the kind of dark, jaded, haunted wanderer with a past that he can't seem to escape, but nevertheless is bringing himself to these new scenes of historical scenes and new scenes of natural beauty and kind of reacting to them. And that poem just hit Regency London like a bomb for some reason. We read it now and it's hard to see the exact appeal right away, but it instantly created this persona. And I actually have this theory that wasn't just that, but to the end of that long poem. In the same volume, he published a lot of these short love poems about his recent

romantic experiences. And even if people never made it all the way through that long travel poem, which had some great parts. They could read the lyrics at the end, which some of them were written for men, although they were written under a veil. We didn't readers assume they were for women. Some were about his passions, you know, wandering through the landscape. And they felt more personal in that way. So it's that book that makes him famous. And then everyone becomes passionately interested. Who is this young, handsome lord with the dark past and the jaded appetites and who nevertheless seems to have a glowing heart somewhere inside him? We want to read more, more, more, and it kind of took off from there. I read Charles Harold's Pilgrimage when I was a

student, and I knew about Byron the legend before I ever got there. And I remember doing exactly what you've just described. I read through it. And I was like, really? It's good. I mean, Like, you know, lots of European. But it wasn't what I thought it was going to be. Yes. I thought it was going to be like this, like, romp, this like Jim Morrison rock star explicit. And it's just not that at all. No, it's more of a way of perceiving and talking about the world that was the hot.

It wasn't, the subjects almost didn't matter, although there was the exoticism of the sort of the near eastern landscapes in which a lot of people hadn't traveled by then. It was just the way he talked about his feelings and the way he perceived the world that really hit a nerve. And then he followed it up quickly with these sort of more romantic potboiler tales like the Corsair and the Jower and the bride of Abidos set in similar scenes, but with dark romantic heroes that really solidified the Byronic hero as a thing. And people gobble those up very quickly, too. I mean, they did, didn't they? They absolutely lost their minds. Like, women were throwing their bloomers at him from as soon as that thing hit the shelves. And didn't he say, I woke up and found out I was

famous or words to that effect? Yes, I woke up and found myself famous. And he was sort of, he was a lord, but he was sort of outside the inner inner circles of regency, high life, until that poem dropped. And then all the invitations were on his table, all the balls, accessed everyone, the Prince Regent, Holland House, the most glittering palaces of the regency were open to him because of that poem. And it helped that he was a lord, because then he could, you know, really mix in those circles as an equal, have affairs with aristocratic women. you know, all of this. And that was his years of fame in London between about 1812 and 1815. What was going on in his actual love life at this time? Because this poem drops. And then we get

a process of people forming a parasocial relationship with the man that they think he is. And then anyone that must have met him must have discovered pretty quick. Oh, wow, he is quite racy. Or maybe he wasn't. What was going on in his personal life at this time? Yeah, his love life is always. always complicated. It's hard to know even where to start. He had just returned from these travels. He had just returned from Athens. He had been there for about a year. Where he was having love affairs with men, really, for the first time that we know for sure, he was having sexual affairs with men in Greece. How do we know this? It was really only discovered for sure in the 1960s or 70s when someone figured out what this coded language he was using to his friend Charles Skinner Matthews, who was

kind of an almost an unclosited gay man at Cambridge that he knew, or at least the two of them talked a lot about young boys and the attraction of hyacinthes, as they called them. And some of the letters he sent home to his Cambridge friends confessed that he had had sex, you know, he said so many times with this man that I'm almost tired of it, which is something I would never thought would happen. That was Niccolo Gerard, who was a young teenager. I mean, Byron wasn't much more than a teenager himself, but that he had met while in Athens. And so a couple of affairs that we know about their actual sexual affairs, that then fed into the sense of concealment, darkness, passion, appetite that was fueling the Child Herald volume, right? So homosexuality is a

capital crime in Britain at this time. It can't be talked about. It can't be discussed, although it was sort of an open secret in a sense that at the public schools, Byronet Harrow, you know, for example, had his Theban band of young male admirers, a reference to the pairs of lovers, you know, the pairs of Theban lovers that fought, that were the jewel in the crown of the Theban army, finally defeated by Philip at Karenaya. But they were explicitly an older beloved and a younger beloved. And the reason they fought so well is because they wanted to protect each other. They loved each other so much. That was the Greek precedent. So Byron had a group that he, a cadre at Harrow that he called that. And it seems clear that he had some sexual relationships

with men at Harrow and probably at Cambridge. But a lot of it is, is a lot of it is. as they say, we don't really know, until he gets to Greece, and then it becomes more acceptable over there, and it makes its way into his letters. Did he ever have what we might call a boyfriend? Was his experiences with men all kind of fleeting encounters, or was there anything more long-term? Well, you know, at Cambridge, he falls sort of in love with this boy, John Edelston, who hears him singing in the choir at Trinity, and he falls in love with his voice first.

And he writes a number of love poems for John, and they exchange rings. with little Cornelian jewels in them. And Byron writes a lot of poems for John. And he parts with him in great sorrow when John leaves to go to London to work as a clerk. And he says, my heart is a chaos of hope and sorrow. He's gone out. So there's this real passionate rhetoric around Edelston that it sounds like the way you would talk about a boyfriend or a girlfriend. But he always insisted that it was a pure love.

Not sure exactly what that means. But it seems clear it was heavily vibrating with sexual attraction. And then Niccolo in Athens, who about we don't know that much, but Byron at the time wrote a will leaving him 7,000 pounds, which he later canceled. But that's a lot of money back in 1809. You know, and the fact that they had had sex were, you know, eight, nine months together. That's, you know, a kind of relationship. Again, we don't know much about the passions of it. So he might not be in our definition or Urban Dictionary's definition of a fuck boy, like the idea that he didn't care. about the people that he was having sex with. That doesn't seem to fit Byron. It's hard to say. I mean, certainly when he is in Venice, so after his marriage is over and he moves to Venice for a period of

utter debauchery and promiscuity, where he brags of the hundreds of women that he's bedded. That period seems to be pretty transactional in the sense that he is often giving gifts or, you know, having assignations, but he's plowing through the Venetian population with some dispatch, and he doesn't seem to care about many of them that much. He does have a few long-term mistresses, Margarita Cogni and Mariana Sagati, who do stick around, even as they admit he's having sex with other people. They claim the position of primary mistress. Some of them move into the house for a while, keep him organized, kind of take care of things,

fight with the others who are trying to get his attention. And so, you know, I don't know. It runs the gamut, I guess. Everything from those casual encounters to the heartfelt relationships with the young men at Harrow to someone like Claire Claremont who he impregnates, you know, Mary Shelley's step sister who impregnates just before leaving London. And she pursues him to Geneva for that famous haunted summer when they're all together in the villa writing and Mary's writing Frankenstein. Claire is there trying to get Byron to love her. He has no interest. He was happy to,

you know, he said if an 18-year-old girl travels a thousand miles to unphilosophize me, what can I do? I let her have her way, but I never pretended to care about the girl. That ultimately broke Claire's heart. The worst thing is, is I can totally see that I would have shagged Byron. I would have been that girl following him around going, if I just love him hard enough, he'll love me back. Yes, I can make him love me. Right. That was the mistake. Anyone who thought they could change him, that was when it was trouble. What on earth was going on in that set? I mean, I've jumped ahead a little bit now, But that's set up with Percy Shelley, Mary Shelley, Mary's sister. Percy's married to somebody else back home who's already pregnant and he's decided to elope with two sisters through a war zone.

Byron turns up. What on earth is going on there? I mean, you really summed it up there. What a scene of chaos in a way. Yeah, I mean... Everyone's pregnant. Everyone's pregnant. They seems to be a lot of that.

Mary, by that time, has already lost one child and has another. The women are all in their teens. and Claire is pregnant. They come out from different reasons. The Shelley party, that is Mary, Percy, and Claire do seem to have a philosophical backing behind this devotion to free love and what we now would call polyamory. They actually believe that this is the way humans were meant to love, not selfishly or possessively or monogamously, but more open. And so they took sort of positive steps to try to create the world that they wanted to live in. And it was almost ethical in their mind that you lived this way with other people. Byron is coming off this ruined marriage that he himself basically ruined, a complicated affair with his half-sister, his longing for boys or young men that is not been sated for a time. And now he's cut loose in Europe. And Claire has blown herself at him. And so he sort of kind of dragged into the dynamic of that. He actually says that when he was in Geneva, he lived a very moral life that he didn't do that much.

I think maybe Claire came up to the villa a few nights, but he ultimately tried to keep. her away. It wasn't like a free-flown orgy every night or anything like that, but it was a complicated set of sexual dynamics exactly because of everything you laid out there. I'll be back with Andrew and Lord Byron after the break. So let's take it back before he even ends up in this Jerry Springer nightmare in Europe. We should talk about Lady Caroline Lamb, one of his most famous lovers, who deserves an episode all of her own, to be completely honest, because complex doesn't begin to capture that woman. How did they meet and what was their relationship like? Yes. I mean, she's married at the time to William Lamb and, you know, sort of hanging around Holland House,

which is one of the great glittering social centers and political power houses of the Whig Party. And so Byron is drawn to that world. And Caro, that's sort of her nickname. Initially, she sees all the women throwing themselves at him and is like, I am not going to be one of those ladies. But The minute she does meet him, she's drawn in. She goes home that night and writes in her diary, that pale, beautiful face is my fate. And there's a sense that she's very passionate. Byron called her his little volcano.

She struggled with mental illness later in her life, and she may have already had a hint of that. He also called her little mania. And there's a sense that once she set her cap at him, it was two combustible things coming together. And so, yeah, the affair begins. She is not discreet at all about it. No.

The husband is very understanding. Understanding. Yes. And keeps taking her back. She is increasingly embarrassing. She sends him a pubic hair. Right. She sends him pubic hair.

She wants some back in the mail. You know, she'll sneak into his room dressed as a page as if she had a message and then takes everything off. And that actually, Byron loved all that, particularly the cross-dressing. Caroline was sort of boyish with short hair, her sort of a flapper style. And she would cross-dress at times. And I think Byron, this was really hitting all of Byron's. buttons because she was partly masculine, partly feminine, partly crazy, partly obsessed with him, you know, and beautiful and intelligent and a writer in her own right, and a representation of

the absolute inner circle, the highest levels of the aristocratic social scene. And so in some sense, she might have felt like a prize to the shy, overweight boy from Aberdeen with the deformed leg who suddenly found himself catapulted into this world. She does rather lose it. Despite her starting and by saying that I'm not going to throw myself at him, she does end up veering into what could be termed as needing a restraining order. Like, doesn't she, like, she wrote to his publishers pretending to be him to get a portrait of him and that she breaks into his house and leaves him notes for him to, like, wow. Yes, and she hears that he's engaged to Annabella.

She says she's going to go by pistols and show up at his door and kill herself in front of him. There we go. So it's that kind of thing. And he eventually, Byron, he's one of those people who always claims he hates drama, but he always is creating drama. Eventually, it even becomes too much for him, who was in a sense of drama king, drama queen, whatever he was. Even he eventually finds it for a while it's intoxicating.

And he's sort of drawn into it and the kind of push pull and obviously the kind of incredible sexual energy between them. But then eventually, yeah, it goes too far. And he's like, I basically need a restraining order. I need to get away from this woman. And that's partly why he gets married. and partly because of the affair with Augusta, his half-sister, which is going on simultaneously, and he's like, I really have to stop that. That's bad.

With all the things I'm doing, that's the... All the things I'm doing. I need to put this whole life aside and marry a nice woman who's going to be good for me, and you know how that goes. So he definitely was having sex with his half-sister, because there's always some people that go, well, we can't be quite sure. Yeah, I mean, you know, I hesitate to say definitely about anything with sex and history because you often don't know. I think you can say that the relationship was more erotic and intimate than you would expect for half siblings. What exact form that took do we know? I don't know.

But it definitely, you know, people commented it on the time. It seems to have been a sort of open secret that Byron is sort of bringing her around as not as a sister, but as a kind of love interest and the vibes were off, I think. When people saw them together, the vibes were off for a brother-sister relation. And if you look at their letters, and certainly Lady Byron's, his wife's testimony, she's like, they were on the couch, you know, canoodling. I would go upstairs to bed and they would be whispering and giggling and, you know, doing all the stuff. And she was pretty sure that that was what was happening. We should probably talk about the woman that he married, who genuinely doesn't seem to have quite known what she was getting herself into and was an odd, seems like

an odd choice for somebody like Byron. Can you tell us a bit about who she was and how they ended up together? She was well-born, appropriate for him as a member of the class to which he belonged. She was serious, moral, a mathematician, ultimately someone who Byron thought could reform him. They had a series of letters exchanged where he would sort of talk about his bad past and she would say, all you need to do is try a little, you know, let me help. And so I think he turned to her as a kind of rescuer from a world that had become too chaotic, thanks to himself. And she thought she could fix him. She took it on as a duty, I think, to say, just if one woman would love him steadily, he could come out of this. And, you know, finally, he proposes to her and she turns him

down. She says, I don't know you well enough yet. I'm not sure about this. And then she goes off, And she reads Pride and Prejudice. And she loves the Darcy character so much. And she actually writes about this that then he comes back and says, I'm still thinking about you. Is there any objection that is insurmountable between our union? And at that point, she has sort of talked herself into, she's missed him.

She's missed the energy and the kind of confusion and the passion. And when he proposes again, she says yes. I swear that book has been responsible for so many bad decisions. Like from when she first wrote it to Colin Firth and his wet shirt, through to the Kira Knightley version of women I know, just watch it for that scene where he just flexes his hands slightly as he takes. And to know that poor old Annabella back in the day read it and then went, maybe I can change him too.

Exactly. So Byron isn't solely to blame for all of this. Blame Jane Austen for some of the bad things that ended up happening. Blame Jane Austen. She is the real seducer here. That is a hot literary take. You could write a whole article about that. So, yeah, their marriage was awkward almost from the beginning.

They never were quite comfortable around each other, although apparently the sex was good. As far as we can tell the things that they say in the letters and the way they both talk, there was a physical passion between them that worked out quite well. But like with volatile people, you know, the first night of their wedding night, Byron wakes up and he's in one of those beds with red curtains all around and the light of the fires in the distance. And he wakes up and says, good God, surely I'm in hell. And that sort of sets the tone for the honeymoon, which oscillates between these moments of true, almost terror on his part and rage. And then moments of intimacy and almost tenderness.

It would almost be easier to understand that relationship. It was monsters from the beginning. But it kept her guessing because he never knew which Byron was going to walk in the room, the one that was tender. gentle or the one who was going to be ferocious and half insane. Why do they end up separating, she says, as if it's not pretty, we haven't paved the way for this already. Right. She gets pregnant almost immediately.

There's something in the water. They're all getting pregnant all the time. Aren't they? They're only married for about a year. As Ada, the baby approaches, he seems to get more, he's drinking more. He's carousing with actresses at Drury Lane. He's descending into a kind of paranoia. He becomes violent and abusive.

It's not clear whether he hit her. but he definitely is throwing things at the wall and cursing and saying they've ruined each other, all this stuff. So eventually the servants have to keep them apart. And she gives birth in the house while he's throwing empty soda bottles against the ceiling and, you know, in one of his rages. So she's convinced he's insane. And she leaves with the baby to go back to her father's house initially just to get some distance and to kind of figure out what's going on. But as soon as she tells her father and her relatives what's been going on in the house, they absolutely forbid her.

from going back, worried about her safety and the child's safety. And it kind of devoles from there. And pretty soon he leaves England for good. What she told them must have been quite severe for a family to say, don't go back to him. You're better off as a single mother in the early 1900s than dating this person. So presumably she told him about this weird relationship with the sister. Probably that. Probably there might have been physical abuse. There might have even been spousal or rape. We don't know exactly, but there seems to have been at least threats of violence in the home. And then there is also, yeah, the sexual stuff that he seems compelled to confess to. He seems to have actually taunted Lady Byron with his affairs.

Even while they're going on with the actresses, he would present her with lists of gifts he had given to the actresses that he was currently sleeping with. He's so self-destructive that she, you know, is like, what are you supposed to do with this? They never got divorced. She just never went back to him. And then he leaves the country, and that's the last time he sees her or his daughter. Was there an accusation of Saddemy? Have I muddled that up? That's the other thing, yeah.

So then once this starts happening, Caroline Lamb gets back into the game because Caroline knew about the stuff in Greece with the boys and his proclivities. And she had probably played that role for him, you know, as sort of being the cross-dressed page boy kind of thing. And so she knew about Byron's bisexuality, and she threatened to go public with that. because she was finally getting some of her own back. She felt Byron had treated her monstrously, and now he'd married someone else, and now she was a woman scorned, and she was going to spread those rumors. So that probably was a bigger reason why he left than the accusations of incest.

I mean, incest, you know, half-sister, half-sibling incest in Regency London wasn't unique in Byron's case. Certainly cousins, you know, first cousins were marrying all the time. I don't know if that would have been quite enough. if he hadn't been determined to publicize it, to parade her around, to confess to his wife, to, you know, all the other things that he seemed to want to, almost wanted to bring the house down upon his own head. It was the accusations that he'd been with men that had done it. Right, because that's a capital crime at the time. He theoretically could have been prosecuted, even executed. He wouldn't have been, but there could have been homophobic violence in the streets.

There could have been, you know, terrible. So he just wanted to get out of there and Europe was calling. I'll be back with Andrew and Lord Byron after the break. Isn't it funny that he builds this reputation and in no small part as a very sexual reputation that he still has to this very day and he courts it and he plays with it and he lives up to it? But all of a sudden, that's also going to be the thing that brings him down.

It's like he gets permission from the public to act up in certain ways, but then there's a line that gets crossed and now everybody is angry at this thing that they knew about, surely. Right. And that they in a certain way cultivated and they wanted him to be more, you know, it's the way we treat our celebrities. We want scandal. And of course, we want them to be doing interesting things. And yet, you know, there's a certain point, you know, the tide of public opinion turns. And, you know, it's not that he was canceled. I mean, people kept buying his poetry. But he was kind of branded then as darker than they had been. We had suspected. We thought it was just a character he was playing. We thought he was a Mr. Darcy who ultimately is redeemable. But perhaps he's even more satanic than that, more wicked. more irredeemable, more of a monster, as opposed to just a dark romantic hero. Sort of the same thing that happened to Oscar Wilde. It was always part of his persona, but then suddenly when it becomes real, that now, I can't remember who said it to Oscar Wilde, they said that it was the English one of their

periodic fits of morality, which I always quite like. Exactly, exactly. And for the regency, particularly the regency set in which Byron ran, it wasn't like morality, sexual morality was anything like, you know, what middle class. morality is now. They were all sleeping with each other. Married women, married men, you know, that that was just standard that adultery was not even an issue. But you were supposed to keep it quiet or at least keep it decorous or keep it surfaces preserved. And Byron wasn't good at that. Caroline Lamb wasn't good at that, you know, if he hadn't gotten married,

he might have been able to sustain it, but he was on the verge of something with his half-sister. He was talking about running off with her, you know, so I don't know. I don't know what What earth was the plan there? Like, you can't marry. What am I talking about, marry? No, he'd have just been in this little weird commune that he had going with Percy Bish, wouldn't they, all in together. Right, similarly, right. They just run off.

They're always running off somewhere. He was like, let's leave. Let's go, you know, go somewhere else. So he's off to Europe. And what's his plan now? Because he's not officially exiled, but sort of self-exiled. That's right. I think initially he thought maybe he would just go abroad for a while and let things die down.

Yeah, let it calm down. Put some distance between his wife and her family, distance between a disapproving public, distance from Caroline Lamb, distance from all that, and just sort of rethink things. He was going to go to Italy right away, but then Claire convinces him to go to Switzerland because that's where the Shelley's will be and that's where she's going. And he does want to meet Percy and Mary, who are sort of Mary particularly, who's the Nepo Baby Celebrity of the Day, the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin, and Percy, who he knew as a fledgling poet in his own right.

And so that literary attraction, and plus Claire's importunities, got him to Geneva for a summer, and that's where all of that happened. And then he's off to Italy from there. And he kind of gets addicted to Italy or just falls in love with Venice. He falls in love with the Italians, becomes more Italian himself and finds in their mode of life something much more congenial than the tight little island of England, as he calls it. There's something about the loose, passionate nature of the South and its cultural ways of being. sexual ways of being that appeals to him, and he pretty much stays there until the end, until he goes

off degrees. And this is sort of where he enters just, I don't know what you'd call it. His sexual escapades reach new heights once he's in Italy. Yes, Venice is the place and Carnival. And it seems clear that the Venetians, I mean, it's a very poor city at that time. It's an occupied city by the Austrians. And Byron comes with a lot of money and a lot of clout as a British lord. And, you know, It's not fair to call him a sex tourist in Venice, but it's also clear that most of those relationships had some sort of transactional element or at least relied upon the mismatch between his incredible resources and the poverty of the locals and even the aristocratic locals in Venice who would have been sort of dazzled by him and by his presence. And it didn't hurt that he was

reported to be handsome and already a legendary lover and all of these things. So a figure of dark scandal is like, oh, I kind of want to meet this guy. And there's a a sense in Venice that he was in a deep depression and that what he's doing is a kind of hedonistic therapy or just escapism where he's just losing himself in orgies of various kinds, trying to forget everything that he's lost on all the self-inflicted damage that he's, and not all self-inflicted, some inflicted by others. He was, we didn't mention this, but he was sexually abused as a child by his nurse, May Gray, who would come to his bed and play tricks with my person, as he said, when he was about nine years old, in between teaching him about the scriptures and beating him if he couldn't

remember the scripture verses. So he grew up with a very vexed attitude towards female sexuality from very early on. So that early abuse may have, you know, led to complexities of his sexual imagination later. Was he writing when he was in Venice or was he just in full self-destruct mode by this point? He was. Yeah, he's amazingly, you know, that's where he reinvents himself as a poet. And he starts writing his masterpieces, particularly in the El Tava Rima, Beppo and Don Juan. You know, he's the great poems that are going to become the second act of his career, the more comic, the more capacious, the more epic, the more Italian poetry, as opposed to the kind of dark, byronic brooding tales and Child Herald, things like that. Although he does continue to write

Child Herald in Italy as well. And Child Herald, Kanto 4 is set largely in Rome, and that's a beautiful piece of work too. But Italy gets into his DNA and into his DNA as a poet. And so he begins actually a great period of productivity. He's always productive. He writes a ton. Even in the middle of parties and dissipations, he stays up all night. He'll party till two in the morning. He comes home. He'll write till five. And then he'll sleep till noon or two the next day. And that was the schedule he'd like to be on to write very late at night after all the dissipation and partying was over. Wow. Okay. How does he end up in Greece? He has such a strange ending. You read through all this. You're like, well, he's obviously going to die young. Of course he is. That has to be how this story is going to finish. But how he dies and where he dies, it's so strange that he ends up there. After all that Venetian stuff, he meets Teresa Guicoli, who in some ways is the love of his life, the 19-year-old Italian countess. She's married to a 50-year-old man. And they begin an affair. And that affair, lasts for four plus years, at which point, I don't think we can prove that once he meets Teresa and begins that affair, that he has sex with anybody else ever again, which is, I mean, it's not impossible, and they're a little tantalizing hints here and there, but nothing definitive. Teresa, he says, this is my last attachment. I'm done with promiscuous concubage.

I'm ready for strictest adultery. Basically, she separates, eventually separates from her husband. They develop a kind of domestic situation, both. of them separated from their spouses until he leaves for Greece. And so people say, well, was he tired of Teresa or what was he looking for? I think partially he was looking for a next act of doing something not just as a poet, but as a public figure. He had given some speeches in the House of Lords, but they had not amount to much because his party was completely out of power. The conservatives were in charge. The wigs, no matter what they said, no one paid attention. And he always

had been attracted to causes of liberation, the underdog cause. He had organized for the Italian nationalist movement in Italy, which had come to nothing. And then the Greek Revolution breaks out. 1821. Shelly had been a huge supporter of the Greek Revolution against the Ottomans. He would be. So, yeah, so Byron just sort of took over after Shelley dies. Byron kind of takes on some of that spirit and his friends back in England are pushing him to get involved with the Greek cause. And so he says, well, I'll go check it out. I'll see what I can do. And pretty soon he finds himself aboard a ship full of $60,000 silver dollars headed for Greece to help the cause. And it's there that he didn't know he only would have about 100 days in Messalongi,

where he went before fever carried him off. But he ends up with almost a hero's ending despite himself because of that final gesture, which was sincere. I think he was going there, not just to a showboat. He dug in. He could have left at any time. He worked on humanitarian causes. He tried to organize the troops.

He tried to figure out who was in charge in Greece because there was a lot of infighting among the local leaders. And before he could accomplish too much, he died. But his death brought eyes of the world to that region. And pretty soon thereafter, Greece did win its independence. And he still regarded as a hero in Greece. Absolutely, yeah. A lot of Byron streets and Byron cafes and the name Byron is used for young men in Greece. So, yeah, he's a national hero there for sure.

So as a final question then, I would. I once saw an interview with Alice Cooper, who said that the reason he's been able to be as successful for as long as he is in the music industry, in the rock and roll world, is because he learnt long ago that you can't live like Alice Cooper. You can be, Alice Cooper is a stage persona and that's where he belongs. If you try and live like Alice, you are going to crash and burn. And he said, and I've seen that happen so many times. I wonder, how could we apply that to Byron? Do you think that this public persona he had, he was trying to live up to it and it fed into him, or actually that really was who he was.

You know, I think a lot of times he's fighting against that darkness that's threatening to overtake him. He seems to have been manic depressive in a way and that a lot of that dark stuff is bubbling in him and he's trying to control it with art or with different kinds of behavior. He oscillates between this libertinage and then kind of hermetic withdrawal where he just is ascetic. He don't, won't eat anything. He doesn't drink.

So I think it's a struggle for him to contain or to control the dark side, and he is sometimes successful, sometimes not. Poetry is what saved him. He said that poetry was sort of the lava of the imagination that prevents the eruption, the overflow. You could sort of let it out instead of exploding. And he also said, you know, how could anyone live a life of passion? Like, my characters are always passionate. You can't live like that. How would I shave myself in such a state?

And just sort of making light of it. But there's a sense that, you know, he would recognize that a life of passion is a life of pain. And a lot of his late poems are sort of like, let my heart calm down. Let me be less moved. Let me be still. And that kind of plea for internal calm and that he cannot always access, it sounds to me like someone who is struggling to not be the rock star Alice Cooper that keeps coming out that dark satanic side that we partially admire and partially fear. Andrew, you have been wonderful to talk to. You have been fabulous in helping us understand the slightly fuckboy elements of Byron. Very complex. We've only touched the surface, too. I feel like

there's probably about three more hours. We're really going to get into details of all of these. There's all these lovers we haven't even mentioned. But yeah, those are some of the main points. If you want more, you can read my book. Please, I'm just about to say, if people want to know more about you, where can they find you? Give us the full title of your book and any social media handles you've got. Yeah, there's a biography I wrote. It came out last year. It's called Byron A Life in Ten Letters, published by Cambridge University Press. It'll come out in paper back in September, so we could watch for that. But it goes through 10 of Byron's periods of his life keyed to a particular great letter that he wrote to a different correspondent, lovers, friends, and all

of that. So it's got that confessional side, but then also the story that goes behind that letter, what all went into that. So I hope people will pick that up. I'm a professor of English at the University of Virginia. I teach in the English department there. I study 19th century British lit, so easily found online. Thank you so much for talking to me today. I've thoroughly enjoyed myself. It's great to talk with you, Kate. Thanks for having me. Thank you so much for listening. And thanks to Andrew for joining me. And if you like what you heard, don't forget to like with you and follow along wherever it is, you get your podcasts. We have got loads of exciting stuff coming up in the new year, so strap yourselves in. And if you wanted us to explore a subject or if you just fancied saying hello,

then you can email us at betwixt at historyhit.com. This podcast was edited and produced by Stuart Beckwith, the senior producer with Charlotte Long. Join me again, Betwixt the Sheets, The History of Sex Scandal in Society, a podcast by History Hit. This podcast contains music from Epidemic Sound.