Citation Needed - Stars and Exoplanets

Episode Date: June 14, 2023

A star is an astronomical object comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye at night, but their immense distances from Earth make them appear as fixed points of light. The most prominent stars have been categorised into constellations and asterisms, and many of the brightest stars have proper names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations. The observable universe contains an estimated 1022 to 1024 stars. Only about 4,000 of these stars are visible to the naked eye,[1] all within the Milky Way galaxy. Our theme song was written and performed by Anna Bosnick. If you’d like to support the show on a per episode basis, you can find our Patreon page here.  Be sure to check our website for more details.

I can't believe you built us a spaceship. What can I say? I've got a guy. I'm so excited. Ugh. Oh no. Oh come on Heath. I know Eli's before show shenanigans have gone wrong in the past.

Like every time. But you gotta admit sending us on a three year mission to Mars to celebrate Cecil's essay on exoplanets and stars is pretty cool. Nothing one best friend wouldn't do for another, am I right? No, still no. Really, I built you a spaceship and the answer still now. Yeah, okay, so about that. I mean, don't get me wrong.

I know you have a guy for everything in this weird pre-show universe, but how did you afford this? From the ground up, Heath, from the ground up. For example, do you know that most spaceships spend millions of dollars just on waste collection systems? It's like, y'all, it's space. I don't think we need to worry about littering, you know what I'm saying? Eli, waste collection systems are code for bathrooms on spaceships.

Oh, this is what I'm talking about. okay, so we should like Designate a corner I guess We were waitless he's on a three-year trip everywhere is that yeah, it's gonna be the corner You still excited see so no Nope. Hello and welcome to Citation Needed. The podcast where we choose a subject, read a single article about it on Wikipedia and pretend we're experts. Because this is the internet, and that's how it works out. I'm Eli Bosnick and I'll be talking about Uranus tonight, but I'll need some astronauts to help me.

First up, you guys who are happy to explain to starving children in Africa that without space exploration, we wouldn't have Velcro, Cecil, and Noah. Look, you can't sing, we are the world without that sweet orbital shot. I'm actually sorry. Thank you, possible. And to be clear, there be starving kids in Africa regardless. It's just a matter of who gets to be the ones their most jealous. Good point. Good point. And also joining us tonight, the star of our little galaxy, Ethan, right?

Come on, you were doing astronauts. You had starfish. Do starfish. Nass. Well done. Show time. Pram, pram, pram, pram. Go ahead.

Before we begin tonight, I'd like to take a moment to thank our patrons. Patrons, you have the bravery, cunning, and courage to go where statistically almost nobody goes before the frontier of giving us money. And if you'd like to give us money, be sure to stick around to the end of the show. And with that out of the way, tell us Noah, what person-place-thing concept phenomenon or event?

Well, we'll be talking about today. Okay, So first of all, we're going to clarify that NASA had nothing to do with Velcro. And then we're going to be talking about stars. And in case point four percent of all the universe's mass doesn't fill up a whole essay, Agusome planets. Wait, didn't invent Velcro? And not even Velcro, not even Velcro and Cecil, what do they even do there? Whatever. Thank you. And Cecil, you're kind of moving in on Noah's turf here. Couldn't find an article about jogging or something. Look, Noah and I can three some space. It's big enough to handle it. Come on, man. Just right there, Cecil.

Tell us a sad story from your childhood that you won't realize is sad till you say it out loud on our podcast. Okay. I quit the show. You know, I've always had this massive saucepot for astronomy. You see as a kid, I got my hands on this super cool book might have been a time life one. Can't quite remember. The thing was jam packed with crazy facts about the cosmos, all the planet stars and all the wild things happening out there in space.

I lose track of time buried nose deep in that book, just soaking up everything about our solar system and beyond. And one part of that book that really grabbed me was all about Voyager. Some listeners may remember the episode I did on it in September of 2019, but that book wasn't just about Voyager. Oh no, it was a treasure trove of space mysteries and wonders. So today, let's dive back into the universe and rekindle some of that childlike wonder as we explore some of the more incredible outer space phenomenon that fascinated me

all those years ago, those long, long years ago. Okay, that's a beautiful sentiment, Cecil. But like, are, are bad people going to die of stupid? I don't understand. This doesn't fit. Who versus who are we? Thank you. Yes. I used up Uranus in the intro, Cecil. We're out of funny space. Okay. Okay. So all right. I'm sorry. I'm still coming to grips with the fact that Eli saw Cecil's story about loving a book as a candidate. Thought, well, that's sad. Come on. Sam was sad. We all know what it was a lie, which from like shop right that I had to that tell you exactly.

It was like Lapedia for like 50 cents. So you had that right? I got it a garage sale. You got it. No, it's sad. I think of dammit. I was trying to use version of it. Yeah.

If the sad version I had was new. See, so I'm rich. I got your version. Yeah use version of it. Yeah. Yeah. I'm rich. I got your version. Yeah. You got all the pages are stuck together. Okay. So let's start with stars and not just any stars. Let's talk about the biggest stars we have discovered. Kardashians.

Okay. So stars can be the largest in two ways. First, in physical size, and secondly, in mass. So you may ask, what's the biggest star we've found when it comes to size? There's a few contenders in the ring, but the undisputed, heavyweight champion that we're confident about is VY Canis Majores. This is not only one of the most massive stars in the Milky Way galaxy, but it's also one of the most massive stars in the Milky Way galaxy, but it's also one of the most luminous.

This star is about 1400 and 20 times larger than our star here in our solar system. So if you plopped it in where soul is, it's outer edge would be past the orbit of Jupiter. If you were soul for the sun, right now for the sun, yeah. That's the name of the sun. It's name. Can you laugh? Maybe we're mocking the youth. Is that possible for you to do that? This is like saying, I be thaw, but for astronomy. Okay. All right. If you were on a spanking proper name that could go this speed of light, it would take you 14.5 seconds to orbit the sun. But if you wanted to do

the same thing at V.Y. Canis, Majora's better love that new audio book because it could take you six hours. Yeah, but the way I drive you know, I'd still managed to back into it while trying to park somehow. Like, I don't know. I would. Yeah. Yeah. So, like, you know, those like size comparison videos of the universe or whatever, this one shows up six stars after you've run out of ways to say, and now you're just fun. That's this one. Now, fun fact, V.Y. Canis, Majora is not just a heavyweight when it comes to size.

It also shines with a luminosity that's 500,000 times that of our sun. So that's, so thank you. He's you're listening. With that brightness comes at a cost though. It's burning through its fuel at a much higher rate than our star, which is soul. Thank you. I knew you're going to say it. Well, our star, we were pissed. Well, our star will go out in about five billion years and it's currently middle age. VY canus, Majorus only has a lifespan that is a fraction of that. Super giants and hyper giants last a few million years. And when it does go out, it will produce one hell of an explosion, a supernova.

Okay, I feel like I'd be happier as a person if I knew the sun was going to explode in exactly 100 years. It's like the end of your senior year and like you already got into college, you know what I mean? Or like being a Republican in general, it just seems like easy and fun, sure. Happy. Supernova can occur in two ways, but this star will core collapse. The star reaches this massive size because it's burning fuel differently and at a higher

rate than stars like our sun. At a certain point, the fuel in it can't sustain the growth of the star and it will collapse back in on itself. At this point, it will explode. The explosion will rival the brightness of an entire galaxy and then will fade over a short time, weeks or months. The star will then either dissipate into a nebula, which is a large cloud of gas or collapse into a white dwarf star or even a black hole.

Pinnin' those for later. The explosion of a nova or a supernova creates a gamma ray burst. Yeah. And somehow Noah's uploaded consciousness satellite will catch the only cloud in the universe and miss it. I don't know how. But that's, that's fine Eli. I already got to see a supernova explosion from the inside on November 8th of 2016.

Gamera bursts are extremely energetic explosions that have been observed and are the brightest electromagnetic events known to occur in the universe. They can last from several milliseconds to several hours, though typically a gamma ray burst will last 20 to 40 seconds. Because they're so pretty. Gamma ray bursts can release more energy in 10 seconds. Then the sun will emit in its entire 10 billion year expected lifespan. The intense radiation of gamma ray bursts makes them observable across cosmological distances. With some of the farthest GRBs lying at distances corresponding to a time less than one billion years after the big bang. Wow.

Designed at universe super intelligent. No notes. I have no vocal notes. Well, it comes to mass. The happiest star we have discovered, again, with some surety, is BAT 99-98. Though its physical size is only about 37 times larger than our sun, its mass is an entirely different matter. The calculation suggests that BAT 99-98 possesses a mass that is staggering 226 times that of our sun.

The star also shines with 5 million solar luminosities, or it's 5 million times brighter than our sun. This star also shines with five million solar luminosities, or it's five million times brighter than our star, but it isn't so, but it isn't at two, no, at two. But this isn't in the visual spectrum. It's only 141,000 times visually brighter than our star. The rest is in non visible wavelengths. Yeah, I grew up hearing that the heaviest things are the brightest, but it's nice to hear Cecil confirm it, you know. Yes. You should also mention two other star qualities, brightness and temperature, holding the title of brightest, we have Godzilla, a star 10 billion light years away from Earth. Godzilla outshines our son by a factor of

a hundred and thirty four to two hundred and fifty five million. Switching gears to temperature. The hottest star that we have discovered is W R 102. This star is about 210,000 Kelvin or 377, thousand Fahrenheit. A temperature previously only observed in pizza rolls. In one little spot, and then there's a cold one right just to eat a cold spot in that safe fucking pizza roll. How the fuck is that even possible? This star belongs to an exclusive club known as oxygen sequence stars, which are exceedingly hot and rare.

Like all members of inclusive clubs. These stars represent one of the last stages in the life cycle of very massive stars, where they've exhausted most of their hydrogen and helium, leading to the unmasking of deeper layers rich in heavier elements like oxygen, which can be seen on the surface of the star. Cool, just like American capitalism, the geriatric star of economics. That's what's going on. Well, W R 102 holds the record for regular stars when it comes to neutron stars. It doesn't even come close. Oh, you were counting neutron

stars because I was going to say I didn't want it to rub you. but I was like, God, it's neutron star is PSR B 0 943 plus 10. I don't know what that was. I don't know. And there was a, and there's another one called Godzilla. That's the real right. But I don't know. P 0 9 5 3. Why are they doing plus?

Why do I have to the math on that? No, no, I don't know what the plus, if I should say the plus or I don't know whatever, but anyway, it comes to a temperature of 3.1 million degrees Kelvin. the math on that. No, no, I don't know what the plus, if I should say the plus, I don't know what it is. Anyway, it comes to a temperature of 3.1 million degrees Kelvin. Neutron stars are not like ordinary stars. They're born from the dramatic collapse of super massive stars and pack an unimaginable density. Ah, the children of divorce of the sky.

Oh, my shit. Jesus. Cause it's their fault. That joke. Can't. Too many clips. These stars are so dense that a teaspoon of neutron star material would weigh. Well, according to the internet, it's between 10 million and 10 billion tons.

I couldn't find a source that was specific. Wikipedia does say that one teaspoon of the stuff would weigh the same as 900 pyramids at Giza. So you do the math. I'm just picturing the person with the teaspoon. Yeah. Right. Somehow everyone in the kitchen is still in front of them.

I said behind. Behind. It is. It is that that 990 million ton margin of error seems excessive given that we can't actually check, right? Let's look at that. Where you are way off. Another type of neutron star is a magnetar. This star has an incredibly powerful magnetic field, magnetic, thank you, Eli for reading ahead. We already talked about how dense a neutron star is, but these also possess a strong gravitational pull and their magnetophiles are the most powerful in the

known universe. How strong? Well, you would have to increase our Earth's magnetic field by a quadrillion. That's a one followed by 15 zeros to equal it. We have not discovered a lot of these out of all the neutron stars we've discovered only a few dozen have been magnetars. And so it's theorized that perhaps there's a magnetar phase that the neutron star goes through and it's relatively short lived in astronomical terms lasting only around 10,000 years. Yeah, the part where I was attractive was the shardest part of my life too. Some neutron stars become pulsars.

A pulsar is a rotating neutron star that emits a beam or beams of electromagnetic radiation. Nothing for me. I there. So he didn't know that one. Okay. They do this at an interval in which they are spinning similar to a lighthouse as it spins periodically shines that light in one direction.

So to our stationary observations, it appears as a pulse of radiation, which is how they got their name. These stars can spin extremely fast. This is another great name. PSR J1748-2446 AD. Come on. Do you have to be minus too? Do we have to have negative numbers?

You have to be. You have to be. Maybe it could be. It could be. It could be. It could be. It could be. AD. Come on. Do you have to be minus too? Do you have negative number? You have to be. Let it be. It could be actually. Actually, maybe they're talking about the coordinates. I don't know.

Come on. It spins at a rate of 43,000 times per minute. That's 716 times a second. Ooh, you know what? Maybe aliens exist. They're just constantly singing happy birthday to each other. And that's why we haven't heard from them. So because the star, you know, all your jokes that my inner science nerd isn't well actually in this episode, this is the one. It's not well actually in the heart. There's no, it's been so hard. They're always their birthday. There's a upper density to how dense a neutron star can be.

This is called the Tolman Oppenheimer Volkhoff mass upper limit. It signifies the, the tipping point where gravity's pull becomes so overpoweringly intense due to the incredible density that not even light can escape. It's at that point, the star transitions into a black hole, singularity of space where matter is infinitely dense. Black holes form when a mass collapses under its own gravity or when a particularly high energy collision takes place. Right. Yeah. Or when a plane touches down and every single person stands up into the aisle, the exact same fucking time, like an asshole. When you get a supermass black hole, sometimes you get a quasar. Yeah, I get those preparation age actually really takes care of those that like you just

a couple of days stands for a quasi stellar object. Now a supermassive black hole can range in size. It can be millions to tens of billions of solar masses. So this black hole will be at the center of a galaxy and shit will just fall into it. As the space material falls in, it starts to form a large cloud of matter that surrounds the black hole called an accretion disk. Right. It's like the line to get in.

Oh, sorry. So you're going to put it in this exactly like that. As matter in the accretion disc falls towards the black hole, energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which can be observed across the full electromagnetic spectrum. This makes quasars some of the most luminous, powerful, and energetic objects in the known universe, emitting up to a thousand times the energy output of the entire Milky Way galaxy,

which contains 200 to 400 billion stars. The intense luminosity of quasars originates from the disc of matter that's falling in, though, not from the black hole itself. All right. Well, usually at this point in the planetarium show I'm either jerking off a sleep or both. Jesus. So I excuse myself. We'll take a little break for some apropos of nothing.

And at this point, the gravity would become too intense for massive self to hold its form. Brilliant, we have to publish this. Oh, I agree, yes. Hey, guys! Oh, hi! Uh, Dr. Oppenheimer? Hi, Dr. Oppenheimer. You guys can just call me Rob.

You don't have to, sure. Same. Rob, can, uh, is there something we can help you with. Yeah. I was just listening in my office. I couldn't help but over here. You guys said something about publishing an idea. Uh, yeah. Tom and I have been doing some research. And I believe we found the exact calculation for when a celestial body becomes a black hole. Black hole. so cool. Hey, here's an idea. And this, again, just occurred to me just now. Why don't we call that principle?

You guys were just talking about the Tolman Oppenheimer Volkhoff principle. I mean, no offense, Dr. Oppenheimer. Rob, Rob, Rob, Rob, sure. But why would we put your name on it? Oh, I mean, I helped, right? I said, black hole just now before vocuff did, right? I, I provided.

I didn't know you definitely didn't. Okay. Um, you guys like the coffee creamer this morning because I actually brought that in myself. I think the office provides that actually. Well, we were out and I ran and got more before they got more. Okay. So the point is that I helped with this. Oppenheimer. Rob, Rob, Rob, Rob, Rob. Do you actually think you helped or are you just

hoping that if you put your name on enough science stuff, you won't be known for telling everyone you were the stroller worlds. It's the second one. Okay, Rob. Well, we'll put your name on it then. You know everyone's going to care more about the death thing though, right? I do know that, yes. And we're back. When we left off, Cecil was bat-shaming neutrons. Okay.

What was next in your smudgy stolen little library book, Cecil? So me. It's good. Ask him what a neutron is. So me. I'm asking what a neutron is. Next up, almost stars. Shelley Duval, Eli Bosnick, the brown dwarves exist in a sort of celestial gray area between the largest planets and the smallest stars, they're also referred to as failed stars, because although they form much like stars, do they don't

they never learn to tap dance. That's great. You're bold. They don't have enough mass to sustain hydrogen fusion in their cores, which is the process that powers stars like our Sun, so typically brown dwarfs have masses between 13 and 80 times that a Jupiter. Below that range, they're just be considered gas giant planets. Above it, they might be small stars because they can't sustain hydrogen fusion.

Brown dwarfs don't shine brightly like stars to. However, their gravitational energy converts into thermal energy over time, causing them to emit infrared radiation. And it's due to this radiation that brown dwarfs are often detected using infrared telescopes. Oh, sure, but when I look at a brown dwarf through a telescope, I'm never allowed back in a different stroke's convention. Jesus Christ you. I think it canceled just for laughing at that joke. Brown dwarfs have an incredibly long lifetimes.

Unlike stars, they don't burn hydrogen, so they don't die in the usual sense. Instead, they simply cool and fade over time, gradually radiating away the heat left over from their formation. We all have to dress as Mr. Drummond. I told you so much. Typical brown dwarf, cools and dims slowly over billions of years, far longer than the current age of our universe, which is around 13.8

billion years. Even the oldest brown dwarfs in the universe, those formed shortly after the big bang, they are still in the cooling phase. And if yet, not yet fully died, in a sense, you could say that no brown dwarf has yet died. Okay, we're all picturing Gimli in a jazz scooter at like Walmart, right? The most, the most appropriate thing we're picturing. The most is the best of us. I love that kind of convention. But so that's why I love the term failed star for those things as those sustained hydrogen fusion was the goal, right?

It seems like a pain in the ass for this whole sequence and everything. Brown dwarves last forever and have no responsibilities. I feel like stars are failed to brown dwarves. Damn it. Nobody wants to sustain fusion anymore. The brown dwarves are like the podcasters of the universe. It's perfect. Absolutely. Yes. Thank you. One interesting theoretical tidbit about brown dwarfs and massive exoplanets is the concept of iron rain. Brown dwarfs that are in a certain temperature range are believed to have conditions in their atmosphere that could lead to the formation of iron droplets, which could fall like rain.

This is because the atmosphere of a brown dwarf can be very hot, like 2000 centigrade. At this temperature, rock could vaporize. The higher temperatures in the brown dwarfs atmosphere, iron is a gaseous form. But as the iron laden gas rises and cools, the iron condenses into liquid droplets, much like water vapor condenses into droplets on Earth's atmosphere to form rain. These iron droplets could then fall back down into the hotter regions in the atmosphere where they would evaporate back into gas creating a kind of iron cycle analogous to the water cycle here on Earth. Right, but you just know your hard-ass boomer boss still expects you to come to work in the sword rain. There's plows out. You can make it.

So it's to plowshares. Anyway, this, of course, isn't the only strange precipitation that can occur in the universe on planets hotter and colder than our own. There's another theory that large gas giants could support diamond rain where carbon compresses in higher pressure rains and it rains down on the planet's core. Or you can get that gun at the strip club. Yeah. It's awesome. Everybody loves you then. You're not the worst at all. Some planets could also have glass rain, where silicon melts on the surface and evaporates and then cools in the upper atmosphere, creating falling glass. In our own solar system, we have both methane rain on Titan that forms rivers and seas

out of the liquid version of that gas, and we also have sulfuric acid rain on Venus, a planet so hot that the rain never touches the ground because it evaporates before it hits it. Okay, I get that diamond rain would like, I just rub traffic or whatever, but I feel like it would be worth it just to see what kind of shit deburs would come up with to try to convince you it was still worth paying them 100 grand a gram for that shit. Right. There are also planets that don't rotate around a star.

They just wander through the universe untethered. These are called rogue planets. How these planets end up on their own is a matter of ongoing scientific study. One theory suggests that they may have been ejected from their original planetary system due to gravitational interactions with other bodies, such as passing planets or passing stars. Okay. I'm picturing that meme with the guy looking back at the one of his past. But they're all planets. Another theory proposes that rogue planets may form directly from collapsing cloud of gas and dust, much like stars, but without enough mass to ignite fusion and become a star. Yes. And yet another theory suggests that a Sumerian fortnight

God got in a fight with his grandma. So, you know, you decide that when that was actually encompassed in the first theory, you're cosmology is subpart of this week. I'll be honest with you. You are. Rogue planets are difficult to detect because without a star's light to illuminate them, they're very, very dark. However, they can be found indirectly through a process known as gravitational microlensing. This happens when a rogue planet passes between a star and an observer, bending that star's light and causing it to momentarily brighten. While some planets head off into the universe on their own, leaving their star behind, some exoplanets like HAT-P-7B never really venture that far away.

They're so lazy. They're planet is a large gasp. Seven B. Are you looking at your apartment number right now? No. Seven B. Buck, this planet is a large gas giant that is very, very close to its star. And because of its proximity to the star, it has extremely high temperatures and a very tight circular orbit, which it completes every 2.2 Earth days.

Stranglers have also found evidence of extreme weather patterns there. Most notably, researchers detected the brightest spot on the planet shifts its position, which could suggest a shifting storm system with winds of up to 5400 kilometers per hour. Okay. So the earth could go rogue, theoretically. Like if the sun gets shitty, we could hit your gravity pole from some other thing and like, go row as a planet. Floridians are already used to the weather. So yeah. So I got that fucking hot Jupiter's can't exactly harbor life, but I still can't help with picture Republican hat B seven eight ends or whatever. Go ahead and get it on Facebook going like there was only 1400 Kelvin today and the winds barely top 5,000 kilometers. Tell me again about this global warming, am I right?

Now we've talked about too cold and too hot. But what about planets in our universe that are in the Goldilocks zone? Okay, first, what is the Goldilocks zone? This is also referred to as the habitable zone, meaning the region around the star where conditions could potentially allow liquid water to exist on the

surface of a planet. This is one of the key factors that leads scientists to consider a planet potentially being habitable or one that could harbor alien life. And what are the odds of that perfect zone of life existing inside of universe that's only like 93 billion light years across. It's God. That is God. God is love. Let's be on the explanation. One planet we found in the zone around another star is Kepler of four five to B. Okay. So I can't do the oo think as I smoked for 30 years, Cecil. But I would ooh, this one if I. I got. Kepler C-Sle, I'll do it again. Kepler 452B. What?

452B? Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, but 450 to be with the beat. Yeah. Come on. It's like Pappy Winkle. Winky Apple. This is an exoplanet that was discovered by NASA's Kepler space telescope in July of 2015. It has been referred to as Earth's cousin or Earth 2.0 due to some of its Earth-like qualities. Great. Now that it's a cousin, he wants to fuck it. of its Earth-like qualities. Great. Now that it's a cousin, he wants to fuck it. Oh, great. What? This is that way. Did it evolve?

I like, what? I don't like, I have to like keep track of all these things and like, walk them back every time. I'm not into cousins. I think that's bad. Go ahead. See, soul. Okay. Thank you for clarifying.

Oh, this planet is estimated to be at 60% larger in diameter than the earth. Given its size, it's likely to be a rocky planet. It completes an orbit around its star every 385 days, which is only slightly longer than Earth's year. Its sun is older and Earth 2.0 has been in the habitable zone of its star for about six billion years, which is about 1.5 billion years longer than our planet. Ooh, and it's way older. Heath is just keep getting better. No, it's not. I don't.

Regular amount. It's also way bigger. It's radius is about 1.5 times that of earth. It has five times the mass. A 200 pound person would weigh a half a ton there. What's so great about this is that we've only sort of recently started our exoplanet search. With new tools and technology that are coming out, we're just going to accelerate the discovery

of these planets for the years to come. All right. And if you had to summarize what you've learned in one sentence, what would it be? Timelife books really do open up a whole new world of adventure. Indeed they do. And are you ready for the quiz? I am ready for my gold star. All right, Cecil, speaking of stars, which of the following is the best name for a porn star, like a porn star or a beautiful star? Oh, that a porn star. Hey, skiedled you. Peter North star,

obviously, see anus major. Two girls, one cup pernecose or E steps. You see you walking into these jumps with steps. You're doing this. I know that was on me. I should have done a snap but not cousin. No. And I have a lady friend who's a little bit older than me by like three years. It's a reasonable amount. It's totally. I'm going to go with two girls, one cup perne kiss because I think it's amazing. That is correct. I just want to preserve an history that he acknowledged his relationship for the first time on air to disprove the news. To win or to win with all this weird cousins and wrong ages.

Yes, I am in love with a lady person. That's right. I remember when I announced my engagement, Dan, just like this. All right. See, Saul, which unfortunately named astrological phenomenon? Did you skip a oops Leonids, a stronger than expected meteor shower, which we would have made come jokes about. Be a sassin galaxies, which you'd have to cut from the show anyway. So why bother? Yeah.

Yeah. See, Google 2005 BLG 395 pounds, because Noah might injure himself in an across the contempt or D Sagittarius B2, a planet so rich and ethylformate, it almost certainly smells like rum and tastes like raspberries. I 100% was going to put Sagittarius B2 in because of that glass cloud and the nubula that smells like strawberries. So that's the one. Wait, is that real? Yeah. It has the, it has the same, you can't breathe in outer space. You can't smell or taste. Why is it not called planet strawberry decoration? It's not a planet. It's a nebula. It's got to be a plan. It's all specifically. All right. So, uh, Cecil, is the neutron star

that was feeling a little embarrassed after all the mass shaming that you did today. I wanted to look a little slimmer for the summer. What should it do? Hey, try new trun system B be joined exoplanet fitness Nicely done. Thank you get into a constellation with a much bigger denser bunch of stars Wait for a bunch of pedantic analogists to show up with their teaspoons and thimbles and solve this mystery? Man see is so good It's see planetary mask. Oh, it is see I thought I could give you the e-secret answer now all right

Well see so got to talk about his favorite planets today, so he wins! Well, I'm gonna pick the person who didn't make fun of me, no, I didn't. All right, well, for Tom, Noah, Cecil and Heath, I'm Eli Bosnick, thank you for hanging out with us today. When we're back next week and by then, Noah will be an expert on something else. Between now and then, Cecil will be gently running his fingers along the spine of an old book whispering, now the whole world knows about my friends. And if you'd like to help keep this show going,

you can make a per episode donation at patreon.com slash citation pod, or leave us a five star review everywhere you can. And if you'd like to get in touch with us, check out past episodes, connect with us on social media, or check the show notes, be sure to check out citationpod.com. And by increasing the density, you could travel light itself in such an environment. Fascinating. Ask me that weird hammer. Sure, yes, sure. It's an Oppen Hammer. If you don't want to be known for it,

you shouldn't have built the damn bomb, man. Sound like my wife and hammer.