Conversations with Tyler - Kyla Scanlon on Communicating Economic Ideas through Social Media

Episode Date: October 2, 2024

Kyla Scanlon has made it her personal mission to bring economics education to a larger audience through social media. She publishes daily content across TikTok, YouTube, Substack, LinkedIn and more, explaining what is happening in the economy and why it is happening. Tyler calls her first book In This Economy? How Money & Markets Really Work a "good and bracing shock to those who have trained their memories on some weighted average of the more distant past." Tyler and Kyla dive into the modern state of economics education and a whole range of topics like if fantasy world building can help you understand economics, what she learned trading options at 16, why she opted for a state school over the Ivy League, lessons from selling 38 cars over summer break, introversion as an ingredient for social media success, if she believes in any conspiracy theories, Instagram scrolling vs TikTok scrolling, the decline of print culture, why people are seeking out cults, modern nihilism, how perspective can help with optimism, the death of celebrity and the rise of influencers, why econ education has gone backward, improving mainstream media, YIMBYism and real estate, nuclear pragmatism versus utopian geothermalists, investing advice for young people, why she thinks about the Great Depression more than Rome, creating the next Free to Choose, and more. Read a full transcript enhanced with helpful links, or watch the full video. Recorded July 8th, 2024. Other ways to connect Follow us on X and Instagram Follow Tyler on X Follow Kyla on X Sign up for our newsletter Join our Discord Email us: [e-mail] Learn more about Conversations with Tyler and other Mercatus Center podcasts here. Photo Credit: Rachel Woolf

Conversations with Tyler is produced by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, bridging the gap between academic ideas and real-world problems. Learn more at Mercadis.org. For a full transcript of every conversation, enhanced with helpful links, visit Conversationswithtyler.com. Hello, everyone, and welcome back to Conversations with Tyler. Today I'm delighted to be chatting with Kyla Scanlan, who is here with us in the studio. I have described Kyla as a force of nature from the point of view of this New Jersey boy.

She has come out of nowhere from Western Kentucky and is all of a sudden one of the best and also most popular, just discussers of economics and economic reasoning and economic thinking. So this, in my view, is fantastic. She is super active on TikTok. She has a substack, very active on YouTube, on Twitter. And now she exists in real life. also, but she has a book out in this economy, how money and markets really work. Did I leave anything out? No. I think that's pretty comprehensive.

Welcome, Kyla. Thanks for having me. Let's start with your origin story. So when you're young, you're going to libraries a lot, right? Yeah. And what is it you're reading? And why do you read that stuff? Oh, I read a lot of fiction when I was younger. Yeah. And it was mostly because I was trying to understand world building. Like, I was really fascinated by that. So I read the Graceling series and Harry Potter. But for me, the library was also a place to go that, like, supported that kind of learning. Like, it was kind of, I didn't realize that reading books was cool until I went to the library. And so it had just been really formative with how I thought about learning throughout my entire, you know, childhood and adolescence. And are you still doing world building with economics?

Is that like a better, more fun, more complex world? Or you've given up world building? Well, I tried in the book. I had something called The Economic Kingdom, because for me, like, I think thinking in games is really helpful for econ because there are so many moving pieces and everything is interconnected. And so the first chapter of the book was my attempt to describe the economic kingdom, you know, monetary policy castle, you know, fiscal policy castle, inflation castle, labor market castle. So I still try to world build when I can. And any science fiction when you're young or not so much? Fantasy more? Yeah, yeah, more fantasy. Yeah, science fiction was always a little too real for me. Too real. More generally, why do you think young women are more likely to read fantasy than science fiction? I mean, and maybe it's because it is too real, right?

I think younger women are more empathetic, and so maybe they're able to pick up on the nuances of science fiction. Or perhaps it's just not the interest in aliens and other worlds like that. I think there's more romanticism that happens for younger women versus men. and you get a lot of that in fantasy, not like romantic in the sense of love, but just sort of like beautiful places. And science fiction can tend to be more warfare. Okay, so now fast forward to age 16, you're in high school, all of a sudden you've become an options trader. How did that happen? Yeah, so my dad, he was options trading with a group called Tasty Trade, just sort of self-taught.

And I was really interested in it because I was like, what is he, what is this? And so I sort of watched him do it and he was like, do you want to try? And so I self-taught myself. And it was fun because, like, we had something to chat about. And then I just, I did that for an entire summer as like a summer job. And I was really bad at it. But, you know, I gave it a shot. And I ended up writing a blog called Scanlan on stocks where I talked about my options trading experience. And that was my first foray into internet writing. And it was enjoyable. I wouldn't recommend it. But I learned a lot about how markets function. And then I didn't even know until I got to school that you can major in finance. And so like then I got to school and I was like, I'm going to be an engineer. And then I was like, oh, you can like do this. And so it was cool. How efficient do you think the options market is? I would say it's, you know, the pricing strategies that are interesting. I don't spend as much time on it. But like, I know that the volatility metrics are pretty useful. And I think that there's interesting things that you can do like combinations of calls and puts on. You just have more optionality than like buying a stock and

hoping it goes up. But in terms of efficiency, I think it's hard to make money in it. How is it you lost so much money trading a Brazilian ETF? Oh, I just, I, everything I did, I was pretty risk-averse, and so I wanted to be neutral. And so I put on this trade called an iron condor, which you do have protection against, but I just kept on making these trades where I was almost too, I didn't want to take on any risk. And if you don't take on risk, you really can't make a ton of money. money, but you can't lose money. And so that's what happened to me. So high school finishes up, you're going to college, and you end up going to Western Kentucky University, right? Why not go to an

Ivy League school? It was too expensive. Too expensive. But you could have. Yeah, I mean, I had really good grades in high school. I took all the AP classes. What was really nice about Western is I had a full ride and I got paid to go there, and then I ran cross-country and track and field for the school. So there's just lot of options there. Like, I look back and I loved my professors there, but it's interesting because when I graduated, I went out to work for a capital group in Los Angeles, and the only way that I got in was through a blind resume. Like, the Ivy League does matter for a lot of the big finance jobs. And so it was a really, really good experience. But yeah, it's funny, like the credentialism and just sort of navigating that when you don't have it. Do you think you're better off for having gone to

Western Kentucky? I think so. I had a lot of opportunity there. So I ended up, you know, triple majoring, came in with a ton of credits. You know, I did research and worked as a tutor and was, you know, I graduated as valedictorian, which was really cool, ran there for a few years. And so I just think, like, at a school like that, and the professors were so supportive, like really just a great learning environment. So at a school like that, there's more time and space for you to mold your own learning journey, and that's what I did. Like, I wrote a blog all throughout school, Scanlon's talks. And you had three jobs, you once said, right? What are the three? So I was a research assistant, I was a tutor, and then I helped out in the office at the school. And so, yeah, it was busy.

And what is it you did, you learned the most from, or what was the generative experience at Western Kentucky for you? Taking economics or something else? Yeah. Running. Running had its own, like, life lessons for sure and how you balance time in sport. But I think for me, like, I just sort of learned that you can design your own path. Like when I got there, I didn't know you could really major in finance. I was going to be an engineer. I didn't really like the math classes. So then I was like, okay, I'll be a doctor. And I didn't really like that path either. And then I took an econ class with Dr. Brian Strau. And I was like, oh, this is really fascinating. Like, I didn't know that you could sort of study human dynamics and money and the philosophy of money. And for me, I just started adding on classes

and I began picking up finance classes, began picking up data analytics classes. And I think I've sort of carried that optionality into life now where it is like you can design your own path, if you have the right support, if you have, you know, the intentionality behind the decisions that you're making. And so it was very, like at a school like that, everyone was so kind and supportive that there was just support for every crazy idea I had. Like, I started at a club. And I was able to do so many different things because people cared. Yeah.

I went to a state school as an undergrad, George Mason, and I'm actually very glad I did. Yeah. But it's unusual. And then you finish. And obviously you didn't go to graduate school. Is it just like you're fed up or too many other things intervened? Or what was your thinking then?

Yeah. So I wanted to do a Ph.D. Yeah. In economics or finance? Both. Either one. And I talked it over with my professors, and they were like, you should get some experience with institutions before you do a PhD.

Like, you know, spend some time working at a big firm, and then you can go back and get a PhD if that's what you want to do. And so I graduate, and six months later, the pandemic happens. And so everything just kind of got derailed. And now you've just ruled it out. You don't want to do it. Yeah. You're too productive to go back to school.

Yeah. I mean, it's something I think about it a lot because I really, I have had the opportunity. to like go and speak in classrooms like Harvard and MIT and Berkeley. And it's one of my favorite things is like just talking to students because I had professors that invested so much in me. Like when I got to school, I was like this lump of a person. I didn't really know what I wanted. And I had a professor whose name is Dr. Tarty who just invested a lot of time in me, Dr. Labrinski too. And so I think for me like there's this deep desire to reinvest in people. And I get to do that a little bit with social media, but you don't really, like, they're abstract beings when you're making these

videos, right, when they're talking about the book. And I just think there's something really neat about being in a classroom as, you know, so. And given the unusual position you have in the world, how is it you think about how you build out, like your small group of people? In a way, you don't have many peers your age, but the people you chat with on WhatsApp, I don't mean family, friends, but so semi-professional, some version of your peers. How do, how do you build that, you or what does that look like for you? I think I'm bad at that. Yeah, I have a lot of people like that I can ask questions to. Like Derek Thompson has been a big support over at the Atlantic. Connorson, also at Bloomberg opinion. Yeah, he's great. He's amazing. They're both great.

Yeah, they're all great. And so like there's a lot of people that I can turn to and ask questions. But yeah, in terms of peer group, it's a little funny. There's some people like Josh Auden, who runs the YouTube channel, ordinary things. He's been a, we're talking about cameras today. So it's just like, it's sort of a weird intersection where it's like economic. theory, but then how do you deliver this to a wide audience? It's sort of a weird mix, yeah. Yeah. And then for a while, you're selling cars. Do I have that right? Yeah, yeah. What did you earn selling cars? Yeah, I learned a lot. It was actually a really formative experience, and I didn't realize how formative it was until I was talking about it a few months ago, because like when you're dealing with

people buying cars, you're with them during an incredibly vulnerable financial experience. And like, they hate you, right? They're like, this person's trying to rip me off. And so I sold Hyundai's. I was 19 years old during one of my college summers. And I just learned how important it is to have economics education. A lot of people come in. Maybe they don't understand what a down payment is or what interest rates are or like what sort of financing they have to look at. Everybody came in way over budget. So that's your start as a TikTok or YouTube or everything else with selling cars? I think so, yeah, without even realizing it. Because I was so frustrated because the industry is just, you know, it's ridiculous.

Everybody wants to make money. It's a business. Yeah, for me, I looked at that and I was like, wow, there's so much opportunity to, like, help people just understand this stuff, understand the world around them. And that's, yeah, definitely ferreed into the content. And were you good at selling cars? I was very good. Yeah, surprisingly, because I'm quite introverted. But, you know, most, in my experience, most sales things, especially something like that, people just kind of want you to listen to them.

And so that's something I immensely enjoy. It's just listening. And so, yeah, I was, I sold, I think, 38 cars my whole summer. It was on the lot. I worked in insane hours. But, yeah, sold a lot of cars and met a lot of really interesting people. So you say you're introverted. Now, how many TikTok videos do you think you have? Not including any alts. I think over 500. Over 500. And how many YouTube's? Oh my gosh. Probably over 150, 200, yeah. Substack, other things. How does that square with you being an introvert? What's the bigger model here? So I started making videos during the pandemic. Like, you know, I was living alone in Los Angeles. It was just losing my mind in this 350 square foot apartment. And I realized that like, you know, nobody knew when it was going to end.

And so I said the only way that I'm probably going to have connection is if I'm talking to people, through a screen. And so I just started talking about stuff. And I've always loved educating. Like, that was the point of the blog. And with videos, like, it's actually quite ideal for an introvert because you're literally in a room all alone talking to yourself. And that's what I have, I'm so grateful to do it every day. But yeah, when people meet me in real life, I think it can be jarring because I'm quite quiet. Yeah, I prefer to listen. And I think most people expect people that post on social media to be more boisterous. And do you have a method where you produce perfect paragraphs spontaneously, or you have to

rehearse it, or you do different takes? What's the equilibrium here? So it depends on what style I'm doing. So I have a whiteboard that I'll sometimes write on, but more and more I've tried to just riff, like how it be more stream of conscious. I don't know if that works, but what I normally would do is write out a script in my notes app and just kind of read from that and then pull. But you're not looking at it when you're talking, right?

No. You're just saying things. So you write it out and then you put it aside. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, exactly. Yeah. No, the goal is to keep your eyes on the screen at all times. Yeah. Yeah, to be looking at the other person who's watching it.

Yeah. And now you can just refund anything. So you're with a friend. And the friend says, I want three minutes of Kyla on compound interest. And you can just do it. Yeah, no, it's a, there's definitely like the Federal Reserve. If somebody gets me talking about the Federal Reserve, there's actually within my friend group, there's usually some sort of countdown until I mentioned the

Federal Reserve. We're all hanging out. Yeah, it's something I really enjoy talking about. And I don't quite understand. Like, obsession, human obsession, like why people get interested in things is something that's very interesting to me. And I don't quite know why the economy is so fascinating to me personally. But I think it's really important that people understand it.

As someone who would count as an outsider by most typical standards compared to other commentators on the Fed. What is it you think that you might see or understand that others undervalue? I mean, I think there's definitely sort of a young person audience that I pull from. So every day, I get hundreds of comments from people telling me their own personal experience, what they're going through. And in my audience is younger, right? Like, you know, 20 to 35. So I think that is very useful. It's a more boots on the ground kind of approach. And then, yeah, I would say that's probably the primary thing. Does being on social media so much drive you crazy? Yeah, you know this. I don't feel it drives me crazy, actually. Really? No, I don't think so. Maybe it's not for me to judge.

Do you separate yourself from it? Yeah. Yeah. So you like post something and you're like, okay. And I don't follow much politics. I mean, we're here in early July. I've actually been following politics the last week. But that's unusual. Yeah. And I'll just look the other way and read about China or India or something. That's politics of a different kind, right? Yeah. And so for you, how do you separate yourself from it? I think I'm a very good person at compartmentalizing. But you think it does drive you crazy. I think so, because a lot of the comments are personal. Like, they see you as a non-objective commentator, even if you're talking about data. And so for me, it's been difficult the past few months because you're talking about various data sources, like what's going on with inflation, what's

going on with the labor market, but because we're in a post-truth society, everybody is like, you're lying and you're a liar and you're horrible for that. I've worked on that because you're just a figment of their imagination, right, of the audience's imagination. Yeah, in a way, they're making a deal with you. They promise to listen and give you numbers, and you promise to let them abuse you. And that's the exchange. Like, that's what they want. Is the right to selectively abuse? Yeah, no, and they're something to project on, right? And so it's never about. you. And that's what I, my ego gets horribly in the way because ideally I'd remove all ego and realize it's not about me. But I'm working on that still. And you think by now you have a thick

skin? Oh yeah. Yeah. So you've worked on it and you've succeeded. Well, I think success is an in state here where it's, I don't know if I'll ever reach it. Yeah. For me, it's, it's more of a process and I'd like, I still take a lot of stuff very personally. Because I just take it personally when it feels like the data isn't resonating or if I'm not explaining something properly or if I haven't done a good job at conveying the idea of the video. And I think that's like the hardest part. It's like, how could I have done that better? And luckily I get another chance to try tomorrow. But I would say it's disheartening sometimes.

Putting aside your own work, what kind of economics do you think young people are learning from TikTok? Concerning. Is it conspiratorial? Is it leaning in some particular direction? I would say it's definitely conspiratorial. There's a lot of desire to pin inflation onto companies, which I don't know if that's the best thing to do. There's a lot of desire to have a scapegoat, right?

I think a lot of people are frustrated with their economic situation. And so they look at TikTok videos and somebody's telling them that, yes, Black Rock is conspiring against them. And that's very soothing, right? And so I think that's where we've ended up with TikTok and econ. So if you're on social media, media so much and they've driven you crazy. Why is your own analysis so free from conspiratorial thinking?

What's the antidote you have taken? I don't know. I mean, I think I try to read as many possible sources as I can. Like if I'm not talking on a podcast or like doing a speaking event or in a meeting, I'm usually reading. And so I just try to read as much as I can. And I have the opportunity to have like one-on-one interviews with, you know, the deputy secretary of the Treasury. I just interviewed Austin Golsby of the Chicago Fed. And I feel like having that one-on-one sort of talk helps me realize, okay, this is not, like, there's real stuff going on here, right? Yeah. Are there any conspiracy theories you believe in? I've asked myself this question. There's very few, but there are a few. What do you believe in? Well, I think JFK probably was killed by more than

one gunman. Yeah. But not for sure. I think there was some concerted effort to adjust the timing of the arrival of the vaccinations before the election, I think more sports events are fixed than we realize. Those would be the three I'm inclined to believe in. It's hard for me to think of others. And do you think they're fixed because of gambling? Yeah, just gambling. And it's often the referees more than the players or team coaches or someone who knows about an injury. And, you know, there's now betting, like how many rebounds did you pull down? So some of it's even the players. There is this one guy in Toronto. He's been banned from the NBA. So I suspect that's tip of the Yeah, yeah. I mean, yeah. Those are my only conspiracy theories. I feel impoverished.

No, those are more than I have. I don't know if I'm even wise enough to like know what conspiracy theories I believe in because I tend to take everything and be like, okay, that makes most sense to me. But I think that the thing with conspiracy theories is there's oftentimes more incentives in place than we know, which goes to the point of like JFK and like what that could have meant. But yeah, I don't I don't have any direct ones that I'm like, yeah, that probably happened. TikTok changing, putting aside possible ban, but just the thing itself. I mean, there's a couple of things that are happening. People aren't on there as much.

I think Instagram Reels has surpassed in popularity. Mark Zuckerberg just continues his domination path. And I think also the algorithm is maybe not as good as it used to be. Perhaps it's because not as many people are scrolling, but there's more and more focus on TikTok shop. TikTok really wants to make a lot of money. And they're like, if we sell commerce, if we sell goods and to people, that'll be the way that we make money. And so now every other video for people is like a face mask or a purse or clothes.

And so you have users that are constantly being advertised to. And so I think more people view TikTok as an exhausting experience than one of connection as it was in 2020. And in general terms, how do you think Reels is different? Is it more wholesome? Well, so I only scroll once a week and that's usually just to get a sense of what's happening. This is on Reels, or you mean on TikTok? Both, yeah. So I try not to actually use social media other than Twitter.

I'm a Twitter power user or Twitter Power Scroller, I suppose. But, yeah, Reels is a little bit different because they have curated it to be more wholesome. You're not constantly being advertised to, at least not as directly and as gimmicky as TikTok. And I think that there's more focus on the authentic creator. What's nice about Instagram as a platform is that you have stories and that you have posts and you have reels versus TikTok does have stories. but you don't, when you scroll in TikTok, you don't really scroll for a single person, but Instagram you're able to curate more of a personality because there's like a profile page, it's not as algorithmic.

There's more intentionality, I think, with the platform design versus TikTok just wants to keep you scrolling and scrolling and scrolling. But I think Instagram, it seems to be okay if you, you know, straight from the path a while. And say five or 10 years from now, what do you think reels will look like or what will it do or how will it differ? I mean, I think it'll be much more engaging. I think there'll be ARVR. I know Mark Zuckerberg is quite interested or used to be in the Metaverse. I'm sure AI will have some sort of involvement with that, whether there's AI

creators or something else. So I think that the scroll model will have to shift. I'm not sure what it'll shift to, but I think that sort of motion is going to not be so enticing soon. But yeah, I think it'll definitely be much more interactive. And the user, will be able to direct it much more than an algorithm, if that makes sense. Yeah. And as someone who's been and still is an avid reader, if you think about teens or people in their early 20s, what's the future of print culture and reading? Does that worry you or you think it's fine?

Well, TikTok is just selling books and it's wonderful or it's falling to pieces. What's your take? Oh, what do you think? From the data I see, print culture is declining unless you count the Internet, which is not what I would mean by print culture. But if you can be on a flight, say, sit in business class, the most elite group of people you could imagine. Like pick an elite route. And everyone's looking at a screen and I'm the only person reading.

And that worries me. Yeah. Do you think they're reading on their screens? Or do you... No, they're watching movies or videos. Now, book sales are fine. I think romance right now is the most sharply growing category. Colleen Hoover.

Yeah. That may be good culturally, but I'm not sure it's good for print culture as we understand it. No, I mean, like, it's like a big deal if you sell at your advance. Yeah. Right? I think it's like 99% of authors don't. Like, it's an alarming statistic. So like the whole business model of print is a little bit funky, like in terms of the publishers.

You know, I just published a book. So I'm hoping that people go and buy it. Again, that's the business economy, how money and markets really work. Yeah. Very good book. But I don't know. Like for me and I feel like it's probably the same for you. Like books, I try to read as much as I can.

Sure. Especially print. I just feel like there's something so beautiful. beautiful about having a paper experience and being able to write on the page and annotate it. But yeah, I mean, I think the more and more people I talk to say, like, oh, I don't read or I need to get back into reading. And that's just like my anecdotal experience. But you look at the numbers too.

And it's, it's, the numbers don't show what's happening. So I'm unsure. But what is read? And I also have noticed the last 10 or 15 years, I don't see many big nonfiction books that have had a lot of impact. Yeah, I guess it's like Ray Dalio. And it may be just luck of the draw and it will come back. But it feels the 80s, 90s, maybe early oddies, you had more of that. Books like Jared Diamond, whether or not you agree with it. But everyone would read it, talk about it. Maybe Piccadie was the last one. Yeah. But I don't see that much of it. Well, do you think it's like

escapism? Like people just don't want to deal with nonfiction because that's reality and it's easier to escape from it. Or maybe the low-hanging fruit has been plucked. It's like a good popular science book on everything now. Everything's uncovered. You know, plants are intelligent and he has had geology works and okay, I've checked all my boxes. I don't know. I guess so. I mean, I think most of what, like I love nonfiction. I read quite a bit of it. Paved Paradise. I just finished that, which is a book about like parking lots and cars and car culture. It's very, very good. Yeah, but then there's something appealing about fiction. But yeah, nonfiction is, it's definitely a tough space philosophy of money, Morgan Houseville, that did very well.

Yeah. So, yeah. What shapes, what you choose to read? Do you go to book talk or friends tell you or you visit bookstores or anything? Yeah, it's usually through visiting bookstores. And then I normally have a topic of the week that I'm pretty interested in. So like it'll be Domino's and I'll read the history of Domino's or I read a book about cults.

Like it's just kind of whatever my mind wanders to. There's always a book about it. Yeah. So yeah, I just sort of follow that. And I ride my bike a lot. And so I just sort of listened to audiobooks and podcasts on the bike, yeah. The best book in an area you don't care about is very, very good. And probably you should read it.

Even if you don't care about, like cults, right? Yeah. Oh, sure. What was the book on cults? I'm trying to remember. It was actually called cultish by, is it Amanda Montel? Have you heard it? I don't think so. Okay.

I might have said her last name wrong. But it was good. It was talking about, like, you know, cults of the past and then cults of the present, like core power, crossfit, just sort of like what happens when people get sucked into. a cult and I think that's quite interesting because like you know with people trying to figure out religion I think there's more tendency to have cult like tendencies yeah yeah we have more cults in my opinion you think so there's like a i doomer cult right yeah there's like accelerationist cult they're both cults you might agree with one or the other but they function as cults yeah and do you

think people are seeking that out or did they just sort of stumble into it i think they're seeking it out that it's maybe a more volatile age and people want to latch on to something organized religion is weaker, so they look somewhere else maybe adjacent to religion, but not quite formally religious. And do you think that's just human behaviors that we always need something to latch on to? Like we're always going to need to seek out the capital T truth. But I think when social trust is lower, which we'll get to as a topic, but people want to do this more.

Yeah. Because they don't trust in the authorities as much. They believe in all these conspiracies, right? Yeah. Why do you think people trend towards conspiracies? Like, is it just because they don't trust institutions? I think there's two things at work. One is we've actually had a number of bad events, financial crisis and pandemic, and

9-11 would be three big obvious ones. Arguably there are more, but those three right there is a lot. And that sets off in negative mood. And then I think there's a lot of contagion, and it feeds on itself. And you get into the cycle where it's self-validating. So social trust is lower. Things, in fact, work less well, and politics works less well. And then you think, oh, well, I'm right not to trust all of this.

And it looks like you're right. in a way you are right, but you still would be better if you could jumpstart a much more positive dynamic. Yeah. Do you think there's a human tendency towards negativity in that sense? Yes, absolutely. Especially when you have those few bad events that clearly are just very bad, right? Yeah, yeah, but people don't view them as outliers.

They view them as constantly. There's recency bias. So if you were born in year whatever and the three big events of your life were not like the fall of communism, but 9-11 great financial crisis in the pandemic, you're like, whoa, what kind of world is this? No, yeah. I think so I just turned 27. I was born in 97. So like born into the dot-com bubble. So that's you. Yeah. Yeah. And my, my cohort, which is why I think there's a tend toward nihilism. Yeah. But you're optimistic or not pessimistic at least? Oh, I try to be optimistic as much as I can. Yeah, I try to always see the good in situations. I think like there's a quote from James Baldwin that I really like where the essential idea is like you can look to all books of the past.

realize that somebody else has gone through exactly what you're going through before, you know, history is a cycle. And so I just kind of take heart in that as like, you know, I believe in humans and I believe we always figure it out, even if we suck momentarily. And so that's how I try to remain optimistic. And you still live in Western Kentucky, yes? I bounce around, so Colorado, California. I travel quite a bit right now, yeah. Does being in Western Kentucky make you more or less optimistic when you're there? Kentucky is a very beautiful state, but it was hard. It was hard. It was hard. It was hard for me to be there sometimes. There's a lot that the state could figure out, and it has taken

steps towards figuring out, but, you know, people struggle with their health, the opioid epidemic, hit it pretty hard, and there's just not a lot of money for things that deserve to have money, like health care there. It's just a state that has gotten the short end of the stick for a very long time. What's your ideal place? To live? Yeah. For me personally? Yeah. Oh, gosh. Constraints removed. You can afford the rate, whatever. The freedom to build. I really love the mountains and the woods. Yeah, I love riding my bike.

So anywhere where there's trails and where I can ride on the road, it's, yeah, it's a simple life. You know, books nearby, a nice coffee shop. That's all I really need, yeah. Is celebrity dead? Oh. And do you need celebrity? You said it's all I need. But in fact, UFO, however many TikTok and YouTube videos.

Yeah, I know. there's always a little bit of hypocrisies sometimes, I suppose. I think celebrity is dead. I actually I put that down because I'm curious sort of your thoughts on that as well. I mean, I think people look toward influencers as celebrities now. And like the celebrities themselves are just sort of these figments of movies. But like an influencer is somebody who's going to be like your quote unquote best friend, somebody that you tune into every aspect of their lives and they give you access to every aspect of their lives. And I think that far supersedes everything that we've ever gotten from a celebrity. I think of celebrity as having peaked maybe in the 1980s.

You have Eddie Murphy, you have Schwarzenegger, you have Madonna, Michael Jackson. And it was a thing. Yeah. And then that starts to collapse and break down. And we recreated this very different thing, the influencer. Yeah. But that's you, right? I don't love the word.

Because I feel like, you know, this is just probably me getting up on a high horse. but I feel like I talk about the economy. I don't really talk about, like, my life. Like, I guess if I'm influencing people on economic theory, perhaps, but I consider an influencer somebody more who is essentially a marketing ploy in disguise, and I don't consider myself that entirely. But a lot of that people use as a channel

for relating to you as a person, right? Like if I hold a public event, it's striking to me, not just that it's predominantly male, but it's males within a certain age range, something like 20 to 35. who were somehow looking for something. And they are smart, and I maybe give them some smart content they want,

but it's also connected to, there are different models of how a person like can be or can be curious or can be productive, and they're very interested in that. And the people who are like 60 years old don't feel they need to come see me because wherever they've ended up, it's where they're at.

And maybe with you there's a similar dynamic. You're a model for something for them? Productivity. I don't know. Maybe I haven't really thought about that. I guess, like, I guess so. Like, I'm not sure what people would find in me. If you hold a public event, like who shows up, a book signing or... Oh, it's what you just described. Yeah, the same group of people. Same group of people. Yeah. And they're looking for something. Yeah. Yeah. And what do they think they'll find, like, from you, through you, with you? I mean, I think, so I get approached after events sometimes, but most of the time, and people often just thank me for simplifying economics. And so I think that's like the main thing. The most recent conversation I had was this person who felt like his worries weren't being recognized as a young person. And I think that's what I try to spend a lot of time doing is like, you know, I talk a lot about the housing crisis, talk a lot about what it's like to sort of move up the quote unquote ladder. And so perhaps it's that. Like there's maybe.

maybe not a lot of, there's a lot of focus on being 40 and being a part of the economy, but maybe not being 20 and being a part of the economy. Yeah. Yeah. How good or bad do you think economics education is today? I mean, I think there's a lot of really great resources. Like, you all do a great job with that. Thank you.

Yeah. I think that I don't know if we need to start in high school, like, require an econ class. But it's quite, I think even the concept of supply and demand sometimes can be confounding to people. And so I would say that there's plenty of resources, and I don't know if people just don't want to have access to it, but there's maybe not a lot of interest. Yeah. Have you found that? My intuitive sense, not based on data, is economics education was better in the 1990s, in the sense that often what really changes people's minds are events. And people were more sensible than and less conspiratorial.

And there's way more resources now, obviously. But I'm not sure it's improved the actual. actual educational outcomes, if anything, it seems to have gone backwards. And do you think that's just across the board? Like, we have way too much information and no, I think it's that events have gone a bad way. And that makes people more negative in ways that are not useful. So like, because we haven't had a moon landing or something exciting. Yes. Now, we may have those in biomedicine with AI, but even those, they seem to freak people out a bit. People are really freaked by AI. Yeah. I would say on average, more people are freaked out

than excited. I think that's right. So I'm not sure it's going to serve that function, even if you think it should. And so do you think the hesitancy to education then is like, people are like, it's just not exciting to me? And because there's no event to base exciting things off of. I think it's too exciting, but in the negative direction. Sure. Like, oh, someone stole the election or so many different versions of whatever, some, you know, mistaken belief about COVID and very negative. And if people have negative feelings, I think their actual thoughts become worse, even though sometimes the negative feelings are justified. And what role do you think media plays in all of that? Do you think it's perpetuated a bad cycle? There's some negative bias in media, which is hard to

overcome. One of the things I've liked best about your work is you never fall for that, always trying to be objective and analytic. So there's some negative bias. And then I think the U.S. having lost relative status in the world. People may not be directly aware of it, but at some level they sense it, and that makes people more negative. Not in all other countries, to be clear, but here, and then I think that adds on to these other negative events, and people become more emotional and just have worse ideas. The worst ideas. About economics. Sure. About many other things, too, but certainly about economics. Yeah, and just like, what's the right economic path and maybe not seeing economic policy as a whole.

The 1990s was very polyana-ish, mistakenly so, I think, in retrospect. But I think it was good for people's ideas to be more optimistic. Yeah. The gains from trade was more easily grasped. Yeah, yeah. The place where I've seen the best economic education, I think, is Singapore. And try to go there if you can. It's not surprising if you have a taxi driver, lecture you about comparative advantage.

Like even using the term, it's happened to me. And it doesn't seem weird. People there just know a lot. And do you think that's because of good public education? Very good education system, but I think they've had so much recent success. Yeah. It's fraying now, but overall there's still enough positive outlook. Yeah.

That it steers them in better directions. Yeah. And because there's such a negative outlook here, of course, the direction is going to be negative. I worry the negative outlook is spreading to many other places, including Singapore, actually. Oh, so the U.S. is exporting negative. Possibly. We'll see. So if you go to different countries, like you go to Poland, things feel very positive.

Well, they've had 4% growth for now, like over 30 years. Of course it'll feel pretty good. India people seem quite optimistic. But it's harder to think of places like that than it used to be. And do you think it's the worries of, you know, you said the U.S. is losing status, losing status to China? To China, but just a general sense of we're not kings of the world anymore. Of course, we never were. but now it just seems more obvious that our faces being rubbed in the mud, right?

Yeah. And that reads some amount of resentment. Yeah, towards policymakers. And just everything, right? It may not be policymakers. It could be elites or people think somehow Bill Gates or someone was pulling all the strings. Often the policymakers get off easy. And it's some set of figures who have actually nothing to do with the matter who get blamed.

Do you think there's a way out of it? Historically, you see societies finding ways out. but if we knew the formula, I think we'd be out of it already and we're not out of it. And I know that I don't know the formula. Like I try to do my small bit. But no, there's no formula, I think.

Some of its luck, better dynamics, maybe people who are more analytic making more of an effort. But that might be small relative to just events. Yeah. And it's interesting too

because you see people wanting to escape, I think. Like the people that normally might have contributed to a shifting towards positivity or instead like retreating into subgroups. Yeah. Yeah, which is not, like everything's fragmenting. It might make it harder to dig out of the various ditches. Yeah.

But you also hope, well, there are all these fragments, some of them will turn positive, and maybe one of the fragments becomes a spark. I hope so. That's speculative, and it hasn't happened yet, but that's my hope. Yeah, I hope so, too. I think right now a lot of people feel pretty bleak more so than ever, right? Yeah, yeah.

What would you do to improve mainstream media? You're in charge. You own a TV station, a major newspaper. What would you do? I mean, I think that we were just talking about negativity in media, and there's a chart that I like that shows the sentiment in media headlines has gotten extraordinarily negative. Like, everything is a story.

It's just, it's a business model, right? And so I don't know if this plan would make a lot of money, but I think there's a lot of need for foundational resources on media sites, which a lot of them do have access to. I think no paywall, which is, you know, money. Hard to manage. Money problem number one. But you have no paywall.

I have no paywall. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And I think just like really objective stories. I really like what Sima4 does where they tell a story and then they say where the reporter's bias might be. I think that's just useful.

I think you kind of have to parcel out media stories as much as you can be like, here's the facts. Here's where potential bias might be because that's what people, you know, at least right now, this idea is very responsive to the moment. People are constantly seeking where they could possibly be lied to. And so that I would try to do everything I can to make it as straightforward as possible, give access to the data sources that I'm talking about. Like if I'm talking about CPI, you know, here's why you can go and check CPI. That's how I would run a media site. And if people want to use Twitter now X better, what's your advice for them? Because you do it,

I do it, right? So we do something some people don't manage. They quit. They leave. they're disgusted, whatever. Do you block? No, I've never had, I've blocked like one or two people. Yeah, do you mute? Sometimes with the people I mute are not bad. They're just too prolific. Yeah, just saying too much.

Yeah. Yeah. I mean, I, like, I love Twitter. I think that I wouldn't be here if it weren't for Twitter, and I'm very aware of that. Just because so many smart people are on there. Yeah. And so that's kind of where I got my start.

So I think that for me, like I just, I know who's really good. to listen to, like, Employ America, Great Think Tank, you know, the people are at Bloomberg, always tweeting great stuff. And I kind of know what not to be paying attention to. There's a component of media literacy to it. Like, you have to sort of scroll by the viral video and get to, like, the data source, right? And so I think that's the way to use Twitter. And then, of course, it's a cesspool. Like, it's the harassment's unreal right now. But you just mute your tweet when you tweet it, and then you just don't check. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.

I like the animal videos, too. There was one today, like two big bears wrestling with each other. I watched the whole 30 seconds. Oh, did you? What were they doing? Just sort of like... Fighting. Oh.

You don't get to see the end, which I suspect was not decisive. Oh, no. But they're pretty rough with each other. Were they black bears? I think so, yeah. Big black bears. Yeah, they were pretty... I saw a bear up close, and it was one of the scariest moments of my life.

This was in Colorado? It was in Colorado. Yeah, we were on a hike. and my dog, I have a dog named Mooh, and she froze up, and I was like, okay, what's going on? And I look over and there's a bear three feet away from us. Very scary.

Yeah. High housing costs. How much of it do you think is nimbism, and how much is it, it's just worth more than it used to be to live near the right people? Oh, are those not the same thing? Well, they're interrelated.

Yeah. But let's say there's no nimbie. Like South Korea, Seoul, they've built an enormous amount. It's a very vertical city that has like a third of the country's GDP, but it's still very expensive to live there. You can't say they're too NIMBY, but it's worth a lot to be in Seoul. And Busan is important, but there's nothing really close

to being in the economic, financial, and cultural center. So at least in Korea, it seems, well, it's about co-location and not about NIMBY. But if it's Oakland, California, I suspect it's mostly about NIMBY. Yeah. Yeah, I would say definitely summary. is it's about NIMBY. It's people really trying to protect the value of their home and the value of what they perceive their surroundings to be and they don't want any change ever. And so I think some components of it are definitely people being resistant to any idea of progress. And then I think a lot of it, too, is just we haven't built enough. I interviewed the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury about the housing crisis. And yeah, it's just a problem that we've had since the Great Recession. You know, home builders got freaked out when the housing market crashed. So of course they're not going to build. right and now rates are really high so it's even harder to build and we have all these zoning restrictions and we just make it really hard to build too and so I think it's this you know perfect storm of events

and then also a house is meant to be both a speculative asset and then a place that you live yeah there's one of my favorite charts from the Fed I talk about it all the time because it's a distribution of financial assets and it shows the bottom 50% all their wealth is tied up into housing and so if you say to those people, like, we're going to build around you and potentially reduce the value of your home, they're not going to be so happy about that. There's studies showing that building more doesn't reduce the value of a home. But I think you're sort of fighting an uphill battle with housing because we tell people that this is like the ticket to the American dream and then also just don't have enough of it because of that, right? So if someone with real money came to you and

said, should I invest more in real estate in very high quality locations, what would you tell them. How should they think about that? I mean, I guess so. Yeah, like if you went into, I think 70% of homes in New York were recently bought up with cash. So people are definitely still investing in those areas. This is a dynamic that I'm quite interested in because I think you saw during the pandemic people, you know, moving away from urban centers and moving out to the suburbs or rural areas to have more space. And so I don't know if like with transit and like cars and stuff will will the outskirts become more desirable? Like I think you can look at Texas and sort of see that.

So it just depends on what highly desirable area that they're talking about. But you don't think the Ymbis will win and crash the price of real estate? Well, I think you can look at Austin, Texas and see that the Ymbis did win there. And, you know, the housing prices are going down. I think they're down 12 percent as of December 2020. And so I think in some places they'll win. But then in some places, like New York, for example, the resistance is just going to be far too high. So it'll just depend on what city it's in.

But I think you're seeing a lot of progress in certain places. Progress meaning building more. Yeah, yeah. Alison Schrager had a recent column for Bloomberg. You may have seen it. She argued today's young investors take on too much risk. Oh. Do you agree?

Was she referring to crypto? Some of it crypto, but not only, you know, meme stocks would be another simple example. they can be risky. Yeah. Do you think that they do? I don't think I have enough data. I suspect they're in a position where they can afford it, but that they're also not optimizing.

That would be my intuitive response. Connorson has a theory on this where he thinks that because millennials, Gen Z can't afford homes, that they're gambling on crypto and meme stocks. And I think I can see that. I think that one of the comments I get the most often is people asking me how they can make the most money as quickly as possible. And you have a simple answer, right? Yeah, and I'm like, oh, man, yeah, that's why I'm making these videos because I ain't

no answer. And so I think that you see a total disconnect in the market right now between any sense of fundamentals. Like the magnificent seven are up, I think, 8% on the week, 8% on the past week perhaps, and basically no news. So the stock market is sort of driven by hype cycles right now more so than ever, I believe. You know, if you remove the top five companies, AI companies, NVIDIA included, the market is actually down. And so I think, like, to answer this question more concretely, number one, there is a desire to gamble.

And then number two, I think people don't see the stock market as a reflection of fundamentals. They see it as an opportunity to gamble because it is so removed from elements of reality. Is that a hype cycle or is it the reality that AI will displace a lot of traditional economic activity? But yeah. The newer companies will gain more. Yes. Well, so I know that you're a big proponent of AI. Did you see the Sequoia memo where they were talking about, like, how much would have to be produced in order to... Absolutely. And what did you think about that? Oh, I think it's all going to crash, like with the railroads and the dot-com bubble, but that it will come back and then make a fortune. Oh, wow. So you think it'll, like right now it's too hyped up, it'll swing back down?

Well, it depends. There's publicly traded stuff and inside stuff, and it may be quite different answers. But all the major technological revolutions I've seen and, in history, they have bubbles. Yeah. And the bubbles pop. And a lot of people lose a lot of money. So I would be surprised if this time it were different. But I would be surprised if it just stayed down low and never came back. Like, you know, Pets.com is gone.

But the internet is with us. Yeah. That's true. And I guess like, you know, part of this Sequo memo is like we don't know how some of this application will be applied. Like we don't know where AI will be actually useful. Do you think that's sort of the example of Pets.com with the internet bubble? Like there is useful.

parts of AI and the unuseful parts, the pets.com of AI will get washed out in the cycle? It may be more dramatic than that. So one possible model is the AI services become commoditized. So the people who paid for all the fixed costs of training and the like, they're sort of speak to suckers. They'll never get that money back. We'll have really cheap AI soon for almost everyone. And most of the games will go to users and consumers. I'm not sure that's the case, but that would be my default model. And the investors just lost a lot of money. Yeah.

But you see the same like with vaccines. Most vaccines don't make money. They may lose money. They're great for the world overall. And maybe we're just going to keep on repeating that pattern. Yeah. And there was a really big Bloomberg article that got a lot of pushback talking about the energy usage of AI.

Do you think that'll be, like Sam Waltman was even like we have to have nuclear eventually. Like what are your thoughts on AI blown out? Well, I would be long energy, you know, the hard part of energy, not the commoditized part, but the parts of the infrastructure that you can't just build on mass at infinitum. So I think not only because of AI, just data centers, the demand for that will go up a lot. U.S. will be slow with nuclear, but countries that are non-Nimbi on energy have a very big geopolitical comparative advantage, and we just don't quite see it yet. I think that's an underrated feature of today's world.

Energy. Energy. So like UAE, which has shown a lot of willingness to build a lot more, and they have a lot of sun there. I think they'll do very well for that reason. Yeah. Yeah, I think energy is like, it's sort of this thing that we don't really think about because we're so used to just like flipping on the light switch and having it work. Like we've done such a good job at hiding it from people. That's right.

Yeah. And so they just don't think about it. And it was a big thing in the 70s and then it more or less went away and it got pretty cheap. And I just think it's going to come back. Yeah. Or it is back already. I think so too. Yeah.

I think that might be bigger than, like when you're talking about the AI, I think the hype cycle will die down as well. I think energy will be like the point of interest when that is in a downturn. Yeah, especially for places that don't have simple solutions like hydroelectric or solar. Yeah. And the cost of that has gone down tremendously, like battery power, the cost of that is down quite a bit. Solar has gone down. Yeah. But you still need some backup, right, for solar.

Even if batteries are good. the notion that there could be like a big volcanic explosion and the sun is somewhat blocked for a year and a half and you just don't have power, I think there will and should be backups of some kind. Probably those should be nuclear, but again, it will be up for grabs and there'll be a lot of demands that are hard to satisfy.

Yeah, yeah, I think nuclear, do you think that's like the way that we have to go? I don't know about have to. So I have friends who are like utopian geothermalists. I don't feel I can evaluate that. They feel that a lot of places, not just say parts of the American West,

can access geothermal power just by making the technology better. I just can't tell if they're right or not. But if they're right, that's great. If they're not right, we're back to nuclear. But voters don't like nuclear in most countries. And that's just because of associations. They don't like having it

near their homes. Yeah. The associations. French voters seem okay with it, Swedish voters. So not everywhere, but NIMBY is strong, and NIMB versus nuclear, NIMB is always won. Do you think that voters oftentimes vote against their own self-interest? I think that's kind of a, yeah. I mean, that's in a way what voting is for.

Feel good about yourself, but make a bad decision. Oh. And has that always been the case? It's selective. I mean, I think the overall composition of the federal budget, it's too much to old people and not enough to young people, and that is because old people vote more. and you wouldn't actually say it's bad for the old people. No, they get more money and then they're going to die.

It's okay for the old people. But still, there's a lot of expressive voting and people wanting to vote for causes just to send a message. But when it's done en masse, it screws up the system. And you see this in the French elections that were just concluded. The extreme left, the extreme right, they got a lot of votes because people are upset with the status quo. In my view, it would have been better if they all voted for Macron.

And maybe you had, you know, five or ten percent with protest votes, but you have most of the electorate casting a protest vote. And why do you think that's happened? Why has everything become, you know, to the tail ends of the extremes? Well, if you mean France, I think people are genuinely upset about what they consider too much immigration. And there's not been a real policy response. But I also think the French have a historical tradition of being especially expressive

politically. Action in the streets and strikes, more. Americans have their own version of that. Maybe that would be listening to people on TikTok or something. But France, you get out there and you do something and you really protest. But I think they end up with a less functional politics for that reason, a lot of itself destructive. Do you think we don't have to get into it, but do you think the U.S. is trending toward that?

I think we're trending toward greater passivity where all kinds of outrageous things happen and no one protests, which someone my age is quite extreme and unusual. and they just operate on social media and maybe that absorbs the chaos but you get less error correction over time. Yeah, because people are passive. People are very passive and they become more passive but they're given an outlet where they feel like they're doing something.

Yeah, like sharing a story on social media. Yeah, yeah. Yeah. But in the aggregate, the stories kind of wash each other out so you don't have impact, even though your story might have caught some attention, but both sides do it. And then you're left with not much protest.

Yeah, and the passive acceptance of whatever the results is going to be. You know, without taking sides politically, there have been a variety of candidates elected in different places where 30, 40 years ago you would have thought there were going to be big protests. And mostly there weren't. Yeah, I don't think there's been much of any. I mean, there was protests during 2020, you know, BLM, but yeah, it doesn't seem like, that's something I've thought about. Like, you know, there would be, like, why don't I protest certain stuff, right?

Yeah, you do. in a way, but very indirectly. But yeah, no, it's sharing a story, right? And yeah, like, it was really interesting watching the France election because it sort of mirrors in a sense what's happening here, especially with the breaking apart of the left here. And people just seem to want to check out, you know. Yeah. Yeah.

And maybe the depression, the passivity, it's all part of some calm and negativistic picture. Do you think it is because of demographics? Like, you know, they're like, oh, the older people are taking over for younger people, for example, like, they're like, I'm just not going to do anything because it's just so far out of my control? I don't know. There are still democratic incentives in the system. So I think people think in generational terms maybe more than is warranted by the data.

I've had this discussion with Peter Thiel. He talks about like boomers and millennials and Generation X and Z. To me, it's a continuum. And it's the events at any point in time that matter a bit more. But I think people disagree on these questions. I don't think it's settled. In terms of... How different generations are.

Whether it's a continuum or you have these fixed, you know, starred and stop points. Well, I think it's kind of the culty thing that we were talking about earlier, where it's like people want to belong to a certain generation. It's easy to put yourself in a box that way. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I'm never convinced that's the right way to look at it.

I don't think so. I think it creates more problems and, you know, answers. Yeah. Yeah. And there's some sort of solution that involves a lot of talking across generations. Yeah. Some people have this view like, oh, the boomers, they all die off, and then you get something very different. It would surprise me if that were the mechanism.

Well, I think everyone, you'll just step into the boomer's shoes. Yeah, exactly. Meet the new boss, it was the old boss. You see that with Gen X, I think, to a certain extent, just sort of accepting elements of that status quo. Yeah. Yeah. Rilke, I brought my copy of Rilke. Why is Rilke important to you?

I've been working through my own copy. And I just, I think that there's a lot of life lessons in what is being discussed in the poems. I'm not a scholar in any sense of the word, just somebody trying to understand things. But, you know, there is a passage that I sent you about, like, you know, poems are not emotions or experiences. And I think that that is just what he is able to convey is like everything is an experience in the way that he writes. and it's really quite beautiful, yeah. What else do you like in poetry? Like, what do I look for?

Oh, what other poets, or however you figure it out? Oh, I have a poem page on my... Oh, I know, yeah. But what else? What's the meta-alorhythm? I try to find answers, yeah. Which, you know, it's... I don't know if it works or not, but I try... I think oftentimes, you know, I probably absorb more of the world than I should.

I don't have great boundaries up against emotions. And so I think it turned to poetry, especially with the economy. It's so personal for people. I feel like oftentimes you can explain economic theory through the lens of poetry. And so I sort of look for the world-encompassing poems that can help me think about the economy, if that makes sense. And how do you think that gives you a different perspective on economics? What I like to say is that it gives me a more human-centric lens. Like I try to think people first as much as I can, even though it's sometimes difficult.

And so, yeah, the way that the economy is composed in my head is of people. And I try to see poetry and all of it, yeah. It sounds very woo, but. Yeah. If you're giving advice to young people who will be investing, and they have long time horizons, right? They're going to live a lot more years. Is there any advice other than just buy hold and diversify? It's kind of the thing that's worked, right?

Historically, is buy hold and diversify. What I do with my own portfolios, buy the S&P as much as they can, you know, have the cues, which is the tech companies. And then if I purchase certain things, like, you know, if I buy a certain pair of shoes from Nike or, you know, go to a restaurant, you know, I fly United. I'll own some of those stocks too. So I try to like build portfolio that reflects me as a consumer. I don't know if that's. So you feel in touch with the companies and how they're doing. Yeah.

And then I think it's like, well, if my money's going toward them, I should probably put some money toward them as a stock. Yeah. And I try to like not look at my portfolio as much as I can. I bought up some treasuries when, you know, rates were super high. So yeah, it's just it's just about kind of paying attention, diversifying. And then I really, there's the saying like time in the market beats timing the market, which I think is, you know, what you're saying.

with the younger people having a long time horizon. I think it's really just about starting. So going back to the chart that I referenced earlier, you know, the bottom 50% all their wealth is in real estate. The top 10% all their wealth is in equity ownership and businesses. And so like there's kind of the example right there is like, you know, the top 10% own stocks, right? And so I think the more that we can encourage people to have some sort of stock portfolio, perhaps outside of their 401k, the better 62% of Americans do own stocks. But it would be. nice if that was higher. You use AI for your work at all? Yeah, I ask it questions. Yeah, I use Claude quite a bit for like research. I'm a one person team. And so it's nice to have something

to talk to. So I use Claude quite a bit and then I use chat GPT, just mostly for like fact checking and grammar and how to pronounce words. I have a lot of trouble saying certain words. Euglish is very good for that, but I've also found that chat GPT can be helpful with like saying it in context of a sentence. How often do you think about the Roman Empire? That meme. That meme. Honestly, more so over the basketball leagues because of what's going on in the U.S. than usual.

Yeah, I mean, I think that they're quite fascinating. But I think I think more about the Great Depression than I do the Roman Empire. And why the Great Depression? I just, I've ended up reading a lot of books about it recently. Like, trust is a book that just won the Pulitzer or won the Pulitzer for a few years ago. And that was kind of about the fictionalization of somebody who greatly profited from the Great Recession. So I've just read a lot of books about that era. I think the Robert Barons, who are like kind of around the era as well, are very fascinating, like Andrew Carnegie, you know, Vanderbilt.

I just think that that's kind of like an interesting time in human existence. And I like to think about it because it's a little bit closer than the Roman Empire. Yeah. Yeah. Some of it's a period where this negative sentiment spirals out of control, of course. Yeah, absolutely. Yeah. I think people were totally distraught after the Great Depression.

Like, there was no hope on the horizon, but we made it through. And I think another reason why I've been thinking about it quite a bit recently is there was a statistic that was released maybe a few months ago or a few weeks ago that said that a certain amount of people think that now is worse than the Great Depression. Yeah. And so I'm just trying to process. It's what, 4.1%? Oh, yeah, can you believe it? Yeah, I don't know. I just think you can learn a lot from recent history, as you know.

And so I spend a lot of time just reading fictionalizations of it. I mean, you think about the next steps for you, building out the Kyla Scanlon Empire of One. What does that look like? Or what are you going to do? Or what are you trying to learn next? Or what should we expect? I'd love if there's more than one. Yeah, hiring is a tall.

So I think for me, like I just wrote the book, and that was a big endeavor. It's very hard to write a book. There was a lot of lessons learned from it, and I would like to write another one about something. And that would be very nice. And then I think also I'm very interested in just different mediums. So like radio is something I'm very fascinated by, TV shows, very fascinated by. I think for me, I just would like to produce economic education across a variety of content. The reason that I produce across, you know, TikTok and substack and, you know, have a podcast and have a YouTube channel is because I try to reach people where they are in terms of how they consume media.

And so I think like having a TV show, you know, like a freedom to choose. Sure. Yeah. I watch it as a kid. Yeah, exactly. It was on PBS. Yeah. Yeah, exactly.

I think something like that would be really great. Or there's sort of this foundational place that you can go to get access to this stuff. And so that's something that I wanted to experiment with as much as possible. just the different mediums of education. So like lying between you and the Kyla Scanlan TV show, like what is scarce? In terms of getting there? Right. Is it money or talent or someone to work with?

Or what's the most scarce thing? Yeah, yeah. I mean, you know, when you're in this sort of job, you're a contractor, right? And so I make money from the platforms and I make money from the partnerships that I have, which I'm very grateful to have. But this self-sustaining aspect of it can be interesting to navigate. And so, yeah, there's aspects of that. And then there's aspects of, like, how do you do a TV show?

Like, who do you talk to? How do you get the right connections? And so it's mostly just navigating a field. And, you know, you're in a corn maze and you know that there's a way out. But you just have to figure out what the right path is. To close, I'll repeat the book again in this economy, how money and markets really work. But please just repeat how people can find you across all your different platforms. Kyla K-Y-L-L-A.

Yes, yeah. So I'm Kyla-S-K-Y-L-A. S-C-A-N on Twitter, on Instagram, on TikTok. I have LinkedIn where I also post videos. Kyla.com is my newsletter. My YouTube channel is Kyla Skinland, and I have a podcast called Let's Appreciate. And then, yeah, the book is called In This Economy.

And I narrate the audiobook version. There's also an e-book version. And if you want to support a local bookstore, you can buy a signed copy from Boulder Bookstore in Boulder, Colorado. Kyla Scanlan, thank you very much. Thanks for having me. Thanks for listening to Conversations with Tyler.

You can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. If you like this podcast, please consider giving us a rating and leaving a review. This helps other listeners find the show. On Twitter, I'm at Tyler Cowan, and the show is At Cowan Convo's. Until next time, please keep listening and learning.