CyberWire Daily - AWS in Orbit: Empowering exploration on the Moon, Mars, and more.

Episode Date: May 8, 2025

From the N2K CyberWire network T-Minus team, please enjoy this podcast episode recorded at Space Symposium 2025. Find out how AWS for Aerospace and Satellite is  empowering exploration on the Moon, Mars, and beyond with Lunar Outpost. You can learn more about AWS in Orbit at space.n2k.com/aws. Our guests on this episode are AJ Gemer, CTO at Lunar Outpost and Salem El Nimri, CTO at AWS Aerospace & Satellite. Remember to leave us a 5-star rating and review in your favorite podcast app. Be sure to follow T-Minus on LinkedIn and Instagram. Selected Reading AWS Aerospace and Satellite Audience Survey We want to hear from you! Please complete our short survey. It’ll help us get better and deliver you the most mission-critical space intel every day. Want to hear your company in the show? You too can reach the most influential leaders and operators in the industry. Here’s our media kit. Contact us at [e-mail] to request more info. Want to join us for an interview? Please send your pitch to [e-mail] and include your name, affiliation, and topic proposal. T-Minus is a production of N2K Networks, your source for strategic workforce intelligence. © 2023 N2K Networks, Inc. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Thank you. I'm Maria Varmasis, host of T-Minus Space Daily, and this is AWS in Orbit, empowering exploration on the Moon, Mars, and more with Lunar Outpost. And today we are bringing you the next installment of the AWS In Orbit podcast series from the 40th Space Symposium. In this episode, I'm speaking with representatives from Lunar Outpost and AWS Aerospace and Satellite, and we're going to be speaking about building systems for ambitious space objectives and how AWS can enable and support that. Gentlemen, welcome.

I'm so glad to see you both. Thank you. Thanks so much for having us, that. Gentlemen, welcome. So I'm so glad to see you both. Thank you. Thanks so much for having us, Maria. Yeah. AJ, let's start with an intro, please. Absolutely. So my name is AJ Gemmer. I'm the co-founder and chief technology officer of Lunar Outpost.

We're headquartered in Arvada, Colorado, but we have over 150 employees across three continents with offices in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg and Melbourne, Australia as well. Nice to meet you AJ. And my name is Salem Nimri and I am with AWS, aerospace and satellite team, and I'm the resident chief technology officer for that team. I'm so jazzed about this chat because it's a CTO to CTO chat. And as I said, I'm just really glad to be a fly on the wall for this. So, AJ, why don't we start with you telling me a bit about Lunar Outpost and the incredible

things that you all are working on. Absolutely. So, at Lunar Outpost, you know, we are the leaders in cislunar robotics and mobility services for the moon and for other planetary bodies. So when we started Lunar Outpost, we knew that folks who wanted to operate in cislunar space were going to need mobility as a service on the lunar surface. And so we set out to develop our line of planetary robotics and lunar rovers. And really pleased to say that we flew a rover only a few weeks ago on the Intuitive Machines IMT mission.

Congratulations. Huge, huge. This is amazing. It was. It was a fantastic experience. It's a great success and it's a huge achievement coming from a commercial company. This is great. And so the pace that we've kept up during that time has been incredibly rapid. We now have four more missions going to the Moon with another MAP rover later this year on IM3 and culminating in the lunar terrain vehicle providing mobility for two NASA astronauts and a wide range of NASA International Space

Agency and commercial payloads and cargo. What I like about the lunar outpost is their approach to all of this mission in terms of building the rovers from the design, build, test, deployments, operations is definitely unique. And they are leveraging the latest technology, including the ones that are provided by the cloud AWS in terms of achieving this. So congratulations on this big success and for pushing the whole industry to innovate and innovate faster. And that's exactly it. We really want to see as much happen in the CIS lunar

space as we can with the time that we have. And so to do that, as you say, we need to accelerate that pace. We need to be sure we're leveraging the latest and greatest technologies to the best of their capabilities. And all of those things add up to enormous value to our customers and that commercial customer support in turn helps us to do more missions more rapidly and do more cool things. Yeah, and with their success, they reached TRL 9, which is test readiness level nine,

and this is hard to reach. And this means that they are qualified as a company and their products to operate and launch into space and expand even more. So maybe you want to cover some of the things that you've done in terms of your latest mission and the successes you've achieved. Would love to hear about it.

Yes, please, that map, I would love to hear that, yeah. Absolutely, so this map that I mentioned that just launched a few weeks ago, we called Lunar Voyage 1. It was our first map rover, about one meter cubed in size and 20 or so kilograms. And it allowed us to validate a lot of our in-house developed technologies, things like our onboard computers, our sensing systems, our software, and especially our Stargate command and control ground software

system. That's amazing. And what I like about what Lunar Outpost did is that their availability, they exceeded the availability times. How many nines do you have in your availability with the Stargate system? Oh, yeah. Stargate had something like 99.9998% of time. That is impressive. How many disappointments are we out to there? Exactly. Oh, yeah, Stargate had something like 99.9998% uptime.

That is impressive. How many disappointments are we out to there? Exactly. That is impressive. That is impressive. Well, and what's great about that is that exceeds the uptime reliability requirement even for Class A and crewed missions. So this is a very safe system that we've now proven out and achieved TRL 9 on the lunar surface.

And we can apply that to the lunar terrain vehicle when we actually have astronauts on board who can't afford any downtime. And we're happy that they built the Stargate system and a lot of their designs and simulations on AWS, leveraging AWS services that we have from EC2 to EKS to DynamoDB and more. So it's really exciting. And I like what you said about the communications and your partnerships with Nokia because communications to the moon are challenging. I mean, if you look at it.

It's also a huge need, yeah. Yes, if you want to look at it from the way it is done right now, you are dependent on the infrastructure that is on earth, on the ground, with the deep space network, especially for tracking and navigation. So that brings a lot of challenges and these guys are working in an area where it is really difficult. It's not like there is a GPS system around the Moon that doesn't exist and you can't bring

a compass and put it on the rover because it's not going to work. Because here's the fun fact about the moon, there is no magnetic field around it. So nothing is going to work. So you are dependent on this infrastructure. And you guys are basically pioneers when it comes to being on the lunar surface. I think here on Earth we often take things like GPS or high bandwidth communications a bit for granted. It's easy enough to take a 4K video and send it to your friend.

But to do the same thing on the Moon is much more challenging. And so these are the types of technology challenges that we attacked right away at Lunar Outpost, worked out our solutions, as you said, tested them very thoroughly, learned from that testing. And as we saw on our last mission, the technologies are ready to go and ready to unlock the moon for all kinds of commercial and scientific uses. Yes. Can you speak to us about the science experiments with LV-1?

Absolutely. So on LV-1, we had what was called the resource camera that was provided by MIT and NASA Ames and that was a multispectral imager that had the ability to take pictures of the lunar regolith or rocks on the surface maybe if we were lucky even some ice in a permanently shadowed crater and characterize that and return science data. Now as we know the IM2 mission tipped over the lander tipped over on top of our MAP rover, so we were not able to actually drive around on the lunar surface. However, the MAP rover

did survive that hard landing and operated for almost three hours in a permanently shadowed crater. So that's impressive. Yeah, it's one of the harshest environments in the universe, and now we know that MAP can handle it. Dang. It's a leap. You always learn from each success you're pushing the envelope. And I'm excited about all the artificial intelligence integrations you guys have in your plans, so if you can give us a hint or a sneak peek on what's coming down from down the pipeline.

Well, on the topic of navigation, that is an excellent application for AI and ML on the Moon for a number of reasons. First of all, although you've probably seen some pretty pictures of the Moon and they look like very high resolution, in fact, when you zoom in, the very best resolution is usually only about two meters per pixel. So you can imagine for a rover that's a half meter long or even a meter long, that's not sufficient resolution to plan your path out entirely in advance. It gives you a good starting point

and we have some digital elevation maps so that we know what slopes to expect and things of that nature. But really navigating on the moon is all about taking in new information, processing it quickly and updating your plans in near real time on the edge, on the rover. And so that is an application that AI is really well suited

to identifying new obstacles, which did not previously appear in prior maps, and then charting a new course, a new safe course around them. And it's not just obstacles like rocks or craters, it's other things like areas of shadow or of sunlight. The map rover is solar and so passing into a shadow for too long will cause our power to run down.

And so taking in these really multivariate problems and effectively doing a multivariable optimization to find what is the safest path, taking into account lighting conditions, thermal conditions, RF communications, as well as the terrain itself, is an excellent example of how we can employ AI. And I like what you said, permanent shadow.

Balancing that, the power cycle, charging the batteries, and moving forward. That's really impressive. I like what you guys are doing, I guess. You're taking pictures and you're building these 3D terrains and then you navigate and the obstacles and figure out where to go. Is that Stargate? Is that what that is?

Or am I? Yes, Stargate has those functions for building out essentially a world map as the rover drives. And actually something else that we can do there is use a digital twin of the map rover in simulation to test out a variety of different paths that we could drive along before we actually command the rover to do it. Oh, that's cool. I was going to ask about how you all use AWS to enable any of this.

Can you tell me a bit about that? Absolutely. So it's been absolutely great working with AWS. I'll say, certainly in addition to the spectacular stability and uptime that we enjoyed on our mission, I would say having that robust and reliable backend has allowed our engineers to focus on innovation and solving those very specific problems that are specific to operating a rover on the lunar surface. We know we can trust AWS to support our systems, to work flawlessly on mission, as we saw,

and that allows us to give 1000% focus to the mission at hand. So had an excellent mission with Lunar Voyage 1, and we're looking forward to our next MAP mission, Lunar Voyage 2, at the end at hand. So had an excellent mission with Lunar Voyage 1 and we're looking forward to our next map mission, Lunar Voyage 2, at the end of 2025. And I love the way they build their Stargate system. If you think about it, I think it should be a model because you can replicate it and simulate

what is coming in the future, operate for now, or collect the data and run it back and see what happens. So it's like almost you can do a pre, post, and current status all at the same time, leveraging the resources that you have. That is pretty remarkable. Without sweating. Yes. So that's really good. Very true. We had a very interesting experience with that

during the mission operations for Lunar Voyage 1. When you're in the mission operation center, and I was privileged to serve as one of our four flight directors with a whole team of operators, the data is coming in so fast. And we've set up Stargate to make it human readable and easy to interpret, make it operational so you can make decisions based on that. But still, after the fact, as you said, you're always gonna wanna go back and look at, inspect that data very closely and see what sort of trends and things you can learn from it. And I expect the data analysis,

even from Lunar Voyage 1 to go on for months or even over a year. And so, the AWS support of the Stargate system makes that possible and makes that easy and intuitive to do. Every time someone has a new question about something we saw on the mission, we can go right in, pull that data, visualize it in many different ways and draw our conclusions from it. Yeah, and I love what you guys are doing. I mean, for humanity, the moon is not a destination.

It's a stop. It's a first stop. From everything that Lunar Outpost is doing, all of us, we are learning so that we can prepare to the next milestone and the ones above it. I really look forward to seeing how we can help Lunar Outpost with our AI systems and services that are built on AWS. I mean, I would love to pick your brain on what do you see the future is coming for AI

and machine learning for lunar exploration. Absolutely. So in addition to the sort of on-mission functional applications I mentioned with obstacle identification and charting new courses. We have applications for AI in our technology development and things like predicting component reliability and things like that which are increasingly relevant for longer and longer missions. So for example, the lunar terrain vehicle is designed with a lifespan of 10 years on the lunar surface. And so there's a lot of predictive analysis and modeling that goes into building a vehicle that can withstand that harsh environment for that long.

And so these are good examples of how we can take in test data as we develop our technologies and our systems for LTV and ensure that we have the reliability and the lifespans that we need on the Moon. I love it. And when you look at the future of what's coming down right now with AgentiK.I. and all the agents, I can imagine one day we will have an agent that serves as a geologist, an agent that serves as a geochemist. Of course, you learn everything from what we have here on Earth and deploy those systems to the rover so that they can navigate and do things on their own. And you'll find the rover that talks to build an agentic mesh within it

to say, you know what, I'm going to go on my own, I can chart my path, and then the agentic system for the geologists that is loaded on the rover says, I see a feature over there that I think we should go there. It talks to the agent that is for navigation and says, you know what, this is the safest path based on

the cameras and the 3D map that I developed. So I love that we are heading in that and we are leveraging also the learning that we had on Earth to bring it more close by because this is needed when we go also to Mars. Yeah. I mean, with the moon, it's like, what, two to three seconds delay. When we go to Mars, it's going to be seven minutes to 40 minutes depending on the orbit. So bringing Mars into the conversation, it's been fantastic to have all the learnings that we have from the Mars rovers, but there are also some very important differences when doing science on the moon.

So on the Mars rovers we have these rovers with very long lifespans. They have a relatively similar to Earth day and night cycle and fairly benign temperature extremes. And what that means is you have the luxury of time to pick out your science targets. So the Mars rovers have a large science team. They're constantly pouring over new data, new images, things like that, and flagging where they want to go next. And sometimes those operations just to get to the next science target, could take many months.

On the Moon, because you have the 14 Earth Day, day and night cycle, you need to have much more rapid operational decision making. And that certainly includes science investigations. So something that we can do with AI on the Moon is help extend humans' perception, their sense of the Moon and of the environment they're operating in. So, you know, human can see in certain wavelengths, they can see out to a certain distance. I love it, yes. But things like very challenging lighting extremes, the harsh shadows on the lunar surface,

seeing things far off in the distance or at the microscopic scale and in other wavelengths essentially allows human scientists here on Earth to understand that environment much, much more quickly than ever before. And that's how we can maximize our science decision-making as we traverse and explore on the lunar surface. That's exciting. And one thing before we came in here, you told me about your next mission that's going to be around the equator of the moon. It's completely different than the South Pole. So I would love if you can highlight on some of the things that you're doing there. And hopefully like with AWS, we're trying to support you guys to make it happen.

This next mission, which is called Lunar Vert vertex and is funded through the NASA prism program It's actually the very first prism mission prism 1a Will go to this site called Rainer gamma and that's at about seven degrees north latitude So as you said very close to the equator a very hot environment compared to the lunar South Pole or lunar voyage one went And we will drive around it at this Reiner Gamma site and explore the local magnetic field there and hopefully determine where it came from. This has been so fascinating. I have to ask when we look towards the future and zoom way out

at the at the incredible challenges that you all are taking on at Lunar Outpost. I mean, when you think about establishing a human presence on the moon and beyond, what is driving the vision that you all are going towards? And what does scale and speed mean to all that? Well, I can say, I've heard the saying, space is for everyone, right? And I find that to be particularly true. It brings people together across all kinds of borders and boundaries.

I think humans have this inbuilt desire to understand the universe that we live in. I know, I certainly feel that. And so with the time that I have here, I wanna understand and learn and see what exactly is out there. But more than that, I wanna set the stage for the future as well.

And that's where the speed and the scalability comes in. There are technologies, services, and capabilities that once they are established will become key enablers, and we'll see just an explosion of economic activity to fund the exploration as well as scientific activity. Every time we do one of these space missions, we learn something new and unexpected, and immediately the people who work on it want to go back to the drawing board and design the next mission that investigates that new piece of information that much more thoroughly. So the faster that we can do that, the more cost-effectively we can do that.

That's what Lunar Outpost really seeks to enable. So we're looking beyond the Moon already to Mars. Our lunar terrain vehicle, the Eagle, will be equally capable and operable on Mars as it is on the Moon. And so that provides an excellent mobility platform for rovers and explorations of the future to Mars and even beyond. Thank you guys for all the great work that you're doing. I have one question. I'm interested in your opinion about what is the next rovers you're going to build. Some people say they are going to go for drones. I know there is no drones that you can operate on the on the lunar surface

so I call them hoppers. So are you planning to develop some of these so that you can cover bigger distances, go inside craters and do more exploration? I'm interested to hear what what you guys have in your inbox. Absolutely and in fact if you zoom out and you look at the big picture where I see us going next is swarm robotics and cooperative robotics, right? Especially among robots that are heterogeneous, that are different from each other and each have unique capabilities. So an example I often like to give is in the past, say the Mars rovers, you have one extremely high value robot operated by a large team of humans. But we would like to change that paradigm to where one human can operate many different types and a large number of robots. And that's how you maximize the exploration, maximize the workforce capability

that a human can provide on the moon. And like you say, this addresses some really cool lunar challenges and explorations. One of my favorite is lunar lava tubes. So we know for a fact that there are lunar lava tubes with skylights, you know, that we can kind of peer down into. But you know, mankind has never explored inside of those lava tubes. And that's an example where swarm robotics would give us capabilities to see what's down there. Get in there, yeah.

There could be anything in there. And I love this. That's a great idea. Swarm robotics, it will enable you to deploy more robotics. And you don't need to wait for many years to build the perfect robot that has all the instruments and payloads on it. So this way you can just deploy them. And if you connect them through an agentic mesh, they can talk to each other and say, you know what,

I discovered something here and that robot can come over and basically explore and help us and you just move. Can bring in a different robot that has different sensors or something that is well suited to whatever that first one identifies. And this way you can extend it, you can explore further distances because the first robot will say, I finished here, I'm going to go somewhere else. Exactly.

And the second one will come in. Well, this is amazing. This is great. And swarm robotics also helps solve a number of the challenges that we're facing today on the moon, things like positioning, navigation and timing. The more nodes, the more communication relays that you have, the more timing apparatus that you have to accurately identify the location of any one of those swarm robots, it helps refine that model that we have of the lunar

surface. So simply by virtue of having a swarm of robots on the moon, we will understand and learn and discover new things almost regardless of what their sensing capabilities of any individual robot is. That they can all talk to each other. Amazing. Gentlemen, this has been so fascinating. I want to give you both an opportunity to provide any concluding thoughts before we wrap up.

Salem, why don't I start with you and then Ajay, you can finish this out. Well, it's been a pleasure working with the Lunar Outpost. They have a team of geniuses, and to be able to sit here and say, with AWS, with AWS, we are developing services that are reliable and can service and help explorers such as AJ and others, it's just a privilege. So thank you very much, AJ, for all your work. Thank you.

And likewise, back at you. I mean, having AWS support on this, this is what the new cislunar economy looks like, is having these capabilities, being able to work together rapidly, each of us solving a piece of the puzzle and supporting each other. And the overall outcome is just an absolute

sea change in what we can do out in space. And that's what we're on the precipice right now. So it's great to be a part of. Thank you both so much. Appreciate your time today. That's it for this episode of AWS in Orbit by N2K Space. We'd love to know what you think of this podcast. You can email us at space at n2k.com or submit the survey in the show notes.

Your feedback ensures that we deliver the information that keeps you a step ahead in the rapidly changing space industry. This episode was produced by Laura Barber for AWS Aerospace and Satellite and by N2K industry. and I've been your host, Maria Varmazes. Thank you for joining us. [♪ Music playing. Fading out. Fading in. Fading out. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading in. Fading