Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe - Listener Questions #19

Episode Date: October 21, 2025

Daniel and Kelly answer listener questions about how pinworms know it's nighttime, how quarks contribute to mass, and why eating too many carrots makes your skin yellow.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This is an I-Heart podcast. I'm Jonathan Goldstein, and on the new season of heavyweight... And so I pointed the gun at him and said this isn't a joke. A man who robbed a bank when he was 14 years old. And a centenarian rediscovers a love lost 80 years ago. How can a 101-year-old woman fall in love again? Listen to heavyweight on the I-Heart Radio. app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

What's up, everybody? It's snacks from the trap nerds in all October long. We're bringing you the horror. We're kicking off this month with some of my best horror games to keep you terrified. Then we'll be talking about our favorite horror in Halloween movies and figuring out why black people always die further. And it's the return of Tony's horror show, SideQuest written and narrated by yours truly. We'll also be doing a full episode reading with commentary. And we'll cap it off with a horror movie. Battle Royale. Open your free iHeartRadio app and search trap nurse podcast and listen now. Welcome to Decoding Women's Health. I'm Dr. Elizabeth Pointer, chair of women's health

and gynecology at the Atria Health Institute in New York City. I'll be talking to top researchers and clinicians and bringing vital information about midlife women's health directly to you. A hundred percent of women go through menopause. Even if it's natural, why should we suffer through it? Listen to Decoding Women's Health with Dr. Elizabeth Point. on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. I'm Yvesa and I'm Maite Gomes Gron and this week on our podcast, Hung for History, we talk oysters plus the Mianbe Chief stops by. If you're not an oyster lover, don't even talk to me.

Ancient Athenians used to scratch names onto oyster shells to vote politicians into exile. So our word ostracize is related to the word oyster. No way. Bring back the OsterCon. Listen to Hungry for History on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey everyone, Daniel here with a quick note that my new book, Do Aliens Speak Physics, is coming out soon, November 4th, and I'd love if you considered pre-ordering it. The book imagines the arrival of aliens and what it would be like to try to make mental contact and download their understanding of the universe. Do we have physics in common with the aliens?

If you like how the podcast asks deep physics questions and dabbles in philosophy, you'll enjoy the book, which also features cute cartoons of aliens from my friend Andy Warner. Find it anywhere or check out the book website, www. www.alienspeakphysics.com. Okay, on to today's episode. How do the pinworms know that it's night when they lurk? in a place with so little light. If I upgraded my quarks to top quirk class, would I automatically get a bigger mass?

If you eat certain foods, your skin will change you. Why does that happen? Do we have any clue? Whatever questions keep you up at night, Daniel and Kelly's answer will make it all right. Welcome to Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I've never had pinworms. Hi, I'm Kelly.

I'm a biologist, and I'm not sure Daniel can be sure that he's never had pinworms. Welcome to the episode where we dig deep into Daniel's condition. All right, so, Daniel, my question for you today is, what was the most surprising thing about parenting? Wow, great question. I think one of the most surprising things about parenting for me was how the gross quickly becomes monotonous and every day. You're like wiping somebody else's feces off of your hands or face.

It's just like, you know, it's just another Tuesday. Yep. Oh, I totally agree. The first time my daughter like projectile pooped and it was on the wall and on me, I was like, oh my gosh, this is so gross. And then by like the fifth time, I was like, I got some more laundry to do today. And it was like, it was like nothing, whatever. Yeah.

And when you have visitors and they see the inside of your actual day-to-day routine and they're like, whoa, it gives you a taste for like how far you've drifted from societal norms, you know? That's right. But you pretty quickly get back to normal expectations. You know, when your kids get past the age where you have to wipe your butt, you very quickly return to. who I would prefer to not wipe people's butts if I could avoid it, although I think taking care of each other is one of the best things that humans can do. I agree, but if my 16-year-old pooped on me, it would be a pretty big memory. And I can't remember all the time she did it when she was young. Things change. Things change. It would stand out now. That's right. That's right.

How about you? What is one of your most surprising discoveries about parenting? So it also has to do with hygiene, and it's how far our species has come with hygiene. because there's so many things that kids don't do naturally, that you would expect they would want to do naturally. Like wash their hands? Like wash their hands or take a shower. But doctors weren't washing their hands until like 150 years ago. I know.

No, culture has played such a huge role in keeping us healthy. And it's amazing. And it really hit home for me when I was a parent. But I think that one of the things that surprised me in particular is the number of times I've had to say the phrase, get your hand out of your butt. which leaves us into question one because kids stick in their hands in their butts is how they transmit pinworms

and why pinworms is probably the most common worm infection in the United States. All right, so get ready to get itchy, everyone. That's right. So we have an amazing Discord community and you can join us by going to Danielankelly.org and clicking on the link to our Discord channel.

And Julian on Discord had this question that he wanted to share with us. And let me add another shout out to our Discord community. If you want to reach us, you can write us questions at Questions at Daniel and Kelly.org. But the Discord community is also a lot of fun. You can ask your questions there. There's lots of folks chatting and discussing, sharing recent articles, talking about science. If you can't get enough, Daniel and Kelly and Science, come join us on Discord and be part of the Inner Synchum. And I'd just like to shout out to our moderators who are the best moderators.

on the whole entire internet, I'm sure. Oh, yes, absolutely. They win all the awards. They do. Hey, Daniel and Kelly. This is Julian in Houston. As the parent of a small child, I've had pinworms on my mind a bit in the past couple of years.

And I think I heard on a previous episode you mentioned that pinworms tend to come out at night to lay their eggs and cause itchy butt. So my question is, how do pinworms know it's nighttime to come out and cause itchy butt? Thanks so much, and I look forward to hearing the answer. So, Kelly, tell us what is a pinworm? A pinworm is a little worm. When it's an adult, it's about the size of a staple, so they're tiny. About 40 million people in the United States probably have pinworm right now and a billion people worldwide.

I think I said a moment ago that pinworms are the most common worm infection. That's in the U.S. where we don't have a lot of other kinds of worm infections. They're very common in children, and they're also kind of common in people in long-term care facilities. All right, so let's estimate what fraction of our audience have pinworms right now as they're listening to this. We're talking 40 million people, that's like 15% of the U.S. Is it not evenly distributed because you're saying it's like children and old folks homes? Yeah, so if you have children and they are, let's say, preschool or elementary school age, there's a pretty good chance they have or have had pinworms.

And there's a decent chance they gave it to you, although it does seem like adults. become more resistant. And so even if your kids have it, you're not definitely going to get it, but doctors will often prescribe medication to an entire family if anyone in it gets the parasites because it is pretty easy to transmit.

So maybe like one in ten of our listeners right now have pinworms? Maybe the pinworms are listening to this episode. So if I have to remember our demographics from the last time we did a survey, we have a lot of men over 50 or 60, and they are highly, unlikely to have pinworms. And so I don't know about one in ten. It depends on how many of our current

listeners have young kids. But there's a good chance that you have either had it at some point in your life or if you have kids, you have it now. All right. So tell us what do these guys look like? So they're in kind of nematode. So these are cylindrical worms. They have no segments. So don't think about an earthworm. Think about just kind of like a hard outer case and a very tiny worm. They kind of come to an end, which is why they're called pinworms. As I mentioned before, they're like the size of a staple when they're adults. Oh, I see. And you might remember that a few months ago, we talked about geohelments, or we called them the dirtworms. These are nematodes that you find in the dirt. This is another kind of nematode. So they're

kind of related to the dirt worms we were talking about earlier. So you're using this phrase nematode, and it sounds like it describes a category of worm. What is a nematode? Nematoda is a whole phylum of worms that have this like hard outer cuticle. Some of them live in the soil, some of them are commensal with plants, and some of them are parasitic. Yeah, if I had to guess, if somebody just asked me what a nematode was, it sounds to me like some sort of miniature Japanese frog. That's great. Like it might be served in a weird sushi or something, you know, very high-end sushi.

I mean, that's completely wrong, but that is very cute. Very cute. So I'm imagining that the lifestyle of these guys is not very cute. So tell us about it. Right. And everyone, finish that snack you're having before you listen to this. Or go wash your hands. So the infection route is what's called fecal, oral, or poop to mouth.

Poop to mouth. Oh, my God. Good start. That's an actual phrase people use. I've heard it said in my community more than once. I don't know if it shows up in any textbooks, but poop to mouth. Ooh, all right. So tell us about it.

Yeah. The idea here is that you accidentally eat the egg. So you accidentally consume an egg, it hatches in your body, and when it gets to the intestine, the males and the females will find each other, and they'll mate, and then the males die. Inside you. Inside you. They're having a party inside you. Oh, my gosh.

That's right. You might not be dating, but the worms inside you might be. So someone's finding love in that body of yours. I guess that's good news. I guess. I don't know. All right. So they start out as eggs.

You end up in your mouth. We'll get into that in a minute. imagine. Yep. They hatch, they mate inside you, and they have little babies. Oh, no, eggs, I guess. Well, so the female starts producing eggs. The male, after reproducing, dies and gets digested. And so you'll never see the male. Wow. The female, her eggs, she starts making eggs, they start maturing a little bit inside of her. Then she moves down farther into your intestine. And when she is ready to lay those eggs, at night, she will come out. She will crawl out of your anus. One's anus, excuse me, one's anus.

Crawl out of one's anus. And on the CDC website, it cracks me up because it says anus and then in parentheses, butthole, just in case you weren't sure what an anus is. So crawls out your butthole. And the female needs oxygen to stimulate the release of eggs. And apparently in some cases, she has what's called a prolapsed uterus, which essentially just means that her uterus sort of comes out of her body and expels the eggs And I guess in some cases, they've observed the eggs going airborne.

This expulsion happens so violently. This is much less cute than miniature Japanese frogs. I vote for miniature Japanese frogs. We should have that instead. Well, you know, you don't get to choose. All right, but I have an actual science question. Okay. How do the eggs survive in my digestive tract?

Like, you're dropping them in stomach acid and they're surviving? So in this case, they're still inside of their mom. She doesn't expel them until she gets outside of the body. But the eggs I've consumed, right? The mom herself was born from. an egg that I swallowed, right? Yes, and your digestive juices helped it escape from the egg

that it was living in. Oh, wow. And then it's tough cuticle protects it from your juices. All right, so she comes out the anus, does her little oxygen dance? Yes, and she will lay her eggs in the perianal region,

and then often she will die. And we'll talk about what happens if she doesn't die as a symptom that's bad, but most of the time she dies. Wow. And the eggs are, sticky. And so they stick to your butt and they also kind of make you itch because now there's like some sticky stuff in your butt. And that's not great. And kids are likely to stick their

hands in their butts, which is what I learned as a mom is that they're always stick in their hands in their butts. And so they stick their hands in their butts and then they get it underneath their fingernails or on their fingers. And then... Because they're scratch it because it's itchy. That's right. That's right. Don't make it sound so weird. They're itchy. So they're scratching. Yeah. Okay. They're itchy. So they're scratching. They're humans. And then these grubby little creatures we call children, go around and touch things. You know, they put their fingers in their mouths. They put their fingers in your mouth. They put their fingers on the kitchen table. And in that way, these sticky eggs get to lots of different places. And when they get

consumed, then you're back up at the start of the cycle that we talked about, where your stomach juices will open up the eggs and the process will start again. So this is the story I use to convince my kids to keep the fingers out of their mouth. So, you know, kids like to chew on their nails or whatever. And anytime I see my kids chewing on their nails, I just make this wiggly fingers hand gesture and it recalls for them the story I told them about pinworms. And they go, oh, they're immediately grossed out by what might be under their fingernails and they stop. So this has been an effective parenting technique. Fantastic. Now, have your kids ever had pinworms that you know of? I don't think I should be discussing my kids' medical history on the podcast. So, you know, let's keep

it abstract. Okay. Have you ever had pinworms? No, I have not personally ever had pinworms, to my knowledge. Right. So that's the thing. How about you? No, not to my knowledge. But I've had periods of itchiness where I wondered if maybe, maybe I had it. Anytime there's a little itch, I think pinworms.

And now everyone listen to this podcast is suddenly feeling itchy. That's right. That's right. I mean, the females lay like 10,000 eggs. Oh, my God. How tiny are these? Can you not see them? You can't see them?

They're teeny tiny. But you can't even see them when you lay 10,000 of them? Like, it doesn't look like a little blob or a smear or something? No, it's teeny tiny. I mean, if you put it, you don't have to put it under a super high-powered microscope to see it. But you do need a microscope to see it. You know, they're kind of clear. They're not very big.

These eggs can survive for two to three weeks, like out on a counter or something. Wow. But the way that you find out if someone is infected is called the Scotch tape test. No. No, no, no, no. Where are we putting the scotch tape, Kelly? Where do you think, Daniel? Around the black hole.

The physicist comes in with the black hole joke. Yes, around the black hole. Yeah, so the females come out at night to lay their eggs, which is going to get us to the listener's question in just a minute. But they lay their eggs at night in particular. And so in the morning, right when they wake up, before they've used the restroom or wiped or anything, you take a piece of tape and you sort of pat it,

around the peri-anal region and then you stick it on a glass slide and you put it under a microscope so you can see those eggs sometimes you even catch the mom because she's just sort of died and she's still there and so you'll see a worm and those you can see so sometimes you do know that someone's infected because you find one of the mom worms and you're like oh shoot wow we've got worms yikes yeah so then the listener asked how does the mom know that it's nighttime and she should come out and do her dance. Why doesn't she come out during the day? All right. Great question. I didn't know the answer. And I asked the American Society of Parasitologist's Facebook page, which has like 15,000 followers. And I was like, all right, team, how do we know that pinworms know that it's

nighttime? Because I looked through a bunch of medical books about parasitic diseases. And they all said pinworms come out at night. Some of them would say that the pinworms were detecting our drop in body temperature when we sleep. Oh. And then others would say they might be detecting a drop in body temperature, but they wouldn't say it definitively. And none of them included an inline reference that I could check for the study that showed that they're responding to body temperature.

Because they could also be responding to like, you know, you're not moving for a couple hours. So there's the question of how the worms know it's night to come out. But how do we know they only come out at night? And why do they only come out at night? Do they come out of night because that's the best time to lay the eggs while we're asleep? Or do they need a darker environment or what? Yes, so I think the answer at the end of the day is, we don't know.

Because the American Society of Parasetologists, when I asked them, the best answer I got was from my friend Brandon, who said, they have little watches. And that's how they know it's nighttime. I said, thank you, Brandon. But anyway, as far as I could tell, we haven't done studies to figure out, one, why it's nighttime. or two to confirm that they're actually queuing in on temperature. I think we suspect that that's the cue that they're using, but we haven't ruled out other possible cues. And as to why they do it at night,

it could be possible that while people are sleeping, is a time when you're less likely to have a bell movement, and this parasite doesn't pass in feces. It passes on fingers. And the reason that we know that it happens at night is because if you do the Scotch tape test in the morning, you get a bunch of eggs. If you do it at other times of day, you don't get a bunch of eggs.

And you would expect if they were laying randomly throughout the day, the Scotch tape test would give you eggs at just about any time of day. Fascinating. So Julian's question is really at the forefront of science. Yeah, that's right. I encourage any young people out there to search for this answer. I don't know what it would take to answer this question. Pinworms are pretty host-specific.

And so like enterobius vermicularis, which is the species that humans have, I don't know you might be able to do it in some. other mammalian species do the experiments. But I don't know, maybe you'd have to heat people up and cool them down and see what their worms were doing or ask them to stay still or mess with some hormones that are associated with sleep that maybe the pinworms are queuing in on. But anyway, inquiring minds want to know, but we don't know the answer as far as I can tell. Well, if you've always been interested in black holes and this podcast has piqued your interest in biology, maybe this is the perfect crossover topic for you.

Could be. All right, Julian. Thank you so much for this question and for joining us on Discord, did we scratch your itch? Please don't give us worms. Hey, y'all. Yes, you absolutely scratched my itch. I think my favorite part was hearing about the violently explosive egg laying. Also, how small the eggs actually are, as I always assume that you'd be able to see them in the poop or something like that. I'm also glad to hear Kelly give a we don't know answer, and I hope Daniel gets to drop in, it depends soon. Thank you so much for your answer, and maybe my kid will one day figure out the answer, though hopefully not by catching pinworms. to vote politicians into exile.

So our word ostracize is related to the word oyster. No way. Bring back the OsterCon. And because we've got a very Mikaasa is Su Casa kind of vibe on our show, friends always stop by. Pretty much every entry into this side of the planet was through the Gulf of Mexico. No, the America.

No, the America. The Gulf of Mexico, continue to be it forever and ever. It blows me away how progressive Mexico was in this moment. They had land reform, they had labor rights, they had education rights. Mustard seeds were so valuable to the ancient Egyptians that they used to place them in their tombs for the afterlife. Listen to Hungry for History as part of the My Cultura podcast network, available on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Cats are masters at using up their nine lives. like chasing laser pointers into walls or jumping onto high shelves.

But the one thing cats never do, text while driving. So be like a cat and protect your one and only life. Don't text and drive. Don't drive distracted. A message brought to you by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Project Yellow Light, and the Ad Council. What's up everybody? This is snacks from the TrapNurse podcast,

and we're bringing you the horror every week all October long. Kicking off this month, I'll be bringing you all my greatest fear-inducing horror games from Resident Evil to Silent Hill. Me and Tony bringing back fire team on Left for Dead too. And we're just going to be going over some of the greats. Also in October, we'll be talking about our favorite horror and Halloween movie and figure out why black people always got to die first. The umbral reliquary invites any and all fooling, brave enough to peruse its

many curiosities, but take it. All sales are final. Weekly horror side quests written and narrated by yours truly. With a full episode read and a commentary special. And we will cap it off with horror movie battle royale. Jason versus Freddie. Michael Myers versus the 80th thing with the little tongue muster. October, we're doing it Halloween style.

Listen to the Travener's podcast from the Black Effect Podcast Network on the IHard Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. I'm Jonathan Goldstein. And on the new season of heavyweight, I help a centenarian mend a broken heart. How can a 101-year-old woman fall in love again? And I help a man atone for an armed robbery he committed at 14 years old. And so I pointed the gun at him and said this isn't a joke.

And he got down, and I remember feeling kind of a surge of like, okay, this is power. Plus, my old friend Gregor and his brother, Try to solve my problems through hypnotism. We could give you a whole brand new thing where you're like super charming all the time. Being more able to look to people in the eye. Not always hide behind a microphone.

Listen to Heavyweight on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. All right, we're back and we're answering questions from listeners because your curiosity literally power science. If people didn't want to know the answer to these questions, we would not get to do it. So we want to hear what you wonder about the universe. Write to us to Questions at Danielandkelly.org. Our next question comes from a lawyer in the UK. Rebecca wants to know about top corks.

If I weigh 55 kilograms on the basis that, that my protons are up corks and down quark. How much would I weigh if my protons were made of top corks? And why is there a difference, if any? All right, this is a really fun question about what it might be like to have top corks in your life. I can imagine there being a new diet fad where people say, oh, I've created a thing that turns your bottom corks to top quarks, and that's how you're going to lose 10 pounds.

So you better not say this works. Yeah, I don't recommend that. No. No, definitely no particle physics inspired diets. Do not fall for that. Oh, there's got to be some quantum something, something diet out there that people have tried out. Well, you can have quark, right? Quark is some German yogurt-like product, and that sounds kind of quantum-y. But it's not any more quantum than anything else. I mean, literally everything is quantum because we're all made of quantum particles, right? So your diet is already quantum. That's right. All right. Well, so mass is a concept, I understand, biologic. Let's go ahead and understand it physically.

Where does mass come from? Yeah. So Rebecca wants to know what would happen if you built your protons out of top corks. So we've got to understand mass for that. So your mass mostly comes from the stuff you're made out of, right? The mass of Kelly is very close to the mass of all of Kelly's parts added up. You are not much more than the sum of your parts. I mean, intellectually, of course, you are and personally you are.

When it come to a mass point of you. you. You're mostly your chunks added up. Thank you for pulling me out of the depression black hole I was inevitably going to slide into. And that's where our intuitive sense of mass comes from, right? Like stuff is made of smaller stuff and the mass of the bigger stuff is the sum of the mass of the smaller stuff. Like you weigh a cat made out of Legos and then you take it apart and you weigh the Legos, you get the same answer, right? That's where our intuition comes from. Cats are way less fun when you take them apart. And also when you make them out of Legos,

they're not as cozy. Yeah, nope. And so you're made out of your atoms, and your atoms are made of protons and neutrons and electrons. And we can mostly ignore the electrons because an electron weighs almost one-two-thousand-th of a proton. So they're basically irrelevant when it comes to what you're made out of. So mostly you're made out of your protons and your neutrons.

Sorry, electrons. All right, so then where does the mass from a proton and a neutron come from? Right. And so Rebecca is referring to up quarks and down quarks, because that's what makes up protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are just different combinations of the same two bits, which is awesome and amazing. And also requires them to have these weird charges.

Like to make a proton, you add two corks that have a charge two-thirds and another cork that has a charge negative one-third. So plus two-thirds, plus two-thirds gives you four-thirds, minus a third gives you three-thirds or charge of one. That's a proton. Neutron is one cork with a charge two-thirds, and two corks with a charge. charged negative one-third. So you get plus two minus one, minus one, zero. It's amazing how you can build these things out of the same building blocks, right? That's something sort of cool.

Yeah, we were talking the other day about whether or not the universe is like beautiful and sort of meets the expectation of our aesthetic preferences. And I got to say there's something about plus two-thirds and negative one-third charges that's not aesthetically pleasing to me. But I like that. No, what, I thought you were going to go the other direction to me. That's beautiful. showing how you can build two very different things out of the same pieces. It's like when you see somebody build something incredible out of Legos, you're like, wow, that's awesome that you can do it. Out of the same bits, there's something simple and ergonomic about it. That appeals

to my aesthetic. And I guess that's why this question about whether or not physics and math meet our definitions of beauty is so hard because what's beautiful to some person is, you know, maybe not beautiful to others. And we don't even have the same definition of beauty. Yeah, that's true. And I can also get rid of the one-thirds easily. If I just redefine the electron mass to be negative three, then the up quarks and down quarks have charge plus two and minus one. And, you know, it's just because of Ben Franklin that the quarks have charged one-third. There's no absolute scale there. Why is it Ben Franklin's fault that the charge is negative one-third? We're getting way off track here. But what is Ben, was Ben Franklin around when we were figuring this stuff

out? Well, Ben Franklin, you know, the best president of the United States, he helped to find the direction of the currents. And so the direction that we later discovered was caused by electrons. He called negative. Was Ben Franklin ever a president? No, he was not a president. That's an internet joke. Oh, I didn't know. That went right over my head. All right. Look, this isn't a history podcast, Daniel. Let's get back on track. All right. Anyways, so your protons and neutrons are made out of up quarks and down quarks. But this is where our intuition breaks down. You might imagine that the mass of the proton is just the mass of the quarks it's made out of added up. The way the mass of the Lego cat is the mass of the Legos, but it's not true. Because mass is not just the stuff you're made

out of. Mass is a measure of your internal stored energy, which is a much weirder and a more abstract concept. But the universe is not required to be intuitive, right, or to make any sense to us at all. It's amazing we can't understand any of it. But to give you a sense for what I'm talking about, if you have a box made of mirrors and you shine a photon in there and then slam the door. So now the photon is bouncing around inside of it. And I ask you, well, what was the mass of the box before and after? You'd say, well, you've just added a photon. Photons have no mass. You've put a zero mass thing in the box, so it has the same mass before and after. And you would be wrong. Because now that photon is trapped in the box. It's

internal stored energy of the box. So the box gained some mass by E equals MC squared. Wait a minute. Wait a minute. The other day you were telling me that energy doesn't have, I thought you were saying that energy doesn't have mass and people get confused about e equals mc squared it doesn't imply that photons have mass photons do not have mass okay photons do not have mass okay photons do not have mass but what is mass anyway mass is internal stored energy photons have no internal stored energy but you can capture a photon same way that for example if you absorb a photon you lay in the sun you absorb photons you gain mass because the photons energy gets converting to other kinds of energy in your body and any internal stored energy, that's what mass is.

So can we get a short answer for how do you define energy then? Or is that another philosophical side road? So if you've got a photon in a box and now you have more energy, what does that imply that energy is then? Well, yeah, we don't really know what energy is if you want to go like really deep and fundamental. It's not even something that's conserved in the universe, which makes it even harder to define. But we have categories.

There's energy of motion, which is what a photon has. A photon is pure energy of motion. There's also internal stored energy, which is what mass is. So we have these examples, and we know that in many situations, the sum of these two things is conserved. That you can convert one kind into another, and back and forth, they slosh back and forth. There's also potential energy, which is just energy of like configuration. You know, if you have a ball on a shelf in a gravitational field, then it has, energy stored. Like you can make a gravitational battery just by lifting concrete blocks up to the

top of a building. And like that has energy and you can recover that energy by like dropping those rocks and then it turns into kinetic energy and you can have that spin a wheel which then generates the electricity, for example. So there's lots of different forms of energy. But mass is a measure of your internal stored energy, which is really weird because in the end, what we're talking about is the inertial mass of the object, right? Like, how hard is it to accelerate it? And if you shine a light into a box and then slam the door, you need to give it a bigger push to accelerate it to the same velocity.

Okay. All right. So you've got that photon in a box and you switch one of the quarks to up. And now you have two, or no, you've got three quarks in there. So it's... Photons. You're talking about photons and protons. Oh.

I was talking about photons, which have no mass. But they have quarks. No, no, no, protons have quarks, photons. Photons, dude. Ah, oh, man, there's a lot to keep track of. I was using photons because they have no mass, which it makes it especially obvious that when they add mass to the box, it's not because they have stuff to them. It's because you now have internal stored energy.

You've captured their energy. Okay, got it. So let's return to the proton, which is a good idea. Where does the mass of the proton come from? It does get some contribution from the mass of the quarks. like those little Lego pieces, but those masses are really, really tiny, like they're about a thousandths or two thousands of the mass of the proton. Most of the mass of the proton comes from the energy of those quarks, the binding of them into a proton. There's a lot of energy stored

in there. And we know there's a lot of energy in protons because there's a lot of energy in the nucleus. It's the strong nuclear force. This is what fission and fusion deal with, and that's why they're so powerful. And so most of the mass of the proton doesn't come from the bits it's made out of. It comes from the binding energy. And the mass of the quarks themselves does come from the Higgs boson, but so most of your mass comes from the binding energy of quarks inside protons, not from the Higgs boson, which gives those quarks mass. So to imagine what this experiment would look like, if you wanted to switch your quark from down to up, you would need a bunch of energy to break that bond and switch it, and then you don't even really have protons anymore.

Yeah, you wouldn't have protons anymore. So a proton is to, find is this combination of up and down quarks. And you can have other combinations. Like you can replace one of the up quarks with a charm or you can replace the down with a strange. And we've done all those. We've seen those particles. We call them other weird things, deltas and omegas. You can have three strange corks. There's all sorts of different combinations. These particles can be neutral in triplets, meaning that their color charges are all balanced. And so we've made every possible combination we can make, but most of them are not stable. Even the neutron is not stable the neutron will decay into the proton. The proton is the stable one. It's the lowest

energy state of all of these things. So you can make other particles out of quarks, but they wouldn't be stable and they wouldn't be protons. But let's say you did. Let's say you took a proton and you made the top cork version of it, whatever you call it, and you make it like top, top bottom, which is the analog of like up, up, down. Number one, it would already be a lot more massive because the corks themselves are much more massive. Like a top cork has the mass of 175 protons, right? So the upcork has the mass of like a thousandths of the proton, and the top cork has the mass of like almost 200 protons. So it's a huge ratio. Nobody understands this, by the way. Why is the top cork so much heavier than the upcork? Nobody knows. It's just this incredible, heavy grand

papa of a particle. Nobody knows why it's so much more massive. If we can take a quick step back, so up and down quirks are different than top and bottom quarks. And what are top and bottom quirks again? Yeah, top and bottom quirks are the heavy versions of them. There are up and down quirks, which we use to make the proton and neutron. And then for some reason that's a mystery to us, there are other heavier versions of them. The charm and the strange are just like the up and the down, but they're heavier. The top and the bottom are just like the up and the down in terms of like electric charges and weak charges and behavior and stuff like this, but even heavier.

And the top and the bottom are like the grandma and grandpa of these things. They're much, much heavier than the up and the down. Okay. And that's why I think Rebecca was asking you about this because they feel like different flavors of the same particle. In fact, we call this field flavor physics because top cork and bottom cork feel like different flavors. And people who study this, we call them heavy flavor physicists, which makes them sound much cooler and hip-hopier than they actually are. That does sound way cool. Yeah.

Yeah. Yeah. Do they have big necklaces and stuff? Yeah. Yeah, boy. No, okay. So if you replace the upcorks with top corks and the down corks with bottom corks, you already, just from the stuff you're made out of, just from the corks,

would increase the mass of this new version of the proton by a factor of hundreds, right? So like a particle made out of a top, top, top bottom would have a mass just from the corks of like 355 protons. And that doesn't even account for the binding. energy, which is most of the mass of the proton. So now this new particle you're building, what would be the binding energy of this thing? How much binding energy is required to bring two top corks and a bottom cork together? We don't know. We can't do that calculation because quantum physics in the strong force is too hard.

Like we can barely calculate what the mass of the proton is. It's like not an easy thing to calculate because the strong force is so strong that every time you try to do a calculation, there's gluons, and there's gluons making more gluon. and those gluons make more gluons, and those gluons stick to each other and interact with each other. It gets very complicated, and all the tricks we can use for other weaker forces don't work because the approximations break down. So we can't make that prediction. I don't know the answer to that. Nobody knows the answer to that. But I can tell you that particle, if you made it, it wouldn't be a proton and it wouldn't be stable, right? Top quarks are not stable. Bottom corks

are not stable. No combinations of these corks are stable except for the proton. And so this top, top, bottom thing that Rebecca wants to build would definitely not be stable. So if you're designing some, like, super massive version of humanity and you made it out of these things, it would last for like 10 to the negative 23 seconds before decayed into something else. Probably you would end up with protons. You know, I got to admit, I misunderstood Rebecca's question initially. So when she senses the proton is made of up and down quirks, which are light, I thought

she was asking if we, instead of having up, up, up down, what if it was all up, up, how would that change the mass? But now, and I thought maybe top was another way of referring to up, because it's, because up, it's on top. But now, now it is all clear. No, top is just another example of particle physicists being brilliant at naming things, you know? Top and bottom is like an analogy to up and down. Don't ask me why Charming Strange are called Charming Strange. It breaks the pattern, but.

I'm sure my confusion with the question reveals how clear you guys are with your naming. You know, there's a whole group of physicists who reject the names top and bottom, and they call them truth. and beauty. And so there's a whole group of people who say, we don't do flavor physics. We do beauty physics. Oh, wow. Do you guys like get really heated? Do guys and gals get really heated at conferences about this kind of stuff? More snide and snarky than heated, but yeah. We're all just human beings after all. All right, Rebecca. So the answer to your question is if you tried to put Rebecca together with top quarks, you would be very, very massive, at least hundreds of times more massive, probably much, much more, and you would also decay very quickly down to Protonic Rebecca.

Sounds like a bad idea, Rebecca. I don't recommend it. No, let us know how it works. I'm curious. Maybe you'll discover something awesome. We don't want to lose a listener. All right, Rebecca, what do you think? Daniel and Kelly, thank you so much for giving me the extra time and your indulgence responding to your answer. Don't think I didn't notice the terminology drift from barrister to lawyer and I know that you have spared yourself having to explain to all of your viewers that in the UK barristers don't actually make coffee. Anyway, back to the quirky court question. Thank you very much, Daniel, for explaining the difference between the ups and the tops and the downs and the bottoms, which now actually makes good sense to me. However, it strikes

me that there is research to be had because it doesn't explain why people gain weight over the winter months, specifically in the holiday season. And I wonder if there is a moment in time, possibly due to reduced photons in the atmosphere at that time of year, that in fact all of the fields do a switcheroo. And my protons are comprised of top. bottom rather than up down. And that accounts for the weight gain. I think that there is money to be had in researching this. What do you think? I'm I'm I Belongoria. And I'm Maite Gomez-R-Guan. And on our podcast, Hungry for History, we mix two of our favorite things, food and history. Ancient Athenian.

used to scratch names onto oyster shells, and they called these Ostercon, to vote politicians into exile. So our word ostracize is related to the word oyster. No way. Bring back the Ostercon. And because we've got a very Micasa is Suu Kasa kind of vibe on our show, friends always stop by. Pretty much every entry into this side of the planet was through the Gulf of Mexico, not

No, of America. No, the America. The Gulf of Mexico, continue to be forever and ever, it blows me away how progressive Mexico was in this moment.

They had land reform, they had labor rights, they had education rights. Mustard seeds were so valuable to the ancient Egyptians that they used to place them in their tombs for the afterlife.

Listen to Hungry for History as part of the My Cultura Podcast Network, available on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Cats are masters at using up their nine lives, like chasing laser pointers into walls

or jumping onto high shelves. But the one thing cats never do, text while driving. So be like a cat and protect your one and only life. Don't text and drive. Don't drive distracted. A message brought to you by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Project Yellow Light, and the Ad Council. What's up everybody?

This is Snacks from the Trap Nerds podcast and we're bringing you the horror every week all October long. Kicking off this month, I'll be bringing you all my greatest fear-inducing horror games from Resident Evil to Silent Hill. Me and Tony Bringing Back Fire Team on Left for Dead 2. And we're just going to be going over some of the greats. Also in October, we'll be talking about our favorite horror and Halloween movie and figure out why black people always got to die first. The umbral reliquary invites any and all fooling, brave enough to peruse its many curiosities. But take heed, all sales are final. Weekly horror side quests written and narrated by yours truly.

With a full episode read and a commentary special. And we will cap it off with horror movie battle royale. Jason versus Freddie. Michael Myers versus the 80 thing with the little tongue muster. October, we're doing it Halloween style. Listen to the Trave nurse podcast. from the Black Effect Podcast Network on the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

or wherever you get your podcasts. I'm Jonathan Goldstein, and on the new season of heavyweight, I help a centenarian mend a broken heart. How can a 101-year-old woman fall in love again? And I help a man atone for an armed robbery he committed at 14 years old. And so I pointed the gun at him and said this isn't a joke. and he got down

and I remember feeling kind of a surge of like okay, this is power. Plus, my old friend Gregor and his brother tried to solve my problems through hypnotism. We could give you a whole brand new thing

where you're like super charming all the time. Being more able to look to people in the eye. Not always hide behind a microphone. Listen to heavyweight on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. All right. So your next question is from Robert, who noted that on an episode, I made a mistake by joking about something that actually happens. Let's hear Robert's question. Hello. In one of the podcasts from past few months, Kelly made a random side comment about how it would be cool. If eating carrots turned you orange, which, as it turns out, I actually,

does. I don't really understand how, though. So I'd love it if you could look into Y and do some sort of segment about keratinemia, beta keratines, and all of that. Thanks. All right, Kelly, being called out by our audience, I wonder if this is a physics-inspired listener. That would be juicy. I don't know, but I would like all listeners to call me out, at least. I assume you'd like us both to be called out. If you catch us making a mistake, please correct us. We want to get this stuff right. And you know, lots of times knowledge is moving quickly and we might not be all caught up. But in this case, this is something that I got wrong. We've known this for a long time. I think I knew it, but I've since forgotten. And so... Well, let's dig in and marinate in

your wrongness. What exactly did you say? And exactly how was it wrong? This is my favorite thing to do. So, so I said, I think I made some joke about like, wouldn't it be funny if you turned orange when you ate carrots. And this is called carotanemia. And it's not called carotanemia because you ate carrots. It's called keratinemia because of the carotene that you find in a lot of different kinds of fruits and veggies. And are carrots called carrots because of beta carotene? Or is it just a totally random connection?

I'm going to bet that carrots had a name long before we knew what carotene was. Well, Google tells me that the word originates from a. Greek word, which is derived from an Indo-European word for horn or head. So it has to do with the shape of the top of the carrot. Okay. Well, and carrot teen is not spelled C-A-R-R-O-T-E. It's just got one R. So maybe it's just a coincidence. So anyway, around World War I and World War II, actually, keratinemia, I'm going to slow down and stumble every time I have to say it, was actually moderately common because there were some food shortages and lots of people kept eating large quantities of the same fruits or veggies. And lots of different kinds of fruits and vegetables,

not just carrots, have carotene in them. What's an example of something that's not a carrot, but has a lot of beta carotene in it? Apricots, mangoes, oranges, green beans, etc. Lots of different fruits and vegetables have it. So these were all sort of orangey stuff until you got the green beans. Yeah, they don't have to be orange. And if you remember, we were talking about carotenoids when we were talking about flamingos, and we were talking about how flamingos extract the carotenoids from the food that they eat, and they use that to make themselves pink. And they're not always eating pink foods. It has to do with how your body sort of converts and deals with these products. And so in our body, when we consume carotenoids, in our liver,

we convert some of those carotenoids into vitamin A using a particular kind of enzyme that we have. And then we go ahead and we use that vitamin A to help us with things like vision and the functioning of our immune system. But if you have too much vitamin A, it can be toxic. So no matter how much beta-carotene we consume, our bodies only convert a small amount of it to vitamin A. Is that because we only need a certain amount of vitamin A? Our body's not capable of converting more? Or why is it rejected? We only need a certain amount.

And if you have too much, it becomes toxic. And so our body sort of protects us from that toxicity by only can't. converting some amount of it. Well, that's clever. Into vitamin A. Yeah, go us. Go us. But our body still has it, and it binds to fat. And if you accumulate enough of it, sometimes you can actually see those accumulations in our hands and in the souls of our feet.

So when you get keratinemia, carotenemia, see how fast I said it? I'm really good. So when you get keratinemia, you mostly can see like a yellowish tint in your souls and in your hands, you don't tend to get it in your eyes because your eyes don't have the right kind of stuff for the carotenoids to bind to. And this is one of the ways that you tell the difference between if somebody has jaundice, which is a liver problem versus keratinemia. If their eyes aren't yellow, they probably don't have jaundice. But anyway, so it tends to build up. And you could also get lycopenia, which is when you have too many tomatoes, which has a different

kind of carotenoid called lycopene. I eat a lot of tomatoes. Which, uh, yeah, Well, are you yellow? Everyone's a little yellow, right? Well, you're not noticeably yellow, and you don't have yellow hands. So you probably haven't eaten too much. In general, this condition isn't dangerous. And, you know, we think that in general, like, if you become orange or yellowy, the solution is to just change your diet, stop eating that stuff.

Eventually, your body will extract the carotene and you will go back to your normal tone. But I did find a paper that said, you know, this problem is almost, never associated with poor health. Quote, however, a man who allegedly ate six to seven pounds of carrots weekly was found to have constipation, hypercarotanemia, increased liver enzymes, and possible vitamin A toxicity. So you can overdo it, guys. Your body tries to save us, but if you're eating six to seven pounds of carrots weekly, you might have some problems.

Is this a carrot farmer, or what's a story with this guy? I don't, that's all I could find. I don't know, man. Moderation is key. That's right. That's right. Throw in some tomatoes, dude. That's right. Have a little lecopenia to go with your keratinemia. Wow, this is fascinating. And so can people Google to get like pictures of people with keratinemia that look crazy orange? Is it impressive or is it sort of underwhelming? It's kind of underwhelming, not super impressive. And that's a fairly safe Google search as far as I can tell. I don't remember seeing anything. More than pinworms, I'm guessing.

Yeah, yeah, I don't recommend actually looking up pinworms, pictures of pinworms. But anyway, that's the answer that I have for Robert. And so is there anything else that if you eat it, you will turn that color? Can I turn purple by eating enough eggplant? I don't know about eggplant in particular, but any of those plants, be they fruit or vegetables, that have a lot of carotenoids, you risk your body storing them in your in your body as something that will make you yellowy. Well, as a kid, I enjoyed having a blue tongue after eating blueberries.

There's something really cool about that, but like you are what you eat and you get that color. That's super cool. Yeah. So it's kind of cool to like turn orange after eating carrots. It feels like cartoony biology, but real. It does. Yeah.

And I like that you can do this without harming yourself too much. Yeah, yeah. And it is so sort of counterintuitive that if you eat too many green beans, you could turn yellow or orange, but it is weird. Yeah. Well, it depends, right, because it's biology. That's right. That's right.

But unlike physics, I had a clear answer. And so let's see what Robert thinks of our clear answer. And Robert, pick a team, biology or physics. No, I'm just kidding. You don't have to do that. Can't we all just get along? You started it. I say after tossing so many balls.

That's right. That is super interesting. I would not have expected it to be a lipid binding process. I wonder if that means if a person got liposuction procedure, if the adipose would also come out more yellowish. Super cool regardless, though. Thank you so much for exploring my question. And as my degrees are social work, psychology, and sexuality,

I'm going to have to abstain from your biology and physics rivalry. I think all science is great. Nothing more human than one to understand. All right. Thank you, Robert, for writing in. And thanks to everybody who sends in your questions. We really do love hearing from you. Write to us questions at danielandkelly.org.

forward to hearing your questions. Thanks. Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe is produced by IHeart Radio. We would love to hear from you. We really would. We want to know what questions you have about this extraordinary universe. We want to know your thoughts on recent shows, suggestions for future shows. If you contact us, we will get back to you. We really mean it. We answer every message. Email us at question. Questions at Danielandkelly.org. Or you can find us on social media. We have accounts on X, Instagram, Blue Sky,

and on all of those platforms, you can find us at D&K Universe. Don't be shy. Write to us. I'm Jonathan Goldstein, and on the new season of heavyweight. And so I pointed the gun at him and said this isn't a joke. A man who robbed a bank when he was 14 years old. And a centenarian rediscovers a love. lost 80 years ago. How can a 101-year-old woman fall in love again?

Listen to Heavyweight on the I-Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. What's up, everybody, it's snacks from the trap nerds and all October long. We're bringing you the horror. Boogitty, boogity, boogity, we're kicking off this month with some of my best horror games to keep you terrified. Then we'll be talking about our favorite horror in Halloween movies and figuring out while black people always die further. And it's the return of Tony's horror show. Side quest written and narrated by yours truly.

We'll also be doing a full episode reading with commentary. And we'll cap it off with a horror movie Battle Royale. Open your free IHard radio app and search trap nurse podcasts. And listen now. I'm I'm Yvalongoria. And I'm Maitego Mezrejoin. And this week on our podcast, Hungry for History, we talk oysters plus the Mianbi chief stops by. If you're not an oyster lover, don't even talk to me.

Ancient Athenians, you. to scratch names onto oyster shells to vote politicians into exile. So our word ostracize is related to the word oyster. No way. Bring back the OsterCon. Listen to Hungry for History on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Welcome to Decoding Women's Health. I'm Dr. Elizabeth Pointer, chair of Women's Health and Gynecology at the Atria Health

Health Institute in New York City. I'll be talking to top researchers and clinicians. and bringing vital information about midlife women's health directly to you. 100% of women go through menopause. Even if it's natural, why should we suffer through it? Listen to Decoding Women's Health with Dr. Elizabeth Pointer on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. This is an IHeart podcast.