Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe - What's the smallest piece of matter? Is there one?

Episode Date: October 16, 2018

How dark matter was discovered, and what it might be Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.comSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This is an I-Heart podcast. December 29th, 1975, LaGuardia Airport. The holiday rush, parents hauling luggage, kids gripping their new Christmas toys. Then, everything changed. There's been a bombing at the TWA terminal. Just a chaotic, chaotic scene. In its wake, a new kind of enemy emerged, terrorism. Listen to the new season of Law and Order Criminal Justice System

On the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. My boyfriend's professor is way too friendly, and now I'm seriously suspicious. Wait a minute, Sam. Maybe her boyfriend's just looking for extra credit. Well, Dakota, luckily, it's back to school week on the OK Storytime podcast, so we'll find out soon. This person writes, my boyfriend's been hanging out with his young professor a lot. He doesn't think it's a problem, but I don't trust her. Now he's insisting we get to know each other, but I just want or gone. Hold up. Isn't that against school policy? That seems inappropriate.

Maybe find out how it ends by listening to the OK Storytime podcast on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Every case that is a cold case that has DNA. Right now in a backlog will be identified in our lifetime. On the new podcast, America's Crime Lab, every case has a story to tell. And the DNA holds the truth. He never thought he was going to get caught. And I just looked at my computer screen. I was just like, ah, gotcha.

This technology is already solving so many cases. Listen to America's Crime Lab on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Pretty much all the stuff that we're made out of me and you and cats are made out of corks and electrons. Well, cats are made out of something strange. though, right? Yeah, some people suspect cats come from another dimension. And that would explain a lot. Yeah.

But so far, everything that we've ever interacted with, like all the history of science, everything we've been studying for hundreds of years, has only studied stuff that's made out of corks and electrons. And so for a long time, we thought, well, maybe everything's made out of corks and electrons, right? We've never seen anything else. Hi, I'm Daniel. And I'm Jorge. And this is Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe.

Today, we're going to talk about dark matter. What is dark matter anyway? How dark is it? Does it really matter? I mean, who cares, right? Well, hopefully they care because they clicked on the podcast. Well, dark matter certainly matters. to us. And so today we're talking about all the interesting things about dark matter, all the

mysteries and amazing facts that we've known and don't know about dark matter. So what do you think dark matter is? We went out in the street and we asked people what they thought. Here's what they had to say. Uh, I don't remember. It's like black holes, right? And stuff like that. Lava? I don't know. I'm thinking it's like this dark mass that I have no idea what's in it, but it's just a dark mask. Cool. Wow. People have some pretty interesting ideas about what dark matter is and what dark matter isn't. So I think it's pretty good that we're going through this to explain all the details of dark matter.

Yeah, and it's interesting that most people seem to have heard of it, but people sort of don't quite have a good grasp of it. Well, I think there's also a lot of abuse of the phrase dark matter. You see it in science fiction. It's the title of several albums and bands that have nothing to do with dark matter. So it sort of entered like the poplar lexicon without really carrying along with the popsicles. I would like a dark matter popsicle. What would that even taste like? It's entered the popular lexicon without sort of caring along with it what it actually means. So it's this phrase which exists in the language and has been stripped of scientific meaning and lots of content.

I know that I've read a lot of science fiction novels that talk about dark matter, titled dark matter and have nothing to do with dark matter. Right. It's just two words that are tailor made for like science fiction, right? Dark and like matter, you know. It's a great triumph. It's a great triumph of marketing, right? It's an awesome-sounding theory. Yeah, yeah. Secure those jobs for those physicists.

That's right. That's how we get paid, yeah, coming up with cool names for theories. Well, we came up with a list of the four things you should know about dark matter. And the first thing you should know about dark matter is that it's a different kind of matter than what you and me and Daniel are made out of. So, Daniel, what does that mean that it's a different kind of matter? That's a great question.

Well, to answer that, we really have to think for a moment about what we're made out of, right? I'm made out of particles, you're made out of particles, this chair I'm sitting on is meeting out of particles. Everything we know pretty much is made out of particles. Like particles like atoms? Yeah, particles inside atoms. So you have the molecules your body's made out of, and those are made out of atoms like hydrogen and lithium. and that kind of crazy stuff. Right.

And inside those are smaller particles, protons and neutrons and electrons. And inside those drilling down even further are quarks. Everything in the universe, everything out there that we've seen is made out of these things, quarks and electrons. That's exactly right. That's right. It's the stuff we can see. And what can we see? Where we can see stuff that sends us light, like stars.

We can see stuff that reflects light, like gas. and dust and stuff like that that reflects light from other stars like the moon, right? The moon doesn't give off its own light. It doesn't shine, but we see it in the sky because it reflects the light from the sun. So it's something that we can see. It's a kind of matter we know, we understand it, we can think about. The earth, everything is made out of these three things, but dark matter is something different. Right.

Dark matter is something else. It's a different kind of matter. It's not made out of quarks and electrons. And there are even other weird kind of quarks that we've just. discovered, like, by smashing particles together. And we know dark matter's not made out of any of those. It's not made of any kind of quarks or even weird kind of electrons. It's something else, something different, something new.

And we don't know what that is. We don't know what that is at all. We don't know if it's another kind of particle. We don't know if it's a weird new kind of matter that's not made out of particles. We don't know if it's something we haven't even imagined yet. That's my personal fantasy is. I hope that when we do figure out what dark matter is, totally blows our minds and turns out to be something

that even science fiction writers had never thought of. That would be my favorite scenario. So it's something that's made out of something entirely different than us, but there's a lot of it. And that's the second thing you should know about, we wrote down you should know about dark matter, which is that there's a ton of it in the universe and it's all around us.

That's right. Dark matter is everywhere. So people talk about dark matter like, oh, it's this weird stuff out in space or these other galaxies have dark matter. But dark matter is all around us There's a huge blob of it In the center of our galaxy

And then there's a big diffuse cloud of it That envelops the entire galaxy And pretty much every galaxy out there Dark matter is matter It's stuff, right? And when we say it's matter We mean that it feels gravity And that's actually how we figured out

That it's there after all Dark matter is something that feels gravity But wait back up a second So it's like there's blobs Of it floating out in space Is that kind of what we know about dark matter? Like it floats and blobs? Dark matter definitely forms blobs because it feels gravity.

And like anything else, things that feel gravity are going to slowly accumulate and pull themselves together. So just like normal matter, you know, the gas and the dust pulled themselves together to form stars and galaxies, dark matter also pulls itself together and form these big blobs. So those blobs aren't like out there in space. They're on top of us. They're here with us. If you lift up your hand right now and wave it all around, you're passing through a huge blob of dark matter that's there in your living room or kitchen or car or wherever you happen to be.

It's like in the air around us? What does that mean? Like it's in the space between regular particles? It's here with us, and there's a lot of space between particles. Particles are super duper, duper tiny. And if you don't feel a force that the particles are pushing back on you with, and you can't even tell that they're there. There's lots of examples of that.

For example, there's a lot of neutrinos that pass right through your body all the time. There's 100 billion neutrinos pass through your fingernail every second. You can't feel them, and they just zip right through and don't even notice you. And the reason is that they don't have any way to talk to you. So if you can't communicate with them, you can't, there's no way for you to push them or pull them or for them to push you or pull you. You can't even tell they're there. You just walk right through them the way you walk through an empty room. So you're saying we're sort of swimming in dark matter.

Absolutely. We're almost drowning in it. We're drowning in because there's more dark matter than normal matter. So the room that you're sitting in has five times as much dark matter as it has air in it, for example. It's 5% of all the energy in the universe is normal stuff. And then something like 27% is dark matter. So it's like, you know, one sixth of all the stuff that's in the universe, of all the matter that's in the universe is what we used to call.

call normal matter. And the rest of it is dark matter. And that's mind-blowing to discover that what you thought was typical, what you thought was normal, what you thought, you know, was the basic unit of the universe turns out to be a little extra bit. You know, it's like we've been eating the frosting and ignoring the cake, right? Or we've been like focusing on the tail and ignoring the whole elephant. I have so many questions for you. But before we dive in, let's take a short break. My boyfriend's professor is way too friendly, and now I'm seriously suspicious. Oh, wait a minute, Sam. Maybe her boyfriend's just looking for extra credit. Well, Dakota, it's back to school week on the OK Storytime podcast, so we'll find out soon.

This person writes, my boyfriend has been hanging out with his young professor a lot. He doesn't think it's a problem, but I don't trust her. Now, he's insisting we get to know each other, but I just want her gone. Now, hold up. Isn't that against school policy? That sounds totally inappropriate. Well, according to this person, this is her boyfriend's former professor, and they're the same And it's even more likely that they're cheating. He insists there's nothing between them. I mean, do you believe him?

Well, he's certainly trying to get this person to believe him because he now wants them both to meet. So, do we find out if this person's boyfriend really cheated with his professor or not? To hear the explosive finale, listen to the OK Storytime podcast on the Iheart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast. December 29th, 1975, LaGuardia Airport. The holiday rush. Parents hauling luggage, kids gripping their new Christmas toys. Then, at 6.33 p.m., everything changed. There's been a bombing at the TWA terminal.

Apparently, the explosion actually impelled metal glass. The injured were being loaded into ambulances. Just a chaotic, chaotic scene. In its wake, a new kind of enemy emerged, and it was here to stay. Terrorism. Law and order criminal justice system is back. In season two, we're turning our focus to a threat that hides in plain sight. That's harder to predict and even harder to stop.

Listen to the new season of Law and Order Criminal Justice System on the IHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. A foot washed up a shoe with some bones in it. They had no idea who it was. Most everything was burned up pretty good from the fire that not a whole lot was salvageable. These are the coldest of cold cases, but everything is about to change. Every case that is a cold case that has DNA right now in a backlog will be identified in our lifetime. A small lab in Texas is cracking the code on DNA. Using new scientific tools, they're finding clues in evidence so tiny you might just miss it.

He never thought he was going to get caught. And I just looked at my computer screen. I was just like, ah, got you. On America's Crime Lab, we'll learn about victims and survivors. And you'll meet the team behind the scenes at Othrum, the Houston Lab that takes on the most hopeless cases to finally solve the unsolvable. Listen to America's Crime Lab on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

or wherever you get your podcasts. So dark matter doesn't feel electromagnetism. And we know that because we know it's there, but we don't see it, right? That's what we mean by see it. Okay. So that's why it's called dark, right? Like it's, you can't see it. Exactly.

That's just what we mean by dark. Like that awesome marketing campaign of dark matter. That's the concept behind dark. Dark meaning we don't see it or feel it. Like light just passes right by it, doesn't care? That's right. But then you might wonder, like, well, if we can't interact with it at all, how could we possibly know it's there, right? If you can't feel it or see it any way, is it not just some fantasy, some speculation, some...

And like, why should we care? Like, if we can't see it or touch it, why is it important to the universe? That's right. And so there is one way we can interact with dark matter, and that's through gravity. Dark matter is, and that's the matter part of it, right? Dark meaning we can't see it, matter meaning it has stuff. to it, has gravity. So we know that it's matter.

We know it's made of something. And it does have gravity. That's what, so matter is kind of defined as stuff that feels gravity and has mass? Yeah, exactly. That's what makes matter matter, is that it has some stuff to it, some mass to it. Okay. And anything that has mass to it is going to feel gravity. Okay.

It's true that we can't feel or see dark matter because it doesn't have any electromagnetism, but it does have gravity. And so we can detect it, but because gravity is so weak, it takes enormous amounts of dark matter for us to notice. So we're kind of lucky, actually, that there's so much darkness. Like even if there's a blob of dark matter right in front of me, I know I can't see it or touch it because it doesn't feel electromagnetic forces. But I know that you're telling me that I have like a gravity relationship with this blob, right?

But it's super weak. I don't even feel the gravity from this blob. there's definitely gravity between you and that room full of dark matter. And depending on what your mass is, we don't have to say on the podcast where your masses are head. Even if you were a super massive guy

who never left the house. Or massively cool, right? Or just massively funny. And that's not weird, right? Like I have a gravity relationship with the air around me. I have a gravity relationship with the microphone in front of me,

with the table in front of me, with the car when I'm driving. but you just don't really feel that gravity relationship, right? That's right. You can't tell. It's drowned out by everything else in your life, and so you don't even notice. Right. So you can act like there's no gravitational force between you and the chair in front of you,

because it's almost true. It's only like with the entire Earth that I feel that gravity relationship, right? That's the one that pulls me down. That's right. And it takes a huge blob of stuff the size of the Earth for you to even notice. Oh, okay. So dark matter is a different kind of matter. There's a ton of it in the universe.

It's all around this. We can't see it because it doesn't feel electromagnetic forces. We can't touch it also because of that. But it does feel gravity. So how do we know that it was there? Like if we can't see it or touch it, how did we figure that out? Yeah. It took people a while before they really accepted the dark matter was a thing.

And it's a fun story because it started with just a discrepancy. what they were doing was they were checking to see if they understood how galaxies spin so our galaxy, you know, we are in a solar system and a solar system is part of a big group of stars called a galaxy that all spins around and our galaxy is called the Milky Way and there's lots of galaxies in the universe,

trillions, even more than that probably. And we can look out into the sky and we can see other galaxies also spinning. Okay. And you can think of a galaxy sort of the way you think about like a America round. If you have a merry-go-round and you put a bunch of ping-pong balls on it and you spin it, what's going to happen?

The ping-fong balls will fly off. That's right? Yeah, they'll shoot out and hit your sister in the face. And then you get grounded, and that's a different podcast, right? And those are some dark matters. And so what happens with a galaxy? Well, in the case of a galaxy, it's got a bunch of stars in it, and the galaxy is spinning.

So why don't the stars get thrown out into intergalactic space all the time the way the ping pong balls might from America around. Right. So galaxies are spinning. There's stars in it. Why don't the stars just, like, spill out? That's right. When did they get tossed out?

And the answer is gravity. The galaxy has a lot of gravity from all those stars and the black hole in the center and all that stuff. And that gravity holds the stars in place. Like keeps everything in orbit. That's right. Yeah. It pulls it together and keeps stuff from getting thrown out.

So some grad student went out to check this, and they got a crazy result. And the result is that these galaxies are spinning way, way, way too fast. There's no way that the amount of stuff that we see in those galaxies is providing enough gravity to hold the galaxies together. Okay, something else had to be there, right? That's right, because the stars are not getting thrown into space, right? The galaxies are getting held together.

So, you know, first time you have a crazy result, there's a lot of explanations people come up with. And so the simplest explanation in some sense is, well, there's some kind of, you know, of gravity that's from something we can't see. So let's invent a new kind of stuff. It has to be dark because we can't see it. It has to be matter because it's giving us gravity. So we'll come up with a cool name for this new thing, call it dark matter. Wow. And that sounds like a simple explanation, but on the other hand, it's not because there's not a tiny amount of stuff you have to add to these galaxies, right? They're spinning way too fast. And that's how we know that there's a

ton of dark matter. Because to get enough gravity to hold these galaxies together, you have to multiply the amount of stuff you can see by a factor of five, right? That's a lot. Yeah, it tells you that what you see of the galaxy is not most of the galaxy. You know, you're looking at the galactic toenails or, you know, they're just the galactic fingertips or something. Most of the galaxy is something else, right? Right, right. The milky toes of the universe. The milky toast. And so for a long time, people didn't accept that, and there were other ideas. People thought, well, that's crazy, because you can't just say, oh, my experiment didn't work.

Maybe the universe is filled with this new kind of stuff that nobody's ever seen before, and there's a huge amount of it, and it's everywhere. Right, right? It's sort of a convenient and crazy explanation. Remember, in science, we like simple explanations, right? We want the simplest set of ideas that explain everything we see. So that was, yeah. Yeah, so that was the mindset, right? I was like, okay, we know, we think we know the universe.

Let's check to see if the galaxies are spinning as they should. But they found that they're spinning too fast. And the only explanation someone could come up with was like, maybe there's invisible gravity stuff in these galaxies. That's like five times heavier than all of those stars. That's right. That was the idea of dark matter. There actually were other explanations.

that lived for a little while, and recently they died because they were ruled out by other experiments. Since then, we're pretty sure that dark matter is a thing. And one way that we were able to figure out that dark matter is there, and it's not just a misunderstanding of the way gravity works, is that we found a few other ways to spot it. So they're almost all gravitational, but there are other ways to spot it that tell us

that would give different results if it was actually dark matter or this other weird kind of theory about gravity. And I want to talk about that some more, but first, let's take a quick break. My boyfriend's professor is way too friendly, and now I'm seriously suspicious. Oh, wait a minute, Sam. Maybe her boyfriend's just looking for extra credit.

Well, Dakota, it's back to school week on the OK Storytime podcast, so we'll find out soon. This person writes, My boyfriend has been hanging out with his young professor a lot. He doesn't think it's a problem, but I don't trust her. Now he's insisting we get to know each other. but I just want her gone.

Now hold up, isn't that against school policy? That sounds totally inappropriate. Well, according to this person, this is her boyfriend's former professor and they're the same age. It's even more likely that they're cheating. He insists there's nothing between them. I mean, do you believe him? Well, he's certainly trying to get this person to believe him because he now wants them both to meet. So, do we find out if this person's boyfriend really cheated with his professor or not?

To hear the explosive finale, listen to the OK Storytime podcast on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast. December 29th, 1975, LaGuardia Airport. The holiday rush, parents hauling luggage, kids gripping their new Christmas toys. Then, at 6.33 p.m., everything changed. There's been a bombing at the TWA terminal. Apparently, the explosion actually impelled metal, glass. The injured were being loaded. into ambulances, just a chaotic, chaotic scene.

In its wake, a new kind of enemy emerged, and it was here to stay. Terrorism. Law and Order Criminal Justice System is back. In Season 2, we're turning our focus to a threat that hides in plain sight. That's harder to predict and even harder to stop. Listen to the new season of Law and Order Criminal Justice System on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. A foot washed up a shoe with some bones in it.

They had no idea who it was. Most everything was burned up pretty good from the fire that not a whole lot was salvageable. These are the coldest of cold cases, but everything is about to change. Every case that is a cold case that has DNA. Right now in a backlog will be identified in our lifetime. lab in Texas is cracking the code on DNA. Using new scientific tools, they're finding clues in evidence so tiny you might just miss it. He never thought he was going to get caught, and I just looked at my computer screen. I was just like, ah, gotcha. On America's Crime Lab,

we'll learn about victims and survivors, and you'll meet the team behind the scenes at Othrum, the Houston Lab that takes on the most hopeless cases, to finally solve the unsolvable. Listen to America's Crime Lab on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. So one way is called gravitational lensing, and that's when dark matter in the sky bends the light and gives these crazy optical effects. And that's one way we can tell where dark matter is. It's in the blob here. It's in a blob there. It makes these cool distortions in the sky.

Because it has gravity and it, like, not just pulls the stars and planets around it, but it also bends light around it because we know that's what gravity does, right? Yeah, because that's what matter does. All matter has gravity, and dark matter can bend the space because it has gravity. So it acts like a cosmic lens in the sky. It's totally mind-blowing, and everybody out there should Google gravitational lensing and see those images because they're gorgeous. Cool.

And then the other way that we know that it's definitely there. through gravity is, what's the other thing? Yeah, the other thing was this amazing event that happened very far away, a long, long time ago, when two clusters of galaxies smashed into each other. And every cluster of galaxies has both normal matter, like me and you, and gas and dust, and also dark matter. So when they smash into each other, the normal matter smashes and creates explosions and gives off light, we can see that. But the dark matter passed right through to the other side.

Right. And we can see the dark matter there because of the gravitational lensing. So the dark matter got separated from some of the normal matter, and we can see its gravitational effects on its own. And that now is the key to knowing that dark matter really is its own thing with its own gravity. It's not just a misunderstanding of the way gravity works, right? Because if that were the case, you wouldn't be able to separate this new gravity from the old gravity. Right.

But because you can, because you can say, oh, here's this dark matter separated from all that gas in the dust. We can see it has its own gravity. It must be its own thing. So that tells us there's a lot of dark matter. It's out there. We can see it kind of through gravity, but not directly. But it doesn't really tell us that much more about dark matter. Why do physicists care about dark matter?

Like, why is it important? Why is it cool and interesting? Well, we want to make awesome sunglasses, of course. That's the number one goal of all pieces. How would you make dark matter sunglasses? That would be pretty easy. easy. Yeah, well, you definitely protect your eyes against dark matter for sure. No, it just comes out of a desire to understand. You know, we look at the world around us. We want to know, well, how

does this all put together? You know, what is the principle that organizes this? Right. And part of it is a desire to build new kinds of stuff. I mean, if you understand the world around you, then you know how to manipulate it and use it and build transistors and all sorts of cool stuff. Right. So there's thousands of applications as soon as you understand how matter works. But there's also just that core curiosity. We're like, you know, five dots away from being able to connect dark matter with anything specifically that's useful. But every time we found something new about the universe, some surprise, something crazy, something new, it's always led to, you know, economic revolutions or technological revolutions or even just intellectual revolutions. I mean, if you

find out that the universe works in a way different from what you expected, it changes the way you think about your life and the whole human experience. I mean, it's not just a little bit. It's like, we're the minority in the universe. You know, like we're not even the center of gravity of the universe by any means, right? That's right. If there was an election, we would definitely not have any representatives. But yeah, that's wild to know, right? Like we're not the most kind of stuff in the universe.

And so that's why dark matter is important. It's like that's the bigger chunk of the universe. And so it kind of affects the way we know how things happen. Yeah. And it's responsible for the basic structure of the universe. We've done simulations, for example, we say, what would the universe look like if there hadn't been any dark matter? We run those simulations forward, and 14 billion years in, you don't have any galaxies.

Really? And the reason is that, yeah, you don't have dark matter pulling together normal matter and compressing it. No, we wouldn't be here at all. The universe would be much more diffuse and boring. We wouldn't have any podcasts at all. That's not to say like dark matter is the reason for creation or is more important than us. I mean, we don't really know what it is at all. It could be totally boring and sterile

and just a bunch of little particles that are kind of aloof and ignore us all. Right. It could be something more interesting, though. So dark matter, it's a different kind of stuff of matter than us. We were made out of quarks and electrons. Dark matter is maybe made out of something different that is not quite the same thing as we were made out of.

Right, and it could be particles. It could not be particles. Whoa. it could be stuff it could be some new kind of stuff how other stuff works so it's different in us there's a ton of it in the universe

there's five times more dark matter than regular matter and it's all around this it's like it's almost on top of us you know we're in it and it's inside us it's everywhere and passing through us and you're waving your arms through it right now feel that dark matter

yeah feel it it's inside of you it's been inside of you all along Whoa, that sounds a little inappropriate No, it's like courage, you know, it's like courage or wisdom summon the dark matter within you sort of thing? Yeah, okay, yeah.

It could be like complex stuff, right? Dark matter could be interesting and complex and have different kinds of properties to it, right? That's right, because there could be other checkboxes. We talked about, you know, the strong and the weak force and electromagnetism and Those are the four forces we know, but there could be a fifth force that only dark matter feels, and it feels it with itself.

It's easy to say, well, the simplest idea is dark matter is all just one particle. And that's a simple idea, and we like to start with simple ideas to see if they work first. It's just like a weird homogenous blog. Yeah. But, you know, look at the 5% of the universe we've studied. It's not just one kind of particle. It's a bunch of different kind of particles, and it's complicated and interesting. Right.

So there's no real reason to expect that dark matter is different. It could be even more complicated. Wow. And that's assuming, remember, that dark matter is a particle. We have actually no evidence whatsoever proving that dark matter is a particle. All the normal matter we've ever seen is made out of particles. And that's the assumption we're using to say, well, probably dark matter is also made out of particles. But that's like saying, I've only ever seen the tail of the elephant, so the rest of the elephant must also be tails, right?

It's all tails. It's all the way down. It sort of falls apart. And it's a good way to start, you know, but I'm hoping. that we discover the dark matter is something else, something weird, some different kind of matters. It just sort of expands our minds out of our current way of thinking into some new direction where we consider possibilities we hadn't even considered before. Do you have a question you wish we would cover? Send it to us. We'd love to hear from you. You can

find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge, one word, or email us to feedback at Danielandhorpe.com. December 29th, 1975, LaGuardia Airport. The holiday rush, parents hauling luggage,

kids gripping their new Christmas toys, then, Everything changed. There's been a bombing at the TWA terminal, just a chaotic, chaotic scene. In its wake, a new kind of enemy emerged, terrorism. Listen to the new season of Law and Order Criminal Justice System on the IHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. My boyfriend's professor is way too friendly, and now I'm seriously suspicious. Wait a minute, Sam. Maybe her boyfriend's just looking for extra credit.

Well, Dakota, luckily, it's back to school week on the OK Storytime podcast, so we'll find out soon. This person writes, my boyfriend's been hanging out with his young professor a lot. He doesn't think it's a problem, but I don't trust her. Now, he's insisting we get to know each other, but I just want her gone. Hold up. Isn't that against school policy? That seems inappropriate. Maybe find out how it ends by listening to the OK Storytime podcast on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Every case that is a cold case that has DNA right now and a lot. backlog will be identified in our lifetime.

On the new podcast, America's Crime Lab, every case has a story to tell, and the DNA holds the truth. He never thought he was going to get caught, and I just looked at my computer screen. I was just like, ah, gotcha. This technology's already solving so many cases. Listen to America's Crime Lab on the IHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. This is an IHeart podcast.

Thank you.