Doomed to Fail - Ep 78 - Ditka's Inferno: The Great Chicago Fire

Episode Date: January 17, 2024

Picture it - Chicago, 1871 - it's dry, windy, and everything is made of wood (sound familiar?). Chicago's small force of firemen are exhausted from battling a fire at a lumber yard next to a cardboard box factory - if you put that in a movie people would think you made it up! Then, around 8 pm one dry October night, there's a fire in the O'Leary barn. A cow probably didn't do it... probably.Learn more about the Great Chicago Fire with us! Episode up now! Chicago's Great Fire: The Destruction and Resurrection of an Iconic American City: Smith, Carlhttps://www.weather.gov/grb/peshtigofireChicago Symphony’s conductor-to-be Theodore Thomas and the Great Firehttps://graphics.suntimes.com/great-chicago-fire/ Join our Founders Club on Patreon to get ad-free episodes for life! patreon.com/DoomedtoFailPodWe would love to hear from you! Please follow along! Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/doomedtofailpod/  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/doomedtofailpod  Youtube:  https://www.youtube.com/@doomedtofailpod TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@doomed.to.fail.pod Email: [e-mail] 

It's a matter of the people of the state of California versus Hortonthal James Simpson, case number B.A.019. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country. Welcome back, Taylor. Welcome back first. On this chilly, chilly cold Wednesday in Oakland. It's true. No, we shouldn't be too bad.

I'm pretty, so wait, so how long are you there for a day? Just a day, yeah, like one night. Yeah. Yeah, it's on my list of things of like I have my, I have like so many like cities on my weather app. I'm looking at it now because like everywhere everyone I know lives. Oh my God. My brother lives in Spokane at seven right now.

We've got Baltimore snowing, Austin 25 windchill advisory and three more advisories. Yeah, yeah. Hard freeze. Oh, Thursday is going to be 67. 60, wait, where? Austin. Wait, when?

Thursday. Oh, that's awesome. Okay. Yeah. Yeah, so you're going to get through it. All right. So it's only a few days. We got to bunker down. Yeah. Good. Good. Great. So we are on to your story today. And per usual, I'm going to go ahead to do an introduction.

We're doomed to fail. We are going to have a fun podcast today about a topic that I'm going to guess that Taylor's is going to be. clues for, which I don't know because we don't share each other's detailed before we record the podcast. I'll stop talking like that. Can you give me a clue? It's a continuation of a series that I guess I started earlier this year. Volcanoes. No, we finished volcanoes. We're done. We printed out that diploma. Oh, yeah, that's right. And we released the Omnibus. Yeah, yeah. The continuation of something you started. I don't know. The fire. Oh, wait, the fire? Yeah, it's a fire.

Okay, sweet. Which fire? The one in Chicago. The Great Chicago Fire. The Great Chicago Fire. Yes, I also want to say, so we're going to talk about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. And I also wanted to say Chicago, like that, like Chicago. And Lindsey, my cousin Lindsay, that's what your mom sounds like.

Lindsay's mom is like, I'm from Chicago. It's great. She's the best. I love that. I love the Midwestern accent. Me too. They're so cute. So, yeah, the great Chicago fire.

We talked about the Great Fire of London in 1666. So let's talk about the Great Chicago Fire. My friend Agnes emailed and was like, you're going to do that, right? And I'm like, yes. Obviously, I grew up in Chicago. So my Chicago friends were like, let's do it. So, okay, you ready? I'm in.

Let's do it. Did you ever read The Jungle when you were in school, Fars? Upton's and Claire. You're going to be shocked to know that I did not, but I am very, very, very. I'm familiar with it. What are you familiar about it? The hoard meat. Yeah.

But you know what it is actually what's supposed to be about? The Chicago Fire? No, about the people. Like, it wasn't written to be a think piece about how gross the, you know, the meat packing industry was, but that just happened to be something that they brought up and people took that. But it was really about the people. And I read it and I, you know, I know that it was.

about, you know, he mentions how disgusting all of the meat plants were. It actually led to the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. So we actually had like impact across the country, which is great. You know, that should be safe and clean. But it's also a story about people and it's so devastating. So it's all these immigrants coming to Chicago and they're having like such a hard time finding a place to live, finding a place to work. They're getting screwed over everywhere. Like their houses is, it's mortgaged if they miss a payment or even if they don't misappainment. Someone else can move in. They just have terrible employment. There's one time where a terrible thing happens where a baby falls into a puddle and dies. So sad. There's like so many human

stories in it too. One of them about like the guy meets a rich person in Chicago and the rich person gives him $100 bill, but he can't get anyone to make change on it and he's afraid he ends up losing it. It's just like so devastating. It's such a devastating human story. But I had that in my mind and I was thinking about this because Chicago is such a rapidly growing city in this time. And it is one of the biggest cities in America, even a couple of years later. So the Chicago Fire is also the name of their soccer team. Isn't that funny? It's bad.

Bad. Yeah. And a TV show, obviously, Chicago Fire, you know, like a drama show. Do you, okay, I know I mentioned Tacoma FD a bunch on our socials because I just love that show so much and I'm thinking about fires. But they have, they always make fun of other shows. And at one point, they're watching. a show that it's like Pittsburgh FD

is in or Pittsburgh FD is the name of the show but then they're filming it in Seattle and it's Pittsburgh FD Seattle. It's like we can feel off so hard. Like it's not like Seattle FD, it's Pittsburgh FD Seattle. You know what I mean? So Chicago is a huge city now. It was a huge city then.

So it's 1871 and Chicago has been growing like crazy. In 1840, the population of Chicago was 4,4,470. 70. In 1870, so just 30 years later, it's almost 300,000. So it's grown from like 5,000 people to 300,000 people in 30 years. So it's huge. By 1880, so after the fire, it's still going to grow. It's going to be 500,000 people. So it's still going to grow kind of forever. It's obviously a great connector city. There's tons of trains now and then. And it's cold as shit, but it's beautiful. And a lot of people live there. so do you remember where the Great Chicago Fire started in a bakery nope that was the other one it started in Mrs. O'Leary's barn that's like the myth that like the cow kicked over the lantern and that started the Great Chicago Fire so there's a song that was released in 1896 called there'll be a hot time in the old town tonight and it goes late one night when we were all in bed old mother leary left the lantern in the shed and when the cow kicked it over she winked her eye and said there'll be a hot time in the old town tonight but she wasn't old she's only 44 so it did start yeah it did start in and around their barn in chicago they live like a little bit they live on the um like the southern side of the city um so katherine and patrick o'leary were immigrants from ireland

They moved to Chicago, and they had a couple of side hustles. So when they talk about Patrick O'Leary in the book I read, I read a book called The Great Chicago Fire and listened to some podcasts that I'll share. But they always call Patrick O'Leary an unskilled laborer, like an unskilled worker. Those are the jobs that he had. And I'm like, learn a skill. What? How can he be unskilled forever, but whatever?

That he just had like shit jobs the whole time. And Mrs. O'Leary had a cow and some other animals, and she was, deliver milk to her neighbors so she had a barn where she has some animals and she was like a milk lady they own their home the barn and a house on their property that they rented out to other irish immigrants so they you know they weren't they were like working working poor so here are the facts it's sunday october seventh eighteen seventy one the oleries live at one three seven west de coven street it was dry as fuck it was the hottest october on record and the driest summer they'd ever had which is exactly what happened in London,

if you remember, super dry. And it was still warm. Everything was made of wood, obviously, because everything was still made of wood them. There was a strong wind, exactly what happened in London.

And Mrs. O'Leary had just gotten two tons of hay delivered to her barn. So the barn's a dry, full of dry. Yeah, exactly. The people in the backhouse are having a party. They're probably soaking cigarettes. it's, you know, whatever, they have candles, like all that's happening kind of on the property. The week has been very, very fiery.

So it is, you know, 200 years after the Great Fire of London, but fire trucks are, you know, still very similar. You know, they don't have, like, there's still kind of the same way that they're going to try to fight this, try to fight this fire. And there's so many fires still because people still rely on fire so much. So like I said, before, we're super lucky that we don't have to rely on fire constantly. but the firefighters are exhausted. So the day before, there was a fire at a lumberyard that caught on fire. And it was, guess what it was next to that caught on fire after? That's caught in factory.

It's like, it's so ridiculous that you couldn't make it up. It's a cardboard box factory. Not good. It sounds like it happened in a cartoon. You know, like, oh, my cardboard box factory is on fire now, you know? That was literally a Simpsons episode. Yeah. So sometime in the evening, around 8 o'clock, the O'Leary Barn caught fire.

A neighbor, his name was Daniel O'Sullivan. He was 26. He only had one leg. He had a wooden leg, which would make me even more afraid of fire than I think, I don't know, that seems scary. But he kind of like hobbled over, started yelling. Everybody's like, holy shit, there's a fire. They try to get it out. They try to get the animals out.

They get one calf out. But the cow dies and the horses die. and the carriage that they have is destroyed. The O'Leary's were in bed when it happened. So one of the myths is like the cow kicked over the lantern while she was milking the cow, but she was like, why would I ever be milking my cow in the middle of the night? That doesn't make any sense. She was asleep.

She had to wake up really early to smoke the cow. So however it happened, fire got into the barn, and the barn was engulfed in flames really, really quickly. It could have been the people at the fire or at the party or people from, you know, an emper from the wind. just like blowing around and like catching the barn on fire. What is kind of fun is that their house did not burn down. So like the whole city of Chicago pretty much burnt down, but in the other direction. So Larry's house was still there. Yeah. So now the fire is starting to get crazy. And they're like, okay, we need to tell someone. We need to alert someone. And so we talked about last time that there were like bucket brigades and volunteers and watchmen. So this time,

there's a little bit more technology. So there's watchmen and towers around the city watching for fires. And also local businessmen and business owners have keys to a call box that they can call the fire station. So like if you own the store on the block, you're going to have the key to open up the box to call the fire department. Like the only one who has it, but like it exists to be able to do that. So Daniel O'Sullivan went to like a local store and tried to get the guy to call and the guy didn't do it. He said, no, I'm not going to call. It's not a big deal. The firemen are really tired. So he like didn't, did it make the call? But finally, someone did see it. a dude named Matthias Schaefer was on one of the towers and he saw it and he was he sent the

fire trucks to the wrong place because he wasn't he couldn't really tell where it was from where he was so they ended up going about a mile away so it took them a while to get to where the fire was make sense yeah these um these are horse-drawn fire trucks yeah okay and so have you ever heard the term like a three alarm fire Yeah, I've heard it in the context of chili. Do you know what that means? Oh, like spicy food, like three-lar chili? Yes. I would assume it's based on the severity of something.

It is, yeah, and it's based on literally ringing a bell. So if you saw a fire, you'd bring it once, if it wasn't that big of a deal, twice, if it was getting pretty bad. And three times if it was really bad. So a three-lar-fire would- Just always ring it three times. 100%. I totally agree. But they didn't ring it three times from the beginning for this one, because they didn't think it was like that big of yell.

there were fires all of the time. So by the time the firemen get there, it's about 10 o'clock. So about two hours have gone by. It's already spreading a ton also obviously because of the like crazy, everything's dry and it's really windy. So it's already starting to spread. So a couple of things that happened in Chicago that are kind of sad and I thought interesting kind of side notes is one of him is this is only six years after Lincoln was assassinated. And one thing that I know about him is that he left Springfield the day that he was going to D.C. to become president. And he was like, I love Illinois. I can't wait to come back. And he never went back. It wasn't easy to travel, obviously. And like, Lincoln had planned after he was done with his second term to go back to Illinois, to check out the

west, maybe go to Europe. He never really went anywhere, you know? He was poor. And then he was president. So sad. And so he had all those plans. He's been dead for six years. But you know who was in Chicago during the Great Chicago Fire? John Wilkes Booth. No, I don't know where he was. But Mary Todd Lincoln, that poor fucking woman, his wife. Oh, jeez.

She had just lost. They had four sons. Three of them died. Two of them died in childhood. One died while they were in the White House. Her third son, Tad, had died just a couple days before or a couple months before. So she was, like, mourning her third. son he died when he was 18 and just like so sad and of course she was there during this like panic like she was fine

she wasn't affected but like mentally I'm sure she's like what what the fuck why do I deserve this yeah crazy um and also a lot of people in chicago were people who knew lincoln really well like they knew him as a person and they were like lawyers with him on the circuit and like he was big in illinois so the fire also destroyed a lot of personal papers of lincolns of letters of like historical things that would have been really cool to have, but the fire destroyed them, which is a bummer. That sucks. Another thing that happened on the same day is actually the deadliest fire in American history happened in Wisconsin.

It's the Pestigo fire, P-E-S-H-T-I-G-O. That one killed 2,400 people. And that's the deadliest fire in American history. It happened the exact same day as a Chicago fire. It started with a slashed and burn, kind of getting out of control because they're trying to control fire and end up destroying a city and killing a ton of people. but it's the same wind and the same in dry climate. So it makes sense that other fires happen to stay as well.

Wait, where is it? What state? In Wisconsin. In Heshtigo, Wisconsin. Okay. Not good. A little bit north. Yeah.

So here's what happens in Chicago. The rich people are, of course, running away with their most expensive things. So they're trying to get away a lot of paintings and books and things are destroyed. Some of them bury things in their yard. one guy buried an entire piano in his yard just hoping for the best they would like bury their silver bury their jewels and then like run hopefully that would save it um i don't know exactly what happened to all the stuff that was buried but one person said that when it came back it was so hot for like a really long time that he tried to dig up his stuff and as soon as his stuff

hit the oxygen it burst into flames because that's how hot it was you know so like a lot of it is like they couldn't even go back into the city for like at least a week because it was just like so hot So a bunch of people try to bring their things to the Chicago Historical Society, but they're like, it's too crowded in here. We have too much stuff. So they're like closing the doors and don't let people bring their things to that. The rich people were also being saved by their friends. So they could like, you know, walk to a different part of town and stay with friends. At some point, there are rich neighborhoods that think that they're not going to get the fire.

They think that they're safe. And one man says, like, his family's packing. He's like, don't pack. We're safe. He's like, let's make breakfast. for as many people as we can make breakfast for because we know people are going to be hungry in the morning and so like the servants were like panically cooking

but they ended up getting consumed by the fire anyway like they lost their house too it happens so fast another thing that rich people could do is they could leave so now I like I never have cash my credit card all the time I can use it all over the world but in this time what you would do is if I had

a house in like a lake town in Chicago I would have a bank account there you know okay and that bank would have money in it so they could go and like we'd get money out of the bank in other parts of like around like michigan so people were able to do that the poor people of course were just running with their stuff they were some of them some people after it was over was said that the poor were better off because they had less to lose and you're like no that's not how that works that's not how that works they ended up in refugee camps people got smallpox like it's

very sad it was very if you lost everything you lost everything um there are reports of you know obviously this is something that like i was reading this right after the london fire and in the london fire how they were like only like six people died but in the chicago fire like people remember hearing like mothers crying because they can't find their children like of course that happened in london you know yeah of course that happened in all these ancient fires carts were being filled and toppled over of course there was looting like one guy was running and he saw a guy wearing his clothes because the guy had like looted his house and he was like fuck it you know better than have it burnt you know yeah so people ran all the way to lake michigan so lake michigan is cold even when it's hot have you ever been in like michigan i've never been in it but i've been around it enough to be like that is a terrifyingly huge body of water like it has the it has the same gravitas of an ocean yeah absolutely um yeah and it's just it's freezing it's freezing all year long and but people are running to like Michigan and they ran waist deep into the water just like remember this year in Hawaii when people were running into the ocean yeah it was just like that like the and it was

loud the fire was like roaring and people were running and like standing in the ocean some standing in the ocean stood in the ocean for hours and it was like freezing and they were just like watching the city burn with like fire flying above them um there was a the jail was um everybody in jail was let go the mayor wrote a note and it said release all prisoners from jail at once keeping them in custody if possible and like they let everybody go for like petty crimes immediately and then they took the rest of them like with them and almost all of them just got away and just like in the wind but they're like we're not going to let you burn it up here you know so just just go um and so they had hoped that the fire would be um stopped by the rivers because there's tons of rivers in

Chicago but they weren't and it was because of the wind and the shoreline of course had all the lumber yards and things like that because they needed to have access to the boats and all the things. So the shoreline was very, very combustible. So I'm looking at this map and it looks like the fire would have jumped to rivers. Yes, it did. And you're saying the reason, I was going to ask about that, you're saying the reason that happened was because they were, there were lumber boats there? Yes. Not like, yeah, lumber yards are on the shores and the rivers.

And then it's so windy. like the wind like just blows like embers and burning things across the river. So where they thought it might be able to stop it, it was not able to. So I was actually around, well, the first river that it jumped was around midnight. So around midnight, the flaming debris blew across the river and landed on the roof of the south side gas works. So that like exploded, you know. Yeah. And that caused it to continue to spread it to the south side.

The mayor was Roswell B. Mason. It was his only term as mayor, but he did a bunch of calls for other cities to help. And they did. Other cities sent their fire trucks. They were able to get the word out, but it didn't really help. They were connecting to the waterworks. So there was like a general waterworks that they could connect to. But the water, it was so hot.

The water was just turned to steam when it came out of the hoses. It just like didn't do anything. So because of the wind, there were also firewolds, like, tornadoes of fire going through the city and that ended up hitting the roof of the waterworks so the waterworks caught on fire and all of the pumps went dry so at some point a little bit after midnight they couldn't even pretend to use their hoses for water anymore it didn't work this map is also really interesting because it shows where the fire started it literally just consumed everything above it yeah yeah but everything below it is like totally fine it's fine

including the O'Leary's house. So after seeing the damage, the fire marshal, after the waterworks, you know, exploded and was gone, the fire marshal said, I gave up all hopes of being able to save much of anything. It really couldn't do anything. A couple of people did try to do those, like, fire breaks. And one of them, a man named James Hildreth was an alderman who had the idea to blow up buildings with gunpowder to try to stop it and create those like fire breaks.

He did a couple. I don't think it was ever like super successful. he got into an argument with a civil war hero named Philip Sheridan and who was chopping buildings down with axes. And so they kind of like, there was a little bit of back and forth. I want to be in charge of doing this. I want to be charged of doing this. And so no one really was able to make that firebreak.

It moved north across the lake. There was a big, a big melee on the Randolph Street Bridge because that's where people were trying to run across and run out of the ran out of the city. A lot of stuff was like happening because people tried to leave. But luckily, the wind died down because like we said before,

these things just have to end. You know, like you can't like douse it with water. So on October 9th, it started to rain and the fire slowly went out. The last house that the fire claimed was owned by a man named John A. Huck. So poor guy.

This house was the last one to go. All in all, about $222 million in damage, which was one third of the total city's value at the time. 2,000 lamp posts, 17,500 buildings, 120 miles of sidewalk, 73 miles of road, and officially about 300 people died, but probably more. Yeah, I'm sure. I'm sure. Yeah.

Because I would assume at that time, like, it's hard to keep tabs on people anyways, you know? Exactly. This is not like IDs and whatever, like, it's probably not as probable. Yeah. If you lose your family, you like lose your family. You don't know where they are. Right. So the mayor put the U.S. Army General in charge and put the city under martial

law for two weeks to make sure that people weren't looting and weren't, like, hurting each other. There were roving police special units, citizen volunteers, just trying to make sure there wasn't any lawlessness. There was, deadly force was allowed if someone, like, didn't comply. So it was kind of crazy there for a while afterwards. Tons of aid came from all over the world. So people were giving me. money from everywhere. FDR's dad gave $5,000 and a bunch of cities and individuals helped. The money was managed by a charity that like wasn't great. It didn't, it was one of those charities that was like, oh, we don't need to give them poor that much because they're always poor.

You're like, no, like you should help everyone. But it was, you know, eventually managed and doled out. And then they started to rebuild and they rebuilt better, like what happened before. And now that started a lot of what we see in Chicago with. like the terracotta buildings obviously skyscrapers the first skyscrapers were there there was someone who was like let's make an 11-story buildings we're going to make like the skeleton out of steel and people were like no that's crazy you can never do that you know so they had that opportunity then to do the beginnings of these things and then by um you know by the 1890s they have through that world's fair so things are pretty much rebuilt you know pretty pretty quickly there um mrs o'leary was

never charged with anything. They did, like, bring her to court. And she was like, you know, I wasn't out in the barn. I would not have been milking my cow. You know, I didn't do it. I didn't start it. Some people have, like, a theory that, like, a meteorite hit and, like, hit Chicago and that's what happened or whatever. But it was like, all those conditions to have a terrible fire that we talk about. They were all there. Isn't it, it almost, like, not then for those people, but, like, kind of now? Wasn't it, like, kind of, like, the best thing they could have happened Chicago was a whole thing fucking burned into the ground

and then they rebuilt it. I know. It feels, yeah, I mean, I kind of thing like, yes, like for these cities, especially, like the cusp of the industrial revolution where, like,

you can start building things out of steel, you know, and you don't have to tear people's houses down because they're already down. Yeah. Sure. You know, and obviously,

Chicago, it continued to grow. The place where the O'Leary's barn is, in 1956, the Chicago Fire Academy was built on that site, And it's still there today. So Chicago firefighters are trained on the spot that the Chicago fire started. That's so cool.

Yeah. Yeah. And that's it. I'm going to look up the site of the O'Leary's farm. I mean, they should have kept the barn. I know. I'm sure it's just like, I don't know, you know, built it away by now. Chicago Fire Academy, it's about soccer.

Not soccer. Yeah, you know, I was going to ask about that. I was going through the Chicago Fire FC's Facebook Wikipedia page and was like, how is nobody said anything about this? I totally agree. No, I totally agree. Like that, it seems, it seems ill. It's like in, it's like in like 200 years they call like a baseball team the 9-11. in New Yorkers.

Like it's like little insensitive. But I guess so much time has passed that maybe they don't care. Yeah, I know. But it's that I know, that's funny that like, you know, after this much time, it can be something that's like funny and like ubiquitous

with the word Chicago when you're like, oh, I don't, I don't know. Maybe we don't need it ubiquitous. Man, there's so many of these. There's so many, like, horrible, horrible thoughts. I know. And a lot of them, I mean, a lot of them are like the similar things. Like, you just have those like things are bad and especially in these older um like older cities so i i've read i read a stephen king book a long time ago called cell it was about cell phones like well something happened

and like cell phones happened and there's like magic in it and like whatever all this stuff happens but like in his intro he's like i wrote this thing this story thinking could a modern city burn like could a modern Boston burn down the way that like these things did you know and it has to it has to be like tons of chaos and that people have to like beat in on it was like his answered it was you know magical and mystical and all those things but um but i don't know if that like happened these days as much as like you can destroy it with like bombing obviously we see that all the time but like i don't see these aren't really like made of wood in this way i don't i don't know because i remember living in los angeles and it was like do you remember taylor that one day we were

driving to work and there's there was that huge building building the apartment yeah it was a huge department complex it was mid construction and somebody torched it and you're just driving down and like what like that was incredible i but also it didn't spread you know it's true it didn't spread but it didn't spread because i think it was in the heart of downtown um but at the same time you look at like malibu for example where they'll have wildfires and yeah it'll be like pepper dine is the only thing that was saved because they create all these breaks and stuff and like they planned for wildfire to happen

there, which is like, do you remember that way they were like telling people that telling their students not to go home and not to leave because they could get caught in the wildfire and they were safe for there? I so would have left. I mean, that's how you die. You die when you like try to run away. You know, like in a car. Oh, no, you're right. Because you're right.

But I was thinking like big city like Chicago, full skykeepers, I feel like no. But a smaller city, especially in California, all of our wildfires. definitely yeah yeah yeah terrifying absolutely terrifying um lots of fun ways to die this this week yeah clouds you got fires let's see what we can cover next week um unbelievable awesome well thanks for sharing that taylor i hope at some point we can get to the san francisco fire because i think i if i recall correctly that was that also was an earthquake it was literally just like hell opening up on earth

i think it was all connected i think it was at 1904 earthquake turned to the fire but i do i will get to that for sure. I did actually, so I just am finishing up my two weeks off, but I prepped at least read books for three other episodes that I'm excited about, so I feel a little bit ahead. Fun. Yeah. Sweet. Cool. Well, if there's nothing else, we can go ahead and wrap

again for usual. Please do write to us at Doomedaelpot at gwil.com, find groups on socials. We love to hear from people. And we're doing a little bit of a later release this week than usual. I'm giving some issues that have arisen. It's fine. Everything's fine.

It's fine. Nobody's bad. Cool. Well, thank you. Yeah. Do Mbefeldpod at gmail.com. Do you default pot at everything? Please tell your friends.

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Well, thank you, Taylor. We'll go ahead and cut things off there. Thank you.