Doomed to Fail - Volcanic Omnibus - Seven episodes on the history of earth's most infamous volcanoes

Episode Date: December 31, 2023

Let's learn about volcanoes together. This year, Taylor hosted SEVEN episodes on volcanoes. We learned SO MUCH about the earth, humanity, tectonic plates, Ancient Rome, pyroclastic flows, and our inevitable doom. I am very proud of this work and I hope that you enjoy this wildly long omnibus as much as we do! 1. Mt. Toba's Echo: Journey into Earth's Cataclysmic Past 2. Time Capsule of Tragedy: Exploring Pompeii's Frozen History 3. The Silent Summer: Tambora's Echo in Time 4. Krakatoa: Exploring the Tectonic Plates Beneath the Cataclysmic Eruption 5. Mud, Fire, and Ash: The Mt. Pelée Eruption 6. George Vancouver, this is it!: The Eruption of Mt. St. Helens 7. The End of the World - Yellowstone & Mass Extinctions Join our Founders Club on Patreon to get ad-free episodes for life!  patreon.com/DoomedtoFailPod We would love to hear from you! Please follow along!  Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/doomedtofailpod/   Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/doomedtofailpod   Youtube:  https://www.youtube.com/@doomedtofailpod  TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@doomed.to.fail.pod  Email: [e-mail] 

Hi everyone, Taylor from Doom to Fail. Happy 2024. I am so excited that we spent 2023 with you. We had such a good time making podcasts, telling stories, spending time together. Thank you to everyone who just met us and our friends and family who have been listening. We really appreciate it. I wanted to do something fun to end the year. So I've combined all seven of my volcano episodes into one really long episode. It is our volcano omnibus episodes one through seven. So we will go, we will start with Mount Toba. We'll go to Pompeii, Tambora, Crakatoa, Mount Palais, the, oh, Mount St. Helens, and then finally Yellowstone and Mass Extinctions. I'm just excited. So I'm just like trying to read my list. Anyway, I really hope that you enjoy this omnibus.

I left some of the banter in. You can skip through it, but I just want it to be episode after episode. And maybe I'll submit this for my dissertation as a volcanologist in the few. future. So thank you so much for listening. Any ideas? Any feedback? We're at doomed to fellpod at gmail.com and doomed to develop pod at all the social media. Thank you. The matter of the people of the state of California versus Orenthal James Simpson, case number B-A-019. And so my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you. Taylor's getting our papers ready. I feel like this is another one where I like accidentally learned a bunch of stuff that was not.

what I was thinking I was going to learn and it's going to be very complicated and I'm going to be wrong. So I just wanted to say to everyone that I'm not a scientist. Taylor's not a scientist. Yep. Well, we'll do this. Yes, we'll figure this out. Welcome to Dube to Fail. This is the podcast we're discussed two stories. Shit, no we don't. We do one now. So we're going to discuss once, two stories twice a week about relationships that we're doomed to fail. I'm Farr's, joined by Taylor. Hi.

And these are totally separate days that we're talking. It's Wednesday. It's Wednesday now. It's fine. Okay. Cool. So as I mentioned on Monday, I am super interested in those, like, big shared volcano drinks that are, like, potentially on fire.

So let's put a pin in doing that together. If you have had a big flaming volcano drink, please send photos. I'd love to see and learn more about it. Are you doing Vesuvia? Not yet. We're going to get there, though. So I have some tangents that got me here. Of course, this one is one that also has 7,000 tangents. But we follow both with our podcast and myself, just like a fun Instagram account called Dark Theme Reddit. So it's like asking questions like, have you ever died? Have you ever seen anybody die? Like, what's the craziest thing that ever happened to you at this point? So it's just like fun little interesting stories. And one of them was, what is the worst event? in human history. So I was reading through it. Some of them were jokes. Some of them were like, you know, actual terrible things. But one thing that someone mentioned that I have never heard of is the Toba volcano. So I was going to research the Toba volcano. But it actually turned

into a story about DNA, human genealogy, and how stupid racism is. Like, racism is serious because it's a real thing and it really happens. But racists, generally speaking, well, Races are dumb. It's dumb to be racist because race is so brand new in human history because human history is so old. So I'm going to do a series that it's not going to be, I'm not going to do it like one after the other because this would turn into an entirely different podcast, but it's actually going to be a seven-part series on volcanoes. Whoa. This is part one. I'll tell you what they're going to be.

Well, part one is the Toba catastrophe theory from 74,000. thousand years ago. Okay. So we're going way back. Way, way back. Then we'll do Mount Vesuvius. That was in 79. Then we'll do, but obviously there's like tons of stuff happened between 74,000 years ago and 79. But these are the ones that we know more about now. So then we'll do Mount Vesuvius. We'll do Tambora. That was in 1816. That's the one that when that one erupted, it was a year without a summer. They made everything really gloomy. And that's one Mary Shelley, wrote Frankenstein because everything was really gloomy and it's the inside there's also crackatoa that happened in 1883 we know more about that because by then telegraphs were invented but crackatoa is the one

where the whole the sky all over the world turned orange and that's when edward munch painted the scream you know what i'm talking about and the sky looked like that in europe because of crackatoa in indonesia so because that's how like world going over it is then we'll talk about montpellay that was in 1902 that's what I know less about but it had some like crazy stories about just like animals running and stuff so I'll do that one number six mountain st. Helens in 1980 so that one happened like the most recently in in Washington state and then for part seven talk about the future and like what's going to happen when yellowstone erupts because we're all going to die how does this have to do with genealogy and race oh we're going to get there

okay I'm excited this is unique Taylor I know here we go so part one here's the book that I read twice to write take notes it's called when humans nearly vanished by Donald R. Pratherio he's obviously a scientist so that's this story about mount toba I also like not randomly I was listening to Dan Carlin's amendment so it's like his like short like chatty podcast and he did one called the long game and he just talks about this concept of like how old earth is and how old humanity is and how little we know you know humans have been around for hundreds of thousands of years and we know like maybe 10,000 years of history from like bits of pottery you know like we know so so very little and we like imagine that like the world became worth knowing about when people could write it down but like how do we know you know there's so much more we did tell it has another podcast he does like a shorter one where he like sometimes interviews people sometimes you just like chat like this one he's he always like he's so he's the best he's always like very apologetic like well you guys keep telling me that i should just like talking to

the microphone so here i am and we're like yeah thank you exactly what we want what's that called he's like um amendum adddd end hardcore history addendum is what it does amend my god now i lost the word right my life is going to be taken over by this now but we listen to the long game i listen to that one twice as well it's fantastic um but yeah it's like the same. It's the same idea that we're going to get here that I've talked about before that the existential dread of knowing that most of history, the vast majority of history is lost, you know? Yeah. So I did that. And then I watched some videos on YouTube just to like wrap my head around this. So one, but how did humans become the Earth's dominant species

and how many of species humans were there? So just I'll put those in. But also in one of the videos I watched. They said, um, so Dan, Dan, Dan, obviously says gangus con. Jangis. Right. Jenghis. Right. Jenghis. Dan says jangis Khan in this one I watched it said, they said, Jenghis, Genghis, Han, whatever. It was terrible. I was like, I can't do this. Like we need to like, it's, it's very confusing. But one more thing that I wanted to mention, um, before I really go into this is I did make a, a cool, like, timeline of all of my episodes and like they really definitely like lean 1500 and and future into the

future the most recent one I did was the 63 of jack ruby so I want to like fill in that big gap but if I put this eruption of toba 74,000 years ago on my timeline you wouldn't be able to see anything it's like an all-y-or-all-all- yeah yeah so I put it at negative 500 and then I also was like why don't we just say negative Why are we doing this AD, B, C, E thing? And I discovered that there is an astronomical year numbering thing that people do, but it's based on different calendars. And anyway, I'm going to say negative from now on. Yeah, go for it.

Yeah. Okay. So a little bit more about what Dan Carlin was saying and kind of what I'm going to get into is, you know, people have only existed for such a very small amount of time. And a term that I must have heard before, but just heard doing this research is paleoarchiore. So we're talking like really like like human archaeology, but like from a long time ago. And there's just so much that we don't know. And also like a lot of this does kind of like lead into into racism and into people thinking that like some parts, some kinds of humans are better than other kinds of humans. Because you don't everyone wants to believe that they're like descendants of kings. But we're all probably descendants people trying to fucking survive like we are. You know. So and also like talked about.

before like there is no romantic past like trying to go back to you that's all a myth like there's just like people trying to survive for for all of time um so it's just a lot thinking about how far away the past is and how far away the future is and just like we're just such a small little blip in our time um but the tlDR of the toba volcano um and everything that happened 74 000 years ago is that all humans on earth have the same ancestor she was a woman who lived in africa um between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago. So for whatever happened, she was the one who her family line is the one that survived and the one that continued. And we are all descendants of her. Okay, can I ask questions? Yes. How can anybody know that? Well, okay. I will get there. It's very complicated. Okay. Okay. Of course it's complicated. So have you done, have you done 23 and me? No, because I want, my great, great ancestors or whatever, down the line to be able to commit whatever crimes they want

and not have it traced back. No, I want mine to be able to be punished for the crimes. Because that's how we found this woman 250,000 years ago. I know. So here's, so wait, I didn't even finish my TLDR. So we're all one species of human, as you'll notice, around 70,000 years ago, there was a genetic bottleneck that really, like, cut down the different, any, much diversity that we had, and we're all descendants of about 1,000 couples also that happened 70,000 years ago. So those couples came from that woman from 200,000 years ago, but only about 1,000 like mating pairs of humans are, you know, all of us right now. So what happened and why is it like that? So I did do 23 in me. And what it does, one thing that it does is you can only get

this DNA from a woman because it's like the for the maternal Heppel group. So it's like your maternal DNA. So if you like if you and your brother did it, did 23 to me, you wouldn't be able to see your maternal line. Your mom would have to do it too. And like Kincaid did 23 me and he couldn't see his maternal line until I did it because it's only in women. What is? The maternal DNA that like shows your your your families like you're just genetic migration from the time that we lived in Africa 200,000 years ago. So I can trace my maternal haple group. It goes from Africa through the Middle East and then up into Europe.

And then that's how we like got here. Okay. So it's like so long ago, you know, but I, but then, but I can tell from my DNA that 47,000 years ago is when we, my group of my history. moved over to Europe. Okay. I can see that on this map, the 23 of me gave me. So 70,000 years ago after the Toba volcano, the only human species that survived were us and the Neanderthals.

And they eventually died out and we'll talk a little about maybe why. But just so you know, those are the only ones that existed. And so I wrote, we won. Yay. Anyway, people. Welcome. So we're going to get to this volcano, I promise. But so, yes, this is the question.

So how do we know anything about anything? That's one of my headers in my notes. It's a lot of scientific research, a lot of accidents, a lot of people looking for different things and finding things at the same time that, like, reached the same conclusion. So we knew a little bit about like what species are and how we figured out about our own evolution. But that is so new. Like it's just unbelievably new that we know about DNA, that we know about like our genetic structure. they are there's like hundreds of thousands of years between any changes like in like in evolution so it's not like one day you don't have a tail you know it takes a long time like oh now we're walking upright now we don't need the tail for balance like now this and this um we can also so when we do this research and go back and start being able to date things because we know more about DNA and we know more about like being able to date um like different things like uranium and the things that we know about uh like the earth, they're pulling up pieces of the core of like ice core and like earth core and

they can pull it up and say we can tell from this spot and this core that like 10,000 years ago the weather was like this, you know, or things were like this. So we know that there's been ice ages. We know that there's been like times of like severe drought. We also can know that like the current climate change is our fault because there's never been climate change as bad as it is right now, you know, and we know that because of these like cores that we're drilling out. There's a substance called uranium 238. It can analyze, it is inside the glass in volcanic ash. So in 1994, a scientist was looking for more evidence of the same ash that he'd been seeing wherever he found it, and they found it all over the world. So it was in the bottom of the oceans. It's in India.

It's in the Americas. It's in, it's everywhere, and it's from 70-ish thousand years ago, and it's from Mount Toba. So they can tell by that, like volcanic ash, glass, that it's all from the same event that happened relatively wrong at the same time. So they're assuming that it was the same thing. Yeah, okay. That makes sense.

Okay. So then it's also, so there's like that dating of like minerals and glass and ash, oh God, I hope no scientists listen to this. you know what i mean and there's also human DNA which you learned about in school which shape is dna it's um the cricket thing ladder double helix double helix yeah but you're right was the name of the guy yes because it's james watson and francis crick they're the ones who um who came up with the theory of of dna you're close so watson and crick um they were working with a woman name Rosalind Franklin and she was seeing the same things discovering the same things about

DNA that they were they were like working side by side and she was hesitant to publish because she didn't feel like it was fully ready to publish yet Watson and Crick didn't give a shit and they published anyway and they bullied her out of the university they were working with and she had to leave all of her research behind and go somewhere else where she would be like free to like study at her own pace and she died at age 37 from cancer probably from all the x-rays that she was like looking at in her scientific study and they won the Nobel Prize but she would have wanted to if they would have let her be part of it. Yeah.

So they didn't teach you that in school. Nope. So stuff that we know and again kind of talking back to race. So they're able to see from DNA that like humans have very low genetic diversity. there are, you know, very, very small things in our DNA that make us different at all. We share like 99% of our DNA with apes. Like we're so close to just like being back where we were. It's like all just like an accident or whatever that we got to where we are, but it's very

little. It's not like huge differences between us. We, there was like very recent changes after. you know, people, humans started to move, like, out of Africa, you know, people's skin color would change because they needed to absorb vitamin D in a way that you didn't need to when you're, like, on the equator, you know, things like that are, like, the reason that were, like, any different at all. They're annotations.

Like, it's basically it. Yeah. Another thing that I learned about, like, early humans, I don't know if I said this again, but I thought it was interesting. Like, one of the reasons that humans can run the way we can run is that we're built to outrun our prey. So like if we're chasing like a deer and like the savannah, we want the deer to get so tired that it passes out. And we can do that because we basically lost our hair, like our ape hair, so we could run faster. And we sweat and other animals don't sweat. And the fact that we sweat

means we can keep going technically. I definitely couldn't outrun a deer. But like you can technically keep going. And the deer has to stop and pant like a dog, like any animal, to cool down. And so they can't keep up as long as we can theoretically. Taylor, me and you are. definitely in the gatherer class of hunter gatherers. I was just going to say, I'm a vegetarian, I'm a vegetarian because this plant that has not ran away from me. I'm definitely not

surviving. A hundred percent. I mean, other things that helped us, like, survive is like being able to eat glucose, because like a lot of other, like most of other animals cannot digest glucose. And like, we can and that helped us become farmers and, like, stay where we were, but we'll have been farmers for

like 10,000 years. It's like not that long. like history of the world's you just remind me of it's i go on walks with luna and i mean people don't know luna's like a hundred pounds like shepherd dog who's kind of dark and man she gets so tired so much faster i do when it comes to like sports of energy i could never come close to matching her but for like longevity of energy she gets really tired and i think it has to do the sweating thing yeah i think it does too then she like can't she needs to like really stop and like cool her body down and we can do it like actively even though i certainly never felt cooler when i was sweating also feels like weird but i get i get technically what my body is trying to do my body is being like

go inside yeah go go have a strawberry why are we doing this this is stupid um yeah so also so because there's like we're so closely related like we are more closely related to apes and chimpanzees via our DNA than like any species of frog is to each other. It's just like so unbelievably hard to wrap your head around like why these changes exist. Also like a huge part of our DNA is just junk DNA, which is like stuff that like maybe we got, you know, maybe somewhere in your DNA there's something that keeps you safe from a virus that was in Persia 5,000 years ago, you know, but you don't mean anymore. But it's still there, which I think is bananas. So like what do you mean it's junk DNA? DNA feels extraordinarily important.

But isn't that why there's some people who can, like, get exposed, like, HIV, for example, but, like, don't catch it? There's, like, there's, like, something about that, about how there's some people that are, like, weird genetic mutants that, like, can't contract the things that everybody else can. Yeah, there's like, so then, yeah, like, when something weird happens in your code, that's when you do have, every once in a while, there is a kid born with a tail, you know? Yeah, yeah. You know, and stuff like that. Web hands or web feet or whatever. Yeah, yeah. It's just like one little thing in there that, like, does it, which is really crazy.

So I'm thinking through, like, looking at, like, a map of, like, what people are. It's obviously not, like, a straight line. It's not like monkeys, cavemen, us. You know, there's a whole bunch of branches, as it is with, like, every animal and every kind of animal. But essentially, there are animals that are in the same species. species. And so if two individuals can breed and produce fertile offspring, they're of the same species. So like dogs. They're different, but they can breed and have a baby that can have babies. So they're same species. Wait, can a human fuck a chimpanzee? Yes, but we're not going to have a child. Human can fuck with anything. But you're not going to, but you're not going to have a child. okay hold on so okay same species different breeds works yes but we don't have breeds do we

no but we used to that's what we're going to tell you about yeah which is crazy because I think I meant maybe say this later but like this is me overthinking everything but sometimes I'm watching like a show with like cartoons you know and it's like a cat and a dog and they're in love and I'm like yeah but you can't have babies you know or like where are you going to live It's like, Mom, please stop screaming at the TV. Yeah. And then also, like, I totally understand that kind of baby is not the reason to be in a relationship. But, like, I think that is the idea that there would be another human type that is not us that you could potentially, like, marry is so banana.

It's not married, but like, whatever, you know what I mean? Like, there were others. And there's, I'll tell you about them. We're not the first. Yeah. So, again, this is like. I thought about Googling different human breeds and was like, yeah, my computer is immediately going to get fly by the FBI, so I'm starting to do it. I know. I was like, everything also, I'm like, please don't this be racist. I just want to tell this story.

But so I just like make sure that I'm like reading actual science, you know, not accidentally someone who's like trying to make a point that's not good. But all of this is from like almost no evidence. They find like a jawbone in a cage. you know and like somehow they know that it was like this type of human so i don't know i don't understand that it feels like um paleo archaeology is like paleotology where like every time i go to a dinosaur museum they're like we thought this until yesterday and now it's this you know yeah yeah i mean who knows but they we were at the um the natural history museum in new york city a couple weeks ago and there was like one thing that had these arms these like dinosaur arms that were like 10 feet long and the sign was like unknown arms like mommy's arms we don't know who

they belong to like it's weird right you're like yeah it's weird i want to know more but like you just they're just trying to figure it out like very slowly so the oldest human-ish bone that they found is potentially from six million years ago in it was found in chad um it's called a to my um man some of the things that you start to see that start to lean more towards being like more more like a modern human is starting to walk upright and having a larger brain cavity so like the walking upright came first and then a brain cavity has got bigger and bigger there's an arthropachinicus this is really hard from like five million years ago there's osteopulictus I'm so sorry from four to two million years ago and they were the first like hominins belonging to a genus that was

like near ours. So they're a crucial step in human evolution. That's like Lucy. Have you heard of Lucy? I have. That like, gelatin. So Lucy is astro, oh, God, Ostroplif, I really thought I could do this. Astroplictus, whatever, around, I'll write it down.

After, that's like 42 million years ago, starting to walk on two legs, a crucial step in evolution. You said it was six million years ago? yes potentially the to my found in chad did you find that one well i'm looking at t um a i these don't go back six million years they go back like hundreds of thousands of years oh they're different oh they're different kinds there's homo it's not homo sapien it's like homo erectus and homo whatever all kinds of exactly exactly

and that's what i mean they're different species of like our what the next one is up of humans of the the homo plus so hominia hominina is the is the overarching category that we all fall under i think yes okay close enough so there's some fossils from like 2.8 2.3 million years ago where we start to get into our genus the homo habilis is one of the first ones um They're the ones that had bigger brains and walked. And then we also, you know, had to, there's one from 2.3 million years ago. There's a homo rodolphinus.

And that, and these all also have names, like the name of the of the fossil from Homo Rodolphinists from 2.3 million years ago is K-N-M-E-R-1470. Yeah, I saw that too. Yeah, it's like isotopes. Yeah. It's unbelievable. So it could be that the homoerodolphus is a different species Or it could just be another of the homo habilis is hard to tell

This is also like I know that we talked about I just talking about dinosaurs but parents There's a TV show called Dino Dana that is so fun And so Dina Dana is like a little girl who can see dinosaurs And she's a delight and it's very learned a ton But the Dino Dana movie The question they're asking is why aren't there any kid dinosaurs like why don't you find children dinosaurs and the answer is that some of the dinosaurs that we think

are different dinosaurs are actually the children of bigger dinosaurs you know so it's not that not two different species it's like just the child so some of the things that we're finding they're very specific like the idea that a neanderthal is like a hunched over like man is because the first one we found was an old man who had rickets so like take a skeleton from like one of the worst of us and say that's what humans look like. Yeah, makes sense. We just don't know. The Homo erectus, those are, like, those are ones that you may have heard of,

like the Java man and the Peking man, like, found around the world. That's from, like, 1.9 million years ago. And there's also been hoaxes. So once people started to say, like, you know, we are descendants from these different homo species, and they're from these species of, like, ape, then people would like buy an ape skull take the jaw off put human teeth on it and try to sell it to a museum it's pretty smart actually that's kind of uh that's that's an entrepreneur right there so a lot of that happened in the beginning like in the beginning i mean like a hundred years ago it's not even it's not even new um in 1.9 million years ago in africa homo erectus um is when you think about like standing up the tallest went further with tools they have bigger brains there's um that's the java man and the peking man or homo erectus there's there's evidence that they like had art you know they were the only homo sapiens on earth for a while or the homo species on earth the homo erectus yeah longer than we were longer than us like they lasted

longer than we did so far that's the convergence that's like where like everything I'm looking to this like amazing genealogy map and that's what I'm saying it's so much yeah it's so lot like this is like so many people have probably spent their entire lives just researching like one aspect of one of these things 100 percent so now we get to Homo sapiens. They are, it's like homo antecessor. That's where we come from. There are offshoots, just like in anything else.

There are others that are just like one jaw, so you just don't know. But it's potentially the ancestor of everyone, you know, we're homo sapiens. Theandotals are in the group Homo, but a distinct species happen at the same time. So for a while, we thought that they were, that they were totally separate, but we're not sure. It's definitely a distinct side quest. And, but Neanderthals, they definitely were healthy. They cared for each other. They were artistic.

They used tools. In my 23 and me DNA, I have more Neanderthal DNA than 70% of the population, 77% of the population. I have a little bit less than 2% Neanderthal DNA. Wow. So wait, wait, hold on. That means that we enter, oh, yeah, because we're the same, we're different breeds of the same.

same species. Yep. Wow. So you can mate with a Neanderthal and have a child, and that child can have children, which is how you get Neanderthal DNA into the DNA of most humans, unless you can tranct your line all the way into Africa that you've never left Africa, then you don't have it, but everybody else does. Wow. This has to do with the toba as well. So there's a couple other, oh, like, what question is like, you know, why did the Neanderthals go extinct? It could be because they just got like absorbed into the Homo sapiens population. It could because they were a little bit violent. It could be one of the reasons I think maybe it's because Homo sapiens were able to get, domesticate dogs and have dogs help them hunt. And Neanderthals didn't do

that. So we got all the food. So there's like a bunch of different theories is why Neanderthals don't exist anymore. And that we're the only species. of homo sapien out there you know what I mean yeah it's saying that 20% of Neanthral genes have survived in our our DNA yeah it's a lot that was a lot I'm saying that it's a lot of overlap is you know yes which I think which is crazy which is I think is crazy that there's you could be like I know like now you know racists like we're all so different you're like like actually we're not but if there was actually a different species of human that'd be crazy

yeah yeah it's interesting because it breaks it if you look at um the wikipedia for neanderthals and are breeding with modern humans it talks about the differences in terms of like geography and the density of the average person neonarfall so eurasians it says 3.4 to 7.9 percent is neanderthal DNA and there's variations in every part of the world so like some places like the fuck danderthals more than others i guess i don't i mean well i think because they were there more because they were in the cold areas oh they were they were up in like they're up in in in europe they're up in northern asia where it's cold yeah that's why there were not neanderthals in Africa because it was too hot for them so they were up to that places yeah it wasn't like a day it wasn't like they were like

This is hot for me. Let's move. It was like, you know, generations of migrating and, like, moving around. Yeah. Okay. Cool. So there's other things. And again, this is like, it's wild because they're going to find something new tomorrow. You know, like, who knows? In 2010, someone found a 41,000-year-old fingerbone of a child that could be another branch from 600,000, up to 600,000 years ago called

Denosovian. It isn't Homo sapien or Neanderthal, so it might be something else. So they found it could be a third one that we don't know about that lasted longer. In 2003, there's evidence of like a of a group of people in the island of Flores, like in Indonesia that are descended from H. Erectus, but they're like off the chute of homo sapiens, but they were also very small. So they like literally call them hobbits. They would have been about 3.7 inches tall because they were like ice- Or inches. That feet, feet, feet, feet, my God, sorry, feet.

Jesus, that would be awesome. They're 3.7 feet tall, so they're, like, little because they all lived on an island where there was, like, not a lot of diversity in, like, their food, and they didn't have to be that big. So, again, over hundreds of thousands of years, but there's another one as well. So there's, who knows what else are going to find? They're going to find all sorts of stuff as they continue to, like, be able to search and date these things. Okay. So, quick side. chat about volcanoes do you know how a volcano works um it is a capped mountain with a hollow cavity

in the center that is connected to the mag i forgot which part of the core it is but it's somehow connected to the center of the earth and there's a magma chamber and when it builds up with too much pressure it explodes at the top pretty close it's the titanic plates in the world moving and then sometimes they you know obviously they hit each other and we get earthquakes sometimes if they push up against each other you get kind of like a weak spot that is like a essentially like a tiny crack in the magma in the in the earth's structure and that is what a volcano is so inside the earth there's the magma and the pressure builds up because the plates are moving the magma wants to escape so it pushes up it finds a weak spot which is a volcano

and it'll push up and it will do a couple of things. It'll do lava, which is like you've seen some volcanoes are like the ones you see in Hawaii, which are like really slow moving lava coming down, you know, off the side of the mountain. You'll see those those are like on the scale. It's like the Richter scale where like the difference between one and three is huge, the same idea. So like a volcano in Hawaii would be like a zero or a one on the scale because it's just like kind of like slowly moving. definitely dangerous and scary but like not a huge thing and the ones that are huge like um like crackatoa like the ones that you like run across the world those are like a four where you can like see it across

the whole entire world tobo was like a tent so this one's like this is the biggest volcano they think in the history of the world the toba volcano um so another thing that happens with volcanoes is it's not just like lava sporting everywhere the big problem is actually the ash so the volcanic ash shoots up into the air like miles and then the wind just takes it and that's when it can like cover the earth because the wind is like taking these like miles of ash kind of all over the whole world and volcanic ash is also very very heavy so like it's not like being if you think of i think of ash is being like really light because it's ash you know it's in the air but volcanic ash is heavy and it's dense so like during like when the toba volcano i'll tell you that in second it exploded in

Indonesia, it covered India with like a foot of ash. Wow. Because it's like and it like hardens and turns into rock. It can also like help the soil. It can be like a nutrient dense, but it also kills you know, kills you and it's hot with balls. Do you remember

when that volcano exploded in New Zealand in 2019 when people were on vacation? So there's a woman named it was just, it wasn't lava. It was like the ash that hit the people. There's a woman named Stephanie Browett. Her father and her sister died in New Zealand's North Island. But she survived with such severe burns. There's a photo of her that she shared in the hospital of her back. And it looks like an anatomical model of muscles because all of her skin is gone.

What's her name? Stephanie Browett, B-R-O-W-I-T-T. So she's a survivor of a volcano, but that's like one of the some of the terrible things that it does to you well oh god so besides obviously yeah do you know what i mean like it's just like it's not not like a little the ash isn't just like oh there's some ash floating the ash is incredibly hot it's what boils your brain you know it's what kills you like that's a huge a huge thing so so that's what this woman stephanie got hit with was the ash not actual like a lava? Well, I guess if lava hits you, it just melts you immediately. Yeah, you can't even get close to, um, to lava. You know how like in movies people are like hanging over lava? If you're

like within 10 feet of lava, you catch on fire and probably less than that. You know, it's a car. It's not like, it's not a joke. Yeah. Um, so that's how a volcano works. Mostly is the ash. It's the biggest problem because that is what can travel across like the entire globe. So Now, it is 74,000 years ago, and most species are gone. There are the Neanderthals in Europe. There's the Homo sapiens in Africa and Eurasia that's just starting to move out of Africa. There are those hobbits in Flores, and there's also some Aterrectus in Eurasia. But really quickly, the hobbits in the Aterrectus are gone after the Toba volcano.

So how do we know this happened 74,000 years ago? in the 1990s, people started to have different ideas and they're finding things in rocks and fossils and DNA that all pointed to the same thing. A genetic bottleneck, 74,000 years ago that means a lot of different things came from a small survivor population. So that's like most of the homo sapiens are wiped out in a small population that 1,000 couples are the ones that we are all descendant from. So something must have happened. And so anything that was going to make us diverse in different areas was gone and we were just like one small survivor population they also see the same thing that happened in pandas and tigers all at the exact same time well wait

these were homo sapiens a thousand okay yeah yes and that's where we're all descended from is those those people and um the there's other like microorganisms that have the same thing In the book, I was reading, like, there's probably so many other animals that have the same genetic bottleneck, but we know about tigers and pandas because they're cute. Yeah, makes sense. But, like, there's probably some ugly animals that similarly. So the Neanderthals are in, you know, Eurasia and Europe. Homo sapiens are starting to spread out of Africa. There's large animals as well, which is, which are like, which I think is so fun.

I mean, you, like, learn about, like, giant bears and giant sloths and, like, just giant animals. super fun, but they're all going to go pretty soon. So there's this volcano near Sumatra, which is the Toba volcano. Also, reminders, Sumatra is where Van Gogh was supposed to go to do as military service, but they paid someone else to go. Nice to roll back. So when the day that the Mount Toba volcano exploded, we will never know what day it was or like exactly what happened.

but ash and pumice have started to roll out of the top of the volcano so this is starting to happen then um when it actually explodes and is an explosion so crackatoa that we'll talk about later in our series is like the one that a lot of people have heard about that was the one like the 1880s um when that happened a sonic boom went around the earth seven times so like people heard it everywhere you know like it was that was a loud anyone's ever recorded or anyone has ever heard mount toba was a thousand times more powerful than that that's crazy so nothing in the world escaped hearing it it um the once the ash the ash plume went about and like the mushroom cloud and all this stuff was about came out about 200 miles per hour and it went like six miles up into the air um the pumice and ash from

mount toba covered about 15 million square miles which is 14 percent of the Earth. So it was everywhere. Six inches of ash covered all of Asia, 10 inches covered all of India. So it also would have mixed with dirt and created mudslides. There was most likely a tsunami, you know, probably several tsunamis that like destroyed people where people were living immediately. Like anything on any coast near it was probably destroyed almost immediately. the the ash is coming up is actually sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide so like it's not breathable it's like ruining you know the air everything in the air is dying it's also covering the sun so that's what happened in the year without a summer with mary shelley that's what happened with crackatoa is like it covers the sun and then you have a huge cooling event and the weather patterns change and a lot of life dies the sunlight's blocked things can't grow everything dies. There's the hypopasize that

global temperature has decreased anywhere from one to nine degrees. So it's like a huge decrease. Like tons of things don't survive. The tree line fell. Things were of frozen. We do know that there was an ice age at this time. This is probably why.

Like an ice age started because of this. So what was left after this happened? We have those 1,000 breeding pairs of people trying to survive. Between the eruption of Mount Toba, there was like a 1,000-year ice age, and then there was a, from 74,000 years ago to 17,000 years ago, it was generally cold. That's when all of the large megafauna animals died, and people started to just kind of move their small groups out into Europe, some state in Africa, obviously, but people kind of coming from that small group of people. another thing about

another like genetic bottleneck that I thought was really fun is hamsters you know hamsters the cute little pet all hamsters that you have as a pet come from the same group of hamsters that was found in 1930 in Syria it was like a

wild animal and some dude was like I'm going to go find a golden hamster found a little group of them they all died out in the wild eventually and every hamster it existed in someone's cage is from that same family. Aw. So that makes them cuter.

It does make them cute. So that genetic viral neck is because of that group that was like taken away from any like bad things and put into like safely now they just like breed like hamsters. You know? So after the Montoba collapsed or

erupted, everybody who survived which was like a very small amount of people they survived because you know they were able to find ways to like get food and other places that weren't able to. and they were able to go out and then, like, you know, populate the whole, the whole rest of the world. So this is a theory because it's 74,000 years old.

So, like I said, like they learned about DNA in 1960. We haven't even known for 100 years and how fast things are, how changing and how fast we're learning. Like, we might know more tomorrow. We might know more in a year. Like some people think that maybe it was something else that caused us Ice Age, but a lot of the evidence points to Mount Toba erupt. because of, like, you know, the ash and the glass and the ash and the uranium and the things that we can, like, carbon date back there.

And we don't have, homo sapiens don't differ after that. You know, it's when we, like, came out and, like, started to really, like, become who we think we are today. There's really good evidence that it's true. There's other mass extinctions. Obviously, like, the dinosaurs went extinct. That was probably a meteor. But other kinds of dinosaurs might have gone extinct because of all canos. So there's all sorts of things that, like, we don't know, but it could have been, because of these because one of a volcano erupts it's like not just isolated it can affect the whole world um i did not add to my list the one in iceland because i absolutely cannot say that one but you remember when that happened yes there's a nice potential on it yeah is there it's i i remember seeing things which is like american news trying to pronounce it and it was just like the best because fuck i can't pronounce any any icelandic words but it's really fun um so the book that i read the when humans nearly vanished

like, you know, the stress is that, you know, we all come from the same group of people because we were hearty, because we were able to, like, get out of this and then we started to move around. So we're all so similar genetically. It's really just like such small differences between, you know, anyone of any race. Like that's, that's something that we shouldn't even like consider when we're talking about people because people are also so brand new. And there used to be like other types of people and there used to be other things. And there's so much, I mean, the whole world, we don't know anything that happened until so unbelievably recently. But like, there will be other volcanoes. We'll talk about what might happen in the future later. But you probably won't die in a mass extinction event. You probably won't die in like San Andreas type California coming off the side of the thing. You probably won't die when Yellowstone finally erupts. That probably will happen, you know, in a long time. People don't really die from these things. But to get a smidge political, the things people are dying from is heat and cold. So more people die of over. overheating in their homes than of any other natural disaster because there's, unless there's like a big event, like a tsunami, but like mostly is people not being able to adapt to the current climate change that's killing people. But there have been some volcanoes that we erupted where we actually can know what happens because we have first hand experiences. So the next one I do is Mount Vesuvius and we have like a firsthand account from plenty of the younger of what happened. And we'll talk about that and then talk about, um, and what it looks like in Pompeii and what happened to those people next time i get back to volcanoes um taylor just as a real quick synopsis am i gonna die because of yellowstone no you're gonna die because of like it's gonna be too hot to live i don't think i'm gonna die that i think i'm probably gonna die of you're more likely to die because it's impossible to be outside at all in in america then it is right now it is actually legitimately like i my dog hates

my guts because it's like why are you coming in the house like i can't take you outside like you will die of overheat um yeah um yeah um yeah i mean i mean it's it's i don't know what was it in uh the day after or tomorrow what was that was that was that a volcano the day after tomorrow no the day after tomorrow it was an ice age right how did it happen so fast oh god that i don't know a science fixer i'm so sorry everyone um coming global super storm it's extreme weather events and climate change i don't know i don't know what happened in one day you know that nasa came up with a plant on how to prevent yellowstone from exploding did they good because it does it

does scare me because I have seen those images of like yellowstone exploding and just like two seconds later all of America is covered in ash and then it's like Canada's gone Mexico's gone the ash plumes everywhere in terms of large explosions you also experienced three and two 1.3 and half a million years ago I mean it's like that and like the big the big uh Earthquoise like they're like it could happen in a thousand years or it could happen tomorrow you're like god damn it i mean listen i when i was living in l.a i actually thought about that like i mean you you remember there are times when you'd wake up and your bed was like in the middle of the room because you were going through an earthquake and it was at your friend's place remember the guy that um you you i mean

his apartment or some i sub lease from him and the first time i experienced i was like what the fuck is it was terrifying it was absolutely terrifying it's so confusing it's like it's confusing you think because you're like, I know what I should do an earthquake right now. I'm not actively having one. But when happens, first you need someone to confirm it's an earthquake. So otherwise you're like, am I going crazy? You think our cars run into the building because it just feels so off. It's so loud, too.

Like, at least the couple of times that I've been in when, like, the building shakes in a way that you're like, huh? And then the other thing that comes to your mind is you're like, is this going to be that big one? Like, should I be panicked right now? Because you're so clutch with, like, terror in the moment and confusion. So. My mom was like, because I mean, she was like, I love the movie San Andreas. I watched it all the time. And I was like, I can't watch it that much.

I'm living it. I was like, but I understand, you know, the rock is very handsome in that. I get it. Yeah. So, okay. So that is the Toba catastrophe series that, 74,000 years ago, a big, volcano exploded, changed who humans are because so many different types of human species died out that just a small group survived. And that turned into us. We are all related. The earth

is terrifying. Let's take good care of it before it kills us because there's 100% going to kill us. And clear this, should we, we should be racist or we should not be racist? You should not be racist. Not be racist. Okay. Racist is brand new. We're all, we're all. We're all, We're all people. Come on, you nerds. We're all people. Some of the stuff, like I said, there were some hoaxes. Like, some of the hoaxes are like, you know, people, like, when they're finding this stuff out and, like, finding these homo sapiens in Africa to prove that, like, we're all from the same woman in Africa, you know, however many, you know, hundreds of thousands of years ago, people in Europe are pissed, you know. Like, the Nazis were pissed.

They were like, there's no way that, that, you know, the first human came from Africa, you know. And then they're like, he must have come from here. and they like really wanted really really really wanted humans to come from europe and like they just didn't get over it that was one good thing about oppenheimer was it brought up the fact that the nazis didn't believe in like actual physics because real physics was mostly created by like jewish people like all the best physicists in the world were jewish and they were like those nerds their racism prevented them from being successful and being good racist like that was it was like the most ironic thing ever oh my god they just handed einstein to us exactly exactly you're the smartest

guy ever and you just give them to us um yeah totally yeah so all that's just so it's just so new and it's so interesting um and fun so you know diversity is fun but we're all people we're all people this is good this is a really creative concept taylor like you're you're like throwing me for a loop here to make me realize i got to set my game up but i really love this story and i'm excited about the next one and the next one after that in all seven parts so thank you thank you yeah thank you it'll be in no particular timeline but you know um but yeah also have you been to pompey no i haven't this one i'll talk more about it that's cool yeah we'll do it um folks remember write to us at doom to fail pod at juml.com we'd love to hear people's feedback and thank you

for listening and share it with your friends Yeah, please share. Find us doomed to fill a pod everywhere that you listen to podcasts and see things. I'm so sorry, I have one more thing to share. Art Bell wrote the editor tomorrow. Oh, really? Yes, and his Wikipedia picture, he's smoking a cigarette and wearing a turtleneck and that was pretty awesome. Pretty fun. He does look very cool. That's all.

Cool. Thanks, thanks for us. Great, thanks all. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country. Sweet. And we're back. Taylor, can you just do the introductions?

I'm going to keep doing the two-day thing. You don't have to do. I mean, we do what we want to do. But hello, welcome to doomed to fail. The podcast where we talk about historical or true crime relationship or thing that was doomed to fail, that was never going to make it. histories tragedies experiences things that happened and today we're going to go into a historical story and i told you fars that i am drinking some wine because as expected we're going back to

ancient rome and we're going to do volcanoes part two no way yay okay i i'm excited about the volcano stories i know that we i know that we're not a volcano podcast like we can kind of be a volcano podcast. It's part two of seven volcanoes. So this is the one. This is the story of Pompeii and Mount Vesuvius. Yay. Okay. I'm excited about this. Have you been to Pompeii? Do you talk of this yet? No, I have a thing that I just refuse to do anything that's popular because I'm a Oh, right. Just a lot of people there. Yeah. Yeah. I'm too cool. Okay. So like, Um, you should go. Uh, no, I'm not going to. I mean, you literally

told me how boring it was you literally told me how boring it was it actually seems flat and there's like nothing there is where you told me i don't think i said that because i want to talk about how cool it is like nine times in this so i just i take umbrage with that accusation one of us is a liar and i bet it's me okay so i watched a couple youtube videos one with dan snow who's from history hit who i'm watching a lot of his stuff it's really great I also there's some kind of more academic things I read

one about the amphitheater one about some bones we'll talk about later and obviously like Wikipedia to get some dates right and I also watched the 2014 movie Pompeii have you seen that?

Was that a Ben Affett is that a Jerry Brockhammer thing? No it's Paul W.S. Anderson I have more talk about it later I'll talk about it more later but I'll watch that. It's like it's fun. It's not great but it's fun.

So this is a story that's like, you think this could never happen to us. And when you think about archaeology and looking at these ancient cities and things, even like finding ruins of things that aren't as well preserved as Pompeii, the thing that I think of is like, could anyone ever excavate my house? Like could that happen to me? You know, like if today during this hurricane, the mountain next to me falls on my house, will they find my house in 2000 years? and will only know about me you know things like that because you think it will never happen but the

people of pompey never thought this would happen to them you know like every town to we excavate they didn't know i think the reason why they would why they like to excavate those things is because there was no real written history and so the only way to totally understand how people lived was that but i bet people will know in like a thousand years probably how you lived Yeah, I think I think yes, I think you're probably right but I also think that I think that because I think that our civilization is like at like a pinnacle peak part that probably isn't.

Maybe. I don't know. It's a lot. We have these books. This is not in my line. We have these books that are like describing the world to kids in a way to tell them that that religion is fake and there is no magic, but it's still cool, you know? And there's one of them where it's like, you're like, oh, this world is like perfect for us. And it goes back. And it's like every time in evolution, whatever it was, was like, this world's perfect for me. And then something weird happened.

And then you evolved into the next thing, you know. So it's kind of like. I do wonder between the two of us and 3,000 years or if there's aliens that showed up and we're all dead and married, whether they would dig my house up or your house first. I did. We did have a big hole in the backyard because of a rainstorm and we had a tractor come and fill it in. but I put a beach ball in it just to confuse future archaeologists. That is very, that is very on brand for you, Taylor. Thank you.

So they'll be like, was there a beach here? What is happening when they find that in the hole in my backyard in 10,000 years. I love it. So, yeah, so there's also obviously a Dan Carlin story where he is obsessed with this one king at one point. Xenophon sees the ruins of this city and he says, what is that? And the people around are like, we don't know. But it was Nineveh, which was a huge bustling city 200 years before. And 200 years later, it's in ruins and no one remembers that.

So, like, kind of crazy. So I'm going to read you a quote from Pliny the Younger. I'll tell you more about him later. But it's going to tell you a little bit about what it was like the day in 79 AD when Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed the city of Pompeii. How does Pliny the elder know this? I will tell you. in a little bit, but I'm setting the scene. Okay,

sure. You could hear the shrieks of women, the wailing of infants, and the shouting of men. Some were calling their parents, others, their children, or their wives, trying to recognize them by their voices. People bewailed their own fate or that of their relatives, and there were some who prayed for death

in their terror of dying. Many besought the aid of the gods, but still more imagined that there were no gods left, that the universe was plunged into internal darkness forever. ever more. It's like, okay. That's intense.

Shit's getting destroyed. It's super intense. So we're going to talk about what Pompey was, the city and the area. What happened in 79 AD and then how we found it. Okay. That's a super cool story too. So Pompey is in Italy, obviously. People have been living in that area so far as we know since about negative 8,000.

Again, I'm doing negatives, negative 8,000. There were Etruscans, Saminites, the Punic Wars. that Dan Carlin has a whole big thing on happened around there. But now we're like just taking over to the positive years, like 50s, 50, year 50-ish. And it is now in Roman territory. So the Roman Empire is, you know, building and growing all over Europe. And that is what Pompeii is kind of under. It's actually a fun story about Emperor Nero, who we talked about a very long time ago.

but Emperor Nero had to kind of in 59 in year 59 there was a riot in Pompeii because to from Pompeii and the city of New Syria which was nearby there was like a gladiator thing and like a race or whatever and they got in like a bunch of fights and a bunch of people died and it was like a huge riot and chaos so Nero was like fine you guys can't have gladiators for 10 years so we took away their right to have gladiators and in Pompeii they probably didn't actually like wait all 10 years but that's how they got punished and they got in trouble for having this big riot and emperor Nero did that which is fun all the gladiars like thank god i know for real can i just like be a regular slave now and that one's going to eat in by lion yeah um so pompey's on the coast it's beautiful as close to naples i've been to naples i had a terrible time in naples i had like the weirdest time it was like half under construction and like it was just weird but i did get to go to pompey and i'm glad that i did and you kind of take the train down like sorrento like the italian coast it's so pretty i think the day i went to pompey was like maybe the same day i went to capri like it's just gorgeous um there's another town near pompey called herculaneum which was also destroyed by mount vesuvius in 79 and talk a little bit about that cheap but pompey is like the famous one so it was also a vacation town so some rich romans people who lived like literally in rome would have like a vacation villa and pompey so it's just like a nice place to be yeah

weather by the beach so i was took some notes as i was watching the 2014 movie so paul w s anderson he's the director he did event horizon in the bunch of resident evils you know some stuff that we love this is not this is not his best film guys event horizon it's like you can you can watch that over and over and over it's like crack oh my god um yeah it's so good so um the guy who played john snow is the main character in Game of Thrones Kid Harrington. Yeah.

Also, I think it's fun, this is an aside that the guy who invented vaccines was named John Snow. Really? It's fun. And then another fun one that always makes me laugh, which is dumb, but the first, like, white person

to go into Imperial Japan and kind of see what they were doing there on their island or they were kind of isolated was named Matthew Perry, which makes me laugh every single time I hear it. Yeah. So in the movie, Kit Harrington plays a slave. This time in Rome, which we talked about before, there's tons of enslaved people. It's not really about race. It's about, you know, just conquering. So he plays a cult. And the Romans come and they, you know, come to Britain, kill his family, take him on as a slave. He's a kid kind of wandering around, which I hate the idea of a child would be alone. And then someone like grabs him and he becomes a gladiator. Also in the film, Kiefer Sutherland isn't, isn't it? It's like a baddie. And

he is a senator. And another thing that I always find hilarious is that Roman senators, like in this time, 2,000 years ago, just had like regular dude haircuts. You know? Like in real life? Yeah. They just like look. They had like their haircut was like kind of not like shaved, but like

a close, just like nicely cropped haircut. And just like it's like a regular dude haircut. And it's like. Because I feel like I don't know. I just feel like it should be different, but it's not. It's very like their heads look very modern. when they're wearing togas, but that was the style then. Well, the toga gives up, gives away the time. Yeah.

So the reason that I like the movie and that I, you know, things about it, that it kind of gives you an idea of what it looked like then, look what it felt like when people were actually living there. And it feels very, very modern. So stuff that they found in Pompeii, there were at least 31 bakeries. There were baths. There were bars. There were stores.

We found a fast food restaurant that I'll tell you about in a little bit. an outdoor market there's like you know the streets are you know very well like made there's these big stepping stones that you have to step across the street because there's like always chariots going by there's you know kind of water rushing through there's horse poop everywhere so like it's people were really actively living there and living their lives there um the things that you miss from excavations and from the ruins are like the colors and the fabric and the fabric and and the wood and like the things that just like kind of filled in yes exactly the richness of it when you think about ancient Rome you think about like for the most part I think about cold like white

marble and like you know all those things but it wasn't white it was painted you know like even in like ancient Greece like the Cropolis was painted like that paint just has to come off after 2000 years but things were really bright there are bright colors you know there were overhangs and curtains and clothes and you know just people like living their lives and they had all this stuff and this stuff isn't there anymore but like we just have like the outline of it yeah you know um and what else so okay so there's some cool things that are in pompey there's like a big amphitheater that we'll talk about and it's just like it's just a shadow of the past but it's the best shadow that we have of what life was like in the Roman Empire.

And I'll tell you a little bit, oh, why? So Pompeii stood in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius. And obviously, at this time, they're like, natural disasters are because of the gods. Like, we piss someone off. We have to, like, do sacrifice a goat or, like, whatever. But they didn't know about volcanoes because how would they, how would they know about volcanoes? They don't know.

Right. You know, like, you just have never heard of it before. How would you even think about a mountain exploiting? You just, like, didn't know. So I've actually been to Mao Vesuvius. I've been to Pompeii. Do you remember that joke from Zoolander? Have you seen Zoolander?

Oh, God. Yeah, like 80 times. So when Hansel's telling that story, and then he's like, Hansel, could you, have you been taking peyote for like six straight days? Could this be in your head? And he's like, it was. I've never been to Mount Vesuvius. Like, I think he laughs so hard. He's like, falling up on Vosuvius, could this be in your head?

Have you been smoking peyote for six straight days? Like, yes. So when I went there, it was so hilarious and, like, kind of awful because you kind of walk around it. And when you get to the top, they made you pay, like, five more euros to see the middle. And I was like, fuck you. So I had to pay like five more euros, got to the top and you kind of look over the edge of the volcano. And it's like, you know, like a flat, sandy period. Oh, you walk up the volcano?

Yeah. It's not active, right? It is active. All volcanoes are active, but it's not like going to erupt tomorrow. Oh, okay. It's not like, it's not totally dead. Because when you look over the edge, like it is, I'm trying to like, in my memory, it's like a flat, sandy area that is smoky a little bit. Like, it's hot.

So wait, when you look in, can you see the magma? No, you just see sand, but you can, like, tell that it's hot. Whoa. Yeah. And then also, do you know who else? Climbabino Vesuvius is Mary Shelley. Mary Shelley. The Shelley's did that on their tour of Europe, which is fun.

So anyway, it's cool. I think we should go to Italy. It's very fun. So now it is in like year 60 AD, positive 60, the emperor Titus is in Rome, and things are getting a little bit weird. There's always been some like small earthquakes in the area and you just kind of like make a sacrifice and hope for the best. On February 5th, the year 62, there was a great earthquake. It was probably a five or six on the Richter scale. And it was a feast day.

People were preparing for a party. And there was tons of damage in Pompeii. There were a lot of fires because oil lamps fell over. over and caught things on fire. There's a lot of things that just kind of crumbled to the ground. So they took us an opportunity to update some things. So now we can see that some things were pre the Great Earthquake and updated after. They were rebuilt or they were fixed, stuff like that.

So they built public baths after this. They put like a veneer over some things. But the people who remember the Great Earthquake are rattled. You know, like they remember and they're scared because it was scary. You don't know what that was. You don't know what the fuck just happened. And so in the year 65, Emperor Nero and Pompeia, his wife, visited Pompeii. We know that they were there.

This is probably around the time that Nero performed in Naples. Remember how he like sang everywhere? Yes, and won every competition. Yeah, you had to be like, oh, my God, he's so good at thinking and playing the violin or whatever. So, and so Niro has been there. But now it's 79. So at 79, and Mount Vesuvius begins to erupt. so originally we thought from like the stuff that we know is that it was in august but now they think it was actually the 24th to 25th of october we'll never know like exactly for sure but when they started excavating more things they found things like they could tell the fruit being sold were were fall fruits and that they were selling like dried summer fruits so like it was making that transition into fall people were wearing more clothing than you would in august so they like think that it was october but i guess we'll never know

of anywhere from like 11 to to 20,000 people, it's hard to tell exactly how many people live there. Some people have had vacation homes there too, so there could have been some empty houses. Right. You know what I mean? The eruption lasted two days, and we know

about it from plenty of the younger, who I quoted earlier, and he lived in Naples, and he could see everything from the Bay of Naples, so he could see the smoke, and you could see what was happening, but he didn't, he wasn't affected by it. Like, he didn't get her. So he watched it happen. And he wrote down his account 25 years later. And so that we know

from what he said. So like also it's 25 years, five years after it happened. So it could potentially not be exact or whatever. But he was the nephew of Pliny the Elder. So their elder and younger, who's eventually adopted by him, like his dad died when he was really young. And Plenty the Elder was very famous. He was like a famous statesman. He was like a lawyer. He wrote the first encyclopedia, just like a real Roman scholar, Pliny the Elder. He was also an admiral in the Roman Navy. So he was like a really like big guy, physically as well. He was a big guy. So in 79, Pliny of the elder was 55. And so his nephew, the younger, is back in Naples. And Plenty of the elder gets a letter from his friend, Rictina, and Pompey. She had a villa at the bottom of the mountain. And he got the

letter in like time to go try to get her, which is she was probably like feeling rumbling. of being like, I've got to get the fuck out of Dodge. Yeah. Like, thinking about the earthquakes, like, no concept of a volcano, but potentially an earthquake, you know? Right. So he goes to get her. And he tries to keep people calm.

He, like, goes to sleep and, like, takes a nap and is like, everything's fine, you guys. Like, we're going to get out of here. No big deal. Like, trying to remain calm. Eventually, the air starts to get smoky. And, like, he probably had asthma. He was, like, really big, and he dies of a heart attack. So he doesn't, he never leaves Pompey.

he he he he stayed there but i think his friends get out wait who the elder the elder yeah okay so plenty of the younger one of his other things was like i'm gonna tell this story so that you know that my uncle was like trying to be a hero when he died right you know um so um so sip of wine probably has a wine hopefully people got drunk when this is up i don't what else the fuck you're gonna do what else yeah what else is there day one pumice starts raining down from the top of the mountain like burning rocks just coming into the city like raining over the city um i mean if you could fucking imagine that happening like in any city right now and we understand what pumice is you know just like what the fuck is going on the gods are so

mad at us people start to leave a lot of people were able to leave and they took a lot of their expensive things so some of the bodies they found later like people had like all their jewels with them because they're trying to run away with like their with their stuff um there I learned about this I think in college. I learned the story. There's a story where there was like a basement area, like a cellar where they found a bunch of bodies later. And they probably suffocated in there. They probably were like, let's go underground, which I think would make sense. You would think that would be okay. But then when the city was covered, like they suffocated. But in that, in that place, they found a woman who was pregnant. So they found like, you know, her bones with her baby's bones on top of each other. But her bones were green because she was wearing a bunch of copper jewelry that ended up furnishing. which is like super interesting that she was like in there holding her pregnant belly and like suffocating to death crazy um in the movie that pompey like the this day is chaos which totally makes sense there's fire falling from the sky like you don't know what the fuck is going on um and i imagine that like the richer people could leave which happens now and all the time you know like in 2020 how would you leave you could you could take a boat and just leave like before the big eruption started you could start to leave you could get you could take your horses and try to get fur enough away like that was still potentially possible on day one because it sounds like one of those like i mean look like okay so it doesn't matter if like the big one hits la if you live in belair or compton like you're fucking dead right so like this feels more like one of those situations where

it's like it's going to hit you and then your your opportunity to mitigate the impact is pretty limited but you have an entire day you don't know what's coming but it's still happening only like the first day it's just as it's just raiding rocks of fire so be deal I know that's why I'm saying I was like it sounds bad

you're not wrong then it sounds fucking terrible and yeah on your way out you can get hit in the head with the flying fire rock and die like so I'm sure people died

during that too but people did leave which is good so they were able to get out before the really really bad thing happened because a really really bad thing happened on day two

so day two is pyroclastic flow day which you've learned about before that's the day when that hot assh comes as fast as fucking possible and covers you and kills you. Your brain boils. You die pretty

immediately. Things catch on fire but like they're encased so fast you know. So like there's things where I know we'll talk about the bodies in a second but like there's doors that are like wooden doors that we have plaster molds of because the

ash just like came around it so fast the doors burned but it left the imprint inside the ash wow so it's fast and hot it's coming just so so fucking fast that's the thing that i remember because my dad told me about vesuvius when i was a kid before like he's like my son's gonna be a scientist um and he barely missed the mark but he told me about vesuvius and i looked it up and his main thing was like yeah like preserved everything because it was so hot so fast like you just have it reminded me a lot of like atomic bombs and how like it like there's a memory that it leaves behind because of its ferocity that's

very unusual yeah that's what made me think of but i'm sure you're going to talk about that no that's very that's very deep if i get it yes yes he should try to make me a poet because that's obviously where my calling was i think this is where you're headed um so yeah by the end of day two the eruption was over and it would have been quiet and smoky And, like, weird, because there's a whole, like, first floor of the whole city is under this ash. So imagine if, like, the first floor of an entire city is just hot ash now. There are some rescue efforts that Emperor Titus tries to do. He sends people, but there's nothing they can do.

Like, they know that everybody under the ash is dead. Like, there's no one they can save. Looters and robbers go in, and they're able to. to see like, oh, I see the second story of this building. I know this building was a rich person's house and they do try to like dig in and steal things. So some of the stuff is like time destroyed by looters, which again, people don't change. The fucking happens to know.

You know, so some of that happens. Eventually there's like another small eruption in like 500 that kind of covers everything that's left. So, and then the second stories that are, that were above the ash, you know, they get destroyed by like that and like the weather. Herculeanium, the other town that was destroyed, that one got more ash. So actually, it does have two stories worth of ash. So there's a lot more we can see there, but it's also harder to excavate because of that.

Right. And then people, like, forgot. They forgot it was there. It was like a rumor and like a legend. You know, like if you were alive when it was a town you went to, maybe you told your kids, but two generations later, no one remembered. and it was just like an area that by the beach it changed the coastline it was empty you know and um rome fell other things happened so they just forgot that that it was there and um it's like when you go to rome

there's if you're like in the subway in rome in like underground the there's like parts of it where you have like you know glass and you can see roman ruins because it was like ancient rome and then like Renaissance Rome and then like now Rome and it's just keeps building on top of each other. So they're just like if you can't like build anything new in Rome you're going to find fucking something awesome. Yeah. Yeah. It just like happens to you there. But Rome we didn't get destroyed. It just continued.

So that's why we don't know a lot of what life was like in actual ancient Rome the city because it was it's always been a city. You know? Right. So you just like adapt and continue to do things. So in now let's get. So that happened that happened. A lot of

people died it was probably a fucking horror show who who knows when they died mercifully they died really fast if they got like copy they did basically everybody die is that what the just is they think about like they really don't know this I read something that was like 16,000 people died but I know some people had like left but no one like was there the next day you know like either you left or you died there was no like survivors right so in 1592 so like 1500 years later, an architect named Domenico Fontana was digging for an aqueduct and he found some ancient walls

and paintings. So he was like digging his well and he was like, this is weird and like found like a cavern in Herculaneum that was like a room. And there's rooms underground there, they didn't know we're there because they had been like encapsulated in the ash.

Yeah. In the in the Dan Snow documentary I watched, he has to go in there and they're just like an underground amphitheater. It's like bananas. You can see where people used to sit and like walk and all these things because it was just like covered by things. Think of how many of those probably. So when I was in when I was in Lisbon, I was walking somewhere. I don't know where I was. But Lisbon is also like a super, super old city kind of like, well, Portugal in general is an old country. And it was weird. Like you're in the middle of the city and you look over and the whole thing is packed full of buildings everywhere. And there's just gape, like in the middle of the city, in the middle of the street. You meander down there.

And they're like, yeah, we were about to knock this building down to build another building there. And then when we took it down to its foundations and went a layer deep or we realized that underneath that was an amphitheater. There's this millennia's old amphitheater. Like, what the fuck? It's just, you're walking. Dude, I don't know what's underneath you. There could be, like, the home of, like, a former president.

I don't know. I'm making shut up. Like, probably a cheap. Like, there's probably stuff everywhere. And I have a couple, I have a couple stories that reminds me of one. I told the kids, I was like, we have to go to Paris. Paris is built on top of bones. Like, we've got to go into, like, the, what's it called the Paris?

We're like, there's all like a catacombs. Catacombs, exactly. There was also King Richard, the third of England, was found in a parking lot in, like, like Lestyshire Like they were like building a park or not They found a dead king Because that would like They just like didn't do a thing

And then another one Remember that you know Darren Koo you that city and Turkey Where it's like all underground Oh yeah Yeah you told that farmer who like found it So fucking cool It's like a city

An underground city that could hold 20,000 people That a farmer just like accidentally found So I bet there's probably a lot of those out there still There's so many I think they found like the Leocuan which was like a really famous like Roman statue in a farm as well.

Like there's just things that are like buried in there. It's so cool. But Domenico Fontana didn't really tell anyone that he had found this. So he just like kind of let it go. In the 1690s, some people started to see the word Pompeius carved onto things. So they were like, that's weird. They just kept kind of like seeing things carved on things as they kind of went lower. But they didn't really like do anything more than that.

Herculeanium was officially rediscovered in 1738 by workers digging for the foundations of a summer palace for the king of Naples, Charles of Bourbon, who was French, and they started to kind of dig it up. In 1763, they officially identified Pompeii. The first thing that they found was the amphitheater. They just, like, tripped over a rock, started to dig, and they were like, oh, it's a step. Oh, it's another step. Oh, it's another step. Then they found a fucking huge amphitheater, just like you were saying. Crazy.

That was like the first thing that they found. So it's 1760s and who's in charge of Italy, the French, and who's in charge of France? Napoleon. Napoleon. So Napoleon, like all rulers, wants to be an emperor. You know, he's like, I want to be an emperor. I identify with Roman emperor. It's like, fuck you.

I'm sure you do. So do I. Whatever. Short being complex. identify with rich people made me rich but his sister Caroline Bonaparte

was the queen of Naples which is hilarious and she was put in charge of excavations so Caroline Bonaparte had people go and dig up the outside of Pompeii

so they dug up the outer wall so they could see what they were working with which is pretty cool okay the outer wall of the amphitheater no of the entire city

oh so they they like found the outer wall and started digging all the way around so they like wanted to kind of start mapping out exactly what pompey was so she did that eventually italy took it back um and started to do or like whatever that means i don't know sorry italian historians but um it's italy again and the they started excavating there's some breaks but they found some incredible homes some huge villas where they can see courtyards in different rooms and where people like went into the bathroom and slept and cooked and things like that.

And the thing that is so fucking cool is that they're all painted and mosaiced. And that's what you don't see anywhere else because it was saved. It was like in a time capsule underneath all this ash. The paints are bright red and bright yellow. And the mosaics are brightly colored. So you can tell that like it wasn't just like marble. You know, it's like a really bright city. Obviously there's like the paintings of like people having sex and things that people get super

excited about because like it was like a Roman time. It was debauchery. It's super fun. They find a gladiator barracks. That's actually two stories and has intact gladiator helmets. So we know exactly what they wore and exactly what their life was like from that. They find bakeries and restaurants with bread still in the ovens. You know, like they can like really dig in and like find all this stuff.

And it is in color for the first time, which is Super Bowl. The frescoes are oddly like preserved. like it does look um and they're nowhere else there's no only there's probably more buried somewhere but like you don't you don't see that in rome in other cities because of time well it's weird because you would assume that the heat and the ash would destroy the paint but i guess not it didn't it just like kept it in a lot of cases so it's really really beautiful you can really you can see what people wore you can see like there's children there's people just like living their lives a lot of like daily life scenes that are painted oh they excavated like the whole thing like

I mean, the whole city is there now. I think there's a little bit left, but yeah, most of it. Well, they're still finding stuff, which I'll tell you by one second. But they kept finding holes of like pockets of air. And in the pockets of air, there were skeletons. So they kept finding skeletons in his pockets of air. And in 1863, a man named Giuseppe Fiorelli took charge of excavations. and he decided that those to put plaster in those holes and see what was in there.

And he found that they were like a perfect cast of the bodies. And that's what you've seen from Pompeii, the people's bodies. It's because the ash cooled around them so quickly, their bodies decomposed in that space. So if you went into that space, their bones are in the ground, the shape of it is a shape of the person. It's like a sarcophagus. So that's what it looks like. Yeah. So it's just like it's like actually like exactly the way their body is where you can see the fear of their faces. You know, you can see children. You can see dogs. They had it because Roman and Romans had dogs like on leashes. They had like pets. So you would like see them too. One of the pictures I saw was a guy with teeth. Well, you know, it's not his actual teeth, but it's like the preservation of the teeth. Oh, okay. You know what I mean? It's like if someone like if you make a mold or something like you would put something in plaster or you know whatever. So it's exactly.

like a mold of the humans and that's what they're finding so you can really see like people were running for their lives you know they were scared they're like holding each other and there's places where they find like a bunch of people together and you're like did they know each other like we'll never know was it a family was it you know people who are running together and found each other and tried to find safety somewhere like whatever but people like huddled together because like they're going to die they still do that today they're still finding finding these pockets with bodies they use resin now instead of plaster because more durable and they can keep the bones, but they're still doing that, and that was in 1863. So then, fast forward to

the 1930s, and Mussolini is now in charge of Italy, and he really wants to go back in and start doing that, like, we're ancient Romans, let's do a lot more excavating. So he goes, but they go back in, kind of brings it up again. He finds a genie, not he, but like they find a gymnasium that has these awesome mosaics of people like working out. As people swimming, people like doing like stretches and just like, you know it was like a gym where people worked out. It's like such a normal city. Yeah. You know?

So during World War II, the excavation stopped because there was other shit to do. In 1943, Pompeii was bombed by the British Americans and Canadians. They said like, oh, it was an accident. We didn't mean to. Like, fuck you. Of course you did. Whatever.

So some of it was destroyed by World War II bombs. But luckily, not everything. But there's a house called like the House the fallen where you can see a shell from a bomb from a World War II mom because we did that then um so that brings us to now um at the beginning the excavation was like very haphazard because it was 300 years ago so they were just like push things over and like try to dig with like whatever um now it's a lot more meticulous obviously um and like we said about the bright colors and things like that Like now Pompeii is actually exposed to the elements, now it's starting to get destroyed.

That's the downside. The earth. Yeah. So we can see it, but now it's out there. So now that it's out here, like, you know, just like regular elements, rain and wind and things are starting to fade. You can also like really go there. Like I remember, I touched a wall. I touched a fresco because I was like, and I was like walking on mosaics.

You know, you could like really walk in it. I think they maybe have pulled that back a little bit because that was 20 years ago. I read a story a while ago, I don't know where I read it, but like some person was like they took a rock home from Pompeii and then they were like cursed forever, you know, so like don't steal shit from Pompeii, but I'm sure there's like a gift shop. But they're still finding stuff. So in 2020, they found a fast food place. So it's a restaurant, like they found like a building with a restaurant. It has this like low counter. And in the counter there are holes with pots in them.

And in front of each pot is a painting of like a chicken or a fish. or a lamb so you could like go there and be like all have the chicken and they would like put it in like a bowl and you could take it with you that's pretty cool but it's super cool or you could like sit in there and like eat and drink so there's like restaurants people like really living um and in 2021 they found a chariot and a mummified freed slave so they found like some more things so they're still finding things um and it's so cool because i mean hopefully it it lasts you know longer but the fact that we have this time capsule um about this ancient Roman city because of this awful tragedy we can see what they ate and drank and did for fun we can see who was there we can learn so much about the entire roman roman empire um so i also wanted to announce that i'm quitting my job and moving to pompey to work there congratulations wow the big reveal i'm really that's a big reveal i'm very excited um i have not been offered a job but i think i'm going to show up with like a paintbrush and like um some hope and be like hey guys what can i what can i do for you i really want to just live here and figure out what

because it's so fucking cool until it explodes again because four million people live in the area now so looking at pictures of Pompeii I would say that the interesting part about it like mentally is that it looks like any like old city because they dug it all up but the part you have to keep remembering it's like it's like 2,000 years old like it shouldn't look the way it looks which is like the interesting part because it you know it look like Lisbon looks like a part of Lisbon or anywhere else it's been around for a very, very long time, but you got to remember that like it shouldn't look this good, basically. Yeah, exactly. It shouldn't look that good and it looks great. And then you also have to like use your imagination for that second layer. Like imagine the second story. Imagine fabric. Imagine wood. Imagine animals. Imagine people. Like bring it to life a little bit, which I think that's why I like to the movie because it kind of brings it a little bit to life, even though it's still. really. But it looks silly. I looked at the screen graphs of it. It looks really good. It's on Hulu. You can watch it. Yeah. Not great. Yeah. But it's cool. I think you should go. All right. Well, that can be an excellent on the agenda. Cool. Wow. Yeah. These frescoes are really, really cool. Oh, they're so hard. Yeah. No kidding. Yeah. When you picture it, when you picture Pompeii, like, it's just like a lot of like just dead gray. and then it's actually really really beautiful and that's like the inside of someone's house so like you if you were like a rich person in pompey like the inside of your house would be covered with like bright red like trim and frescoes of people like having fun you know of like you and your family's accomplishments and shit so cool if you had to choose how are you going giant earthquake

or giant volcano i feel like this is like the longest pause ever. The volcano would be very quick, but it'd be very scary. But the, and the earthquake, I don't, I hate, I hate the idea of being stuck in a fallen building. You remember? I got collapsed in Miami, like a couple, the last year or whatever. People, they didn't find any survivors, that people could have technically been there for like a week. Yeah. And they just died. That is awful. So maybe it's a little bit quicker. Yeah. Okay. This is a two-part question. So volcano or ill-constructed marine vessel to the bottom of the ocean to see the Titanic? Oh my god, volcano.

I don't know why. I feel safer where there's air, even though I know the air is about to kill me. The fact that there is no air in that thing, I think that's something like that. What do you think? I think if you were to just drug me, blindfold me, tie me down. And then put me in the Titanic submersible, I'd probably pick that because when it happens, you don't even know it happened. Well, you can't be drugged and tie down. You have to be like, be like, what's happening?

I don't know. Are we going up? I don't know. If I'm paying not much money, I think I can just choose. I choose how it happens. Dying a volcano for free. It's your point. Actually, yeah.

From an economic financial perspective, that would be the most reason. I mean, that Ramsey character, he was. would definitely recommend that whatever his name is yeah yeah so crazy day crazy thing that have in there it's super cool for us that we get to see that history it's fucking fascinating it's like you know everything else we know from like fucking bits of bits of pottery and this is like a whole thing we can really like see stories and stuff so it's cool there's one i didn't say i forgot to mention this there's like a house that they know was um owned by a woman who lived alone named Julia and she would rent out parts of her house so she was like the first Airbnb

yeah exactly a little Airbnb in Pompeii and it would have been really fucking nice until we didn't do we know how they know she rented out that house yes on the side of her house is carved an advertisement that says rooms for rent it's incredible is that cool I know it's so cool I might go to Pompeon you might have convinced me I think we should go together um yeah I definitely want to go that sounds great Um, sweet. Well, Taylor, thank you for sharing your story. Um, I will say that I just pulled up the recent article about Hillary and it says, take this seriously. Okay. Yeah. Everybody seems to be, uh, taking it seriously. So please. It's getting a little darker. I'm in the window. Um, yeah, it's happening. Well, if you ever, if you and you, you, the kids in one need a place to flee to. You got a place here. So. Thank you. Um, I'll, um, I'll, I will keep you posted. Yeah, good luck tomorrow. Unless I'm stuck there with you.

I know, for real. You're going to be living at the airport for the next a couple days, so don't worry about it. Yeah, I'm used to that. Well, thank you. Cool. I have one announcement. I found out that my friend died today. So I just want to tell a little story. My friend, boy from high school, his name was Nathan, but they called him boy,

which was cute. He was so cute. He was so 90s cute. He had the biggest freaking crush on him. And his house was like the fun house. And his sister, Neva, I was talking with her today a little bit, how sad I am. And, but you could just, like, do what the fucking wanted at their house. And it was just, like, so fun. You would always just, like, have big parties and their parents didn't care. And I remember one party, I was, like, super young.

I was, like, 15 or 16. And I was, like, trying to sleep it off because I, like, drank a ton. And I was crying because I thought all my friends were prettier than me. And I remember, I was laying in, like, I don't know what the fuck. I was like in, like, a mattress and, like, the floor. And I can, I can, like, picture the hot tears. I, like, remember the hot tears. And boy came in the room, and he was like, are you okay?

And I was like, oh, my friends are prettier than me. And he was like, no. And it was nothing nefarious. Like, nothing happened. But he, he, like, gave me a really big hug. And I remember feeling the hot tears and feeling this, like, curly, curly hair, like, all over my face because he was wearing this, like, huge blonde wig. Because he was, like, bald.

But he was wearing this, like, huge blonde curly wig and, like, comforting me. But I was, like, super confused because I was, like, drunk. and sad and it was just like this hair and he was just a very very nice guy and he left behind a wife and a young daughter so really sad but nothing but good memories of hanging out with him so i just wanted to share that he passed away today um he passed away like this week oh you but you found out yeah you talk about that sucks isn't it isn't it's like you get we're at that age now we're like this starts picking up speed it's kind of wild yeah sorry you hear that taylor thank you i also wanted to make a plea to the

lincoln and facebook community that like if someone dies please don't put them on my list of people that i have to add to my podcast like on lincoln because i've definitely invited several dead people to like our podcast because otherwise they're just going to be the top of my list forever you know wait you why are you adding dead people to our podcast. What? Because on LinkedIn, I get, so we have a page on LinkedIn for our podcast. You can follow it, everyone. But I'm inviting people, but I can only invite 250 people a month. So every month, the beginning of the month, I invite 250 people of like of my friends on LinkedIn or whatever. But at the top of the list is in like, I don't know what order it's in. By the very top of the list, if you don't invite someone, they're going to stay at the top of the list. So I had like Jim at the top of my list for like two months. And then I was like, I don't want to keep seeing Jim. his face every month when I'm trying to invite people like it just makes me sad so I just invited him so it's off the list oh you know what I mean I see what you're saying yeah yeah yeah but it's real sad but there'll be more of that as we get held I I just I just reminded me of um shit who was that I don't know it's like high school friends

that like some somebody that passed in their their Facebook just stayed kind of stagnant forever and but it wasn't marked as a memorial site and so the reminders keep coming up about their birthday yeah because if it's if you i don't know how it works but if you don't like tell facebook that person's dead they'll just like protect i mean it just does a normal facebook thing right and so you got to tell them and then they stops pushing to remind anyways i know it was just my friend stephanie's birthday she passed away last year and i got them invite and i think people posted like happy birthday i don't know that they knew because he wouldn't doesn't say on her thing that she that she's passed so i mean i wrote like i miss you

but i mean yeah it's crazy yeah yeah wow okay well bummer bummer situation um but apparently you know we have a linkedin group so you know join that evil we're or in every social at doom to fail pod all the socials about the blow up yes thank you everyone for your support please send us emails, send us Instagram messages. We definitely read them. We really appreciate it. And chat for our email so you won't ever miss an episode and tell your friends. Oh, thank you to my friend, Christine, who told a really fun story about an earthquake on Instagram.

I reposted it, but she was telling the story. The volcano episode reminded her of when she was in that 1994 earthquake in California. Yeah, Northridge. Northridge. And she's so cute. She was like, she was a kid and she had like built a fort and she was like in her fort and then it started happening. And she was like, my fort's crashing down around me. It's so cute.

So she's like, I'm super traumatized by everything. But it was sweet. Thank you for sharing. That was very cute. Cool. Sweet. Well, thanks everyone. Thanks, Taylor.

Have a great. Rest your day. Bye all. In a matter of the people of the state of California versus Horenthal James Simpson, case number B.A.019. And so my fellow Americans. Ask not what your country can do for you. And we are back. Welcome to Dune to Fail, the podcast.

We cover a historic and true crime story that is due to fail. We just did a true crime slash sort of history podcast. And now we're doing the history only one with Taylor, who, if I had to guess, given that she chose coconut water, is going to cover a volcano today. I am going to cover a volcano today. Good guess. It was the Indonesian thing. Yeah. it's in a lot of them in indonesia so this one's from indonesia is that called the ring of fire

no i think that we yes yes yes it yes the ring of fire is like indonesia and like kind of up by like hawaii and stuff yes it is called the ring of fire which is also an oxenots episode so i feel like i've learned a lot last week you talked about how i learned about sonotes from the octonauts and i also learned about volcanoes and the ring of fire from oxenots so definitely recommend um yes far as you're correct oh wait do want to do an intro Yeah, I did. This is doomed to fail. Did you do that? Yeah, you did that.

You did that for both? Oh, you did? Okay. So I am, this is going to be shorter than usual for me because I could not finish reading the book I was reading. I have like an hour left. We are going to go back into volcanoes and this is going to be pretty quick. I wasn't able to finish the book I was reading, but like the book I was reading is kind of about this global impact. So I have some fun stories that are affected by the fact that the web, across the whole entire globe was affected during this one.

So today it's Volcanoes Part 3, the eruption of Mount Tambora and the year without a summer in 1816. Sweet. So because there was no summer, there was also no food. It was like a very, very bad year for the entire planet, all affected by this eruption in 1815 in Indonesia. Mount Tambora is a strata volcano, which means if you cut it up, it looks like a cake.

it's like layers of land just has been like growing for you know for millions of years um it's on the island of sombawa in indonesia it was part of the dutch east indies at that point so it's like where the dutch were like doing their their slave trade and all that um the 1815 eruption was the most powerful volcanic eruption in human history so in recorded history um obviously like the other ones we've talked about, like, um, what Tobo was more, but this was the biggest one that we've ever, like, been around for and have written down. It had a VEI, which is a volcanic exclusivity index of seven.

So I think we talked about that a little bit that like, it's like the Richter scale where every one is times 10. Yeah, yeah. You know, so just to look at like, it's way worse. So a little table, like when a volcano erupts at a zero, it's a, it's technically classified as a Hawaiian eruption so that's when like you see videos of like in hawaii where it's a little bit of smoke but it's like lava very very slowly right you know like people don't really die because of lava because they it can burn down houses for sure but it doesn't like rush at you right it just it's

you get out of the way yeah and then then there's a strombolian a vulcanian a bunch of them And then a five on the volcanic explosivity index scale is a plenian. And plenian is named after Plenty of the elder. Plenty of the younger. And it's plenty of, I think it's plenty of the younger because he had the first hand account of Mount Vesuvius. So a number of five is, is Mount Vesuvius. And then a number six is, um, some, other ones that we'll talk about in the future. So Crackatoa and Mount St. Helens, I think, was a six. I'm looking at, no, no, no, on the Hells was not a six. That would have been way bigger.

Crackatoa was a six. And then obviously gets worse and worse. An ultraplenian mega colossal end of the world volcano is what Tobo was. That's an eight. So Tobas an eight. A six is like Krakatoa, so obviously still huge, and we've heard about it. Vesuvius is a five, and then the Ultra Plinian super colossal is a

seven, and that's what Tembora was. So, which means that, like, the ash plume can be about 20 kilometers in the air, and it makes a substantial change on the

atmosphere in the whole world. Thanks. I'm good. It's a big. It was a big one. It was a big one. So there are 11 strata volcanoes in California. I was looking up. There's not in Texas. I was like how many volcanoes are here. There's a lot in like the, obviously in like Washington State and like Oregon area. They have a lot of them as well.

So the main eruption of Mount Tambora was on April 10th, 1815. It continued to put ash into the air for months. And it was like the lava was like low. and slow, but it was ash that is a problem. The explosion was heard up to 1,600 miles away, and ash fell

at least 800 miles away. So just like layers and layers of ash. The explosion, this is the one, because the next one, I think the next one will do is Krakatoa. And Krakatoa was later in the 1800s. When that one erupted, they had telegraphs.

And they were able to tell people what was going on, like over the airwaves. But in 1815 they did not so kind of fun kind of awful on people on all these islands around went outside because they thought they were being attacked so like native tribes Dutch people everyone like went to the beaches because they were sure that someone was shooting a cannon onto their shore like that's the sound that they heard yeah these things these natural disasters are so confusing because they don't happen frequently enough for your body and brain to register what the hell is going on like I'm like the first earthquake in LA I was like

it was like somebody drove into the house, so there's no other explanation. Your brain can't even process it. Exactly. It's so confusing. So people thought they were being attacked, and they didn't know what was happening because you just didn't know.

And then, like, the explosions continued for days. And then the ash started to, started to fall kind of all over. There was a village of Tambora that had, like, a native population that was destroyed by the pyroclastic flow. They've done a little bit of excavating there. They found, like, a house and a couple,

bodies um but there are people who who died you know kind of immediately because of that um there were small tsunamis that happened along all the islands nearby and people for months like the dutch who were doing their trading and their and their ships like around these islands saw like huge like iceberg size piles of ash you know like in the ocean they're just like huge ash piles everywhere. They heard the explosions until July. It just kind of kept going. It's estimated that there were 11,000 deaths from the volcano itself and then 49,000 from post-erruption famine, but that number also goes up to 121,000 people dying from famine all over the world because of this. Another kind of table that I have, like Mount Vesuvius killed about 2,000 people

because not a lot of people were there. People had already started to leave. And it didn't have that climate effect that Tambora did. So the tambora eruption definitely is anywhere from 71,000 people to 121,000 people died from the effects of it. So one of the first things that happened. So it happened in April 19 or 1815, but the year that summer is 1816. Because it took a while for like the actual full. environmental impact to happen. But in 1815, all over Europe, the snow started falling and it was

yellow and it was like brick red in the Alps. Isn't that crazy? Why? Because of the ash and like the and the stuff from the volcano ash and particles that were still up in the atmosphere. They became, they like joined them with the clouds, became the snow. And so it snowed these like crazy yellow and red colors in in Europe. And you don't know why also. You know, you don't have any concept that there was this volcano exploded in Indonesia. You just know that all of a sudden, you know, the air is crazy and things are like, the snow's weird and there's no, it's just continuous rain.

So over a year later, 1816 is a year without a summer. And it's year without a summer in Europe and North America. And this is kind of before we started studying the weather. which is crazy because it's not too long ago it's like 200 years ago but no one studied the weather before then because it's hard to predict the weather even now you know like shit happens that you don't expect so you know there could be you know we don't we can't 100% with certainty predict the weather and people just thought that God controlled it so they were like yeah if God wants it to be sunny it'll be sunny and you know we can pray for rain by research it like they

didn't think that there was anything more to it than that like god controls the weather so there's no reason to study it um and so there were there wasn't anything about it so our founding fathers um actually of course it was like because they did a whole bunch of um stuff in like many many many many fields but like Benjamin Franklin actually was the first person to like write down that he thought a volcano could affect weather across the world um so he was like this is something that could happen but he you know didn't have any proof that it could happen And then Thomas Jefferson, he wrote down the weather every day. And no one else did.

So we, I mean, if they did, we don't have it. So we have a record of the weather in 1816 and really Tamas Jefferson's whole adult life. That's invaluable because we don't have weather records from that far back, you know. I've had people made fun of him. It was like, what a nerd. He's running down the weather. And now it's like invaluable information. Exactly.

I don't think anyone called TJ a nerd, but yes. John Adams Shelby did So at 1816 TJ and John Adams are both still alive They don't die until 1826 So they're both like they're not president

They're not president But they're like Thinking about it and writing about the weather Because that's the kind of shit they're to each other about They hated each other But they were still in contact And did you know that they both died on July 4th, 1826? Yeah

Like two hours apart Yeah So fun So, what else? Not a lot of people did that. One thing that they would do that is so funny, and they say this several, several times in the book that I read, oh, it's just called Mount Temora in the year without a summer.

I'll put it in the notes, but they talk a lot about in the book, you know, the effects that were happening on the whole world, and I'll talk about some of the things culturally that happened. But one thing that they would do often is just ask, the oldest person that they know. Do you remember anything like this before? Like, because they didn't have any records. So they'd be like, oh, well, my grandpa is 70. Let's ask him, has it ever seen snow in June? And he'd be like, never. And you'd be like, this is crazy. You know, like, that's the only way they was like, do you remember rain this much? Do you remember this? Like, just ask the oldest person they

know to see what they remember. Something was really written down. So what was happening in 1816 is the particles from the volcanic ash from Tambora were up in the atmosphere and they were reflecting the sun and causing the temperature to drop. So if the eruption had been less bad but gone higher, it could have been worse on the weather because the particles would have would be smaller but then they'd have more surface area. Does that kind of make sense? So because the eruption was so huge, the particles were bigger. So they had a little bit like less surface area because they combined some yeah so it's a reflection that that created it's them reflecting the sun back to the sun that made it so cold down on earth and people didn't know what was happening so they thought that it was

because of sun spots and i looked up sun spots and oh my god looking at close-up pictures of the sun is fucking terrifying it's crazy it's a giant fire this like this like inferno that we have that gives a light it's so scary so i was looking at sun spots and like we don't even 100 percent know what they are now. We think it has to do with the magnetic fields in the sun, which also is what happened in the movie 2012, right? I was on the way, it was in an Uber yesterday, and I looked over and it was like, I kind of, the car was in was like super tinted, so I'd kind of look at the sun. And I was like, I was thinking about Oppenheimer and I was like, one of these things just

opened up in the middle of a city, like, which crazy to think about fall of fire. So scary. it's like a fireball it's like it's it's a nuclear reaction that just never ends uh-huh sorry yeah no totally no it's scary and the whole i don't understand what sunspots are magnetic field all of that but that's what they thought it was it's not it wasn't that it was a volcano but they could see sunspots during 1816 they thought that that was part of it um they also thought maybe it was the trade wins they really didn't know but in um in um in Europe during 1816, here's what happens this summer. People leave England in droves because

England is soaking wet. It rains constantly. There are no days without rain in England over that summer. The harvest is totally destroyed. Corn doesn't grow. Wheat doesn't grow. People have to decide do we feed our animals? Do we feed ourselves? How do we survive during this time? The price of meat actually went down because people were selling their animals quickly because they couldn't afford to feed them anymore. Wow. So they would like sell their cows rather than rather than have them continue to eat. There were riots all over the big major cities. Some rioters carried flags reading bread or blood because they were starving. People were starving all over. There were the the food riots of 1816 and 1817 were the highest levels of violence since the French

Revolution in France. It's the worst famine of 19th century Europe. It's like a couple of years before the Great Potato Famine of Ireland, but it definitely decimates the potato crops in Ireland as well. Other things in Europe that are going on, as we also know, Mary Shelley, this is when she writes Frankenstein, and because they were stuck inside in Geneva. It rained constantly. They had an absolute miserable time, and they were just like writing scary stories because they were absolutely miserable. Napoleon is still alive, which is fun. He's been to Elba and been back, And now he's on his second exile. I don't know why they don't just kill him, but he's still around.

So France is also dealing. Yeah, me too. I can't wait. So I also heard my friend Karen told me there's a movie about Napoleon. That's old. That's like seven hours long. That's like great. Don't have patience for that.

Somebody watched that. So Napoleon is still around kind of talking to people, talking about the weather, talking about God, talking about being an emperor. In England, Jane Austen writes persuasion. So a lot of good art came out of this because people were stuck inside, you know, and had to go back to reading and writing and painting and such. The German inventor Carl Dreyas, he is trying to find new ways to get around without horses because people don't have any food to feed their horses.

So he invents the Velocopede. Anyway, it's the first bike. He invented the first bicycle during this time because he wants to get people to be able to transport themselves without needing animals. It's really because of us. Yeah. So there were in North America, it snowed all summer. In Massachusetts, in like Boston, it's snowed in June in summer. And it, like, that's never happened before.

Crops failed all over the northeast. So these towns and people who were like living in towns and had businesses or businesses closed or crops failed, people moved out of towns. There were also like, it's also a huge, you know, obviously like religious thing happening. People think, you know, that God did it. So another thing that happened is a man who had a business in a town in Vermont that had ended up being like shut down because of the economy and because all crops were failing. He moved to a town in New York. where people were very, very, very religious. And he started to talk to them about religion, and that was John Smith.

So that's when he started the Mormon church. And he had moved there. People were like really riled up about God because of this time, because the weather was so bad. It's like all connected. History's crazy. Yeah, it's all connected. It's crazy. That's like the context.

It's super fun. So, yeah, that is honestly all that I have. I know this is not my longest one, but, you know, it was a volcano in. in Indonesia and you didn't know what was happening yet because you didn't you didn't have the communication yet but you could see things in the sky like the sky turned orange and they do a little bit of like a backdating of like art and people who painted landscapes and like the landscapes that they showed during this time much more orange much more yellow than they'd ever been before and this is when people start to really like start thinking about the weather and like writing down

pieces of the weather and that will continue just to get better and better but before than like you knew basically you know this is when we harvest this is this and this but you didn't have any idea that like a hurricane could come or a tornado or any of these like big weather events you just didn't know yet which i think is really interesting and scary to be like oh here's something new i've never seen before or i'm in the alps it's snowing the snow is red i'd be like the devil is here yeah like i don't know what else you could possibly think if it starts snowing like bright red. You'd be like, well, this is it. It's been great. But now it snows blood and I'm going to leave. Like, I don't know. You reminded me of you and Juan's packed with each other where you're like, Juan, if I ever tell you that it's raining teeth in the backyard, you just have to me. And like, that's what this was.

100%. Yeah. If I'm like, babe, it's, it's rain teeth all day. He'll be like, great, let's move. I'll be like, great. Thank you for leaving me and understanding that I saw teeth fall from the sky. in that yeah so yeah it's an interesting like creative year and when the next one we talk about we'll talk about crackatoa that was in 1883 and that's when the world knew a little bit more about it that's when munch paints the scream like that's when we like sort of seeing a little more in art around around the world but tambour is I think the most recent huge one that had like those global effects that people heard for like you know thousands of miles and all of that like mountain helens is nothing compared to this you know this one is a really really huge one yeah is this this is this the um context podcast we're doing historical context on things shit i think that's all we've been doing i think every story is it is context so yes it is

it is we didn't discuss our topics and we kind of both said it well it was dan carlin's fault fault. Another, oh, another thing. So the last, this is number three, a volcano is the last volcano that I will do is the future and what we think might happen if Yellowstone actually does erupt. But if Yellowstone erupts, it will be an eight similar to Mount Toba that destroyed a lot of humanity. I mean, America will be gone, we'll die. It will happen, right? It's just a matter of like when it happens because there is a volcano there yeah yeah um yeah the the yellow stone super volcano i mean it'll happen someday hopefully we'll be long gone or maybe we'll be here maybe it'll be fun we don't have to work anymore yeah it'll be like it'll be like woody harrelson

Yes. We'll be like Woody Harrell's in 2012. That's exactly what it will be like. Just watch it. Just watch it coming. Or did you mean Woody Howard Harrelson just like today? No, in 2012. No, no, 2012. Got it. Got it, got it, got, got, got. Yeah. Yeah, crazy. It's cool also that when people are stuck inside, they create some cool art, at least like the richer people do. You know, the poor people are just trying to survive. But the rich people are creating art, which is, you know, a whole thing that, you know, when rich people are unemployed, they get to create art or when they get to choose what they do, they create art. I get it. I get it. I get it. But, yeah, that's it.

That's my, that's my quick story on Tambora. More volcanoes in the future. But, yeah. More volcanoes, more context. More context. It's all connected. It's all connected. I highly recommend.

Please do go listen to Dan Carl. as well um and support all of things write to us follow us tell us what you think that's what you think give us ideas um yeah if you see walking around a coffee shop with a bunch of stickers just take one take one get a sticker so that is an email dumafulpod gmail.com i'll literally just send you a sticker um i want more people to have one look i have one on my phone and then i thought is it bad that i'll be taking pictures at a wedding from my phone with this doomed to fail sticker on it that is so fun that is so fun i feel smidge bad i love it i love it it's awesome it is what it is what it is yes uh we go check my mailbox thanks taylor

we'll have fun have fun there have fun in new york have fun of the wedding and have a safe trip back home and i'm going to go see if i have stickers who thank you all the people who state of california versus orenthal james simpson case number b a my fellow americans ask not what your country can be you and we're recording it's all we're doing it um cool hi taylor how are you good i i was telling you just like doing working on stuff but one thing that we did this today is juan pulled up a bunch of weeds in the yard and i've also had the worst allergies of my whole entire life so i've had a lot of allergy pill and i'm like so it's a little cloudy in here good but it's very very stuffed in like here this area under my nose hurts they not knock you

out on my eyes those pills no you know what i need i need to talk to a doctor of albert putt because like i desperately want to sleep on airplanes i can take like three allergy pills and three three drama means and not fall asleep are you nervous flyer yeah but like why can't my body just take a bunch of drugs and fall asleep that would be nice that'd be nice i can't sleep on planes because I'm really big and I'm always afraid that I'm gonna like kind of fart one time I was flying to um to bail and I was on a plane and I fell asleep and I woke myself up by farting really loudly on the plane and I was like oh my god everybody looked at me and I was like just never do this again I don't know how anyone I mean I'm 5 3 or how anyone an inch taller than me

is that goes on an airplane because I'm super uncomfortable and I know people who are much taller than me who fly one of my friends at work he's like six four and he flew the other day in the middle seat and I'm like oh my god that's fucking terrible exit row always the exit row that's the rule um cool well we can go ahead and kick things off welcome the doom to fail our true prime slash history podcast about things slash relationships are we're doomed to fail i'm far as joined by taylor and i think today it is taylor's turn to go first yes it is taylor's turn okay so i'll tell you my drink And then we'll segue over to you. Okay.

I'm going to drink a big old glass of milk. Gross. You'll understand why in the next episode. No, no, good for you. That's gross. I used to drink milk. I was a kid, but I don't know. I can't imagine these days.

Cool. Well, great. Mine is whiskey on the rocks. And the important part of that is rocks, because guess what? I'm a geologist now from all the reading that I did this week. Is that touching on volcanologists or is it separate? It is.

Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. I learned a lot about geology this week. Sweet. Because we're talking about a volcano. Yeah. And I was also thinking like, why didn't I study science in school? Because then I'm like, this is all so cool.

Like, I'm just learning all this stuff. I'm like, this is awesome. And then actually, I know someone who is a, geologist and they went to a wedding with their partner and their partner was like I don't know something was so off about her I was like talking to other people and I was like is she okay did she like recently escape from a cults like what is going on like super weird and my husband was like she's just a geologist and I was like okay I got that explained it for me I did science I was a biology major for maybe a semester in college but before I realized, like, it stops being cool and interesting and fun, like, real quick. Once you started getting into the nitty-gritty of, like, the chemistry of things and, like, the deep science of it. Well, that was actually part of my question.

Because, like, at what point when you study science, do people start asking you questions? You know, like, I never got far enough. Yeah, I feel like that turning point is when you, like, become a scientist, you know? Could be. Or when you do peer review papers, I think. one of the two. Yeah. Oh, that's true.

When you're like in PhD school. Yeah. That makes sense. So I was like, okay, maybe people are getting sick of volcanoes because this is number four of the seven-part series. So we're like over the crescendo of the volcano talk. But then I was reading this book called Crackatoa, the Day of the World exploded. And I said, wow, like 15 times while I was reading it.

So I'm super interested. I think it's still got some cool stuff that we can learn together. So we're talking about Crackatoa. Love it. Which erupted on August 27th, 1883. That's my birthday. Cool. Hey, my event's on August 27th, too.

Wait, what year's yours? 1883? Mine's 1883. Mine's August 27th, 1883. Is it a volcano? No, but the events, that's when it happened. That's so weird. I don't believe you.

Okay, I'll tell you my story later then. Okay. Okay. So when we talked about toba, the one that's the first one that erupted 70,000 years ago, we learned a lot about human evolution. Remember? Different stages of ban. We all came from those like 10,000 breeding pairs, all those things. And just like we talked about human evolution then, this time we're talking about geology and the study of geology and rocks in the Earth. And some of our old friends pop up in the story as well that we've talked about in the past, which is super delightful. So we'll talk to get to that. So reminder that there's levels

of eruption. There's a volcanic explosivity index. And each number up is double the one below it. And so this one actually fills our lists. We've hit one at five, six, seven, and eight. So all of them are different levels of Plinion, which you also learn. So there's like ultraplenian, plenian. It was kind of overlap with the numbers. But each number also has another fun adjective with it. So number five is a cataclysmic eruption. That was a Vesuvius.

Number six is a colossal eruption. That's Crackatoa we'll talk about today. Number seven is a super colossal ultraplenian, that's Tambora that we talked about the last time. And then number eight is a mega colossal like toba, the first thing we talked about. this one's a six um so just like tambora and toba this one is in indonesia and um where krakatoa is located like if you're looking at australia if you go to the east coast of australia and go straight up you're going to hit malaysia it's between malaysia and australia because that makes sense so picture it there the island of krakatoa so it was like an island i had the volcano in the middle it was part of a group of islands in that area it may or may not have erupted in the past.

Obviously, something else probably happened in the millions of years that is not recorded. But in recorded history, it could have erupted anywhere between three and 11 times, but like maybe two that we can actually kind of confirm with evidence. There is a book called the Javanese Book of Kings, which is a non-scientific history of the area written in the 19th century. So kind of a lot of made-up stuff. But in that book, the author said that there was an eruption. in 416 AD and it's hard because their calendar was different than, you know, the Roman calendar, obviously. So like, it's a little bit weird to like juggle that around. But in that history, they write that there was like a big bang and smoke in the air and all of those things. But there's no scientific evidence for that. There is a little bit of evidence for an eruption happening in 535 AD, which might be the one that he was talking about, but just got the date wrong. Because in China,

for all of history since China's been able to write, they've been taking notes about everything. So there's a note in 535 AD in China being like, we just heard a big sound. We don't know what it is. So that could have been Krakatoa. There's also an ongoing list of things that happened in like Java and like Indonesia in this area that like the native people have been writing on for a long time.

And something that happens culturally is like if you have like a, record keeper in town who's keeping records of like things like oh this year the crops were like this year like whatever these people came in from the ocean all these things if you are um if everything's going well you're going to keep putting things in that book if everything is not going well you're going to stop because you have to rebuild your society that makes sense like so after you're saying that you would stop doing history yes because you literally all ever all of the houses got destroyed can't you take a break. So in 416, there's nothing happened. They kept writing. But in 535, they stopped writing for about two decades because maybe they were busy fixing everything.

You know, so that's, that's the kind of evidence that we have that maybe it happened in 535. There's another one in 1680. And we'll talk more about this. This is like, this is the Dutch East Indies. So a lot of Dutch people in this story, but a sailor named Johann Wilhelm Vogel arrived in 1679 to Sumatra. went back to Batavia. Batavia is Jakarta, which is the capital of Indonesia. And he noticed that Krakatoa was different than the first time that he went past it, like that was a little bit shorter. And there was like smoke coming out of it. A sailor told him there had been an eruption and they'd seen some like pumice. You could see the smoke and there were a little earthquake. So it's like a little bit of evidence that that happened. But we don't know if there was like a huge eruption before

the big one. Make sense? Yes. Something probably happened. not 100% sure there's a lot of disparate accounts we'll never know it is all circumstantial yes but we knew it was like not a regular old island we knew something was up right you know even both like people knew what volcanoes were and they knew and they you know would explain it like you know there's a really mean god on that island you're like yeah there is like don't it's gonna it's mean it's like all it's kind of smoking so we know this is a duchies indies like it just said a little history of the area. Obviously, there's a big slave trade going through here. This is a little bit after the mutiny on the bounty, but a little bit like kind of in that same area. Captain Cook, who is the

captain that was right before the mutiny on the bounty that knew the captain from the bounty, the one who was murdered in Hawaii. Remember of that guy? I don't know the name. He's like one of the big Dutch explorers. Anyway, he stopped the Krakatoa and like had written about it before he was murdered in Hawaii. And this is also what they were what the Dutch were getting from this area. A lot of it was spices. And people have been getting spices from Indonesia for almost 1,000 years and bringing it back to Europe. So pepper comes from this pepper is like one of the big spices that comes from this part of Java. And our friend Pliny the Elder, he, in one of his encyclopedias, when he wrote the first encyclopedia, he said that the Roman Empire spends so much on pepper that they're

going to go bankrupt. And then he later died in Mount Vesuvius. It was kind of fun. That's is there more utility to pepper than a seasoning so no but like imagine not having it so like this this is another thing have you ever seen that meme where white people find a bay leaf in their chapolet and they freak out i haven't but that sounds right it's like people being like oh my god i paid $15 for the salad and there's a leaf in it like i'm going to call chipotle whatever and then people are like white people spent like thousands of years colonizing the world for spices and these people don't know what a bait leaf is is you is your position on this is that if you don't have pepper I mean that you got buy a lot of pepper to

bankrupt the country yeah but if you don't have it like I don't know if you don't have any spices like I don't know getting spices sounds really exciting obviously and like that's not my opinion that's like colonialism right right fair enough that's exactly why it happened yeah so Um, so there's also, uh, starting in like the 11th, 11th century, there was a London Guild of Pepperers, which is now the London Guild of Grocers. It just sounds very British. So like we've always, we've been thinking about Pepper for a very long time. Um, but now it's the 1880s. It's definitely Dutch in that area. Um, it's in in Jakarta, they're doing things that they're building these big Dutch bridges. Um, and in the book that I read, they said that the best painting that we have, or visual we have, of these bridges is actually a painting that Van Gogh painted in Arl when he was institutionalized of one of these big bridges

and you can see it if you look it up. It's called, it's called the Languilly Bridge in Arl. L-A-N-G-L-O-I-S, L-A-N-G-L-O-I-S. So. Yeah. It's really pretty. It's really pretty, of course. And so then there's a lot of like,

there's a lot of slavery, but there's also a lot of mixed culturally. There's people from China there. There's people from all over the world in this area. It's a big port area as we've learned over the years. And it's run by the Dutch East India Company, which you also have learned about. So now I'm going to take two side quests, one into evolution and two into tectonic plates. So first, Charles Darwin, who we know, had a colleague named Alfred Russell Wallace, who was

also figuring out the same thing at the same time so darwin is in the glabagos islands wallace is in indonesia near jacarta in this area wallace is actually the person who wrote a letter to darwin and like used the word survival of the fittest first so he was like figuring this out at the exact same time he was a little bit more of like he's not as famous as darwin obviously he was kind of like they call him like the moon of darwin because he's always like in his orbit they were like friends kind of darwin like took all their credit whatever that's probably been more comfortable complicated than I just said, but you know what I mean? But the basic idea is that they're looking at islands and they're looking at like the plants and the animals and they're like, well, why is this here and why is that there? Why does Australia have animals that nobody else has? You know, like, why are some animals everywhere? Why are some only in some places? Same with plants. Why does like, why do islands have similar vegetation if they're separated? So they're asking these questions and trying to understand like what could have caused this to happen. So part of their theory is, Is there like something has to be, you know, bringing things between the islands in some way or something?

So that's kind of, they're thinking about that. And then much later, there's a German scientist named Alfred Venager. And he was born in 1880. And he was looking at rocks the way Darwin was looking at alive things. Like he was looking at the earth and the surface of the earth in geology. And he was like, have you kind of seen the continents and the way that they fit together like a puzzle? And people were pissed. They were like, fuck you.

no he wrote a paper in 1915 and they like ostracized him in the community they were like there's no way that's true the earth is is fixed the people like the plates don't move there aren't plates nothing moves everything is just the way it is you know and people were really really mad um and then now there's i know you had not seen this but like now there's literally a children's movie called ice age continental drift about the continent's drifting apart like in like less than hundred years. Have you seen it? There's like seven of them. One of them was actually called Continental Drift, talking about when that actually happened. Because now, you learned that in elementary school, but we didn't, we didn't accept that tectonic plates until 1965. No way. Which is wild. We were, we had a, we flew to the moon before we accepted that theory. We think it was the moon in 68, but close. Close enough. Okay. Fair enough. That's wild. Yeah. Yeah. Like way recently, like after our parents were born, you know, something that we like definitely take for take for granted so we just like hadn't thought about

land moving so plate tetonics is telling us that the land is constantly moving which is both the ocean floor and the continental floor which is like the land we live on continental drift is continents like maybe being pangia like one big continent and then pulling apart you know yeah so in the 1960s people started to revisit alfred venigar's things like his his um his hypotheses because they were given access to ground penetrating radar because of the Cold War because they could say like, oh yeah, no, we have these guys up in Alaska studying the ground when really they're listening for Soviet nuclear tests, you know, so it gives them the opportunity to actually have these scientific discoveries. There's also things that they're learning like in the Arctic. There's something this is complicated and I don't 100% have it, but there's something where like when a rock is formed, it like is, and it cools to like be a rock, its magnetic field locks in to the way that it was, the day it was formed. So when a rock like finally cools, which is like solidifies and becomes a rock, it's the magnetic field of that rock will always point north and south. Like, you know, the rock can move, but like the magnetic field in it will always point to the poles north and south. So when they're looking at rocks in different layers, there are poles move, which either means the poles moved in history or the land moved, you know? I didn't know rocks had magnetic poles.

They do. Does anyone use a magnet on a rock? Come at me. No. So that you have to, like, have a very special thing to find. Yes, no, rocks aren't magnetic, but they have like this like magnetic history inside of them. Taylor, as our, as our resident geologists, what is the very sophisticated thing you need? to use to figure that out um um damn that farce damn it's in my next that's in the next part of my

phd in geology i'll let you know so either either the the either the polls moved or the ground moved and so it means the ground moved you know so like the ground has shifted um incidentally one of the scientists that was one of the top people to bring this tectonic plate idea in the 60s his name was Dr. S. Keith Runcorn. He, in 1995, when he was 73, he was murdered in his hotel room in San Diego as part of a robbery, which is terrible.

He was just like about to speak about geology. It was like an old nerd man who's murdered, which is sad. So anyway, now people are like, we believe you, science, and we're learning about Titanic Plates for the first time, and it's 1965. So here's a couple of things. What's this guy's name again? Vinegar? Vinegar? Yeah, vinegar is

a guy. Yeah, he's the guy, W.E. G-E-N-E-R. Bigener, Alfred. He's the guy from who wrote that paper in 1915 that everybody was mad about. Not the guy who was murdered. Okay.

So, here's a couple of things that I learned about plates. There's oceanic plates that are the plates that are under the ocean, like the ocean floor. When those bump into each other,

it creates islands, which we've seen. So, you know, underneath the ground there's like underneath the ocean there's like all those like mountains and stuff and they grow as that moves and that makes an island there is there are continental plates so that's like land land and when those hit each other they create huge mountains like Mount Everest huge right because it's two like big place hitting each other they create the Himalayas and like those big mountains the San Andreas fault that I live on is the is a conservative plate boundary. And in this case, it's two continental plates not hitting each other. It's like as dramatically as like the Himalayas do, but they're next to each other. So in the book, they described it as like a tire against the curb when you're parallel parking. So like that's what's happening here. So it's creating like little mountains and like little things like nothing like the Himalayas. But then when that kind of like scoches and like the pressure builds up when we have earthquakes over here. But it's not going to create a volcano because the volcano is created by a subject subject. Subdiction. zone, which is when an ocean plate and a land plate hit each other. And the ocean plate is heavier because it's further down than the continental plate. I'm using my hands.

So the ocean, the ocean plate goes underneath the continental plate and then parts of the continental plate kind of fall into it. And that creates sort of that like hole that creates a volcano. Oh my God. That's as far as I got. No, no. Okay. So this stuff, Taylor, like, I'm like, I've always been infinitely.

fascinating with this stuff because it is like scales that orders of magnitude that is so hard for your brain to even comprehend and wrap around. But then you know, you're joking about, but you do the hand thing that you just say, which nobody can see, but like you do the hand thing and it's like, oh, that makes sense. Like if there's magma in the middle of the earth and then the only thing separating it is the crust of the earth and the crust of the earth goes up is creating a spout for magma to flow out of, hence volcanoes. I love it. We both use our hands. I think, I we got it we are scientists damn it exactly um oh another thing that i wanted to tell you is that the african continental plate is slowly moving towards europe and that's why like turkey has a lot of

earthquakes because it's like right in the middle of that spot makes sense which i thought was interesting um okay so now we know how volcanoes happen they're in those um in those zones they are in those subduction zones and now we're back to Krakatoa. It's a volcano, which we know. So a little bit of history, again, in this area. In 1782, the Treaty of Paris made the Dutch East India Company bankrupt. Napoleon made his brother the king of Denmark because, of course, he did. So Napoleon's brother was technically in charge of the area for a little bit. But now it's the 1800s. And people are living on the island of Krakatowa. They're living on the neighboring islands. They're living in Jakarta, which is called Batavia at the time,

which is about 100 miles away from Krakatoa. And what makes this story different that I know I talked about last time is when Tambora erupted in like 1815, there was no global communication. Now there is. So this is the first event that the whole world knew about

basically at the same time. Because it was the biggest disaster and we had telegraphs and we had underwater cables. So in 1844, the first telegraph message was sent by Samuel Morse. Do you remember what he sent? No.

What has God wrought? Oh, there's just no way I was going to guess that. I was the only like a knock-knock joke, maybe. No. So by 1856, they have telegraphs in Jakarta. So they have like a city gas works. In 1870, they had their own ice works, which I thought was fun because before that, they had to import ice from Boston, which sounds insane.

Like, how do you get ice from Boston to Indonesia on a boat, keeping it very cold? And there's a telephone. So things are kind of like starting to happen pretty quickly. And so it is, oh wait, another thing just to tell you is that there's the telegraph, which kind of goes through like the air. And then there have these subterranean cables. So the first one they laid broke. But the second one that they lay in the early 1880s, it works. So you can quickly send a message from like Indonesia to like mainland China and like up to Malaysia and like up to the rest of the world. I literally. they put a cable in the ocean which i know they do now but like it feels like a long time ago to do that i always think that's crazy that is crazy how much cable do you take with you like how do you know god there's so much science involved in it and so it also was able to work the sub-oceanic cables were invented and only able to work because of a rubber that was only found in the java area which is cool so like only it's because of like indonesia in this area found a rubber plant that was able to put rubber around these cables and have that work.

So I'm now going to read you. We don't use those cables anymore. Well, I mean, well, not. It's been, but do we have any undersea cables? No, because we have satellites. I don't know. I'm looking at it right now. Wow.

Man, it's crazy what humans have done. What humans are really like me? Not me. I'm not. I'm not ingenious. yeah not me either and in a short amount of time so yeah anyway sorry can i pause can i pause to read you a poem yes by red your redyard kipling about underwater cables i love kipling i love his later work okay ready yes the wrecks the wrecks solve above us their dust drops down from afar

Down to the dark, to the utter dark, where the blind white sea snakes are. There is no sound, no echo of sound in the deserts of the deep, or the great gray level plains of ooze where the shell bird cables creep. Here in the womb of the world, here on the tyrobs of earth, words and the words of men flicker and flutter and beat, mourning, sorrow, and gain, salutation and mirth. For a power troubles the still that has neither voice, nor feet. They have wakened the timeless things. They have killed their father time, joining hands

in the gloom, a league from the last of the sun, hush. Men talk today over the waste of the ultimate slime, and a new world runs between them, whispering, let us be one. Whoa. Kind of fun. That's good. Yeah. Yeah. You read it in a very mysterious way, too, which I help with the atmosphere, I think. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, I think it's, it's creepy. I get it. It's creepy that it's down there. So now it's 1883. 1883 is a very wet year. So it's raining a ton. There's always little earthquakes around this area. But people start to notice weird things a couple weeks before the actual eruption. There's a captain who passes Krakatoa and he's like, it's a little dusty over there. Like the air is weird. You know, like when we woke up in the morning, there was like a little layer of dust on the deck. Like we're not sure exactly what's happening. There's a woman named Mrs. Vanderstock who loses the plate, it falls off the wall, and she writes that down. Because, like, things are, like, the windows start shaking at random times, like, so the earth, it feels uncomfortable. There's, like, a weird vibration in the air that, like, everybody can feel.

And also, another magnet thing, like, magnets get messed up because there's iron in the ash that, like, is starting to come out of Crackatoa. So that's messing up, like, compasses and things like that because, like, messing up the air. so it's just like feels weird around people start sending messages back to europe being like something weird is happening a fisherman said that he saw the beach of prakatoa on fire like something something's going on hey don't don't like animals know this shit because they're like somehow tuned into like the magnet magnet you're going to get to this aren't you they might i have a story about this just but yes um exactly oh another thing that i learned in this book that i um I forget exactly where it fits in, but Julius Reuter, like, of Reuters theme is like one of the first people who was like a international, like trying to get news across the world.

He started with pigeons, like having like pigeons carry news over long areas of time. I guess a couple decades before this, he was able to get news of the assassination of President Lincoln to the UK in 12 days. So it's kind of fun. However he did that on like a fast boat. So yes, to the animals. Do you remember when there was that little earthquake and the, like, the East Coast and all the animals, the D.C. Zoo went nuts. I don't remember that. I don't know. I was in New York when it happened.

They just like started flying around weird and the monkeys start acting weird. All the animals start acting weird and they don't really know why that happens. But it's the end of the summer. It's near the end of the summer. People are trying to act like everything is normal. There's a circus in town in Jakarta. And in the circus, there's a baby elephant. And it's really freaking cute.

And it starts to kind of freak out. Like, they, who knows, but like maybe because of this. And the woman who's in charge of the baby elephant brings it to her room and it destroys a hotel room. And the next day, like, feels better. So it, like, knew it was coming. I don't know. If Dumbo's taught us anything, it's that maybe it missed its mom.

Oh, no. Oh, never wants to the movie again. So sad. So there's, there's a masked ball the night before. as well as people are trying to like they're going to the circus they're having a good time they're trying to live their lives even though things are weird at 1002 a m on sunday the 27th of august 1883 crackatoa erupts it completely destroys the island it was made of so like vesuvius it's still a mountain you know you can still like see it crackatoa is gone oh wow it's totally gone the island is totally gone 13% of the earth vibrated like people felt it thousands of mile away they heard it thousands of miles away um it was like something that like people recorded hearing you know just super far away and again like we saw with tambora they were like are we being attacked is this like cannons like what is this is like it was one of the loudest sounds ever recorded in

the history of the world it went around the earth like seven times oh wow yeah there's there's a there's this somebody did a graph of like um crackatoa the island like today or like it's a picture of the island today and then it shows where the original summit was and I'd say probably two-thirds of it are gone, give or take. It's hard to talk with elevation. And that's actually, that's not it. That's a new island. That's a new island. Wow. Okay.

Mm-hmm. Well, I'll tell you about it. The record was totally gone. So some things that happen, obviously, is everyone on my island dies. Anyone that was like near it dies. There's lightning in the clouds. The ash tomb goes 20. People are living on this?

Yeah, like around it and like the islands near it. Yes. Because also because like volcanic islands are very lush. Yeah. You know, grow a lot of stuff there. So the ash goes like 24 miles up into the air, hits the trade winds. So then that starts to go all over the world. At 5 p.m. pumice starts to fall, which burns, you know,

obviously burns homes and people. People all over the world are now hearing about this. and they're also keeping track of the weather. So we talked about this the last time with Tambora where, like, we didn't know the weather. People would just ask the oldest person they knew, you know? Has it always been like this in June? You know? And like Thomas Jefferson was one of the first people to write down the weather like daily.

And Benjamin Franklin was like, maybe it's a volcano. Like these guys were just thinking about this stuff all the time. But so we have a lot of logs of the weather all over the world after Krakatoa erupted because Victorians would like write it down in their diaries. It was like a thing to do during that time. So we know that, like, in England, there were brilliant sunsets. So there's an artist named Church, one named Ashcroft, who did some beautiful watercolors. Probably the scream by Munch was inspired by the sunsets.

Yeah. And people could hear the sounds from thousands of miles away. But we knew what it was because it was the first time that there was, like, global news. And people, like, knew it was happening pretty quickly. So Crackatoa is the most deadly volcanic eruption that we have on our list. The Dutch said the death toll was 36,417, but it's estimated it could be up to 120,000 people died. And a lot of them died because of the tsunami that came afterwards. So obviously it like mess up the ocean and then there was a tsunami.

It killed a lot of people recently there, like there when it just happened. The water rushed so fast. that like in England, Charles Darwin's son was like keeping track of the weather. And he noticed a little like blip in the water. Like it got all the way to England, you know. Like there was like a little bit of like a little bit of like a four inch higher tide in, in like Europe than usual when it like killed some people. That's question is probably not answered. Well, what, what, okay, so do the math on like, why is it that one eruption is so much bigger than the other?

All it comes down to is pressure and the ability for that pressure to alleviate itself. So does that imply that, like, for example, Crackatoa, the reason it was so powerful is because the pressure built longer, because maybe the way the plates collided were denser and stronger and couldn't erupt sooner? Maybe.

I have no idea. Yeah, I figured out of the point. And I wonder if it's like the depth, maybe it's like the depth of like the, like how far down it goes like maybe it goes like further into the core than like other ones maybe maybe a mantle and a core oh got it um but i mean it's a good question um and then also like tambora was technically higher on the scale but it was mostly the um atmospheric atmospheric effects that made tambora so deadly because it was because it was so big.

Do you remember we're talking about this? If it had been like a smaller eruption, then like the, like the way that like the light reflected off the ash, like made it worse. Right. Right. Yeah, yeah. I can't remember. But you know what I mean?

So there's that too. So there are tons of reports of people across the coast of Africa and along the Indian Ocean finding just like huge pieces of pumice stone like up to like year or year or two later coming up on the beach filled with skeletons of people and animals. Jesus. Because like people would get kills in the pumice and it would just get like swept off to sea.

So there's a lot of people who died that way. There's the summer temperatures and the northern hemisphere fell by the average of like one degree. Which like in the terms of climate change and thinking about that like one degree change like if it's like

70 to 69, who cares? But if it's freezing to, if it's not freezing to freezing, then, like, people die. You know what I mean? Like, that degree is a big difference. So, um, one story of a family that, uh, that did survive, they were the Byronick families. They were in Anheur, which is a port town that was very close to, um, Krakatoa, Mrs.

Byernick was like, things are weird, like, things have been weird for a few weeks. Um, that morning she asked to go to her country house, which is up on a mountain. And her husband was like, no, we're fine. Let's stay here in town. He went down to the beach. and he saw the ocean begin to swell. He saw that like pullback, like that weird thing the ocean does when he knows like a tsunami's coming. So them and their servants probably, that probably is a whole thing that wasn't great.

They started running up this hill to get to their cottage. And it was like pitch black in the middle of the day. There's pumice coming down. They're all burned. She's in her thing. She looks down in her arms and she sees that they're dirty and she tries to wipe off the dirt, but it's her burned skin. They're just like, and they're running in like some of her, you know, servants. get there some of them don't but their whole actual house is totally destroyed but they they do survive

by being able to climb that hill and hiding in that in that house but it was just like obviously a horror show there's chaos you know there's loud booms for almost 20 hours um the tsunami you know is seen everywhere um by the fall and a couple months later the atmosphere in new york was changed that firefighters the bikipsi thought that there was a fire and they kept looking around trying to find a fire and they couldn't find one because it was just like the atmosphere was like red you know, like brilliant sunset, it's like totally different colors like we know. So after this happened, obviously there's a ton of cleanup. A lot of people are dead. A lot of people are, you know, just like destroyed in many different ways. The native population of this area is

and was mostly Muslim and they started to become more devout and believe that maybe their God was punishing the white people for, like the Dutch for being there. Not that there aren't white Muslim people, but you know, like the Dutch for being there. And in 1888, there was a peasant's revolt in the Bantan region. It started with a stabbing of a Dutch politician. And that led to some changes in that area. So that's kind of happening between like the 1880s and like the 1900s. There's a bunch of unrest in the area politically.

But in the meantime, in 1930, there's an island that appears where Krakatawa used to be. there were a couple little islands that came up between then in 1930 but they kept kind of going back to the ocean they didn't pop up for a long but the one you see right now is called anakrakatau which means the sun of crackatoa and it's kind of cute and yeah and it's also cool because it's a new island and so we can go back to thinking about evolution and like what grows on a new island what animals are on a brand new island like it was an opportunity to be like, what is the first thing here? So guess what the first thing that this, the first animal they found on the island? Cockroach. Spider. Aw, I like spiders.

And it was a little spider. And I don't like spiders, but this is so cute. They think he got there on like a little parachute. Like he made his little, his little, yeah, the webbing thing. Spider web. Yeah, into a parachute. And then he like parachuted under the island.

It was really cute. And was like, I'm going to live it by myself. So I feel hopefully, hopefully he had a good life. then other animals started to come and it's like how they get there so either from like being like maybe like they floated over on like a piece of pumice or a log people went there to try to like watch the new vegetation and see what was going to happen and of course they brought rats so there's rats in the island now those came definitely from people but you know some of the seeds might come from like you know bird poop has seeds in it maybe that's why they got there but it's like it's been an opportunity to be like what happens if we start from nothing what happens and so they're like you know is it stuff like under the maybe there's still seeds, maybe there's still this underneath these things. We don't know. So it's interesting. Other things that I learned about that area that I just hadn't gotten this far yet is that the Dutch actually remained in control of Indonesia until the 1940s when the Japanese invaded in World War II. And Indonesia got its independence in 1945 after World War II was over.

So I just didn't know that. So that's it. It's a really big one. And here's the things that I feel like I, my three big takeaways is I learned, well, I didn't know these things that. Hold on. I learned about subduction zones,

which is like the ocean plate hitting the continental plate and creating that volcano because of the pressure. We learned about that. I learned about tectonic plates and that that's a relatively new thing. I also learned that other, as far as we know, other planets don't have continental drift and titanic plates weird i wonder why like there might be one of the moons of like jupiter might have them but they don't have oceans right that's a big part of it

but like i think we're alone in that potentially actually wait what makes the continent drift is it the waves of the ocean it's just like they're constantly moving from like pressure from the core so it's not the ocean it's like the core is pressure up moving around so it's like the the oceanic plate is moving and the continental plate is moving because they're always kind of like being agitated by the core and the whole reason they're being agitated by the core this is it's so scary because I'm going to end on a real scary thing this is the third thing I learned that that's happening from the core because the core is cooling so as the core cools it has to have to have that pressure and the pressure is released by moving around the plates by volcanoes by like things that that we see and what's going to happen eventually is the earth's core is going to just cool and then that's it

then what happens the earth is over that everything will die yeah but then isn't the sun supposed to explode too though yeah totally i don't know which one's going to happen first isn't like another galaxy supposed to absorb our galaxy Well, like our galaxy is like always growing, but we, there's like a special point that I, sometimes we watch YouTube videos about that scares me where like it ends and we can never go any further. But the galaxy keeps getting pulled out that way. I don't know. This is, it's a lot more existential than you think it would be. I think it's just a volcano exploding. But then you're like, no, it's like scientific discoveries and it's trying to figure out what's going on.

And it's like understanding that it's not a God, understanding that it's the earth. But also, is that more terrifying that the earth is like. doing all these crazy things inside the core. And that's something you can learn in elementary school, but I don't, I don't think about it as, like, scarily as it is, as I do now. Wait, so,

now I'm scared. So, so what, uh, what? By 2.8 years from now, the surface temperature of the earth will have reached 300 degrees Fahrenheit. At this point, in two years?

life will no 2.8 billion oh okay so so and then but the core is cooling is the earth's core cooling i hope someone uses this it's like you can put us near bibliography for your project at school yeah there's core it's oh god it's cooling faster than previously thought cool cool cool cool cool cool cool cool cool cool How Earth's cooling molten core could destroy the planet, BBC science focus. I'm going to take some deep breaths. I agree. Okay, solidification of the outer core. The inner core is expected to consume most or all of the outer core three to four billion years from now, resulting in an almost completely solidified core composed of iron and other.

heavy elements. The surviving liquid envelope will mainly consist of lighter elements, yada, yada, yada. The interior will cool less efficiently, which would slow down or stop the inner core's growth. In either case, this can result in a loss of magnetic dynamo. The magnetic field of the earth will decay in 10,000 years. it will cause a I don't know what any of this means I don't know what any of this episode because well anyway

it's a lot I'm a funny geologist does you know that the sun is going to grow to a level where it will consume the earth because it'll get so big it's all the it's red giant phase I did know that

I didn't know that you learned that inexplicably when you're a kid they teach you that which I don't even want to know now because like it's out tomorrow I just like, don't even want to think about it. It kind of makes everything futile, doesn't it? Like, why are we even doing this podcast?

Like, why? Why I'm looking at the Cowboys score right now? Like, who cares? Literally nothing matters. Yep. So, dope. Cool. So three more volcanoes to go.

Not that it matters. Not that any of this matters. But yes. Not that it matters. But I know a lot more by volcanoes than I. I did a year ago. We're all going to die in a horrible flame. Somehow.

So, cool. That's all I got. Thanks. Oh, thanks, Taylor. That was fun. Do you have anything you want to read out? I did, but I can't remember what it is. I don't have any listener mail.

Oh, I did want to say my friend Elizabeth has been listening, and she's very cute. And she was like, I've been yelling along with you guys. And she's like, I've been acting like you're just in my house with me talking to me. So I thought that was very nice. So I just said, hi. And yeah, that's what I've got for now. Please write to us, Doom to Fell Pod at Gmail. And all of these socials at Doom to Fill Pod.

There you go. Okay. We'll go ahead and cut this off. In a matter of the people, state of California, versus Horanthall James Simpson, case number B8-0196. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what you're going to go ahead and kick things off. Welcome to Doom to Fail, the podcast where we cover. a historic and or true crime episode about two things that were brought together that were doomed to fill all the format of this show tends to pivot and change based on the whims that taylor and i have but we're glad you're here and we're very whimsical uh so i'm barge joined here by taylor we're recording kind of late on a sunday because i've been gallivanting around the town and taylor's been working on her outline how you doing taylor good i am good i am um I'm tired. Yesterday was a big day. It was Florence's birthday. She turned nine, and we had a big party.

So it was super fun, but it was a lot of work. But nice to see all of her cute little friends, and they had a great time. Nine years ago, I came to your apartment in Los Feliz with Adam Stone. It was right when you came home with Flo, and I had just gotten back from my Australia trip. Oh, yeah, you gave her that little key. Yeah, actually, it wasn't when y'all had just gone, when y'all just got, you had flowback for a couple weeks. I forgot that trip to Australia was like six, seven weeks long. And so I was kind of like the last one to see her.

But that's crazy, nine years ago. Well, yeah, it's bananas. It's wild. I apparently have adopted a geriatric. Oh, yeah, you texted me. What happened? So I've been texting with Blair. So I, like, about three.

five, six days ago, I was driving home and I saw this dog and it looked like an old chihuahua that was having a hard go of it. And it ran across the street and I saw my car, but my windows were down and Luna was in the car and I was going to try and coax the dog towards me and figure out if I had a tag or whatever else. And Luna started barking and scared the shit out of the dog and sent her running. And so I was like, well, so whatever. I took a picture of her and posted to all the socials and was like whoever is missing a dog. I found it here. I don't have it, so on and so forth. Yesterday, I was driving the exact same route home, and the dog ran across the street.

I was without Luna, and so I got out and got the dog. And so I messaged with Taylor's sister Blair, who works for Awesome Pets Alive, which is an amazing nonprofit that takes care of animals, a no-kill shelter, an adoption agency. And I was like, what do I do with this dog? And she basically recommended a nice poster wherever I can. and also, you know, to hopefully try and find the owner. I got a text this morning from someone saying that five weeks ago, their dog went missing that looks just like this one.

And then the more I looked at the markings on it, I was like, and I ran by Blair and she was like, this isn't the same dog. Like, they look very similar, but it's clear that, like, there's like parts of marking that are off. And she was also like five weeks, a dog like that isn't going to survive for five weeks. So on its own. Yeah. So, I don't know.

I have it. I went and got a groomed today because it smelled awful. and this thing's been glued to me all day long. So that's where I'm out. Well, that's nice of you. So, yeah, we'll see. We'll see what happens. Do you want a dog?

It had, I absolutely do not want a dog, no. Okay. I thought I'd try. Blair does enough animal stuff for my family, and so I feel like that cancels out my, like, you. I definitely, like, got mad at work this week because people were talking about, like, jokingly having cats in the office, and I was like, that's dumb,

and also having dogs in the office. office is gross and people hate when I come up with that that hot take but like it's gross you're going to let a dog walk outside in Culver City and then in the office and then in your home you there's um besides the fact that I'm allergic to them not every opinion has to be shared like there are thought like I don't share every opinion I have I know um but I just I feel sometimes that I need to share it because people just like assume that you'll be like super excited to have a dog in the office and i'm like no that's gross and i need to know because i'm going to get sick if i'm in the office with the dog you know okay the allergy thing is real the allergy thing

i wouldn't take luna to the office not because i think there's anything wrong with taking your dog into the office i wouldn't take luna to the office because luna's a fucking huge monstrous freak who would just cause mayhem and would distract everyone from work so oh my god and then there's like sometimes there's like more than one dog and they barked each other. I'm just like, what are we doing? It's a thing. We should work grown up, so you should leave your pets at home. It is a thing. Um, hot takes by Taylor. Dogs are terrible, apparently. But that's how I feel about it. But, you know, whatever. But my sister, you know,

work. Blair does enough and takes care of dogs. Yeah, Blair does enough for the entire Sturbit clan. So let's go ahead and dive right in. Um, I think you go first this time, Taylor. So, I'm going to, right? What? You do go first. I didn't hear you. What did you say? I do go first.

Yeah, yeah. Okay. Okay. So my drink is Obelam, Obelon, Obelon, Obelon, Obelon, which is the most popular beer in Ukraine. This is where my story takes place. Cool. But I'm actually drinking a voodoo range right now because I don't, I'm not in Ukraine. I know it looks like I'm in Ukraine, but I'm actually for the best.

Yeah. Cool. Cool, cool, cool. I want to open up my canned water first. What kind of canned water is that? I have, it's from Tanner Joe. It's not that good. Is it flavored? No, this one's just plain.

I'm actually physically drinking some honey whiskey because my claim to fame at Florence's birthday party because her birthday is in October. And last year, it was freezing. We tried to watch a movie outside for her party and we couldn't do it. It was so cold. And this year, it was hot. Like, I got kind of sunburned, like, I have a little bit of a tan, like, hot as balls. But either way, both years, I made spiced apple cider for the grownups, and they fuck, people love it.

And it's just, like, really fun. So we drank it, even though it was hot yesterday. And so I'm drinking some honey whiskey that I have left over from that recipe. But for the sake of my story, we're going to the French colony of Martinique in the early 1900s. So I looked up a martinique cocktail and nobody can agree what is in it. But let's just like drink rum and say it's rum. And it's also like that rum on fire because we're returning to the ring of fire for volcanoes, part five. Whoa.

Exciting. I don't know this one. I don't know what, I mean, you're, you're getting out of my zone of knowledge on volcanoes at this point. I know. And oh my God. So I also, so I know that it's Halloween and I was going for spooky things. So I did start doing the research for an episode on Shirley Jackson and her husband, Stanley, because I think it's really fascinating.

I don't know if it's spooky. I can't really figure how to talk about it yet. So I'm putting that on the back burner and just went to this one because this one is creepy. We're talking about the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelle in Martinique. It killed 29,000 people in St. Pierre, which was at the time the Paris of the West Indies. And it's creepy because there's a lot of politics. politics involved, which is actually the doomed part. There's the politicians doomed these people to death.

And there are bugs. There's a lot of bugs, like terrifying bugs. So we're going to get to that, but politics and bugs are my creepy things for a spooky season. Sweet. Sound good? I'm in. Okay. So let's recap our volcanoes.

If anyone's just like picking it up here, I'm inexplicably doing a seven-part series on volcanoes, and we've learned so much. And so to recap the volcanoes that we've gone through, part one was Mount Toba that erupted 70,000 years ago. It had a volcanic explosivity index of eight, which is ultraplenian mega colossal. The world was destroyed. So that's the whole point of that one is only like a handful of humans survived and we're all from those humans. That's where we learned a lot about human evolution. Then we learned a lot about the Roman Empire because we went to.

Vesuvius in 79 AD. That was a VEI of five, which is a Plinian cataclysmic. And as we know, about like 3,000 people died in the city of Pompeii, more in Herculaneum. And because they were covered in the ash and preserved, we get to see a lot of color of the Roman Empire. So we actually get a lot of really cool things from that, from that disaster. Then we went to Mount Tambora in 1815. That was a VEI of 7, an ultra-plenium, ultra-colossal. And that one was a year without a summer where the... Mary Shelley. There was...

Yeah, Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein. There was no sun the next summer. The whole world saw it. I mean, didn't know what was happening because it didn't have any way to communicate. So just like, the sky was red in places. And it was weird. Like, they didn't really know why. And that kind of affected art in the way people and lived their lives.

Next, we had Crackatoa in 1883. That was the VEI 6, which is a plenian slash ultraplenian colossal, like very similar words, but whatever. But that one was really big as well and affected the weather. And a lot of people died in that one from like residual effects like tsunamis and not being able to grow crops. That was also something with Tambora as well. So this one, we're actually all over the VEI index, which is very exciting. This one is a VEI4. Mount Pellet erupted in 1902.

and it was a plenian subplenian catastrophic. So that's what we're going to talk about today. So it's not the one that can destroy the earth like the like toba. And it didn't affect the weather all over the world that Krakatoa or Tambora, but it did obviously kill a shit ton of people on this island. It's recent. It's kind of recent. Yeah, kind of recent. So Mount Pelle is on the Caribbean island of Marconique.

And I, when I was first, I listened to, oh, my main source I listened to is a book called The Day of the World Ended, and by Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan Witts and also a couple articles that I'll share. But when they first talk about it, this part of the Ring of Fire, which is the ring of volcanoes that kind of goes around from like Australia, Indonesia, up Asia, around Alaska, down to the bottom of South America. You know what I mean, like this side of the earth. Right. And it ends with Mount Terror in Antarctica. Crazy. Just everything that I do is connected. So that's cool, right?

Jesus. The end of this line is Mount Terror. Yeah. We talked about last week. I know. The H-MISR, yeah. Yeah. So in 1902, Martinique was a French colony.

France was in the midst of the French Third Republic, which was from 1870 to 1940. In 1902, the president of the French Republic was Emil Lube, and the prime minister was Emil Combe. It doesn't really matter, but like just they were kind of there being colonial and that was what was happening in France. There were huge racial, racial divides in Martinique, obviously, and they were still pretty strictly governed by France. Obviously, like, slavery had been abolished, you know, 50 years before this, but there was no equality, obviously. Right. That's the whole thing.

Most people on the island are very religious, they're Catholic, and a little bit. of like african religions that that came over during um during the slave trade so some people are like what we would call creole you know they're like black people who speak french they're a little voodooy they're also like kind of catholic so kind of all of those mixtures of of religions and superstitions are like mixed into what the people are like going through at this time so yeah just to say like some of the other volcanoes that we've talked about and all volcanoes of all of history that we we don't know about and the future it's going to be a lot of praying and a lot of like trying to make the bad thing stop happening um oh i might just i want to look it up but i think pelle is the

hawaiian god of volcanoes he's also like a really famous soccer player i know i'm really having a hard time not saying pele but i'm pretty sure it's pelle he just died didn't he um pelle god of oh yeah it's fell differently than pelle yeah uh pelle is the hawaiian goddess of volcanoes and fire. She created the Hawaiian Island. So that's where it gets the name and that's a pretty like standard volcano

you know, person that you people think about. So anyway. Martinique looks like absolute paradise. I mean, yeah, all Scribian islands are so beautiful. Yeah. So nice. Wow. Yeah. So pretty.

So, oh, also I was just going to say that Before this, before the French got there, the native people were the Caribs, which we should probably talk about someday because I don't know anything about them. I don't think about the people, the indigenous people of the Caribbean, but maybe we'll get there someday. But those people remembered that Mount Pele had erupted in the past, like ancient past. That was like in their in their storytelling. But the people who lived there in 1902 also knew that there had been minor earthquakes in 1792 and in 1851. So it had like kind of rumble. before and like potentially a little mini eruptions like stuff had happened in the past um like recent past but they weren't expecting it to like erupt anytime soon and this was this was at the point when that one guy that you already covered had not talked about tectonic plates having being a thing right okay so nobody knew what was happening yeah no one knew what was happening we don't know why i think about titanic plates officially until like the 1960s so we're like we're pretty

before this. Yes. So the book I read had some really good stories. I think that might be a little bit out of order, but they're like fun little anecdotes that I'm going to get to. The eruption technically started in

on April 23rd, 1902 and didn't actually stop until 1905. So there were like rumblings in the volcano for like two years. So it was like a whole thing. But the really, really, really bad thing happened on May 8th, 1902.

So before we get there, on April 23rd, 1902, it started to ash and the ash smells like sulfur so you know like it's scary ash coming from the sky like two years ago when there were all of those really really bad fires in california and like the sky by me was like bright red and we thought we might have to leave it rained ash here like very lightly but it was weird because it's like weird snow but it's like ash and that was happening a lot coming from the volcano it starts to choke people the first things to die are animals because they're outside all the time, you know, and they're not really protected from

the elements. So the first living creature to die from this eruption was a horse. Oh. So poor thing. The government doesn't worry yet. They're like, you know, it's a volcano. It's going to like spit up some ash sometime. It's probably fine. And they don't do anything. They do eventually send people up there on the 27th. And they went, they kind of go up to the top and they're like, you know, we hear this bubbling. It sounds like boiling water and it smells terrible up here. Yeah, dude. It's a volcano. You should leave. But they don't. They're like, it's probably fine, and they leave. Ash continues to fall more steadily. There are some villages that are like closer to the volcano. And then there's a big city, the city of St. Pierre, a little bit further away. But like the villages are like covered in ash. It's like a light white powder kind of all over everything. And it's hard to breathe for everyone, all animals and all people. Taylor, what would you think about an office policy where you don't, you're not allowed to bring dogs, but you are a lot to bring miniature ponies?

I don't know. Can you put stuff on the ponies like seltzer water carts? Could they pull out like a seltzer water cart on the office? Yeah. Hey, who told me about the wedding they went to where they had like donkeys walking around and they had like tequila shots on the saddles? was that wasn't me but i love that no but i think that's great yeah okay so we're probably also maybe we can macdougal do that so then then i would feel maybe that they were a little more you more total totalitarian than totalitarian i think utilitarian is a word you're tillitarian you were so close so close yeah then then then maybe yes i like it i like that yeah okay i'll get it somewhere yeah they always squared that away well me too So we're going to stop the timeline for a second and talk about politics.

So why didn't people just start leaving? Like first, it's like, yes, it'd be hard to totally evacuate a city. There's 30,000 people there. You know, it would be hard to totally evacuate. But the governor of Martinique specifically wanted people to stay. So the governor's name was Louis Motech, M-O-U-T-T-T-T-T, Mote, probably. He was a left-wing progressive. Basically, he was a white dude from France.

And what that really meant at the time was that he wanted to maintain the status. quo like he wanted france to continue to like be in charge of martinique and he wanted to really keep that happening so again like i said that liberal that's what they were called at the time and then the radicals were the people who wanted like the um the black population to have more rights things like that that's the way they were called it just at this time um and there was an election on may 11th it was to be for the um like technically the mayor of St. Pierre and it was a runoff election. There was a three way three way race that ended up with two people. So there was two plantation owners running for running for mayor. There was a man

named Amadee Knight. He was a black plantation owner and he was the first black man to hold those kind of posts. And he was the one who was like more of the radical quote unquote like trying to get more power for like the largely like black and mixed population and then there was also ferdinand clerk and clerk was a member of the progressive party and that um progressiveness means like more france he was a rich white owner um a very proper man church member wikipedia i think or the arclare red said he's like really straight laced you know so there's these two men kind of different but It's a really important election, and that's why the governor, Martinique, doesn't evacuate the city because he needs the election to happen. That's really, really, you can call emergency elections, like, it's not impossible to do.

Yeah. And so the governor also told the newspaper that was called Le Colonnese that everything was fine. And so they were printing articles that were like, we don't need to leave. Everything's fine. You know, like, there's no, there's no volcanologists. There's no volcanologists at all at this time in existence, but also like no scientists being consulted. The governor is just like, it's probably fine and we've really neat people to stay to do this. So some people did leave and they did manage to get out because they were worried. But those are the people who like had the means to be able to do that, you know, and the foresight and like weren't afraid and were afraid enough to leave, you know, and weren't afraid to get in trouble for leaving, all that. that and they sometimes in some cases they physically stopped voters from leaving with like armed guards they wouldn't let people leave into the election on may 11th we don't and the city does not survive to may 11th like there is no election the governor goes to st pierre with his wife just to prove how certain he is that nothing bad is going to happen and their bodies are never found like they don't make it like no one makes it so it was just terrible terrible decisions but before we even

get to May 8th, which is like the really bad day, there's some stuff that's happening. The rivers that are coming from the top of like the volcanic mountain are boiling and bubbling over. And there are boulders in dead animals and like carcasses of humans as well, just like flowing down from the mountain from the top of the mountain. There's a woman who watches her, how early before the explosion was this? A couple days. See, remember that whole thing that you and Juan agreed to where it's like, Juan, there were human teeth falling in the kitchen, we need to leave. It's like, this is like one of those things like you don't have to

understand. You don't need to be a volcanologist. It's like, dude, the water we drink is boiling and like there's corpses everywhere. Like I don't know what's happening. And I don't really need to know. I need to get the fuck out of here. Yeah. I know it's just like really, really bad. So people did start leaving those there were like little villages that were closer to the top and they left. They went to St. Pierre as a big town for help. And we'll talk about that in a second, like what that looks like. So one woman reported, watching her father try to like get the horses to safety in their village and then her father

and the horses just get swept away in this like boiling wood river and she never sees them again. So just like horrible like just like little villages being totally destroyed all the refugees from those places are headed to St. Pierre, which is like the big the big town. There's a story of a young couple planning their engagement party and she's like very posh and she won't leave because there's supposed to be a big governor's ball on May 7th and she really wants to go to it. And so she's like, he's like, we need to leave. And she's like, no, I'm not going to leave. And if you loved me, you would take me to this governor's ball. And her parents are like telling him that he has to stay. And he's like, I can't, like, I have to go. And he leaves.

Like they're not, it's like a weird, like, engaged in time where she's like, thinks of the engagement is called off and she's being so dramatic and all these things. And he leaves. And eventually he gets off the island. He's like one of the only people to live. leave like before it happens and he never sees her her family again like they obviously die and he remained a bachelor until he died in the 1940s that people were actually hoping that he ended up marrying someone much smarter than his fiancee him and his fiance should have had the conversation you and juan had yeah totally so um there's also a funeral procession for a man this is a couple days before when the rivers are overflowing and boiling and as the funeral

procession is carrying the casket over a bridge. The bridge gets washed away and 40 people disappear, including the casket. So 40 people die in that at a funeral, which is terrible. And so these things are happening all over. And it's not really being necessarily communicated with everyone on the island that this is happening, but the people who are seeing it are walking like the miles over to St. Pierre. Keep in mind, there's a man in a jail cell awaiting execution. He can hear and smell that things aren't quite right. And he can hear the gallows being constructed. We'll get back to him. But there's a man in jail. Around May 5th, the heat at the top of the mountains is getting so intense that the animals and the life at the top of the volcano need

to escape. And guess what comes with that? For droppings. No, it's bugs. It's so. It's so many bugs. So what kind of bugs are we talking about? I'm going to tell you. It's terrible. So there's a sugar company, a sugar factory. And then some stuff I read said it was a rum factory. It's probably a little bit of both called the Guerin Sugar Works. Had a family living there and all of their servants.

And then the people who were working at the sugar factory, it was like a little bit up the mountain. There's some internal stuff going on on the morning of May 5th. there's the men are about to go on strike because they don't like they're not sure if they should be working because there's like ash falling from the sky it's like that thing that we're talking about before last week with the terror like if you're at work and a disaster happens you like don't know what to do but like you should leave you know like who cares if you're in trouble at work like you should go but people aren't sure what to do um there's servants kind of running around

there's about 150 people there so first the bugs come millions of ants huge and mean ants come streaming down the hill. And this had actually happened in 1851 with like the little tiny eruption that happened before. And people reported huge balls of ants just like barreling down the mountain. They had like all congregated together and they were like rolling down the mountain. Back in 1851, they literally ate babies. Like the ants would like get into people's houses and like eat their babies as they're trying to escape the mountain. So it's these same ants coming down. They're in the sugar factory. They're in the main house. And then with the ants come foot long centipedes.

Okay. Now you got me. They're poisonous. Yep. You got me. They're a foot long. They're black. They're poisonous. They're running and they're terrifyingly creepy, weird centipede way all over. They're in the house. They're running up people's clothes. They're hiding in beds. They're in the closets. So the servants in the house are like hitting it with pans in the sugar factory.

They're pouring boiling sugar on them. They're putting oil all over the ground, trying to like get them to slip around. they are everywhere. So they're just anything that they get their hands on, they're fighting back. Eventually, the bugs, you know, the bugs keep going and the bug problem dissipates. And I think it's the owner of the sugar plant leaves. Or like someone leaves, which is how we know this happened.

But as soon as they leave, then the boiling mud comes. So these people who just fought off these like horrendous, horrendous bugs are now fully covered in boiling hot mud 120 feet of mud covered the whole factory the only thing that's left is a little bit of the chimney poking out of the top

so you can only hope that those people died instantly because 150 people died there on the worst day fucking ever yeah it's awful those centipedes are terrible I'm not going to look at them

I hate my kids no I don't like centipede so my son will like throw this like fake centipet at me sometimes and I hate it it's awful I hate the thing in in when we live in queens we had house centipedes which is like really long legs everywhere and like oh my god they like run so fast and i just hate everything about them i can't even imagine those are scary looking but they're not going to hurt you the the giant desert ones or the ones that are martinique that i saw so those the ones that'll they'll ruin your month like some people can die from them it's like

yeah it's terrible so yeah imagine you just fought those off and then you get killed with a bunch of like boiling mud like five seconds later, just absolutely the worst. In the meantime, there's also a shockwave. The shockwave comes from like, I don't know, the internal stuff happening underground kills a ton of fish. So dead fish are like coming up on the shores. They don't really know why that's happening yet. And the shock wave also breaks their underwater cable. Do you know how we talked about the underwater cable? Yeah. Do you think during this time someone's doing voter registrations door to door? yes I do the whole time because they're printing out they're printing out um like flyers that say everything is fine don't forget the election is on the 11th like they're literally doing that

like the newspaper is printing out things like on behalf of the governor so yes someone is doing that well um so yeah so their underground cable breaks so they're cut off for most of the world because of this um and because we talked about the underwater cables last time like that was how we knew about Krakatoa so that's how we would have known more about this but we didn't because the cable's broke so now some of the villages that are are the people who are closer who are seeing these boiling mud slides who are you know seeing these bugs seeing these terrible things covered in ash the animals are all dying some of the people leave some of them don't so there's like one town where or a couple towns that got like the avalanche of the boiling mud and they went

on a rescue mission to go find them and the people were so badly burned but they were still alive they were just like goo in the corner of their houses you know like people were just like absolutely destroyed homes are burnt to the ground people and animals were just like dead and dying everywhere in these small villages and everybody who was able to escape went to st pierre so more people are going to like the big town but like all the villages that are close to it have all been destroyed and the people have been like burned to death lovely yeah so now st p. here, it's overrun with people. Like, there's too many people in the town. So because thousands of people have come from the villages, which totally makes sense because they're trying to find

safety somewhere else. So the government does like bring in food carts and like try to get people food, but they don't have enough food to survive for like much for like the long term like this. And people are like sleeping on the streets. They're like more than people are overcrowding hotels and houses and stuff. They're just trying to find somewhere to go because they can't go to their villages anymore. The infrastructure is like about to crack. There's a story of like, a bull got free. So a bull was like charging around the middle of the town. And then someone finally shot it and got it to stop.

And as soon as they shot it, like, people just like swarmed it and hacked it up and took the meat away, like really fast because everybody was starving because like they didn't have any food. You know, so that's happening in the midst of the ash and the sulfur and these boiling mudslides that you know are coming. And then guess what else comes from the mountain? Lava. Snakes.

Jesus. So doesn't stop, does it? There's a, no, there's a snake called a fur to lance. It's venomous and it's everywhere. They're pit vipers. And they normally give off 100, I like read this and then I stopped reading it and I lost where I was reading it. But they give out like 150 pieces of poison, like milliliters or whatever of poison with each bite. And it only takes 50 to kill you. So while this is happening, people are getting or dying.

because of the snakes because they're getting bit by all these snakes are coming down from the mountains yeah this is a scary-looking snake and they're so these snakes are invading to the city and then guess who comes to the rescue uh quiz for columbus elan moz oh cats of course of course cats so cat then there's all these battles between cats and snakes and the cats would like pretend to be dead and the snake would come over and then the sack would be like the cat would be like rar and like grab it did you see yeah i saw i saw yeah exactly i saw an insta video of cats fucking with snakes because apparently the reflexes of a cat are like it's crazy it's like point one is like 0.001 second it can react there's point

0.009 and so cats fuck with snakes because they know they'll never catch them because a snake lunging at it and trying to bite it will it will always be able to react fast on that. They're crazy. Wow. That's crazy. Fun. Yeah. So yeah. So the snakes were killed by the cats, which is horrifying. It must have been like just like just horrifying. Can't imagine that what that looks like. But so that's happening in town, overcrowded. All these crazy things are happening. And in the meantime, there are some ships in the harbor trying to figure out what to do. So they're like telegraphing like, you know, France in ways that kind of through America. someone telegraphs Teddy Roosevelt, he's a president of the U.S.

and is like, we think something weird is happening. But in France, they're like not doing anything about it. They're like, let's just see what happens. It's probably going to be fine, but like for absolutely no reason. But what are you supposed to do about it? Well, you're supposed to get everybody out. That's what you're supposed to do. Can they go to the island?

You're supposed to be like the ships? Yeah. Can anybody actually go? Yeah. At this point, yes. It's like May 5th and 2nd. like people could have technically gotten some people out and some people do so like all the steamerships that were in there like they were all totally full like the people who had the means and the opportunity were able to leave same thing in pompe you know same thing with like all disasters if you if you have somewhere to go you can go but most people didn't leave like because they you know were told it was okay because like at some point like i said like people wouldn't let voters leave you know so things like that but some people did get to go but not enough but they should have talked about to get everybody out but they didn't and they wouldn't have been really hard but they could have

at least tried that's what they didn't do um there's a little bit of water like little like mini tsunamis and like waves happening unfortunately there's like an orphanage that was in the path of like another big water and all the kids drowned like super sad like a bunch of um things like that happen in the meantime the governor and his wife they come to st pierre on may 7th and they're like everything's fine they plan to have a governor's ball um on the night of the may 7th but they finally canceled it because things were so crazy in town but they should have just had it they should just like had a banger because no one lived until the next day you know that was your last night on earth you should have had the ball you should have spent all the money done all the things so

that's may 7th a lot of people in town a lot of people have died so far ash everywhere there's rumbling all the things and then the big thing happens on may 8th and what's the big thing that kills people oh it's it's it's the ash falling down in burning everyone death. Yep, it's pyroclastic flow day. That's the day that everyone dies. And this eruption is the reason that we know what a pyroclastic flow is. We didn't know what they were until this because no one had actually seen it before

and like written it down. So they knew that Pompeii was there and they had been excavating it since 1700s, but they didn't know what had happened. Like they didn't know about the hot ash. They didn't know that the people were burned the way they were burned. Like they didn't know any of these things until Mount Pelley erupted. Like there were bodies and bones in Pappay, but we didn't know what had happened because of this we know. And it is awful, just absolutely fucking hell awful.

So it's May 8th, 1902. It's Ascension Day and many people are at church. It's just before 8 a.m. and Mount Pelley erupts. The pyroclastic flow comes barely. down the mountain at 100 miles per hour. It sped down toward the city of St. Pierre, black, heavy, glowing hot. It had superheated steam, volcanic gases and dust. The temperatures exceeded over 1,000 degrees. And under a minute, it covered the city and instantly, everything that could be on fire was on fire, and everyone who was alive was either dead immediately or horrifically

burned. There were some ships in the harbor that watched us happen. At 802, a ship sent a telegraph, like off-site to whoever would listen, that said St. Pierre, destroyed by Pella eruption, send all assistance. So in two minutes, the city's gone, and everybody in it is gone. Some of the ships that were in the harbor immediately sunk, because they didn't stop when it hit the water, you know, it kept going. So the ships caught on fire, sunk immediately. Everybody died. Others have stories where they were like on their boats and they were so badly burned. They couldn't recognize each other. One guy was down in the hull he had like kind of covered himself with like blankets and like tried to

hide from it but the heat was so intense that everything that wasn't covered with like clothing was burned so it's all the skin on his hands were burned off and he had to steer the boat out of the harbor using his elbows because like he couldn't and there was and he was the person who could do the most because everybody was just so badly burned when sailor saw someone he couldn't recognize realized it was his captain went to get help and never saw the captain again he presumed the captain just jumped overboard because his burns were so intense that you could Oh, my God. Do you imagine going into salt water fucking with your skin peeling off? Nope.

I would just, I would just watch myself to drown. I would literally just breathe water immediately. Yeah. The city was, it developed in fire, the city of St. Pierre. There was hot mud raining from, raining from the air. There's ash and smoke everywhere because there's also tons of fires after the, after the flow. When rescueers did get there, people were so badly burned and people that were still alive, they had, like, no eyes, no tongues, no hair, no clothes, everything was burned off and their skin was just

like absolutely as burned as too many possible. A lot of people were like moaning and screaming for water, but they couldn't drink water because their throats were burned closed. So they could like kind of like make noises and like breathe out of their nose with like they couldn't drink anything. And so they would put, they like brought like ice chips from some ship and would put ice chips in people's mouths until they died because they couldn't help them. And they'd nothing that they could do, but they were, like, moaning and, like, desperate for water or for anything. And in total, anywhere from 28,000 to 30,000 people died.

So that was mostly everybody in the town. A couple of people that they talked to who were, like, what happened? What do you remember? They were, like, I felt a wall of heat. And then that's all they remember. And then they would die. Like, they just, like, didn't, that, that was it. It was just, like, the heat just, like, incinerated everyone so fast.

It was so awful. there was a survivor do you remember the dude that was in jail i talked about oh yeah he was the gals were getting built uh yep so he on may 7th the night before this he had got into a fight at the at a bar and was in jail and all through may 7th they were trying to figure out whether or not they wanted to execute him because it was like would affect the election in one way or another probably because he was like a black guy who had stabbed someone allegedly and you know all this tension because the election and also the volcano is erupting. So they had him in jail in like a subterranean jail cell.

He had like a, so he didn't have any windows or anything. He heard the boom. Oh, his name was Ludger Silberis. And he heard the boom. He saw the smoke. He stuffed his, took off his clothes and stuffed them under the door. And this is super smart. He peed on them to try to make sure the ash didn't get through.

So he like made them wet, which is what you're supposed to do. Put wet towels underneath the door if you're like in a place from the windows, you know? that was smart but he still got really badly burned like it's still the heat itself like it's not even the fire is just like the heat like still burned his body they found him four days later he was like yelling under the rubble and he was like the only person that they found he ended up um he ended up becoming a celebrity and traveling around the world with barnum and bailey and he lived the rest of his life in that like he would his job was to be in a cell that looked just like the cell he was in in Martinique and tell people what happened. He was known as the man who lived through Doomsday. And he said the rest of his life as like a circus performer, which is wild.

So the best thing that ever did that he ever did for himself was stab that man in the bar. Yep. Go nuts, guys. Follow your passion. I know. That saved his life. Yeah.

So the city of St. Pierre was gone. There's another city that is now the capital of Martinique. And they did a little bit of rebuilding, but, you know, that city itself was never, never rebuilt, you know. And really, like, that's it. And I think it's a doomed story of people wanting to keep up appearances, wanting to, like, go through with, like, work stuff, you know, like the election. And I'm sure people were like, I can't take the day off. Like, things like that that I feel like are such human of things. You're like, what if this person's mad at me if I leave town? And you're like, literally, who cares just leave. But it's hard to do that, like, in the moment, you know? So, um, everyone. And all caps, don't stay, don't stay at work when terrible things happen. But it's one of the, one of the most devastating ones directly from the volcano explosion itself. Because, like, the other ones, a lot of people died from, like, climate change and, like, not being able to make enough food and tsunamis. But this one was just that, that flow, that hot ash, the volcano, destroying the city. Eventually, like, it was kind of erupting for two years and it erupted kind of up.

So now it has, like, a spike coming out of the top of it somehow from, like, the way that the lava like kind of dried and froze at the top, because it was like a little bit of lava. But mostly it's like that heat and that ash from these. Like it's not going to like go 100 miles into the air and hit the trade winds and, you know, be seen in other places. But if you're close enough to it, like you're going to die an absolutely horrible death. I mean, at least it's quick.

That's it. That's where I'm ending that. I mean, at the very least it's fast. At the very least, like, you're not suffering through it for ages. For some people, I mean, some of those people that, like, we're still alive, like, I think it's kind of what you hear after, like, the atomic bombs, you know, where there's people who are, like, just like their skin is melted off, you know, and they're like, they don't know what to do and walking around, like, dazed and afraid,

you know, and then they die eventually, but, like, in the meantime, yeah, all those, like, it's so terrible. So, yeah, that's a big one, and I hadn't really, I hadn't heard about that one. And I guess in my pre-volcanologist life, I hadn't heard. about that one. And now, now we know. I have two more volcanoes. I'm going to do mountains and Helens from the 1980s. And then I'm going to do a real intense one on what will happen when Yosemite finally erupts. Oh, that's the one. I think the world's, I'm most excited for it. I'll be awesome. So I'll finish it before the end of the year, for the end of the year.

But I figured we could fold us into, into October because of the bugs, of the big centipedes and the snakes. Giant snakes, giant centipedes. They count for a lot. I, in the middle of your well-researched discussion about this volcano was looking up the foods in Martinique and man they look good they look good yeah it's like it's very like it's very like sauce-based rice-based it is a little Louisiana vibey but with like a tropical flare given all the seafood access oh yeah yeah right right I'm a fan. In 2017,

Martinique was cited as the safest destination in the Caribbean. It makes sense. What else? Do I need to know? I'm looking at a travel guide. Yeah, I'm sure. I mean, it looks beautiful. It's all, most of these volcanoes are in these, like, beautiful tropical places.

I mean, and. Yeah, it's like the price you pay, right? Like, I mean, L.A. is awesome. But the price you pay. is earthquakes and I guess now more consistently it's wildfires which really sucks but so that's true yeah yeah um yeah so that's it I'm yeah those very educational we learned a little about politics we learned a little about island life we learn about volcanoes and we learn about snakes I really can't believe that this is that we didn't know really what had happened in Pompey

until this happened but like that may make sense when I think about it because like how would you know what caused the people like everything to be covered in that you know pumice stone and all that unless you like knew like who knew like I don't know what they thought it was they didn't know that there was like a hundred mile per hour cloud of ash and smoke and I couldn't figure out if anyone for the volcanologist listening can you please tell me why Pompeii was like buried in the ash and St. Pierre wasn't I feel like it might have to do with like the density and like the speed or something but I just I think I think St. Pierre, as I'm seeing it, was, like, burned and, like, destroyed, but not, like, buried the way that Pompey was. And I don't, I can't figure out why. I couldn't figure out the right phrase to Google that and to figure it out some, like, the things that I was reading. I found, like, one, like, thing that compared how hot it was in both of them. And that didn't really answer my question either. So if anyone knows, I'd love to understand that a little bit more. But it sounds like Pompey was. Yeah, for it to please. It sounds like Pompey, though, was just,

neglected and forgotten about so like it might not have been all ash that buried it could have been like time that's true that's true but i'm not a volcanologist can you can you go to remote school to be a volcanologist remote degree in volcanology i'm gonna look i'm gonna do some research on this oh university of arizona online um i probably have to do a little bit of oh yeah best online volcano courses of programs anyway um i need a PhD god just start over in life to get there too old to start to become a volcanologist like yeah i'm i'm good with my sans PhD life uh awesome well thank you for sharing the volcano ones were always really really exciting for me because like i'm like really into like i don't know what the word is geology no geography

geo the earth I'm into the earth and like knowing where things are or like what it's made of because that's what those two are okay I'm into earth sciences let's put it that way so like tectonic plates tsunamis all that it's just very nice that's that's that we're learning that's cool I love learning I'm really into education we should go to museum we should I love it I love it fantastic fantastic do we have any cool thank you yeah for emails or anything like that Nope. No. I feel like I had something, but if I remember it for next time, I'll add to the next one. But no, but thank you. All of our new Instagram followers and our new listeners, we super appreciate you all. And if you ever do have any ideas or suggestions or feedback, please let us know. Oh, I did post me to get an Apple review from someone that says I talk too fast, which I thought was funny because I know that. But also, that wasn't a reason to remove a star. our stuff was fascinating so awesome i love it thank you i think it was don't you was on apple yeah thank you donna we we actually if you write us we literally like we love getting those and reading those so please tell us good bad and ruggly like even like fars as being too funny it's distracting me like let us so so we can improve we've actually gotten gotten several of those that's true yeah yeah it's working on it dupital pod at gmail and at TeamDeveloped on all the socials.

Yes. Awesome. Cool, Taylor. Well, thank you. I'm going to go ahead and cut this off and we will rejoin you all on Wednesday. Bye all. In a matter of the people of the state of California versus Ornthall James Simpson, case number B-A-0-19.

And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country. On Wednesday. with dune to fail with fars and pod wait no taylor and fars we're doing a podcast me and taylor are doing a podcast it's called doom to fail perfect 10 out 10 but yes we are back and it is taylor's turn to take us on a riveting tale of love and joy and terror and probably feminism i'm sure that's in there somewhere but

um yeah all right let's do it um i'm excited that you did your second one on engineering disasters because i'm doing oh my god my number number six for volcanoes let's just get this done i'm going to finish before the end of the year so no there's seven so this is number six um this is mount st helens that are represented in 1980 i love that one that was my favorite so great um so mount st helen's it's a strato volcano erupted 1980. It killed 56 people. It was a volcanic explosivity index of five, which is cataclysmic plenian. So I know we talked about our like, you know, we're looking at the VEI index. This is actually more powerful than the one that was in Mount Palais, the last one that we talked about. But less people died because less people lived around there.

In Mount Palais, people lived at like the bottom of the, you know, it was like, I'm like, Caribbean island. They lived on the bottom of the of the hill as you would. But this one's in like Washington State. So it's in the northwest of the United States. And the land all around it was being used for logging.

They were in the middle of cutting out all the forests for logging. So this is also a logging story. So we will talk a little bit about that history as well. My main source, I read a book called Eruption that I'll put in the notes. And I also found this freaking incredible

Google map that someone made and it shows where each person who died and survived was found and then the pictures that they have of them. Some of them had their cameras like pointed towards it when it was happening. It's really interesting. So I'll share it. It's fun to look around. How would you search for that?

Well, don't look at it yet because it's like fascinating. You can look at it for a fucking hour and not listen to me. So just wait. So there's stupid. There's a couple layers pun intended because that's what a strata volcano is. It's layers of earth um to this story so there's logging there's preservation there's um you know the american freedom

to go wherever the fuck you want to go um and then there's volcanoes so like all those things are happening kind of at the same time um so starting with the land itself most of the land around mount St. Holland's in 1980s was owned by the the Weyerhaeuser Timberland company um voyerhauer or W-E-Y-E-R-H-A-E-U-S-E-R. It's a German company founded by a German immigrant named Friedrich Weyerhaeuser in the 1800s. In the book that I listened to, Eruption, the guy did a great German accent when he was talking as him. It was delightful. But he, you know, he was a hard worker.

He moved Pennsylvania from Germany in 1852. He worked at a brewery but felt like the pressure of being around booze. He didn't want to do that. So he found a job at a timber company. And he just worked away up the ranks. And he started to know a lot about logging. And he saw that things were changing. And, like, I saw this, like, being on Instagram, that was a joke.

But it's, like, 100% true that when you, like, take someone to your hometown, every time you turn to corner, you're like, this used to be the woods. And now it's Walmart. And this used to be the woods. And now it's a this. You know what I mean? Yeah. I mean, that's kind of everything. It's everywhere.

Like, when I was little, this was the woods. Like, when I was little, this was the woods. and now it's not. That was right. This room. This room was the woods. And now it's not. Now it's my office.

No, it's not. So that's just like, you know, it happens all the time. And in our lifetimes, we've seen a lot of forest like disappear. But the United States had an incredible amount of trees, like more than people were used to. So like in Europe and places where, you know, these people came from, a lot of the buildings are stone, you know, and you have like a wooden roof. Like, you don't have a wooden house.

if you're like living in living in Germany at this time, you have a stone house because stone is more like plentiful and around and you don't have that much wood. But in America there's so much fucking wood and they were like, oh, it's all free. And they just, you know, and they just cut it all down. And they could do things like build houses, build railroad tracks,

build boats. They could have wooden roads, wooden bridges, just like things that you can ever have before. And then also there's an opportunity to like do it all again when it all burns the fuck down. Makes sense. It all comes back, too, because you just regrow the trees. And there is a part of, like, this is like regrowing, people would have like places to regrow, but it takes, you know, fucking forever to have a tree grow to be huge. The Voyerhauser is still the nation's largest timber company today. So it's still like a huge

thing. Is it spelled voyeur? Boyer. W-E-Y-E-R-H-A-E-U-S-E-R. Ah, there it is. Yeah, okay. I've seen this logo. Yeah. Totally. And you would have, because they're everywhere still. So it's like a family business. Fun. A fun, interesting story that just kind of like happens during this. It has to do with that family is in 1935, the family lived in Tacoma. So they started to go where there was like, you know, a shit ton of trees. As we know, the northwest has a lot of forests.

And they were obviously very rich and they still are very rich. They're like, you know, the people who own this big timber company. May 24th, 1935, George Vierhauser, who's the grandson of Friedrich, he was nine years old and he got out of school early. And instead of waiting for the chauffeur like you do when you're a rich kid, he decided to walk home and he was kidnapped. So he was nine years old. And it was peak kidnapping time. The Lindberg baby had been kidnapped in 1932. So it was just like the time that was happening.

They took him to the woods and like tied him to a tree overnight. He was in the trunk of a car a lot. The family noticed right away that he wasn't home. They called the police. A few days later, they got a letter for asking for $200,000 in ransom, which is several million dollars now. Right. And the family paid it.

They got it in cash. And they had, they were unmarked. bills, but all the serial numbers were written down. And that's how they ended up finding the people eventually. But they did like an awkward handoff in the woods where the dad had like a suitcase of cash and like dropped it. And a dude like ran

out of the woods and grabbed the cash and ran away. They like got the money and like went away with it. And another thing that George, the kid did that was really, really smart. And this is for you in case you ever get kidnapped is remember like how many steps it takes to get from a spot to a spot when you're blindfolded, you know?

If you're like, they took me out of the trunk, they picked me up, and they walked 10 steps to a porch, and I could feel them walking on the porch, like stuff like that that makes it really helpful to find out where you were. So he did that, which was great. Great job. I do that with planes. So whenever I get on a plane, I always count how many seats in between me and the exit in case the plane's on fire and I can't see. I can just touch what's in front of me did count my way up. Yep. Keep in mind the closest exit may be behind you. Oh, yeah. There you go. See?

I've been on a plane. You know, you know, the world. I'm going to probably do that forever now. So cool. Good to know. Thank you. So on May 31st, they let him go. So they like, you know, they let him go like six days later. He went to a small house. They let him go near a small farmhouse. The farmer knew he was because he had, you know, heard it on the radio or whatever. And the farmer, they cleaned him up and they gave him some food and then they started drive him back to Tacoma on the way there they were intercepted by a reporter

who said, I'm here with the family I'll take him all I'll take him the rest of the way so essentially he was kidnapped again by a reporter so he could get all of the information from him before he saw the police or his family dude I was going to say if you were that farmer just keep ransoming this kid like he's the gift that keeps on giving

just like a half-hundred kid but I already fed him and gave him clothes I need like at least 50 bucks per real I should have I'm sure they gave him something it sounds like they would have um they they there were four people that were involved in the kidnapping there was like the wife of one of them and then like a fourth person but the two main guys were harbin wally and william dinard and they were arrested they were found because they were spending the bills

that had the serial numbers that they knew were part of the ransom money when they found them they were trying to burn the money in the stove which is hilarious because they were like it wasn't us. They're like, you're trying to burn money. Like, no one does that. Obviously,

I do. Eventually, Harmon, Wally, and William Daniel were both arrested. Wally went to Alcatraz and Danae went to Leavenworth.

So they both went to like big prisons. Wally kept writing letters to George, who was the kid over the years, apologizing and saying,

you know, it was just a couple days. Like, I'm sorry. We were, whatever. He was apologizing. You can't take that back. Well,

When he did get out of jail, like 35 years later, George gave him a job, which was very nice. He said, you know, he paid his time and I'm going to help him get back on his feet. And he gave him a job at the timber company. George was like, yeah, George was like, well, shit happens and boys are tough. So it sounds like he never went to therapy and he maybe should have because of that's a really harrowing thing to happen to a child. But that's just an aside story. But anyway, George, the kid who got kidnapped, was president of a company in 1980 when Mounted Helen's erupted. So he doesn't do anything bad, but he just like, how about life?

So Mount St. Helens is in the ring of fire somehow, because everything's in the ring of fire. It really kind of made you the whole world. Because there's so much. That doesn't make any sense at all. It's like at the, because the ring of fire kind of goes around and then it goes like through under Mexico and like because it hits the Caribbean, but then it goes like back around South America. I don't know. I feel like it's a loose term. It's not like a perfect circle. wow you're right yeah it's like right on the cusp it's like wow interesting yeah so it is and that makes sense because there's like it's alaska in the ring of fire i feel like that makes sense yeah it is um yeah so the native americans of the pacific northwest called it lautala yeah i know i did that wrong or one who come one from whom smoke comes so they knew it was a volcano you know

know, from the native people who live there. It was part of the Cowlitz Indian tribe and confederated tribe and bands of the Yakima Nation when, you know, in the beginning. The modern name Mount St. Helens comes from an explorer named Captain George Van, wait, Vancouver. George Vancouver was an explorer. He named Mount St. Helen after his friend, Fitzherbert, who was the Baron of St. Helens back in the UK. So that's why it's called that. He named after his friend. And that was he named him that in 1970 or 1792. Also, I just incidentally, I know we say that Vulcan is the Greek god of fire, but the Roman, oh no, hold on, yeah, Vulcan is the Roman god of fire. So it's like

volcanoes, we get the word from. You got that. The Hephaestis is the Greek god of fire. he's like the counterpart to Vulcan and he's the Greek god of fire and blacksmiths which is fun so anyway that was the one before them harder to say this Hephaestus erupted and this volcano erupted so that's part of it

so everyone knew it was a volcano they'd known for centuries the native people knew as a volcano everybody knew it was a volcano Mount St. Helens had erupted in the 1840s and 50s but had been dormant since then so it had been a long time since it had been active there were like cabins around it and like little places where people could like little um like gosh i imagine it

a lot like a place where you got married i was gonna say like so much of the story reminds you know that because even as you were talking about the woods i was like because that town that we drove through that was like a former logging yeah that was probably one of these weimer heisen companies yeah yeah i'm sure yeah so yeah it's just like there's lakes and there's trees and it's beautiful so you can have a cabin there in parts that are protected a lot most of it is owned by you know a logging company and there's like lakes and and all that stuff it's a beautiful it's like a beautiful space um on march 15th 1980 there started to be earthquakes so shit starts shaking and you live next to a volcano get the fuck out of there you know um people are like we should leave um so some

people were leaving some people were like not able to go back to their homes and then some of them were like their summer homes and they weren't able to go to them. The governor at the time was a woman named Dixie Lee, and she was a bit of an eccentric. Like her name wasn't Dixie Lee. She changed it to that to sound more Southern. She was a Democrat in a time when it was like really bad. Jimmy Carter was about to be about to lose his second election.

And, you know, they were dealing with the around hostage crisis, the energy crisis. Like it's all crisis, crisis, crisis. And Dixie Lee is kind of like having a great time, but not really like taking her job very seriously, it sounds like. Taylor, going back to the wedding. So that town that I just referenced was called Grace Harbor. Guess who named it Grace Harbor? The Verheimer. George Vancouver. George Vancouver. He just named everything.

Named everything. I had a flag. The mission of everything. I didn't even know there was a George Vancouver, but sure. There we go. sounds to me um so the governor could have done more to ban people from going to certain places but she didn't want to do that she wanted to let people like live their lives and go and like have the freedom to go to their houses if they needed to um there was an executive order on her desk the the weekend that it happened that she hadn't signed that would have expanded where you couldn't go around the around the volcanic peak but she never signed it and who knows that that

would have helped save like some lives a remarkably small amount of people died all things considered, but they could have had even bigger space, people weren't allowed to be in. There were teams that were trying to protect the land around Mount St. Helens. They were trying to get it on the historical register, trying to get it to be a national monument. Like Joshua Tree is a national monument and a national park. So like that gives us like a little bit more protection in different ways. They're trying to make it a monument while at the same time people are like, but we need these trees. So all this stuff is happening.

And then eventually like the land they tried to protect is gone. So they have to like pivot and try to figure out what to do next after the eruption, but they're trying to save it. So most of the people that lived there did leave. Eventually, the day before the eruption actually erupted on a Sunday on the Saturday, they let some people go back to their houses and get stuff. So they let 50 cars of people go and like a caravan with the with like the Marines or whatever, go to their houses, get some of their stuff, get their pets. Some of them, like, left food for their cats that couldn't find. They're just, like, hopefully we'll be back in a few days, but they never went back. There were also people that worked there, and they didn't really stop working.

They kind of kept working in that area and places where they were like, well, this area is probably safe because it was like, you know, 15 miles from the heat. And turned out those places weren't safe. Yeah, who gives a shit? Just don't go. Like, it's like, what are you, what are you splitting hairs for? Well, it's like, well, for people who work there, it's like, you know, know millions and millions of dollars for the company and what are they going to do the new jobs it's just like everything else but they weren't there because it was a Sunday so they're

actually fine right if it would have erupted on a weekday at least 300 more people would have died because they would have been working there but they weren't so like that's that's that's the good news this happened on a Sunday um and that that Sunday happened to be in May so on the way so from March to May it's rumbling weird shit's happening um the volcano knows getting bigger like a balloon about to pop you know you're like holy shit like we got to get the fuck out of here like it's like getting bigger um some people were allowed in because they were like scientists one of those scientists was john void's brother it's not weird that john boy's brother is a volcanologist is weird because john boyd also lost his mind

yeah he's also a crazy person yeah those guys not crazy he's just a volcanologist um so he would just happen to one of the people who did that. There's some other people who were, who didn't leave. There was a man named Harry Truman, which is cute. And he was like an old man who owned like a little lodge near the base. And he was like, I'm not going to leave.

Like it's my right to stay here. This is my property. And then he started to like be on the news across the country. And people were like, yeah, good for you. Sicking up for what's yours, blah, blah, blah. And they did say that someone saw him like at a bar a day or so before. being like, I really want to leave, but I can't now this person. You know, like, now everybody thinks that I'm being so fucking brave.

I can't leave. And he 100% died and died pretty quickly, hopefully. But he definitely, you know, I think he was second guessing it. But so it was a Sunday when, when Mount Sinhalons erupted, it was May 18th, 1980 at 832 a.m. It is the largest landslide in recorded history. So the first thing that happened was a landslide of like that hot mud that comes out, it traveled at one up to 155 miles per hour and moved across the lake and across

part of the mountain. One thing that it did is it exploded sideways, which is not what anyone could have predicted. So like, you were safer on one side than you were on the other, but there was no way to know which side of the time. Yeah. There were glaciers at the top of the mountain that started to melt, which caused like that hot, wet mud. to landslide everywhere. The rivers were surging with this warm water. And what that was also doing, which is even more dangerous, is the logs that were there. So, like, imagine, like, a log from a tree that's, like, two feet in diameter.

Like, you couldn't move that, whatever. But if it's in a river that's, like, surging on a mountain, that's going to be, like, a toothpick and a bathtub. You know what I mean? Like, this huge log, that log is going to crush everything on the way down. Yeah, of course. So it's not just water. It's water and these, like, really, really, really, really heavy logs.

and they went back to get them for like years and years and years they couldn't really gather everything back together because everything was in these piles if you're stuck under a log you're dead you know this is crazy it doesn't even look like a mountain anymore it looks like it looks like it was the fifth high in Washington state yeah now is the 11th tallest mountain it was the fifth tallest tallest in Washington state it lost its like thing the landslide was taken over by the pyroclastic flow which always happens, and it lasted about, like, obviously it was super fast, but it went about 23 miles across and 19 miles long, the flow. The flow overtook the landslide. So you're like running from a landslide and it's overtaken by the pyroclastic flow. The ash cloud went 12 miles into the sky. It went as far as like Wyoming, like the middle of the United States. And so a lot of things were like covered in ash even after that.

It lost 400 feet in elevation. Yeah. That's so much mountain. And it's interesting because like Mount Pele that we're talking about like it got taller after it was over. It like crystallized harder and like has like a taller peak now. It's not even a peak. It's just like a rock top of the top of it. It was plugged by like a mindset. Um, many of the bodies were never found obviously because they were just covered in the in the flow. so you might ask yourself who was there and why and how many people died some people were in camping zones that were deemed safe like they were told they could go there no one told them they couldn't go there and some of them were there to study which definitely is why being a vulcanologist is a very dangerous job you know yeah I saw that picture of that one guy who looks like the coolest dude that ever died on a volcano yeah let's talk about him because I'm going to go through this list and pick out some stories to tell you of the people who died there.

But before I do that, just like after it's over, you know, they do some more conservation. They really work to make it part of like a national park so you cannot overly forest the area. Another thing is Jimmy Carter did go a few days afterwards because presidents, you know, always go to where there has been a disaster. It was the biggest volcano eruption, you know, on U.S. soil. And he was in a helicopter with Dixie Lee, the governor who was like asking him for money, you know, like she do, like you do. And Jimmy Carter looked out of the window and said, I have never seen this much devastation in my life. And the helicopter pilot said, sir, we're not there yet.

That's the clear cut. That was just where the timber companies had cut on all the trees. Poor Jimmy. Poor innocent, Jimmy. So, and then it's still kind of rumble that has kind of done things up until 2009. So it's definitely not, like, dormant forever. There's still other stuff going on, like inside of it. I would not live next to it if I, I'm not given the chance.

But 56 people died potentially more depending on, you know, some people may have been there that we don't know about. Some people were, you know, maybe like a loner by themselves out there. I know one never, you know, said that they were there. So we do have these handful of confirmed deaths. And like I said, we're very, it's very fortunate that it was a Sunday. because if it had been a Monday, at least 300 more people

would have been there working in the area and they would have been, they would have been, they all had been killed. The person that you're talking about whose picture you've seen is David Johnston. David Johnston was a vulcanologist

who was there as a favor to a friend who had to take the night off, which is sad for the friend who like didn't know. But there's a picture of him, and it's always listed in like creepy pictures that you've like never, all of that. You know, he's sitting on like a folding chair.

He looks super nice. He's wearing jeans. He's next to a camper. And he was there to study landslides particularly. A lot of these volcanologists had been in Hawaii where we've learned like a Hawaiian volcano eruption is like a slow lava eruption. So it's not as like, like you have time to get away. It's not by the part. Yeah, like these, yeah, exactly.

These are we're more violent. But he, so he's there. his final transmission was Vancouver Vancouver this is it is a transmitter on and they think that maybe he was telling them that a landslide was coming and he didn't even know that the whole volcano had a ruptych because it felt like an earthquake and he may have not even seen it but he's never um but he is he was gone immediately his remains have never been found they think he didn't know that a volcano happened or

he was hit who knows he was like this is it this is it because he was there to see what happened when the landslide came. So, like, maybe that was it or whatever. Either way, he knew, he knew it was happening enough to pick up his radio,

radio to the base in Vancouver, Washington, and be like, this is happening, and then he died. And that was it. I never heard from him again. Yeah, super sad. There was, obviously, we learned that poor Harry Truman died.

Hopefully that was super fast for him. There was a photo, photojournalist named Reed Blackburn they found him in his car his pictures were too damaged to be developed but some of the people their cameras did come back

and we were able to get like really like close up pictures so especially to the flow that we like haven't seen before Joel Colton was another photographer there were some people who were camping together there was a couple called me to Terry and Karen and they look so super

cute in their pictures and you can look at the map when I give you the map unless you're looking at it now but terry and caram were with their friends and they died immediately because a tree fell on their tent because of the earthquake so they died immediately and their friends went um their friends that got away but they were like very severely burned and they went back and tried to find them and the government wouldn't let them in so they took a news crew and the news crew was like if you don't let us in to go try to find these people then we will never um you know we're going to put it all over the all over the news so they let them in and they found their bodies in their tent crashed by the tree, but you'll like this.

Their puppies were okay. Good. They had two puppies and they were fine. We're dog. So the puppies got out. There was two men named Clyde Croft and Al Handy were horseback riding. And they survived initially and hiked eight miles before succumbing to ash, which is terrible. That like you made it that far and you're burned and everything's terrible.

There was a worker named Jose Diaz, him and his. crew. It was like a weekend crew. There were like five guys who were working, logging, in one part to get it ready for the week. And it was Sunday and Jose was a Roman Catholic so he didn't want to work on Sundays. So, I mean, whatever, he didn't work on Sundays. So he was

in the car when it happened and everybody, a couple of people died instantly and then he ended up getting rescued when he was caught like on, like a lot of guys were found like on logs like floating through this like surge. But he died a few days later in the hospital.

which is very sad. There's a couple, like, older couples who were just, like, out in their, in their, like, RVs hanging out. And they were, like, like, William and Ellen Dill, they think that they stopped and looked to take pictures, and they were never found. And their RV was never found. So a lot of these people, like, just absolutely were, like, died almost immediately or, like, a couple minutes after from, like, Burns, obviously, like, we've heard.

It happens a lot. So another one that is, a couple other geologists died, and there's Bob Kizaveter and Beverly Weatherheld. They were at an observatory near Spirit Lake, and their location has been buried forever. The cabin that they were in is gone, and they'll be there forever. there was a sweet couple named Christie and John Killian who were camping by themselves and John had gone out fishing so Spirit Lake is like this lake that's like at the base of the volcano and John was like we can go there now like it's like not you're not allowed to not go there and he was like let's go because it's full of fish because almost fished there in three months

and they shut it down in March you know so they were excited the way that they found them they found Christy like by their campfire with like like near like a coffee pot so she had probably gotten up to like make coffee and they found um john like the the guess is that he was fishing and his last moments would have been his boat like kind of floating through the air on like the landslide before he died which is crazy that's like where they found him they found like pieces of his pieces of his boat um the sweet older couple couple is edward and eleanor murphy they were um driving their motor home and some people um she was Eleanor was at their campsite and Ed went to somewhere else to like get some supplies and people reported seeing the motorhome going back up the mountain.

So he was like going back to go get her and they never found either of them, which is so sad. There are a couple children were part of a family that was killed because people thought it was safe. Like they thought they really did think it was safe. They thought it would be fine to be out there. And a lot of people were, you know, found like in their cars. one guy I can't find exactly which person this is one person was on his radio and he was like gentleman is coming for me and then he died because then he was gone and he just like succeeded in his car at the plastic plastic flow over over did it overtook his car and he was

gone a couple of a lot of people survived so there were some like loggers who got out there were people who had been camping like with their friends who died who got out but they were so badly burned. Like some of them, you know, walked out with like bare feet. Because if something happens at 8.30 in the morning and you're sleeping, you just have to like run. So their feet were burned. Their hands were burned. A lot of people had like been like on like the rivers that were created like floating on these logs, which was obviously super dangerous. If the log flips over like you're dead. People were just like trying to like stay on them and like stay alive. And also like there's ash in the air. You can't breathe. So some people like were found

underneath sleeping bags. Probably similar to what you were saying before with like, cloths like trying just trying to breathe and they found them in those places there was a family called the more family it was a little girl her parents and a baby and they ended up getting away walking like eight miles until the helicopter found them and the helicopter was getting really full and the helicopter pilot was like you can't take your backpack and the mom was like there's a baby in his backpack because it was like a baby backpack and he was like okay take the baby and gently the backpack which is hilarious and the husband had eight hundred dollar binoculars they went back and found also tough much work for that family um some people were fishing and they were able to um

to like just you know kind of walk out or or run out if their car kind of went faster they were able to get out um a lot of people you know you pass people on the way down and those people didn't make it you know and you just like keep going um it's pretty crazy there's some really beautiful pictures that people took because people were they didn't know it was going to happen that day but they knew it was going to happen. So they took pictures of like the flow and it's things that, you know, people saw their last day in Pompeii that we've never seen before. So that was super interesting.

And that's it. I'm going to show us that with you. I'll share it with everyone. It's really cool. You can see the pictures people took and the pictures that people found of the people who, you know, the places that they were and you can kind of like watch it explode, which is really fucking scary. I don't think I want to be a volcanologist.

no now that i think about it is very dangerous because there's these pictures on because you have to be you have to be up next to it yeah well there's these pictures of david johnston and they're like the final pictures of him and they're all taken from inside the crater about st helen where a lake had formed he's doing sampling of the lake which i assume is because like some of the water picks up what's underneath it um it looks horrible Like, he is spulunky inside the mouth of a fucking, like, it isn't, like, okay, when I say lake, it's not a lake, like, sure, it's water captured in a natural reservoir, but around it, it looks like the moon. It looks like an alien landscape where nothing could possibly live, and you shouldn't be there. Mm-hmm.

Mm-hmm. And, like, so that's your job as a volcanologist. And you have to be there. for the most part, which is very, very scary. It is, it really does look like an alien landscape. The post pictures, so there's on, on Johnston's Wikipedia page, there's a before and after. One day before the eruption, which was taken at the observatory that he was in, and then one, a few months after the eruption. and the second one looks like somebody just torched the entire area.

Yeah. He's only 30. I mean, he went out the way he wanted to, I guess. Exactly. I guess you have to take the rest. But yeah, man, these pictures of the before and after, I mean, the mountain is gone. And all of that, you know, just decimated the sides of the mountain.

And, you know, obviously, luckily didn't kill that many people but the people that died died in that fucking terrible way that you die when you died

in a volcano eruption it's really crazy and if you survive you survive was very bad burns I feel bad for Harry Truman because he didn't want to be there but he was like

kind of peer pressure to himself into being there I mean he did to himself he did but then like he should be able you should be able to change your mind when it comes to saving your own life

you don't have to die in that hell literally it's saying that he became basically a good town celebrity in the months before the volcano exploded i know but i feel bad for him and also on this whole crypto dome thing the fact that it's a lateral blast like it was like it looks like a pulsating massive thing like you know you knew something was it wasn't going to be good right they knew it was like just it was a matter of time and you just don't know i don't know i guess maybe i'll figure this out for next time or i'll think

look out to it like how much can we know about a volcano right now you know like how much can we know if we know when's going to erupt obviously like none of this happens without signs you know there's like earthquakes for a couple of days before you know the mountain is like getting bigger and pulsating you're like okay maybe we should maybe something's going to happen you know and whether it's like you know a thousand years ago where you think it's because like the god vulcan is mad or it's today you should leave if you can yeah it's this guy this guy this guy Truman apparently had like a redundancy where he could go into like this abandoned mine shaft and he'd stock with food and water but then I was reading about like how fast this thing moves it said that when it exploded it exploded at 650 miles per hour unless you were like tens of miles away there's zero chance you would have had the time to actually register what's happening in escape absolutely absolutely I do like that his name was Harry Truman just like incidentally I know He was like, ugh, the president happens to be needed that for me at one point.

You know, he was in, looks like he was in World War I. Yeah. He, this picture of him is great. He's like drinking a, drinking a Coke with ice in it and looking up at the mountain. Being like, fuck me. Three ex-wives. Hey, he lived a, he lived a full life. Yeah, yeah, and we know about him, so.

There you go. All right. He's in Wikipedia. I'm on. Um, cool. Well, yeah, thank you. That was, okay, that was number six. We got one more. Here's to get into Wikipedia. Um, we have one more and I will be doing what will happen when Yosemite Yellowstone, Yelstone, it explodes. Um, I've been preparing by watching

to Zastar movies. Um, and it's pretty scary. This goes cool. I like Harry Truman. Me too. I like his vibe. I'm killed by a pyroclastic flow crazy. It's just like so scary. Just like this, here's this murder cloud coming at you faster than anything you ever seen before. This is funny, Taylor. Hold on to meet this real quick.

So he loved discussing politics and reportedly hated Republicans, hippies, young children, and the elderly. So he hated everybody. I love it. He once refused to allow Supreme Court Justice William of Douglas to say at his lodge, dismissing him as an old kut he changed his mind when he learned douglas's identity chased him for one mile to a neighboring lodge and convinced him to stay i love that i like that you hate old people but you live to be 83 and potentially longer because you died in volcano so you don't die like it's like it's like it's like you say republicans hippies young and old people it's like who's left

because literally who's left democrats and goths i don't know that's so funny Those are the hippies, though. I know, of the day. Of the day. Fun, Taylor. That was a fun one. Yeah, it's crazy. I mean, growing up, you know, like in elementary school, we're all taught about Mount St.

Helen, and then we're given my associations with Washington State. I've seen it a bunch of times, but it's always fun to reexper and reexamine it. Yeah, I mean, I guess people still, you know, like live near it. And it's also, I guess also something else that I want to try to figure out is how do you, you know, don't know what's going to happen. You don't know where, which direction is going to go in. You can do as much as you can, but how do you know what's happening underneath it, you know? Just leave.

Will we eventually know more? I don't know, man. Yeah, just go. It's a dangerous job. Someone's got to do it, I guess. Somebody's got to do it, but it's not going to be us. Thank God. But speaking of Washington State and volcanoes, my friend Christine sent me some pictures.

She was hiking in Washington State. She lives in Oregon, or in Oregon, whatever, that area. And she was hiking. sent me a picture of like a thing that showed how like the land had you know over time like the strata volcano like the you know beast by piece the layers were in it and kind of going back in history which was very sweet she said I'm thinking of doom to fail on my hike so she's learning about all mountains are formed and I was like I've learned so much this year and she was like me too so I love that thank you christie thank you um sweet uh well thanks for sharing that taylor and

per usual please find us on all the all the socials doomed to fill pod or write us at dune to fail pot at gmail.com. We are always interesting suggestions. Yeah, and like for, I don't know, I had a goal of a certain number of downloads by the end of the year that I don't think we're going to make. And I'm a little frustrated by our slow growth, which I feel like is just like the way of the world in these things. But if you haven't shared this with anyone, please share. It'd be really great to like, that's how we're going to grow. We'd be very appreciative.

That'd be awesome. Yes. Super appreciate it. Yes. Or just grab your friend's phones and subscribe them against our will. 100%. Have a party where you make your phone in like a lockbox and then break into all their phones and then describe them all. It might be harder than then.

You'd have to like have a bunch. No, it's a bad idea. I don't know how you do that. Whatever. Yeah, I don't think that would work. Tell your friends, please. Just all your friends. That's enough.

Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, thanks so. and cut it off and The matter of the people of State of California

versus Horanthall James Simpson case number B.A.019. And so my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.

And we're off. Got it. Got it. We're here, Taylor. We're here on a sunny Sunday afternoon having a conversation that is going to lead to an epic episode as I'm sure we were heading into so I'll kick us off welcome to do to fail the podcast we cover two topics one historic one true prime or whatever the fuck we feel like whenever we feel like because we're not getting paid and we can do whatever we want

So I'm Fars joined here by Taylor. Hi Taylor. How are you? Good. How are you? I'm good. I have a very fancy. Wait, parts, hold on a second. Taylor's talking to one. We got a thumbs up. No. They're going to the store. You don't want anything? No, but once I leave, I can get some wine because I thought I had to go to the store. But if I don't have to go to the store, then I can drink some wine. Okay, so I am drinking a very fancy Manhattan in a plastic sippy cup. Oh, weird. Weird.

Weird. Okay. It's not a child sippy cup because that would be creepy. It's like a little plastic cup I got from Donata, which is a Mexican restaurant here. I mean, it's exactly what a child's sip cup looks like. I actually am actively throwing mine away because I am over having different dishes for children and adults. And here I am, an adult with no children with children cups, which isn't creepy at all. I do actually remember for a change, who goes first, it is you, and these are my legs.

These are my lovely, lovely legs. It's a lot of leg right now. It's a lot of leg. Yeah, I just feel like for a visual, everyone should know that Fars, where's like the deepest v-nex possible and or potentially you're wearing just a hoodie that's half unzipped. Is that what was happening? This is what was formerly called a wife feeder, but apparently feeding your wife, feeding your wife is inappropriate these days. What did the kids call them now? A shirts or girlfriend beaters, maybe?

I don't know. I don't know what's a shirt. That's what I heard. A shirt. There we go. I'm wearing an A shirt. No beating a woman allowed. That's heard of 2005 of you.

Cool. Thanks. So today is your turn to go first. So I want to continue our game of me guessing what you're going to be talking about. So why don't we start by you telling me what you're drinking? I was going to drink for this season, mostly, hypothetically, drinking some spiced eggnog. Because I had some mystery. It was pretty good. I have eggnog. It's in the fridge.

I'll also have espresso martines in the fridge. I bet you do. I'm not trying to brag. Okay, so that doesn't give me any clues that's what you're doing. So give me a clue. A little bit, because I think the spicy thing is part of it. I read two, what's not helpful. I read two books.

I watched a documentary of the BBC. did, this is, I'm actually, so I'm actually going to start talking about the universe in our solar system and then pull all the way back to the 12,000 years that humans have been on the earth pretty much. Okay, so we're talking about evolution. Not really. We're talking about the earth as a structure. No. I feel like anything else I say is going to just tell you what it is. I think you'll just tell me what it is. I'm just going to finish my volcano series with volcanoes number seven yellowstone.

That has nothing to do with pumpkin spice. No, I said spicy because I feel like volcanoes are spicy drinks. I'm not going to have like a sweet drink if I'm drinking a volcano. It doesn't matter. You know what, you know what, your logic, your logic actually kind of tracks. And I will say that I'm super curious. When you first started being like, I'm going to do a seven-port series on volcanoes, and I just, like, dug directly into Yellowstone's. I was like, dude, that would be epic. Like, not good.

It wouldn't be good. Oh, no. But it would be epic because apparently, you know, it's fucking huge. And it is, whenever, whenever that thing pops off. And it will. Well, we will already have been converted into batteries for the AI bots. Probably. Yeah.

That's actually part of it. Yeah. It'll be fun. Mm-hmm. No, totally. I think that that's excited that you know a little bit about it because we just talk about that. I also want to say, I never thought I'd get here. And I'm just really proud of myself for doing seven hours of content on volcanoes, technically, pretty much. Taylor, we're on like episode 70. I'm proud of us for having done this for this long. I know. I can't believe that we did this this year. I'm like, what? I just, it's really cool. So, yes, I am very proud of both of us for all the things.

Cheers. Cheers. So to prep for this episode, I watched a documentary from the BBC called Super Volcano, which I think is actually the first time anyone ever uses the word Super Volcano. They made it up to get viewers, obviously, which makes sense. I read a book called Super Volcanoes, what they reveal about Earth and the Worlds Beyond, which is not at all about super volcanoes. Basically, it has one sentence about Yellowstone that's like, it's not going to happen, calm down, and then talks about other planets. So we'll talk about that. I read a book called The Ends of the World, Volcanic Apocalypse's, Lethal. oceans and our quest to understand Earth's past mass extinctions. So talk about those. And then a couple

articles I read as well. But I also watched a ton of End of the World movies. Which ones? Honestly, some of them were so bad. I can't even remember. I thought about looking it up. There's one that was awful. I watched, obviously, the day after tomorrow, which was great. Oh, my God. And it's always great. And then the day after tomorrow turned into a movie that I did not finished but it was like a hallmark movie with our friend laura harris called snowmagedon it just like kind of like flows into like the next movie you know and it was some began which is definitely like it was like a lifetimeish movie because it was about like a kid who had a um a snow globe that like

was causing disasters so like it's not true at all but she's a helicopter pilot was hilarious so her helicopter like crashes in the in the mountains and it doesn't explode it just like she just like wakes up and there's like pieces of helicopter all around her in the snow so funny but as her helicopter was crashing there was a real earthquake at my house that's wild yeah it was scary because it was like happening in the movie it was like da-da-da-da-da and then all of a sudden everything in my house was like so it was a 3.3 didn't you tell me say that like laura played like someone's great-grandmother or something no laura played okay so our friend laura harris if you know who she is she's like looks super young this was like a movie she made like 10 years ago but the girl who played her daughter

was like five-year younger than her at best you know and people were like in the in the movie they were like oh my god your teenage daughter and i'm like i wouldn't know in a million years of guess that she was supposed to be her teenage daughter was like maybe 40 years old like yeah it was like ridiculous the woman to play the daughter was like at least 27 i was like this is dumb i do not believe she's 15 but but anyway so i watched a bunch of those um another takeaway that i have is in oh you know what i watch i watch leave the world behind have you seen that one it's a new one oh my god okay taylor hold on let's talk about this okay so i'm not hearing enough talk about the fact that the obamas produced it

and it's like they really yeah it says in the opening credits no it's like it's like dude like they're probably trying to say something like like it's kind of like what the only time i heard there's one podcast i listened to where they brought it up and and the way they brought it up was like Obama, you're giving away all of our secrets to, like, other countries. Like, if this is what we're planning to do to other people, you shouldn't be telling it. Like, but it's just like, I don't know, it's creepy. It's like, did you watch it? Yeah.

Yeah, no, I think, I think that, well, I guess, spoiler alert, pause and forward two minutes, but, like, basically people can't be trusted. All you have to do is, like, mess us up and tell us that something bad is going to happen, and we will destroy ourselves. Yeah, we're kind of already doing that. Yeah, 10% absolutely will happen. People will start literally why I don't talk about politics because it's like nothing happens, nothing going to happen. Yeah, no, that, yes, I agree that they're telling us what's going to happen.

And what's going to happen is we're going to destroy ourselves. Like, we don't need someone to destroy us. We can destroy ourselves. Cool, cool, cool, cool, cool. I also think that, yeah. Wait, aren't she getting wine? Oh, I was going to, but I don't have to. I can, wait until I'm done.

I'll get it where I'm done. Okay. So there's a lot of ways that we're going to die that has not have anything to do with Yellowstone erupting, but let's get there. So I have four sections to talk about. Volcanoes and other planets, Earth's mass extinctions. We'll recap our volcanoes and they'll talk about Yellowstone.

Cool. So first we'll pull all the way back and talk about other planets, our solar system and our universe. We know so little about space. It's like unbelievable. how little we know and we're just like in it like it's no big deal but like we have no idea what's out there but we do know that a lot of other planets had volcanoes because of like the way they look and the rocks and stuff that we've gotten back from them so like the moon

mercury mars have all had volcanoes mars has the largest volcano in the solar system it's called the olympus mons and it's like a hundred times bigger than anything on earth but it's about this one dormant yeah like allegedly dormant but we don't know what's going on also like other planets as far as we know don't have the titanic plates that we have because they don't have water so like things aren't moving in like weird ways like the i don't know if it's just because of the water but like they're not having those like things that we're having or at least not anymore like they might have had all of those like the plates and the volcanoes and the subduction zones and all the stuff we've learned, but they don't anymore.

They just have, like, the remnants of it in, like, shapes. Yeah, it's like dead planets, basically. Yeah. And Earth has active volcanoes, obviously, we're here. Jupiter's Moon Io has active volcanoes. Venus might, but we're not 100% sure. So there might be, like, volcanic activity happening on Venus, but we don't know. And then EO definitely does.

that's important because these other planets can either be a future state of what can and will happen to the earth or like potentially like a state on the way to becoming like earth so we just like aren't sure but it could mean something and it means something that the volcanoes are there because even in places like underwater on earth where there are volcanoes like happening underwater there is life there there's those hydrothermal vents that are under the ocean, they're hot as balls, but things live there. Yeah. You know, not like people, but like microorganisms, and they like it there. You know, like worms. There's worms down there. Yeah. So like it could mean that there's, you know, if there's life and other planets, it's probably worms.

You know what I mean. Makes sense. Yeah. So even the moon could have looked more like Earth at some point, like when its volcanoes were actively erupting because as we've seen before, like when volcanoes are erupting, it's also like kind of cleansing the land and like we're seeing new things that grow. So we've had the opportunity to see that a couple times on like in recent history when, you know, after Krakatoa, an island was totally destroyed.

But then what happens after? Like birds start coming. They poop out seeds. Things start happening. Like what happens when you start from zero and then things are happening? So a lot that we don't know. But the point is in order for us to be here to have this world that has water, that has biodiversity that has plants that has any of these things we're just really really

fucking lucky this is just a blip in all of time i mean also we wouldn't never know if we weren't lucky if we were but we are we're just it's just such an unbelievably ridiculously short amount of time that we've even kind of been here and we're just like trash in the joint yeah we're like We're like, yeah. We're like a rock metal band that like checks into the Beverly Hilton and just fucking goes abet shit. And we're acting like we'll always be here. And we definitely won't. We don't know that, Taylor.

We absolutely will not always be here. We might be, well, I have some ideas of where we're going to go at end after this. But we're not always going to be here the way we are right now. If I can have like one more arm, that'll be kind of. cool if i could have one more arm coming on my chest and that helps with adaptations and evolution that be kind of cool yeah i mean sure i could clap like three ways i don't know why you don't do that but great to type faster the options there yeah um so the point is there's a lot of other things happening on other planets that have to do with volcanoes and they've happened in like

the million years in the past we don't know the details but it'd be cool to know more and maybe someday we will but really we don't um in the super volcano book i was reading Basically, he was like, this is super exciting. It's super fun to think about. And there's all these people who are studying it. And they're just really fucking excited too. You know, it's like cool to think about because we don't know. Yeah, makes sense.

He knows exists out in space. So on Earth, we, again, need to talk about how short of a time humans have been on the planet. So the planet's been around for millions and millions of years. Humans have been around for about 300,000 years. And it's only been in the last, like, 12,000 years that we popped out of the last ice age and have been able to, like, thrive the way that we have been. And these last 12,000 years have been really, really nice as far as Earth weather goes. If you're looking for something as nice as the Earth used to be or it currently is,

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That's Naughty Studio. We'll put the link in our show notes and happy holidays from us. Thanks. It's a whole planet's been on fire. Whole planet's been ice. These past 12,000 years have been kind of the nicest that we've ever known about, and that's why we're here. Sweet.

I'll take it. You know? So we also only have about 5,000 years of time. recorded like history recorded history and that's 1.6% of all the time the humans have been around I'm getting closer to you because that is so upsetting to me isn't it isn't like the prevailing Christian science that the earth is 5,000 years old yeah so dumb because that's as long as we can go back but like they got it right right yeah but no we go back way farther than that and we don't know what happened which is crazy

like just blows my mind knowing what happened um i don't even understand okay this tell me this makes sense so we have 1.6 percent of 300 000 years of human history recorded what if humans are around in the way that like we think we are right now for the next like 100 000 years what if we had 100 000 years of history recorded how do we even handle that this is too much information that's like too many stories and myths and histories and buildings and technology and cultures and like that's too much stuff How would we handle that? AI.

It's going to have to be A.A. probably. It's more of a robot because it's too much. So anyway, it's just, the stuff is just like freaking me out because I'm so both terrified that we have no record of most of human history and also overwhelmed by the thought of what we did have that record, what we would do with it and how we would survive mentally. I don't know if it would make an impact. I mean, you would just like know what somebody ate, 7,000 years ago, right? I mean, what their life's like? Today, I carved a stone. Like, how many times

can you read that story? 50 times where you're bored? Like, I guess. I still, I don't know, I guess. I love your optimism. I'm sorry. I'm not meaning to show the rest. I don't even think it's optimism. I was, like, not even sure what to do with this information. I'm just like, I don't know what to do this. So the end of the world. Is that going to happen in a day? It's going to happen over, like, thousands or hundreds of years and then and then things will change so and this is what we know from the past mass extinctions that we know about on earth but we do know and i feel confident saying that the way things are right now will disappear someday so if not like today because yellowstone erupts someday it will with this will all be gone if it's like in you know 800 million years

when the sun explodes or sooner so all be gone so there's a real chance that like Florida will be underwater and it will be maybe not in our lifetimes but someday coastal cities will be abandoned and that will happen but just like maybe not in our lifetimes but something will happen where the oceans will rise eventually and people live in the coast will have to move inland and that will cause a huge humanitarian problem so like something will happen but we don't know what it's going to be and right now we're just lucky nothing's happened so far but we also haven't been here that long so that's probably why nothing's happened so far it makes sense it also means that like your like cabin in montana

could be prime ocean front real estate one day 100% and it will be someday so okay on earth we have had five mass extinctions that we know of we know because of the fossil record but the fossil record is like so small like there's so many there's like estimated like i don't even know I didn't look at it up. Millions of animals that we don't even know existed, except we don't know. And I think a good example that they brought up in this book that I, in the vast extinction book that I read, is, do you know how we talked about passenger pigeons? Yes. Can you tell us a little bit about them? Yeah, they basically were like regular-looking pigeons, except they, I think they had pink feet or something. They had pink something. I think they had, yeah.

Something. And they ultimately went extinct. There was the lot that was one that was preserved and saved and it was the guy leopold or lober one of those guys that actually preserved the very last pasture pigeon and it's sitting somewhere in a museum in new york i make everything up they were also on the titanic and that one of them went down with a ship and captain smith had i don't think leopold and lobe with the person who texager made the last one that happened to be in a museum but it is like a very rich white dude um hobby to taxidermite birds in that time so yes but there were but you remember how many passenger pigeons there were yeah there was like billions there were billions of them so they would fly over your house for like days like the flock would

be so huge so many of this bird and then like we hunted them to death all the things and they're gone guess how many passenger pigeons have been found in the fossil record so if you were coming in a thousand years from now trying to figure out how many passenger pigeons there were guess how many you would find in the fossil record i'm going to go with zero two that's pretty close to zero pretty close to zero so there's nothing in the fossil record that tells you that story that you just sort of told me did did one go down with the titanic okay no but i did learn that there was one dog that i had in the titanic that's so sad that's even worse than the people dying no it's not but it is because the people

chose to be that's the thing that's the thing with like animal cruelty that's so much different than human it is so much better to beat a human than it is to be an animal because an animal doesn't understand anything that a human does like a animal a human chose to go on a Titanic they chose to wear a tuxedo and they chose not to get into a life raft whereas a poor little pecanese is like i'm just going to do what mommy tells me to do because i have no free will did you know did you know that one of the big things that they didn't have enough life rafts for all the people well they still could put one pecanese in there Big. All right. I agree. I disagree. So the point is the fossil record tells us almost nothing. It tells us something, but there's so much that we don't know. So one thing that is in common with all mass extinctions is a level of carbon dioxide. So if there's more carbon dioxide in the air, the temperature goes up. If there's less, it goes down. And both of those things cause these mass extinctions. Because even if the global temperature rises or lowers by a few degrees, that makes a huge difference on like ocean levels, plants.

animal life, all those things. So here's the first one. The first one is the Ordovician-Slerian, nothing, extinction. Ordoviki and Slerian extinction happened 443 to 485 million years ago. So like somewhere within a million-year pocket. It was likely a combination of glation. Oh my God, and a drop in sea levels. Meaning that it was cold.

And so the sea levels dropped. and a lot of the sea turns to ice. And that makes sea level drop because the ice goes up. So it's less. And so a lot of the things in the ocean died. It was 60% of marine species went extinct. So things like brachio pods and trilobites, like the little tiny things that were in there.

And so what it is is, is the plankton and the plants are fighting for the oxygen that's left. And that's how you see those mass extinctions. And so again, like, I'm not a scientist. but the dead plankton causes it turns into like this like green sludge and that like helps just destroy the ocean and destroy anything that's living in the ocean so when things in the ocean die like the coral reefs like that's happening today that creates this like slime as it all decays that changes oxygen levels in the ocean and that causes a lot of things to die as well so that happened

440-something million years ago. Next was the late Devonian extinction, 359 to 372 million years ago. And that also was the same thing. Climate change, climate changes, sea level fluctuation. So the sea level is always going up and down. And when it happens a lot, things are going to die. 70% of species, especially marine organisms like trilobites,

and the things that built reefs, died during that one. So nothing's really, on land yet, and there might not even have been that much land yet, but things in the ocean are dying. Then, the big one, the biggest one, is the Permian Triassic extinction that happened 252 million years ago. And this was probably caused by volcanoes, the border volcanoes come in, climate change, and asteroid impacts. So this is because we have more land. And one thing that I just learned in this book that I was reading that I hadn't thought about, but, Like, remember when all the continents were one thing?

Ingeo. Yes. Remember how we just learned that in like the last 100 years about continental drift and all that? So obviously the continents are still drifting and they won't always look like this. So I always assumed that they're done, but they're not. They're going to continually drift forever. So as the ocean goes up and down, as it will, as it always has, things will change. and that they out as well. Does that make sense?

Taylor, what you're talking about makes me think a lot about like global warming now and framing it in like that way. I'm like, well, if the planet is always subject to whatever organisms impact its environment and always cycling through those organisms, then maybe we're all going to. and then like most of us are just going to have to die like maybe like maybe like instead of stopping global warming or i mean there's no stopping global warming really it's happening right now whatever like we just have to accept that like the top 50% of humanity is probably going to survive in the bottom half it's just going to have to walk into the ocean with the blood vests on like i don't well i think yes okay so something was always going to happen what's What's happening now is the amount of CO2 in the air that we're pumping into the air is more than has ever happened before, you know?

So, like, something would have happened to us eventually. We are making it happen significantly faster because we are using all of these dead animals, fossil fuels, and we're releasing it all into the air faster than ever before. So, like, what we're doing was probably going to happen, but we're making it happen faster. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, it's just like the planet's always going to, like, have a self-healing property it feels like. And it's like, well, fuck the dinosaurs or fuck these single cell organisms in the ocean. And now it's eventually going to be like, fuck the humans.

And like, I don't know. If I were the planet, I would 100% say that. Listen, guys, just accept that you're going to die, like right now. Like, just accept that it is for sure you're going to be, have to walk in the ocean. And we can do, we can do things to like, you know, obviously like makes things better, blah, blah, blah. Like, I was reading recently about, like, remember in the 80s when, like, the ozone layer had a big hole in it? Oh, my God, I do. The aerosol cans.

We're the aerosols? But then we changed it. And now it doesn't have a hole in it anymore. You know? It's like, yeah. So we could really do things to change these things and fix these things. How did aerosol cans create a hole? I have literally no ideas.

Let us know. Do you understand how aerosol cans did that? Yeah. Scientists and Ph.D. candidates that listen to our show, just please write in. Please, let us know. Yeah, the whole other thing. But, okay, the Permian Triassic had more land in it because the continents had like started to kind of make themselves in a way that we see like a little bit more familiar. And there's a theory that totally makes sense is that if a asteroid hits the Earth, it can trigger volcanoes under the other side of the Earth.

which I think totally makes sense because you're like the whole earth is shaking like you know I just like hop on the other side so um this one killed approximately 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates so this was not the big one that killed the dinosaurs but it like paved the way for dinosaurs because most other things died okay due to this then there's a triassic Jurassic extinction that one One has to do with volcanic activity and climate change. Those come in hand in hand because a volcano is going to be putting all that ash, all that CO2 up into the air. About 20% of marine families and terrestrial species died, including some early dinosaurs when extinct during that time. And that's like so many things that we don't even know. Like who knows, like what kind of animals live during that time.

And then the big one, which is the most recent one, is a Cretaceous Haleogene extinction that happened 66 million. years ago. That's the one that killed the dinosaurs. That one is asteroid impact, volcanic activity as the earth is shifting, as it got hit by this big asteroid in Mexico. And I also read like a fun like anecdote in the in the mass extinction book where like there were some scientists trying to find where the asteroid might have hit and other scientists had found the crater. And then they hadn't talked to each other for like 10 years until one guy finally went into a meeting with other guys and he was like, oh, I know where that is.

and then they like figured it out so i remember i thought i read that the whole yucatan crater was like reported when i was a kid like it was like i feel like it was like a big thing when i was a kid like we found out where the asteroid hit yeah it's new it's not like an old thing that we knew it's new yeah yeah so that one killed 75 percent of the species on earth including the dinosaurs except the ones that obviously turned into birds which we also didn't learn until Jurassic Park 1. So, soon. And now we like talk about that all the time. Yeah, and the Raptors didn't even look like that. The Raptors apparently were like basically chickens. They were like feathered and like they look stupid as fuck.

As a parent to children, I know a lot about dinosaurs. And if you want to learn about dinosaurs, I recommend the show Dino Dana. It's so cute. About a little girl who says dinosaurs and you learn so much and it's like, so anyway. So anyway, some people, think that we're in the middle of the sixth mass extinction. We probably aren't. We're just in like one of those times where like the earth is going to change and we're making it go faster because we're putting more CO2 into the air than ever before. What we're heading towards into is, you know, parts of the earth being too hot to live in. And that has happened before. But it's going to happen faster than it would have naturally, probably. And now we're going to have to

figure out what the fuck to do with everyone. Cool. ask a poll of people. Am I the only one who feels worse for animals than I do humans? I can't be the only one. Like when I hear about like the last rhinoceros is like literally being guarded by men with AK-47 so they don't fucking kill it for its like horns. I'm like we should literally kill every human that it lives. Like that is horrific. I feel like I feel bad about it, but I also feel like circle of life. I don't think we should do it obviously, but also like I would feel worse for the last human yeah i wouldn't i again please write in let us know who's right and wrong here i always my heart always bleeds billions times more for animals than it does for humans

for nasteruses were so smart why didn't they make guns Taylor i really don't know what i'm fighting for in this episode but there's just a lot going on you're like you're so just like Elon Musk you're literally not you're just like because Elon Musk also calls himself a speciesist. He's like, I'm prejudiced towards a human species. I want humans to survive. I'm a species. Meanwhile, I'm sitting here like, dude, fuck it.

Like, bees are so much better than people. Like, why do we need, like, anyways, go ahead. Well, I mean, eventually the bees are going to have it back. I don't, you know, we're not, we're not going to live forever. Good, we're not great. Well, it's also another thing that happens a bunch in these, in reading about these things they talk about, I'm sure you've heard about this,

That's the AI thing where what if you tell AI to make paper clips? Do you have you heard of that? No, what's that? So it's like existential theory that if you tell an AI, your goal is to make as many paper clips as possible, eventually it will destroy the world to make paper clips. Oh, yeah. Because it has no, like, bearing on like what, like, that's its goal. So that's what it's going to do as much as fucking possible. The best one I heard was talking like, just feeling like, like,

hey, I want to make a, I want you make the reservations for 7 p.m. at this restaurant for me and my wife. And then it tries to make reservations, reservations are full. Then it tries to figure out how many people it needs to kill or how it can kill, who you can kill to get to the open reservation. Totally. Like who it is, like hacking into the system. So, okay.

So the only reason we're talking about those mass extinctions and they could probably talk about them individually is because we're talking about Yellowstone volcano. It would be potentially a mass extinction event and definitely would could, like, move towards a mass succession event. But, again, it wouldn't happen in, like, a weekend. It would happen in, like, 500 years at the least, you know, maybe, like, 10,000 years before we're all totally gone. So I didn't write down the order that we talked on them, talked about them.

But we've learned a ton. We talked about Mount Toba that happened 74,000 years ago. And that one is the one where most humans died. and it only left a couple, you know, a couple thousand breeding pairs of humans left, and that's who we're all descended from. That one was a VEI-8. That's the biggest we know possible, and that's what Yellowstone will be when it erupts. It'll be a VEI-8. That's the volcanic explosivity index. We also talked about Vesuvius, which was a – I should have highlighted these on my list, but I can't talk – I don't know. Vesuvius was a five. Mont St. Helens was a five. Crackatoa was a six.

Mount Pele was a four I think those are the ones we've talked about so they all have like different things happen what? No, he said yep. I remember this. Yeah.

So we've all had different things happen. Some of them like had like earth affecting things. Like obviously Toba killed tons of things on earth, but it's still not a mass extinction. It's still just like killed a lot of things. And it happens because of changing weather patterns, you know, the ash in the sky like the year or the year without a summer.

A lot of the ones, the people who died, from a volcano's died of starvation later because we couldn't grow the way that we were used to growing to sustain the population. So those are the ones that we've talked about, but let's round it all out and talk about what would happen if Yellowstone Super Volcano erupted. You ready? Yes. Yellowstone is in Yellowstone National Park. It's in Wyoming. It sits in the Yellowstone Caldera. Jump where Caldera is. I'm sure I've said this. It is the top of the cone. Yeah, it's like the hole that's left after it falls.

Yep. So the Yellowstone Caldera is 43 by 28 miles long. So that's like the hole. It's huge. And that's what Yellowstone National Park is. It's in the caldera. That's like that like basically means that like the entire United States is fucking sitting on that like lava. Like.

Well, everyone is. Yes. Oh God, that's even scarier. Right. We all are. Mm-hmm. Yeah, we absolutely all are. That's the thing. There were three super eruptions in the last 2.1 million years from the Yellowstone volcano.

It is actually the first national park in the world, and it was made of national park by Ulysses S. Grant on March 1st, 1872. So it's cool. It is probably not going to erupt in our lifetimes, but stuff is happening. And that's what you see in the news, because in the news they'll be like, oh, it's like more this than it's ever been. but like it's also just like the nature of nature things are going to change but stuff that they do know is that and this is actually kind of scary so well the whole thing's scary but like you were saying that it makes you feel like you're on top of just like lava with lidar which is like how they measure the ground and you know they use that to like find dead bodies do you know what I'm talking about yeah that's how um self-driving cars drive is they use LiDAR yeah so lightar can tell that the ground in yellowstone is moving about three inches a year and it's sort of like a giant breathing under the under the ground well moving oh oh oh it's like pulsing yeah Taylor there's this there's this one picture of like the blast zone if are you going to talk about this no no i don't know you tell me

go ahead oh what will happen at the end yeah okay wait no we'll talk about hold that hold that thought for later so um obviously people like love to talk about it and have like and take that like three inch up and down like the ground is like breathing from all the magma moving around um and make like you know this BBC documentary and write books about it and at one point in 2013 the Yellowstone um national park put a release that said quote although fascinating the new findings do not imply increased geologic hazards, Yellowstone, and certainly do not increase the chances of a super eruption in the near future. They're fucking lying to us. Sorry, go ahead. Contrary to some media reports, yellow stone is not, quote, overdue for a super eruption, end quote. So they're saying that we're not overdue, but that's what they're always say in the news. They're like, it's going to happen soon.

It's about time. This is a silly thing. In 2017, NASA had an idea to prevent the volcano from erupting by like cooling parts of the magma chamber and by like introducing water at high pressure at 10 kilometers underground which would cost about 3.46 billion dollars which sounds low which possibly more than that and someone at JPL said no that's probably going to trigger an eruption rather than prevent it yeah leave it alone leave it alone you know like with fracking there's like earthquakes in oklahoma you're like stop it yeah that fucking thing with earth underneath plates that we live on. So Yellowstone is also obviously famous for the geysers and the vents because it has like hot shit underneath Yellowstone. So there's like hot water that, that, you know, goes up. People see that. Um, the water is just the stress and is trying to be released. So right now, it's a beautiful place to visit. You can see those things. Don't go anywhere near them. Um,

obviously like 20 something people have died in Yellowstone by like falling into the vents. During COVID. A woman went in Park when it was closed and got severely burned because she fell when she was taking pictures. Like an idiot. A man in 2016 died falling into an acidic mud pond. So like a terrible way to go.

And then in 2021, a lady got seven days in jail for walking where she shouldn't walk because it's very dangerous. So just like be safe when you're there because there is like super hot water under the ground because there's all that magma under the ground because it's a volcano. One guy from, if

You remember La Cagnada in L'A? Well, anyways, that part doesn't matter. There was these two friends visiting Yellowstone from La Cagnada, and one of them had a dog named Moose, and Moose jumped into the water, and the guy jumped in after the dog. And I forgot what the temperature was, but it was like, it was bad. like his skin was his skin came off and they took a shoe off it was really bad that happens in the beginning jenna's peak and the other one came out at the same time and like volcano yeah yeah which one of them is the one where i should have washed those what's wrong with me but which one is the one is the one where the people in the beginning dive in the in the in like the hot spring because it gets

hotter and hotter and they're like floating in it i feel like that was so right now so i remember the pierce brosden one i think that was dante yeah okay so then was probably that one I wonder why I didn't watch this. It's so weird. Okay. There's one scene that's hilarious where, like, they get, like, a wooden canoe to go across this water that's, like, super heated with lava. And it, like, slowly starts, like, falling lower, lower in the water. I'm probably, like, of course it would, like, burst in the flames a second when you put it in that water.

Oh, my God, that's funny. Yeah, those are fun. That would put a weird time in movie history. So, if you go to Yellowstone, the point is, it's beautiful. please be safe, but what would happen if it did erupt and when someday Yellowstone will erupt again, what will happen? FEMA has a thing called Hazis that can predict things. So it can predict like big floods, big disasters. So they use the data what they think might happen and put it into Hazas. This is for the BBC documentary. So it was very sensational. But what will happen

when Yellowstone does erupt. So remember the Yellowstone is two and a half thousand times bigger than Mount St. Helens. So it's huge. The whole Caldera has love underneath it. It's a mind-boggling. It's most of the country. Like it's crazy how big the impact outside is. Yeah. So there will be some zones of zones of death, like zones of shit happening. There's obviously the first one is going to be the you're drinking the pyroclastic flow i'll just say it the pyroclastic flow is going to kill it's going to go according to its prediction 100 kilometers from the middle anyone who's outside would die immediately and it will probably kill about 87,000 people immediately yeah again because it's 43 by 28 miles it's fucking huge huge huge but will also be la hares, which are fast-flowing mud flows of debris that have volcanic ash and water. So that's what we saw, like, on Montpellay, when it, like, went down and, like, destroyed those, like, houses and just, like, cover them and will be in there forever.

So there'll be that hot mud will also get pushed out after the pyroclastic flow. Then there'll be that ash cloud. That's probably also what you're seeing in that, like, picture that you're seeing of the United States, where it covers most of the U.S. and just grows and grows and goes to Europe while it goes, like, around the world several times. right not good um it will um the first like a thousand miles in a circle around it will have the thickest it will be like six inches of ash that will break people's roofs so people will half a million people will die because their houses will be crushed by ash and then we'll be able to breathe

and that will happen next um the power will go out transportation will be gone water will be gone crops will be gone so like people after they survive that they'll die of starvation like right after there will also be obviously a very very high amount of carbon dioxide in the air it'll be in the stratosphere it will make everything worse there's a place in iceland where there was so much fluorine which is like a gas that comes from volcanic eruptions that mixes with whatever is in the air right now causes acid rain and there's a place in iceland where there was a volcano that erupted and we're least a shit ton of fluorine and the people who live there um since then are like deformed but because there's so much of that gas in the air so it everybody who is left is

fucked because that's going to be in the air it's going to be like really unhealthy to be anywhere they'll also be a volcanic gas plume they'll go into the atmosphere that will that's the thing that will go around with uh with the gas it will do it will stop all air travel obviously we'll will be able to fly for years and years, it will do terrible things to our climate, to our, you know, the food that we're growing. People will die of starvation all over the world. Then I want to tell you something real quick. There is this unbelievably fun story that I found that was on a documentary, a British Airways Flight 9 that flew through a volcanic gas cloud. I know what this is. It's amazing. St. Elmo's Fire. Yeah. So the guy, okay, have you heard of this exact story of these guys? Yeah.

Yeah, the engines shut down. Yeah, they lost all four engines, but no one died. They survived. But the pilot, who was interviewed in this BBC documentary, is delightful. And he is like, so yeah, like the guy, you know, the engineer decided to ruin the day and be like, hey, one of the engines just died. And he was like, oh, the second one died. Then he was like, oh, we lost the lot. so they lost all four engines

and captain goes over the speakers and says ladies and gentlemen this is your captain speaking we have a small problem all four engines have stopped we are doing our damnedest to get them going again I trust you are not in too much distress

I remember that part that was literally this part I was thinking about when you started talking about this oh my goodness what a delightfully British thing to say they only they only regain power within like a thousand feet of impact right I think so. It was like, it's the, they don't know they were. I'm just reading this car. It was really fast, but it came back, I don't know, enough that they were able to land. The oxygen masks dropped. But as soon as they were out of the cloud, the engines restarted. That's just like fucking look, you know. It also looks crazy. So there's an episode of, oh my God.

it's called seconds from disaster or something i forgot mayday whatever it's like some airplane crash show i keep watching these things while i'm on planes and i need to stop doing that but like but it it's called say elmos fire it's like this crazy looking like it looks like a nuclear reactors like turning on next year windows like the whole thing just glows bright blue it's kind of wild um and yeah so it's very exciting that the crew got a bunch of awards. It was in the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest glide on a non-purpose-built aircraft. And it's like since then, like it's been other others have done more than that, which is also because of a bad thing. But I don't know, super fun. The captain is like so chill. It's pretty incredible. But that will happen. So when it happens, we won't be here the way that we are right now. Somebody will be here, probably, some humans in some way.

And so they will have to figure out how to survive on a planet that is like hotter and or colder or more different air, you know, all the things that are going to, we have to adapt to it. So there's two things that are that I've like, my suggestions are. One, we leave. So we leave the earth. or we've already left the earth when it happens, you know, or we're just like, we're not here when, when this shit goes down. And the other thing that I hadn't thought of that was in the Massachusettsian book is we might have to go underground. And that would be how a percentage of humanity could survive is if we went underground where it's cooler, especially if the earth gets hotter or just like a place where we can control the temperature better than being above ground. And that would be, we'd have to be there for like thousands of years and then we'd be able to come back up once the earth.

has like figured itself out I'd rather just go just I'll stand I'll be like Woody Harrelson in that movie and just yeah it's in 2012 he just stands there um yeah because if you look if you look up what will happen if Yellowstone when Yellowstone erupts you'll see a map that shows just like the middle of America exploding yeah yeah that's what I was looking pushing out yeah it was I forgot what it was I'm not looking at anymore but it was something like 10 states were just covered in ash yeah and that ash is going to kill you and it's going to destroy all your food and it's going to destroy all your water and so you're like kind of you're almost you know if the pyroclastic flow gets you at least hopefully you know

that last half a second no what you want what you want to be is in the middle of it when it explodes you don't want to be a survivor yeah you don't want to be a survivor you want to be like right there when it happens no and even if you're on the other side of the world you're still fucked because it's going to fuck the whole thing not good and it's happened before it'll happen again and i feel like someday i just will i i was remembering when i interviewed that author about the the friar diego who had burned on the lion books and i asked him i was like you know do you think that the that our culture will ever be something that is like a mystery you know it has to be excavated and I feel he said no he said he feels like you know there'll be some things that we do now that he doesn't think people will do in the future like his example was like eating meat like people will look at us and they can't believe you did that which I think is totally fair but I also think that like what we have now will all be in ruin someday and I don't know will someone be able to come like try to figure out who we were or will it be like in the 100,000 year history that I can't imagine that you. you think would get boring you know what would we know about us right now well okay here's here's here's

my thought so yeah so imagine like all the ways that human life and experiences have been documented before in the past so you have like hieroglyphics you have extinct languages you have um k paintings like all this different stuff right and then we now only consume knowledge in screens essentially for the most part right like all knowledge that is now readily available and consumable is digital and on a screen so in large part i think we've gone backwards and converted like books for example into the format that is readily digestible but it's impossible to think that we've done that with everything that we've done before so like there's probably stuff that's been out there that is like no longer readily accessible to the mass populace but what would happen if this format goes away

what if like neuralink is a real thing and you start transmitting things like by osmosis through transistors in your brain or whatever like i don't know it could all change and then what happens with this entire body of shit after like six seven eight generations of those changes happening like yeah Yeah, someone might not even be able to find doomed to fail in like a thousand years. Like in a thousand years, someone could probably go on Spotify and they won't even be able to see Doom to fail. Can you imagine? No. I literally cannot imagine.

Yeah, exactly. I feel like there's also, I mean, I feel like there's a chance that like it all goes away. It's like, I remember reading something this is like a far-fetching, but something between like the difference between like Sparta and Athens where like a Spartan was like, people are. going to remember Athens because they built buildings and we built strong people and so there's like nothing left of sparta but we can see things in athens because their stuff was like tangible and built out of stone and what we're building now isn't like a tangible thing it's like internet it's on thing is this what i'll do you to feel again i feel like i really i think this is actually very very on brand for what we're talking about because i think community is fucked no matter what you

do and it can happen faster because of this or slower because of that but like there's no world where it's exactly like this forever because it's barely been like this dude i'm fine with it i really am i'm like i i fucking like leave it to animals like i'm totally cool with that i'm gonna have kids so like i have nothing to live for past myself i mean it doesn't matter because we live and we live as people in such a short amount of that time anyway you know i know i'm like i'm i'm about to turn the knob on 40 and i'm like how the fuck did that happen now taylor i'll look at myself in the mirror and now this thing right here i'm pointing to the center of my forehead which is basically my head at this point because i'm fucking bald the

shit like it's a persistent wrinkle that is always there i was like a young little whippersnapper like three years ago what i was 306 it's over then the other god i know so much then it almost makes you feel like shit we'd be lucky to be here when you fucking yellowstone exposed because that'd be the most exciting day again you'd be like witty harrison you know what taylor here's what i'd do i would i would come grab you and juan and we would we would we would hop at the car we'd go over to yellowstone would crest the caldera and then we'd take a bunch of edible gummies i'd bust out some bourbon we'll just sip on some bourbon we'll share old stories with each other and then

right when the thing explodes will say fuck yeah and throw the hell of Satan sun I love it that's where you're going down if we get like a 12-hour thing one thing you didn't explain is most volcanoes form when the tectonic plates come together so how the fuck did this one form the same way there's a tectonic plate in the center of the country yeah the whole world is the titanic plate all everything that's a good question let me find how do you googling yeah Exploition eruptions. It's like flows, blah, blah, blah.

How do Yellowstone get created? Oh, no, that's about the National Park. Oh, 2.2 million years. The Yellowstone plateau has been shaped by explosive eruptions. The lava flows. Yeah, I think that the answer to that is, goes back to like the fact that continents are constantly changing. and like the way they are now will not be the way that they always are going to be.

And so maybe at some point they have like smashed together to create it and then, right, because we see a lot of them on like the islands because it's the ocean one is lighter and the land one is heavier. Or opposite, the ocean one's heavier and the land one's lighter. So it's like causing that. But then like I'm making a whoosh, you know. But that's what I think. Sweet. Isn't everything a volcano?

I have to stop everything like this. Oh, God. We got to, thank God we're ending this series on this. I'm gonna. Like, we have to end this series. Oh, my God. I'm so sad for my book to come out. Everything is the volcano by Killer Pernier.

Everything is a volcano by Taylor Pernier. I love this. That was fun. You heard it here first. I am. I took one class that like, I, it's funny because, like, funny because the instructor was such a fucking hippie-dippy, like, just like he wore crocs everywhere.

Like, I can't do this guy seriously. But, like, he made us read this one book, which I obviously didn't read. It was called Gaia. And Gaia is kind of this concept that Earth is a living organism, that does its own thing. It acts in a living organism. And, you know, I picked up the cliff notes and stuff. Like, oh, that's a philosophy I can get behind. Like, you know, like, the Earth is like, it's like shedding.

it's like shedding it's like us like really i mean we're constantly shedding skin cells like there's organisms that the earth doesn't want and they'll just find ways to shed them and like i don't know it was like yeah it makes sense makes sense that's a living organism i get at at least it acts like one i definitely can picture you literally buying the cliff notes book like the yellow one yeah yeah the guy the guy would like call on me and i would literally like just like talk and be like i'm just gonna say enough stuff to sound so confused that he's gonna have pity on me to be like he just didn't understand the material it's not that he didn't read it i would just like start talking and be like okay like can i stop now well okay i like this like i'm reading about guy i don't

know i'm like is it bad i'm looking up i'm like how does get crazy but i do like the i do agree with like this carbon cycle and the co2 because that's what happens with these volcanoes and big things like if there's like less it's colder if there's more it's hotter like all those things that you know happen and they happen because humans are putting in into the air because we're burning all these fossil fuels or it's happening because of volcanoes or it happens because of the asteroid impact, like all those things. Yeah. I mean, it's a, it's, I mean, there's, I don't know how it could ever be controversial this theory, but it means, but I'm just making sure it's not. But you know if you

ever get into that like space where you're like thinking about the earth and then you think about the university about everything and that you just like feel like yourself pulling back and you just like are going to have art sac. And then you say on a podcast, then you say on a podcast that everything is volcanoes. I think that's what we're getting. Oh, my face is hot. That was fun. That was fun.

It was so fun. I'm so glad that we know all this stuff about them. About the world. It's pretty fun. Taylor, our first series just wrapped, which is fun. Way to go. Very fun. Thank you.

Very excited. Do we have any listener email that is real or fake that has to do with me or my gas situation? Um, no. Oh, but I did actually, in the middle of this episode, you like, holds your headphone off and, like, rubbed it. And that kind of sounded like that could have been a fart. Like, I don't, I know it wasn't, but like, maybe that was the song people heard in the beginning. Or maybe if they heard during this episode, maybe that was it. Guys, again, I know that I'm recording. And it's like, why would I ever record myself audibly farting? Like, there's got to be another explanation.

I get right now we're just talking about it we should that yeah but I'm saying that might have been the culprit yeah fair enough so I also like that we like talk about it is that like everybody's listening to our podcast in sequential order as though like it's I'm going to listen to one episode and that's it so nobody has any idea it's just be released so you know um no um I was thank you everybody who's listening Agnes my friend Agnes said the tulip mania one that we just be released what's our favorite episode so thank you for listening to that and we are on social at Doom to Films pod and then please send us an email doomed to fill a pod at gmail.com what question did i ask today

for someone to email us about volcanoes just if you know anything about volcanoes email us and i know we asked another question in the middle of us episode we did we did what was the question um any any scientists and PhDs i listened to our show to write in uh if you put this in your in your bibliography for your your phd in vulcanism that's now we will also serve as proofreaders if you want us to read your dissertation the doctor's things is the dissertation yeah i'll read your dissertation i can barely fucking read i literally just told you i read cliff notes and just get my way through something but still send it over to us but you'll copy paste in chat dbt and say you write this from me as if it was a kindergartner there you go um sweet

well taylor thank you very much um we can go ahead and cut things off if if there's enough to report. Thank you. All good. Sweet. Bye. Bye.