Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - Madame la Guillotine

Starting point is 00:00:00 The guillotine has become infamous for being a symbol of the French Revolution and the reign of terror. It's been responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of people since it was first used in 1792. But of all the ways to execute people, why did they create an elaborate contraption when simpler methods were available? Learn more about the guillotine, why it was invented and its impact on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong? throughline is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night and how it shaped the world now. Time travel with us every week on the ThruLine podcast from NPR.

Starting point is 00:01:04 Before the development of the guillotine, beheadings in France were rather rare. Beheadings required a skilled executioner, so more efficient forms of execution were used, including such classics as being burned at the stake or being hanged. The other reason why there were few beheadings is that beheading was considered to be more humane. In ancient times, Greeks and Romans believe that beheadings were quicker and more painless than almost any other form of execution and hence less dishonorable. For example, St. Paul was beheaded because he was a Roman citizen, and Roman law forbade crucifixion for citizens, allowing them a more honorable execution method.

Starting point is 00:01:43 Other early Christians, particularly non-citizens like St. Peter, were often crucified, burned, or thrown to wild animals because they lacked this legal protection. This was later adapted into British culture, where it was a nobleman's privilege to be beheaded. Charles I, and Berlin, Thomas More, Mary Queen of Scots, Thomas Cromwell, and Lady Jane Grey, were all members of the nobility who were beheaded. There were a few early proto-gillotines. The Halifax Jibbitt was an early beheading device used in the town of Halifax, England, from at least the 13th century until the mid-17th century.

Starting point is 00:02:19 It consisted of a tall wooden frame with a heavy axe blade mounted in a groove, which was raised and then released to fall on the neck of the condemned. It's considered a precursor to the guillotine and may have influenced its later design. The jibbitt was primarily used to execute thieves, particularly those who stole goods worth more than 13 pence. The invention of the guillotine is often incorrectly attributed to Joseph Guiaton. Guiaton was a physician in Freemason in France and happened to be an opponent of the death penalty. He hated the forms of execution being partaken by the French government, finding them gruesome,

Starting point is 00:02:54 and believe that capital punishment should be more humane. It was because of these moral qualms that he proposed a new, less painful form of punishment be implemented. The guillotine was actually invented by Antoine Louis, a French surgeon, Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer. The device was originally named the Louisette or Louis son after Antoine Louis. The reason Giotan receives credit is that he suggested to King Louis the 16th that decapitation should be the standard form of capital punishment. This led to the king forming a committee, including Louis, Schmidt, and Gieton to create the beheading machine that we know today as the guillotine. Giaton has his name associated with one of the most infamous forms

Starting point is 00:03:38 of execution because of his advocacy for a more humane form of punishment, despite actually being against capital punishment. As Alanis Morissette might say, isn't it ironic? So how does the guillotine work? It's actually remarkably simple. It consists of a tall frame standing upright with an angled, in theory, razor-sharp blade suspended over a pillory. A pillory is similar to a stock where a person's head and hands are placed inside wooden boards and locked together. The difference for the pillory is that only the head is placed inside. For the guillotine, the pillory is placed directly below the weighted blade right above the person's neck. When the almost 90-pound or 41-kilogram blade is released, it drops from a height of about 14 feet or 4.2 meters.

Starting point is 00:04:26 The actual decapitation takes approximately 1 tenth of a second. After the blade hits, the head of the victim is separated from the body and rolled into a basket placed below the machine. Before the guillotine, beheadings typically took more than two blows to cut off the person's head with an axe or a sword. Members of the nobility would often pay for the executioners to sharpen their blades before the execution took place. As for peasants, the typical punishment of hangings would often take minutes. And as you can imagine, these prolonged painful deaths were not popular amongst the French populace. Though the guillotine's method of execution is certainly violent, its method, fell into the ideals of the Enlightenment.

Starting point is 00:05:09 The guillotine was quick, and it was standardized by class. It was painless, easy, and dignified. Death was now considered democratic, which I'm sure was great comfort to those who lost their head. After the French Revolution, it was required that all death sentences be carried out by means of machine. Unfortunately, its ease of use would make the tool the perfect weapon to enact the reign of terror during the French Revolution.

Starting point is 00:05:37 Revolution. The person who had the unfortunate distinction of being the first person executed by Guillotine was a French royalist named Louis Colonel de Angremant. He was a secretary for the National Guard and was executed for conspiring against the new revolutionary government. The execution took place on August 21st, 1792, three years after the French Revolution had begun. Before I go into detail about how the guillotine was used by the Revolution and the reign of terror, let me recap the events surrounding the revolution. The French Revolution began on May 5, 1789, and lasted for about 10 years. The rigid structure of the traditional ASEAN regime divided society into three estates, the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. And the vast majority of the

Starting point is 00:06:23 population fell into what was known as the third estate, bearing the burden of taxation while having almost no political power. France was also mired in debt from years of war and privileged elites blocked attempts at reform. Widespread food shortages and rising bread prices intensified public anger. The Enlightenment disseminated new ideas about liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty, inspiring many to challenge the legitimacy of absolute monarchy. In 1789, the advisory board known as the Estates General was convened, and the third estate broke away to form the National Assembly, setting the revolution in motion.

Starting point is 00:06:59 And this set in motion a change of events that led to widespread political chaos across France, including events like the storming of the Bastille and methodically stripping the monarchy of power. After King Louis XVIth was fully stripped of his power, he was arrested, leading to the Declaration of the First Republic. Which brings us to the reign of terror, which was the subject of a previous episode. Over a period of roughly a year, 17,000 people are estimated to have been killed by the guillotine, most notably, King Louis XVIth himself and his wife, Marie Antoinette. As I stated before, the guillotine was considered to be more humane, classless, and standardized. These ideas were crucial in the French Revolution because the main idea was to achieve equality.

Starting point is 00:07:46 Enemies of the state, regardless of class or standing, would all be equal in death. In other words, the guillotine was the physical embodiment of what the revolution was meant to achieve. The great terror was brutal, and perceived enemies of the state, such as the Jacobins, were often sent to or the guillotine without a trial. Unfortunately, for some victims of the guillotine, the method of execution was not necessarily as painless and swift as promised, creating some controversy about the weapon. Onlookers to executions were unsure if it was immediate, as some claim to see awareness and sensations after the person had been decapitated.

Starting point is 00:08:25 Additionally, sometimes the guillotine would not cut completely through the neck. The machine was soon nicknamed the Widow, due to the number of lives that it took. It was also dubbed the National Razor, as well as Madame La Gillotine. The reign of terror ended with the execution of its primary instigator, Maximilian Robespierre, who himself met his fate at the hands of Madame La Gillotine. Throughout the revolution, most of the executions in Paris took place at the Place de la Revolution. These executions were considered to be a public spectacle, with programs of the day's executions often being handed out in the crowds.

Starting point is 00:09:04 A bit less relevant, but a fun fact nonetheless was that the guillotine also inspired women's fashion during the revolution. Many women began wearing a red choker around their neck, representing where the blade would cut the neck of someone they knew or loved. Another trend was a red shawl that would often be worn over thin dresses. The thin dress was inspired by prisoner shirts, and the shawl is attributed to Charlotte Corday. She was executed by guillotine after she assassinated the revolutionary leader Jean-Paul-Mond. Marat. Another fashion trend was the guillotine haircut, a hairstyle that gained immense popularity during the revolution. The style was short and showcased a woman's neck, a radical new look for the time, and it was meant to model the prisoners whose hair would be cut before being taken to the

Starting point is 00:09:51 guillotine so that it wouldn't block their necks during the execution. The guillotine has been used outside of France, but not nearly to the same extent. The Caribbean, which was heavily colonized by the French had the guillotine used, but it was much rare than it was back in the homeland. The two islands that had used the guillotine were Guadalupe and Martinique. Its use in the region was ended in 1965. In North America, only one execution by guillotine has ever been recorded. A guillotine had to be brought to the island of St. Pierre off the coast of Newfoundland from Martinique and was used to kill a convicted murderer, Joseph Neal, in 1889.

Starting point is 00:10:30 St. Pierre was under French legal jurisdiction. and the law said that the guillotine needed to be used as the method of execution, and that the execution needed to be done near the scene of the crime. And that led to the guillotine being brought up and used because St. Pierre didn't have one of their own. And that execution was actually the subject of the 2000 film, the widow of St. Pierre. In South America, the guillotine was used in French Guiana. Almost everyone executed was a convict who had previously been exiled from France and had been sent to penal colonies such as Devil's Island. Approximately 150 people were recorded as being executed by guillotine in French Guiana. In the southern hemisphere, it was only officially used in two colonies, New Caledonia,

Starting point is 00:11:15 which also had a penal colony, and Tahiti, which only executed two people ever with the device. Vietnam, which was a former French colony, used the guillotine as well, although not in an official capacity. They used it as a fear tactic on the rural populations of the country. In Europe, the guillotine was commonly used outside of France. Germany was the other most notable user of the guillotine, which in German was known as the Falbile or Falling Axe. The method was popular in Germany after the Napoleonic era and remained legal in Germany until the 1960s when East Germany discontinued its use in 1967. The German variant of the guillotine differed slightly from the French model being more sturdy and effective, with heavier

Starting point is 00:11:58 blades and a slightly shorter design. And this made the method of execution. faster. Other countries in Europe have used the guillotine as a legal method of capital punishment, including Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Greece, and Sweden. After the French Revolution, the guillotine continued to be the standard method of execution in France until 1981. Public executions via the guillotine were still used in France until 1939, when Eugene Weidman, a man convicted of six murders, was executed in Versailles. State security crimes or military court sentences were carried out by firing squad, but civilian death sentences were always carried out by guillotine.

Starting point is 00:12:42 The final use of the guillotine by any government in the world occurred in September of 1977. The final victim of the guillotine was a convicted murderer by the name of Hamida Chenbubi. In 1981, the French abolished capital punishment altogether, making it illegal to use. But up until that point, a guillotine was all. always kept in the Parasity Center ready for use. Since 1977, the guillotine has not been used in any official capacity by any government in the world for a legal execution. The guillotine was a bit of a paradox. On the one hand, it was designed to be an egalitarian and humane method of execution. However, it quickly became a symbol of terror and fear. And that is a good reason why it has been completely eliminated from use

Starting point is 00:13:32 all over the world. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Austin Oaken and Cameron Kiefer. Research and writing for this episode was provided by Olivia Ash. Today's one-star review comes from listener End On Time

Starting point is 00:13:51 over on Apple Podcasts in the United States. They write, you also have USA listeners. Apparently, the reader has never heard of miles, yards, nor feet. Well, thanks, end on time. I actually shared this review with a few people I know who listened to the show,

Starting point is 00:14:08 and they all had the exact same reaction I did. I almost always use both metric and imperial units. In fact, I make it a point to do so unless the topic warrants just using one or the other. And anyone who has listened to this podcast for any period of time probably knows that. Now, that being said, I think it behooves any American

Starting point is 00:14:32 to at least have a cursory understanding of the rough equivalence between metric and imperial units in your head. It's a good skill to have, considering that pretty much everywhere else in the world and all of science uses the metric system. Remember, if you leave a review or send me a boostogram, you two can have it read on the show.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - Madame la Guillotine

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