Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - More Than You Ever Really Wanted to Know About Sewers (Encore)

Starting point is 00:00:00 The following is an encore presentation of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sometimes the most important things are things we don't even want to think about, let alone talk about. The issue of handling and removing human waste and dirty water is one such problem that has confronted humans since the dawn of time. The elimination of waste and excess water was one of the fundamental things which allowed cities to grow all over the world. Learn more about sewers. Yeah, I'm doing an episode on sewers on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong? ThruLine is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night.

Starting point is 00:00:59 And how it shaped the world now. Time travel with us every week on the ThruLine podcast from NPR. Sometime around the year 2008, the world passed a significant milestone. That was the point when more than that. half of the population in the world lived in urban areas. And this wouldn't have been remotely possible if it wasn't for sewers. The problem of dealing with human waste was something that humans had to deal with since humans became human. When we were just hunter-gatherers, it probably wasn't that big of a deal. Because you moved around quite frequently, you just had a set of simple rules like,

Starting point is 00:01:37 go away from the camp, don't go near the water, and don't get eaten by a lion. Once humans settled down and lived in permanent settlements, waste became a much bigger problem. You had to do something with it. One option was to dig a hole and let the hole fill up. Another option was to throw it into the street, which was actually something that was done for quite longer than you might have expected. The option which soon became quite obvious to many civilizations was to let water flush the waste away. The early evidence we have of some sort of early sewer system dates back to the earliest human settlements. They would often just dig a shallow ditch that would merge with neighboring ditches which would eventually reach a river. These were not only dug to remove waste, but remove excess water, which might come about from

Starting point is 00:02:20 rain or flooding, which could damage crops. The first evidence we have of a more advanced system was in ancient Sumeria in Mesopotamia. There, archaeologists have found evidence of clay sewer pipes that date back about 6,000 years, which is pretty much going back to the founding of cities themselves. They've also found evidence of latrines made of brick. Clay pipes were a big innovation, because they could easily be taken apart in sections for repair or cleaning. However, these Samarian clay pipes weren't really what you'd call a full-blown sewer system. Probably the first true sewer system was found in the Indus Valley in India about 4,300 years ago. There you could find underground, brick-laid drainage systems going from individual houses and public baths. These would

Starting point is 00:03:02 lead to a covered channel on a street, which would then all lead to a river. The Minoan civilization on the island of Crete took the Sumerian innovation of clay pipes and buried them. Evidence of the first thing that we would call a flush toilet was also found amongst the Minoan ruins. The greatest of all the ancient sewer systems, however, has to be Rome's. The Romans were incredibly proud of their sewer, often bragging about it to visitors to the city, and it still exists today, providing the exact same function that it did when it was built over 2,500 years ago. The Romans often get a lot of attention for their aqueduct system of bringing water into Rome,

Starting point is 00:03:37 but how they got water out of Rome is usually overlooked. The Roman sewer was, and is known as the Cloaca Maxima. The exact date it was created isn't known, but it was probably built even before the Roman Republic, sometime around the year 600 BC, during the Roman Kingdom period. This makes the Cloaca Maxima one of the oldest existing things in Rome, and probably the oldest thing in the world, which is still used for its original intent. The Cloaca Maxima was originally just a canal built by the Etruscans who lived there before the Romans did.

Starting point is 00:04:09 It was eventually covered. up, and much of the city was built at a level above it. Where most ancient drainage systems would have been rather small, the Roman one was massive. Pliny the elder in the first century said that it was, quote, large enough to allow the passage of a wagon loaded with hay, unquote. The cloaca maxima was used as both a waste sewer and a storm sewer to remove excess water during storms. The problem with this system was that if there was too much rainwater, the entire system could back up, ejecting waste out into the streets. The Roman sewers were also often used as a dumping ground for dead bodies, including a couple of Roman emperors. Under the Emperor Augustus,

Starting point is 00:04:47 the Cloaca Maxima was renovated as part of a major infrastructure project, and its use and condition varied over the centuries as Rome's population rose and fell. Rome almost certainly never could have had such a massive population and become the first city with one million inhabitants if it wasn't for the Cloaca Maxima. The Romans also took their sewer system, ideas with them when they plan new cities across their empire. And I don't want to leave you with the impression that every city in history developed a sewage system, because this is far from the case. Most cities, even major cities, were not planned. They grew organically, usually starting with a very small settlement. Even the ancient cities that I mentioned that did have sewers didn't necessarily

Starting point is 00:05:26 have sewers everywhere. They often had to rely on what was known as a cesspool or a cess pit. As the name implies, it would just be a giant pit filled with a small. waste. Cuss pits were used in urban areas in Europe and North America as late as the 18th and 19th centuries, as the populations of many cities outstripped their ability to build sewer systems. In an urban area, cesspits did serve to get waste off the streets, where people would often directly dump chamberpots. However, all it did was concentrate all the waste into one horrid container that would have to eventually be emptied. In Tudor England, the people who had to clean out cesspits were known as gong farmers. As their job was naturally,

Starting point is 00:06:06 pretty gross and smelly, they usually had to work at night and became known as nightmen, and what they collected became known as night soil. The idea of a cesspit still exists today in a much more modern form of a septic tank. Instead of a guy with a shovel, the process can now be done cleanly and quickly with a truck and a giant vacuum. As cities grew, however, pretty much everyone recognized the need for sewers. One of the greatest and oldest sewer systems in Europe is the parasyur system, which dates back to the year 1370. As good as the parasympers, sewer was? Even by 1914, 32% of all homes in Paris still weren't connected to it. London never had a proper sewer system until the middle of the 19th century. Neighborhoods in London would often

Starting point is 00:06:48 suffer from outbreaks of cholera due to contaminated drinking water, the discovery of which will be the topic of a future episode. The event which spurred the creation of the London sewer occurred in 1858. It was known as the Great Stink, and it came about from an unusually hot summer, which caused untreated human waste in the city and along the river to stink profusely. I should note that you can actually take tours of both the Paris and London sewers. Maybe not something you want to post a selfie of on Instagram, but actually fascinating to learn about their construction and function. You might have noticed a problem with everything I've talked about so far. The idea of flushing wastewater out of a city is certainly a good one as it

Starting point is 00:07:25 improved sanitation and hygiene. However, all that waste still has to go somewhere. Sending it all out to a nearby river just made for a disgusting river. Water can actually process a limited amount of organic waste, and it really is just fertilizer. However, in a limited body of water like a river, it can quickly get overwhelmed. The question then was, what can you do with this waste beyond just polluting a nearby body of water? One of the earliest solutions was known as a sewage farm. These were the earliest versions of sewage treatment plants. As the name implies, sewage farms were agricultural land where city sewage was piped to, and then you, used as irrigation and fertilizer. Human waste has been used as fertilizer since the dawn of agriculture,

Starting point is 00:08:09 but the sewage farm created a system for waste removal and subsequent agricultural use. The first sewage farm began in Bunslau, Germany in 1559, and one was opened in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1709. At the end of the 19th century, Berlin had 10,000 hectares of land called the Berlin Sewage Fields, or D-Berlina Rieselder. Sewage farms were in operation in the Soviet Union in Russia until just a few decades ago. Using sewage for farming was certainly a better idea than just dumping it into a river. However, there were still major problems, the biggest of which was that it could still spread disease. This eventually led to the modern-day sewage treatment plants. There is no one way to treat sewage. The techniques used will depend on the amount of water to be processed,

Starting point is 00:08:52 budget, and location. All the processes will basically do the same thing. Filter out solid material, have bacteria anaerobically digest the sewage, then filter the water and then sterilize. it. Water can then either be put back into the ecosystem, used for irrigation, or even return for consumption. One thing I haven't mentioned is what cities on the coast do or did with their sewage. Traditionally, although it happens less and less now, they would just pump it right out into the ocean, ideally far enough offshore. The ocean is actually capable of consuming and treating a great deal of organic waste. Most of it ends up as food for microbes, algae, or fish. However, there can be problems with doing this. All that organic matter can sometimes lead to algae blooms, which can choke off

Starting point is 00:09:36 waters and lead to massive deaths in fish and other sea life. Also, if the conditions are right, ocean currents can wash the sewage right back onto the land, which would not make for a fun day at the beach. And finally, not everything in sewage is organic. There can be all sorts of chemicals from industrial waste to household chemicals that can get washed into the ocean, which can do serious harm. Sewers are one of the things that allows modern cities to exist. The The fact that it can work so well without us ever giving it a thought is a testament to just how far sewers and wastewater treatment has come. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel.

Starting point is 00:10:16 The associate producers are Thor Thompson and Peter Bennett. I just want to thank everyone, including the show's producers, who support the show over on Patreon. If you'd like to support the show, just head over to patreon.com, which is currently the only place where you can get show merchandise. Also, if you want to talk to other listeners about the show, head over to our Facebook group or Discord server. both of which have links in the show notes.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - More Than You Ever Really Wanted to Know About Sewers (Encore)

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