Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - National Geographic

Starting point is 00:00:00 On January 13, 1888, a group of 33 prominent citizens gathered at the Cosmo Club in Washington, D.C., to establish a society for the increase in diffusion of geographical knowledge. At first, the organization was more of a scholarly endeavor, but over time it became one of the most popular brands dedicated to science, exploration, and discovery. Through its publications, it has allowed millions of people a glimpse of what life is like in the rest of the world. Learn more about National Geographic. and its humble beginnings on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Fear is the virus is trending on TikTok. Vaccines are poison.

Starting point is 00:00:52 Then your yoga teacher says that sex traffic children are being sacrificed by satanic liberals, but it's all okay. The Great Awakening is coming. What is happening? Every week on Conspiruality Podcast, we explore the fever dreams that suck friends, family, and wellness gurus down the right-wing cult-spyerners. down the right-wing cult spiral in a search for salvation. This is an episode that I've been thinking about doing for quite some time,

Starting point is 00:01:24 and I figured it was finally time to do it. The reason why I've been considering doing this episode for so long is that National Geographic has had a big influence on my life and indirectly on the creation of this very podcast. Most of you probably have an image in your mind when you think of National Geographic. Maybe you can envision the magazine with the gold rectangular border, or the TV channels or many of the books they publish. However, before any of that, there was the National Geographic Society.

Starting point is 00:01:55 Founded on January 13, 1888 in Washington, D.C., the organization emerged during an era of intense geographic exploration and scientific discovery. 33 prominent citizens, including geographers, explorers, teachers, lawyers, cartographers, military officers, and financiers gathered at the Cosmo Club to establish, quote, a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. Among the founding members was Gardner Green Hubbard, a lawyer, financier, and philanthropist who became the society's first president. Hubbard was already well known as the father-in-law of Alexander Graham Bell

Starting point is 00:02:31 and had been instrumental in supporting Bell's telephone inventions. The other founders represented the intellectual elite of late 19th century America, including scientists and academics, who recognized that geography encompassed far more than just mapmaking. It was a lens through which you could understand the entire natural and human world. The society's creation reflected the spirit of this age. The late 1880s marked a period when the American public was fascinated by exploration and discovery. The Western frontier was closing and attention began to turn to understanding distant lands and peoples. Scientific societies

Starting point is 00:03:08 were proliferating, and there was growing recognition that the systematic study of the Earth's geography could yield practical benefits for commerce, military strategy, and general knowledge. The founders envisioned an organization that would not only sponsor expeditions and research, but also disseminate geographic knowledge to a broader audience. Nine months after the Society's founding, in October of 1888, the first issue of National Geographic Magazine appeared. Initially, the magazine was a modest academic journal printed on brown paper with a terracotta cover. It featured dense scientific articles, statistical tables, and technical reports intended primarily for the society's membership, which numbered only about 200 people in those days.

Starting point is 00:03:52 The magazine bore little resemblance to the colorful publication that it would eventually become. Its content was dry and scholarly, focusing on technical geography, geological surveys, and meteorological data. There were no photographs, no color illustrations, and certainly nothing that would appeal to a general readership. The early years of the society proved challenging. The magazine struggled to find an audience beyond the society's small membership. Circulation remained stagnant, and the publication's academic tone failed to generate broader interest. The society itself operated on a modest budget, relying on membership dues and occasional donations. For more than a decade, National Geographic remained an obscure scientific journal, known only to specialists and having little impact on public consciousness. The transformation of both the Society and its magazine began in 1899, when Alexander Graham Bell,

Starting point is 00:04:45 who had been elected the Society's second president in 1898, made a pivotal decision. Bell invited Gilbert Grovesner, a young teacher and his future son-in-law, to come to Washington and work as an assistant editor of the magazine. This appointment would prove to be one of the most consequential in the history of American publishing. Grovesner was just 23 years old, recently Graham. graduated from Amherst College and had little journalism experience. But what he did possess, however, was vision, determination, and a willingness to experiment. Grozner formerly became the editor in 1903 and would guide the magazine for the next 55 years,

Starting point is 00:05:24 transforming it from an obscure academic journal into one of the world's most influential publications. His editorial philosophy represented a radical departure from the magazine's scholarly origins. Grovesner believed that geographic knowledge should be accessible to everyone, not just academics and specialists. He understood that education could be entertaining and that facts could be conveyed through compelling narratives and stunning imagery. His approach was summarized in what became known as Grovesner's principles. Abundant use of photographs, avoidance of partisanship and controversy, focus on the positive rather than the negative aspects of places and peoples, and commitment to accuracy and fairness.

Starting point is 00:06:05 The first major innovation came in 1905 when Grovesner made the bold decision to publish 11 pages of photographs from the Philippines. This was unprecedented for a magazine of its type. The photographs were not merely illustrations, but constituted the primary content, telling stories through images rather than relying solely on text. Reader response was enthusiastic, and membership in the society began to grow. Grosvenor recognized that he had discovered something powerful. Photographs could transport readers to distant places in a way that words alone could not.

Starting point is 00:06:40 Building on this success, Grovesner continued to expand the magazine's photographic content. In 1910, National Geographic published its first photograph of a wild animal taken at night using flash photography. The following year brought more innovations, including the publication of photographs in larger formats that allowed readers to see greater detail. The magazine was developing a distinctive visual style that would become its hallmark. Photographs were chosen not just for their documentary value, but for their aesthetic appeal and their ability to convey a sense of place and culture. A watershed moment came in 1916, when National Geographic became the first publication to include natural color photographs throughout an entire issue.

Starting point is 00:07:24 Color photography was still in its infancy, requiring complex technical processes and considerable expense. Many publishers consider it impractical for widespread use, but Grovesner saw color as essential to the magazine's mission. Black and white photographs, while powerful, could not fully capture the beauty of a tropical bird's plumage, the various hues of a sunset over the Grand Canyon, or the vibrant textiles of traditional costumes. The July 1916 issue featured color photographs from the gardens and parks of the Far East, and readers were captivated. The technology was crewed by modern standards, the colors were sometimes oversaturated or imperfect, but the impact was undeniable. During these early years, the society expanded its support for

Starting point is 00:08:10 exploration and scientific research. The society supported Robert Perry's expeditions to the Arctic. The organization funded Heimbingham's expeditions to Peru, which led to the introduction of Machu Picchu to the rest of the world in 1911. The magazine documented these expeditions extensively, allowing readers to follow them vicariously. Articles about polar exploration, mountain climbing, archaeological discoveries, and encounters with remote cultures became staples of the publication. Explorers and scientists who received National Geographic funding often wrote their own accounts, providing firsthand narratives that combine scientific observation with personal adventure. The 1920s and 30s saw continued growth and influence. The society's membership sweled

Starting point is 00:08:54 from tens of thousands to millions. National Geographic Magazine became a fixture in American homes, schools, and libraries. Its distinctive yellow-bordered cover, which had been standardized by the mid-20th century, became one of the most recognizable symbols in publishing. During World War II, the magazine took on new significance. While maintaining its policy of avoiding partisanship, National Geographic served the war effort by providing maps and geographic intelligence. The society produce special map supplements for service members and civilians, helping Americans understand the global scope of the conflict. Articles explain the geography, resources, and people of war zones and allied nations. In 1957, Gilbert Grovesner retired after 55 years as editor, succeeded by his

Starting point is 00:09:40 son, Melville Bell Grovesner, continuing the family's connection to the magazine. Melville pushed the magazine in new directions, embracing emerging technologies and expanding its visual storytelling. Under his leadership, the magazine increased its page count, improved its color reproduction, and adopted more innovative layouts that gave photographs even greater prominence. The Society continued to sponsor groundbreaking research. Notable among these efforts was the support for Jane Goodall's chimpanzee research in Tanzania, Diane Fosse's Mountain Gorilla Research in Rwanda, and Baruta Geldikas's Orangetang Studies in Borneo.

Starting point is 00:10:16 Louis and Mary Leakey's paleo-anthropological research in East Africa received substantial support from the society, and their discoveries about human evolution were featured prominently in the magazine. Richard Leakey continued this tradition, and National Geographic became the primary venue for communicating major discoveries about human origins to the general public. Underwater exploration represented another major focus. The society supported Jacques Cousteau's pioneering work in marine biology and underwater photography. Cousteau's articles and the magazine's coverage of his expeditions helped create public awareness of ocean environments and the need for marine conservation. Robert Ballard's discovery of the Titanic in 1985, sponsored in part by

Starting point is 00:10:57 National Geographic, captivated worldwide attention, and demonstrated the society's continued commitment to exploration. As the 20th century drew to a close, National Geographic faced new challenges from changing media consumption patterns. Magazine circulation, while still in the millions, began to decline as readers increasingly turned to digital sources for information and entertainment. The rise of cable television, particularly channels that focused on nature and science programming, created competition for audiences. The internet threatened the relevance of a monthly print publication. In response, National Geographic launched a television channel in partnership with Fox. The magazine likewise developed an online presence, offering digital content that complemented rather than simply

Starting point is 00:11:42 replicated the print publication. In 2015, the National Geographic Society underwent a significant reorganization. The society entered into a partnership, with 21st Century Fox, which resulted in most of the society's media properties, including the magazine, being transferred to a new for-profit venture called National Geographic Partners. The society retained a 27% stake and continued to focus on scientific research, conservation, and education, funded in part by revenue from the partnership. Following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox in 2019, the Disney Corporation took Fox's majority position in National Geographic Partners.

Starting point is 00:12:22 Today, it's helpful to think of National Geographic as two different tightly linked entities with different legal purposes. The National Geographic Society remains a non-profit scientific and educational organization that funds exploration, research, education, and conservation initiatives worldwide. At the same time, National Geographic Partners operates much of the commercial storytelling ecosystem, including major media distribution. At the start of the episode, I said that National Geographic had a major influence on me. I began reading at a very young age before I was in kindergarten.

Starting point is 00:12:59 My father also had a subscription to National Geographic, which I would devour every month. My friend Greg's parents got him a subscription to National Geographic World, which was the magazine for kids. I'd read it whenever I could when I was over at his house, and I was highly jealous of him for having it. My uncle Paul worked for the school district and would often bring home old copies of National Geographic. that they were getting rid of. Many of those were from the 1960s, and I'd obsess over all the articles about space flights. Finally, when I was older in the early 2000s, I began collecting National Geographic magazines. There aren't a whole lot of National Geographic collectors out there, but there are a lot of people who just amass them in their basements or garages. I would put out an

Starting point is 00:13:40 ad on Craigslist and have people give me their back issues for free if I would just come and pick them up. Their father or grandfather usually had a bunch of them and they didn't want to be. to throw them away, but they also wanted to see them go to a good home. Currently, I have almost every issue from the year 2000 to 1912, with all the missing issues being before 1950. I also have a very rare original copy of the very first issue which was published in 1888. One of my other significant items is a copy of the 1930 Machu-Pichu book released with the original slip cover. Only 500 of these were ever printed, and they almost never have the original slip cover.

Starting point is 00:14:19 When I began traveling back in 2007, looking back on it, I have to attribute the idea to having been a reader of National Geographic for years. And the same can be said for taking up travel photography. It was my opportunity to go out and do the things that I had been reading about for years. And when the time came to launch this podcast, it was just a natural extension of everything that I had been doing before. And for the record, I have never worked for or have done photography for National Geographic, but I do know several people who have written and photographed for them over the years, and I got a personal tour of their headquarters in Washington once. The National Geographic Society and its magazine have profoundly shaped how millions of

Starting point is 00:15:02 people understand the world. They have supported science and exploration for over a century, and in the process became a billion-dollar brand. And it all started because a group of prominent citizens wanted to improve the state of geography education over 135 years ago. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Austin Otkin and Cameron Kiefer. My big thanks go to everyone who supports the show over on Patreon. Your support helps make this podcast possible. And I also want to remind everyone about the community groups on Facebook and Discord. That's where everything happens that's outside the podcast. And links to those are available in the show notes. As always, if you leave a review on any

Starting point is 00:15:46 major podcast app or in the above community groups, you two can have it read in the show.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - National Geographic

There aren't comments yet for this episode. Click on any sentence in the transcript to leave a comment.