Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - Operation Paperclip (Encore)

Starting point is 00:00:00 The following is an encore presentation of Everything Everywhere Daily. After World War II, the American forces in Germany implemented a program of denotification in the parts of the country which they administered. The goal was to remove anyone who was a member of the Nazi party from any position of authority. However, some of those Nazis were considered valuable, and the Americans wanted them all to themselves. So they implemented a secret program to bring them to the United States. Learn more about Operation Paperclip and how the United States recruited former German and Nazi scientists

Starting point is 00:00:34 on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong? ThruLine is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day and tonight. And how it shaped the world now. Time travel with us.

Starting point is 00:01:09 Every week on the Thurline podcast, from NPR. When the tide began turning in World War II and Germany began to retreat on the eastern front with Russia, the Germans began to reassess through military priorities. During the offensive, everything was put into attacking. And many skilled, educated, technical people were put in positions for which they were ill-suited. PhDs and other skilled people may have been working in kitchens or as truck drivers.

Starting point is 00:01:37 Eventually, they were identified and brought back to Germany to work on projects for Germany's defense. You might be wondering why these people were ever put in such positions in the first place, and that was the state of things in Nazi Germany. The list of these people was compiled by Werner-Ozenberg, who was the head of the German Defense Research Association. In February 1945, as the Allies were advancing on Germany, they created a group known as T-Force.

Starting point is 00:02:02 While it sounds like a group of mutant superheroes, it was actually a joint American-British group, whose mission was to secure German scientific and technical industrial targets, and their associated personnel before they could be destroyed by the retreating German forces. This was the same group that captured the German nuclear program that I spoke about in my episode on how close the Nazis came to developing an atomic bomb. In March of 1945, the Azenberg list was found by a Polish laboratory technician at Bonn University in a toilet. He passed the list on to British Intelligence, who then passed it on to American military intelligence. The Azenberg list became the basis for the American search for German scientists as they marched through Germany, and later

Starting point is 00:02:43 after Germany surrendered when they occupied a large part of the country. This became known as Operation Overcast. The initial goal was pretty simple and not really controversial. They wanted to interview the German scientists to get as much information as they could to help in the war effort against Japan. There were a lot of areas where the Germans had superior technology. Rocketry, jet engines, synthetic rubber, radio engineering, just to name a few, and these were all given top priority. The top priority, however, was the rocket scientists, almost all of whom worked at the German Army Research Center, Pena Mundi, a rocket center facility near the Baltic coast. Many of the researchers the Americans were looking for were trying to be found by the Americans

Starting point is 00:03:24 as well, as they didn't want to be captured by the Soviets. The Americans brought the scientists that they found back to a facility in Bavarian known as Kronzberg Castle, nicknamed Camp Overcast, which was under U.S. administration. The interviews were very enlightening, and they learned about Nazi plans to produce nerve gas, as well as to weaponize bubonic plague. Soon, locals in the area began referring to the camp by the name Camp Overcast, so the name of the program was changed to Operation Paperclip. The number one person on the list for the Americans to find was the head of the German rocket program,

Starting point is 00:03:57 Dr. Werner von Braun. He actually managed to surrender before the war ended. He and his engineers all agreed that they would rather surrender to the Americans than the Soviet, so they created false papers which allowed them to move their operations west. They eventually wound up in a small town in the Alps where they were guarded by the SS with orders to kill them rather than let them be captured. However, they convinced the SS officer to stand down. Von Braun and some others fled across the border into Austria,

Starting point is 00:04:24 and on May 2nd, just days before the German surrender, his brother approached an American private and said, quote, My name is Magnus von Brown. My brother invented the V2. We want to surrender. Von Braun was very open and even spoke to the press after his surrender, having played his cards right. In one interview with the press, he said, quote, We knew that we had created a new means of warfare, and the question as to what nation, to what victorious nation,

Starting point is 00:04:50 we were willing to entrust this brainchild of ours, was a moral decision more than anything else. We wanted to see the world spared another conflict such as Germany had just been through, and we felt that only by surrendering such a weapon to the people who were guided, not by the laws of materialism, but by Christianity and humility, could such an assurance to the world be best secured? End quote. As the interrogations continued, it became obvious that simply getting information from them wasn't going to be sufficient. They might wind up in a neutral country like Spain or Argentina that was sympathetic to the Germans, or even worse, they might end up in the hands of the Soviets.

Starting point is 00:05:26 They needed to get the scientists to the United States, where they could continue their work. Needless to say, this was controversial. The country had just fought a war against the United States. people and now they wanted to bring them back to their own country and pay them a salary. However, it didn't take very long after the end of the war for the focus to be shifted to the Soviet Union. The first batch of scientists was already being sent to the United States in 1945. On June 20th, Werner von Braun and several members of his close team were sent to Fort Bliss in Western Texas. The approval for the transfer came directly from the Secretary of State,

Starting point is 00:06:01 Edward Statenius, who approved it on his last day in office. There, von Braun and his team, were primarily focused on refurbishing, captured U-2 rockets, and testing them at the White Sands Missile Base in New Mexico. It wasn't until September of 1946 that President Truman approved the general plan under Operation Paperclip to bring more of the German scientists and their families to the United States. There was a great deal of internal debate before Truman made this decision, and many in the administration who went along with it did so only with the understanding that it was a temporary program. The total extent of the program was kept secret from the public, even though it was obvious that there were some German scientists in the country. Truman, however, explicitly forbade

Starting point is 00:06:41 any former members of the Nazi party from coming to the United States. However, the Office of Strategic Services, which was the predecessor to the CIA, simply overlooked, ignored, or may have destroyed evidence which cast any of the scientists in a negative light. Over the course of the next 13 years, approximately 1,600 German scientists and 3,600 family members were transferred to the United States where they could conduct research. Von Braun and his team were, of course, the highest profile scientists. After Fort Bliss, they moved to Huntsville, Alabama, where they worked on designs for American rockets, in particular the Redstone rocket.

Starting point is 00:07:17 Von Braun felt that he was hamstrung and underfunded for most of the 1950s. It wasn't until the Soviet launch of Sputnik that he was finally given the resources that he wanted. He became perhaps the biggest advocate of the space program and of manned missions to space. He designed the Saturn 5 rocket, which was used during the Apollo, missions which sent humans to the moon. It wasn't until 1973, after the last Apollo mission, that Operation Paperclip was made public by President Richard Nixon. Everyone knew about von Braun and his team working for NASA, as that had been very public, but few people knew the extent of the number

Starting point is 00:07:50 of German scientists that were brought over. Many of them, it turns out, entered the United States via the American consulate in Juarez Mexico, so they could come in without being noticed. The Germans weren't just working on rockets. There were German scientists working on aircraft design, and fuel chemistry, optics, radio, and much more. The scientific accomplishments made by the Operation Paperclip scientists were many and significant. However, the lingering question which has always hung over the program, and probably always will, is, were the German scientists who came over guilty of war crimes? The vast majority of the German scientists were not in positions of leadership and there's no evidence that they had any involvement with any of the crimes committed by the

Starting point is 00:08:29 Nazi regime. Most, however, is not all. Only, one of the scientists was ever actually brought up on charges. Gryor Gricay was an engineer, a member of the Nazi party since 1931, and the manager of the Middlewerk Gmbh factory, which produced the V1 and V2 rockets. The factory used slave labor from the Middle Baudora concentration camp. Rick Hay was brought back to Germany in 1947 to stand trial. Of the 19 men on trial, he was one of four that were acquitted, and he never returned to the United States. Walter Schreiber was a doctor and a general in the Veramac Medical Service. Shortly after his arrival in the U.S. in 1951, the Boston Globe linked him to human experiments

Starting point is 00:09:10 conducted at the Ravensbrook concentration camp, and he soon left the U.S. for Argentina. Arthur Rudolph renounced his U.S. citizenship in 1984 after being linked to the slave labor practices at Middlebaudora and returned to Germany. And then there's the case of Werner von Braun himself. He couldn't hide behind the excuse of not being in a position of authority. Being the head of the entire German rocket program, he had a significant position of authority. He applied for and was granted membership to the Nazi party in 1937. There are many photos of him wearing a Nazi party pin, and there's simply no way he could have had that much of authority without being a member of the party.

Starting point is 00:09:47 In addition, at the urging of Heinrich Himmler, he joined the SS in 1940. It is without question that slave labor from concentration camps was used in the manufacturing of V2 rockets. It's estimated that more people died manufacturing the V2 than were killed by its use as a weapon. In a testimony he gave in a trial in Germany in 1969, he testified that he was aware of the working conditions at Middlebao and had inspected the facilities. He called the conditions they're repulsive and was aware by 1944 that there had been deaths. However, at no point did he do anything or raise any objections. In his own words, he felt as if he was helpless to change the situation. Most of the people I've read who've studied the life of Werner von Brown tend to believe his sins were those of omission rather than commission.

Starting point is 00:10:34 Few believe that he actually bought into any of the Nazi racial theories or actively contributed to the conditions at the Middlebaugh factory. However, he was so consumed and driven by his work that he was willing to strike a Faustian bargain and overlook everything the Nazi stood for and what they did, and he specifically was willing to overlook the working conditions in the very factory manufacturing the rockets that he designed. He was more concerned with science than he was with ethics and morality. Likewise, the United States government struck its own Faustian bargain by turning a blind eye to the activities of many of the scientists brought over. In 1963, years after he was out of office, Harry Truman reflected on his decision to bring German scientists to the U.S.,

Starting point is 00:11:16 and he said that he had no regrets. Given the Cold War with the Soviet Union and the space race, he justified the program by simply stating, quote, this had to be done, and it was done. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Peter Bennett and Cameron Kiefer. I wanted to give a big thanks to everyone who supports the show on Patreon. Your support helps me put out a new show every day.

Starting point is 00:11:44 And if you're interested in Everything Everywhere Daily merchandise, Patreon is currently the only place where it's available. And if you'd like to talk to other listeners of the show and get notified of future episodes and projects, please join my Facebook group or Discord server. Links to everything are in the show notes.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - Operation Paperclip (Encore)

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