Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - Snake oil (Encore)

Starting point is 00:00:00 Hey everyone, this is Gary. I'm off this week traveling and attending a conference, and while I'm away, I've lined up some vintage episodes and deep cuts that most of you probably haven't heard before. And even if you have heard them, a refresher never hurts. I'll be back again with brand new episodes on January 30th. If you were to call someone a snake oil salesman, it usually means that they're trying to defraud someone. And more specifically, it often implies making false medical claims. But what exactly is snake oil? And why did it develop such a bad reputation? And why does it develop such a bad reputation? And why? Why specifically do we use snake oil for such a negative metaphor? Learn more about snake oil and why we still reference it on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong? ThruLine is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night. And how it shaped the world now.

Starting point is 00:01:12 Time travel with us. every week on the Throughline podcast from NPR. The first thing you need to know about snake oil is that it is an actual thing. Snake oil is not a metaphor. The reason why snake oil became a metaphor for something fraudulent and why snake oil salesmen are considered hucksters is actually really interesting. And it all began in 19th century America. As railroads were being built across the country,

Starting point is 00:01:42 much of the labor was being done by Chinese immigrants who came over to work on the railroads. Working on the railroad was extremely hard work. Much of the work on railroads in the 19th century was still being done by hand. Moving rails and hammering spikes with sledgehammers all had to be done manually. The result of such back-breaking labor was that the hands and muscles of Chinese laborers would often get very sore. To ease their muscle pains, they would often rub their hands and muscles with a traditional Chinese ointment known as snake oil. Snake oil is an actual product that is created from Chinese water snakes, also known as Iroboo snake. It's been used as a traditional Chinese remedy for centuries.

Starting point is 00:02:21 Chinese water snakes live in ponds and rice patties. There are slightly venomous snakes under a meter long that feed on fish and amphibians. The snake oil, which is derived from the water snakes, is very high in the omega-3 fatty acid known as EPA. Snake oil was and is considered by many people to be effective in relieving the pain of ailments such as arthritis, brisitis, and sore muscles. A modern study found that oil from Chinese water snakes actually allowed mice to perform. better on cognitive tests. Take for that what you will. The Chinese workers began to share their remedy with American workers who were working on the railroad and the product began to grow in popularity.

Starting point is 00:02:58 As the demand for snake oil grew, people began to figure out ways to meet that demand. Enter into the story one Clark Stanley, the self-proclaimed Rattlesnake King. Stanley wanted to meet the new demand for snake oil, so he created a product known as Clark Stanley's snake oil liniment. Just knowing that the word snake was in the title, he began using rattlesnakes for the product. However, a rattlesnake is not a water snake, and they have totally different fat profiles. Eventually, however, he totally abandoned the idea of putting rattlesnake oil in the product altogether. For 24 years, Stanley traveled around the country touting the medicinal benefits of his snake oil liniment. He created a massive show that he toured with, positioning himself as

Starting point is 00:03:40 the frontiersman while creating an elaborate backstory. He sold the product. He sold the product. at Western shows around the country. He claimed that the recipe for his snake oil liniment came from a Hoppy medicine man. The hoppy did not have anything resembling snake oil, and at no point did he ever mention the Chinese origins of the product. Moreover, Stanley made claims about the product which went far beyond what the original Chinese snake oil was used for. Stanley claimed that it would cure rheumatism, sciatica, lumbago, a sore throat, frostbites, toothaches, and many other ailments. In one famous demonstration at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, he supposedly created the product in front of a live crowd. Science writer Joe Schwartz wrote, quote,

Starting point is 00:04:21 Stanley reached into a sack, plucked out a snake, slid it open, and plunged it into boiling water. When the fat rose to the top, he skimmed it off and used it on the spot to create Stanley's snake oil, a liniment that was immediately snapped up by the throng that had gathered to watch the spectacle. Unquote. Those people who bought his product at the Chicago World's Fair had the distinction of being one of the few people to buy his snake oil that actually had snake oil in it. The use of these demonstrations with live rattlesakes added excitement to the demonstration, and it was one of the reasons why it sold so well. In the United States in the 19th century, there were no regulations or laws regarding the claims you could make,

Starting point is 00:04:58 regarding the effectiveness of drugs and medicine. In 1905, Collier's magazine published a scathing article on the fraudulent claims made by medicine hucksters. In response, the federal government passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, which is one of the very first consumer protection laws in the country. It prevented the sale of products that were falsely labeled or made exaggerated claims. In 1917, a shipment of Stanley's snake oil liniment was seized by the government and was given to the Bureau of Chemistry, the predecessor of the Food and Drug Administration. What they found was that the product had no snake oil whatsoever. It consisted mostly of mineral oil, beef tallow, chili pepper, turpentime, and a waxy substance called camphor. After the results of the test became public, thousands of people who had purchased Stanley's snake oil liniment realized that they had been had.

Starting point is 00:05:49 Clark Stanley was given a fine of $20 and basically disappeared from history, having become quite rich after years of selling his snake oil. The term snake oil began being used for something fraudulent or for a scam. Likewise, a snake oil salesman became synonymous with a quack, huckster, or a fraud. The first written use of snake oil as a reference to something fraudulent was in the 1927 poem by Stephen Vincent Bennett, John Brown's Body. The poem said, quote, crooked creatures of a thousand dubious trades, sellers of snake oil bomb and lucky rings, unquote. Likewise, in 1956, playwright Eugene O'Neill mentioned it in his play, the Iceman

Starting point is 00:06:28 cometh. He described a character as, quote, standing on a street corner in hell right now, making suckers of the damned, telling him that there's nothing like snake oil for a bad burn." End quote. Today, snake oil has a very negative connotation. The strange thing is, the reason why snake oil is associated with scams is that a popular snake oil product didn't actually have any snake oil in it. Actual snake oil, and its unique omega-3 fatty acid profile, has actually been found to have health benefits. You can still buy it today in traditional Chinese pharmacies. So the next time that someone says that someone is a snake oil

Starting point is 00:07:06 salesman, just remember that if they're actually selling snake oil, it might not be so bad. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Thor Thompson and Peter Bennett. I just want to thank everyone, including the show's producers, who support the show over on Patreon. If you'd like to support the show, just head over to patreon.com, which is currently the only place where you can get show merchandise. Also, if you want to talk to other listeners about the show, head over to our Facebook group or Discord server, both of which have links in the show notes.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - Snake oil (Encore)

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