Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The 1937 Soviet Census

Episode Date: February 2, 2021

In 1936, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin determined it was time for the Soviet Union to have another census. They hadn’t conducted one since 1926 and he wanted some actual numbers to show the world the success of the Soviet system. Needless to say, the numbers were not what Stalin had expected….and promised. Learn more about the 1937 Soviet Census, the census that exposed Stalin, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1936, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin determined it was time for the Soviet Union to have another census. They hadn't conducted a census since 1926, and he wanted some actual numbers to show the world the success of the Soviet system. And needless to say, the numbers were not what Stalin had expected and promised. Learn more about the 1937 Soviet census, the census that exposed Stalin, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong? throughline is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night and how it shaped the world now. Time travel with us every week on the Thurline podcast from NPR.

This episode is sponsored by audible.com. Today's audiobook recommendation is Stalin, the new biography of a dictator by Oleg Kalevenuk. Joseph Stalin exercised supreme power in the Soviet Union from 1929 until his death in 1953. During that quarter century, he caused the imprisonment and execution of no fewer than a million Soviet citizens per a year. Millions more were victims of famine directly resulting from Stalin's policies. What drove him to such ruthlessness? This essential biography, by the author most deeply familiar with the vast archives of the Soviet era, offers an unprecedented fine-grained portrait of Stalin, the man, and the dictator.

You can get a free one-month trial to Audible and two free audiobooks by going to audibletrial.com slash everything everywhere, or by clicking on the link in the show notes. The history of late Tsarist era slash early Soviet-era censuses isn't great. The country had undergone an incredible amount of turmoil over the last several decades, and gathering data during that period was difficult to say the least. The previous proper census occurred way back in 1897 by Tsar Nicholas II. Even then, when things were relatively peaceful, taking a census in Russia was a difficult proposition. Russia is big, really big.

Back in 1897, it wasn't very developed, so there were lots of communities that were very difficult to reach. After 1897, censuses were attempted during World War I and the Russian Civil War, but for obvious reasons, the chaos of the times made an accurate count next to impossible. The Soviet Union finally completed a census in 1926 under Lenin. However, this too didn't go great. The Soviet Union was still rather new, and there was still a great deal of opposition in rural areas. By the time the 1930s rolled around, Stalin was in power and he wanted to show the rest of the world, and to the rest of the Soviet Union, just how great things were. In a meeting with party leaders in 1935, he said the following, quote,

Everyone says that the material situation of workers has dramatically improved, that life has become a better and more fun. It is, of course, true. But this has led to the population to breed much faster than in the old days. The birth rate is higher, the death rate is lower, and the pure population growth is far stronger. It is, of course, good, and we welcome it. Now every year we have a population growth of three million souls. It means that every year we grow as much as the whole of Finland, unquote. Stalin viewed population growth as a proxy for economic and societal success. While they hadn't done a census in over 10 years, the estimates by the statisticians were that there were 160 million people in 1930, and based on Stalin's claims, there should have been 180 million people

in 1937, for an increase of 35 million people since the 1926 census. The entire census of Stalin was scheduled to take place on a single day, January 6, 1937. The census questions were professionally done, but Stalin had to stick his fingers in it. The questions which made it to census were pretty open-ended and open to interpretation. In particular, there was a question on religion, which many people took to be a trick question, to get them in trouble with the officially atheist government. Over a million enumerators were recruited to collect data on the date of the census. Military units were recruited to help with the count. They had to get to remote villages and even count people in gulags. When the big day arrived, people were counted all over the country.

By doing it one day, it wouldn't be affected by changes in popular. which take place during a longer census. When the final count was tallied, the results were not what Stalin expected. At all. For starters, 56.7% of the country identified themselves as being religious. This didn't really look good when you had a communist government that was officially atheist. And especially not good, given that a lot of people probably said they weren't religious, even though they were, just to hide that fact from the government.

The big thing, however, were the population numbers. The population wasn't 180 million people like Stalin insinuated. The final count was about 162 million, about 7 million more than the last census. Population growth for sure, but nothing like what Stalin had promised. As it turns out, murdering millions of political opponents, sending millions more to gulags, and killing millions more enforced famines, doesn't help with population growth. So what did Stalin do? He did exactly what you'd expect Stalin to do.

He buried the data and never released it. He then began rounding up all the people in charge of the Soviet Statistical Commission. He arrested all the regional directors of the Statistical Commission. Then he started arresting those people who were hired to replace those who were arrested. And then, of course, the execution started. The problem was that the people running the census actually tried to do their jobs. They did account of the population as best they could, given the circumstances. Stalin, however, didn't care about getting accurate data.

He wanted propaganda. Given that every single person in the country literally took part in the census, it wasn't something they could just pretend never happened. In September of 1937, an article in the Soviet newspaper Pravda appeared explaining why the census data couldn't be released. It noted that, quote, enemies of the people gave the census counters invalid instructions that led to gross undercounting of the population.

But the brave NKVD under the leadership of Nikolai Yezov destroyed the snake's nest in the statistical bodies, unquote. Spoiler, Nikolai Yazov, ended up getting arrested and executed himself in 1940. Another census was held in 1939, and this time the results were more to Stalin's liking. In fact, given what happened to the people running the census in 1937, everyone got the gist of what was expected this time. In the 1939 census, the results were exactly what Stalin announced they would be back in 1935. The Soviets never conducted another census for 20 years, until Stalin was dead and no longer in power. The results of the 1937 census were buried for over 50 years,

and it wasn't until the fall of the Soviet Union that researchers were able to uncover what had been covered up by Stalin. Executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is James Mackala. The associate producer is Thor Thompson. Remember to leave a five-star review to get your review read on the show. They can be left at Apple Podcasts, Podcast, Republic, or wherever you listen to the show. Also, you can help support the show over at patreon.com. Patrons can get merchandise like t-shirts and hoodies, as well as having direct access to provide suggestions for future episodes.