Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The Acadian Expulsion (Encore)

Starting point is 00:00:00 The following is an encore presentation of Everything Everywhere Daily. In the beginning of the 16th century, French settlers crossed the Atlantic to settle in a French colony located in the new world. That colony wasn't modern-day Quebec, however. The colony was known as Acadia. When the British took control of Acadia in 1713, the Acadians were allowed to stay, but eventually that privilege was revoked by the British, and those people were scattered to the winds. Today, the descendants of the Acadians can still be found all over the world. Learn more about Acadia and the Acadian Expulsion on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong?

Starting point is 00:00:53 ThruLine is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night. And how it shaped the world now. Time travel with us every week on the ThruLine podcast from NPR. Before we get into the details of the Acadian expulsion and its aftermath, we need to know the events which led up to it. The French, like the British, had set up several colonies in the New World. Collectively, all of the French lands in North America were referred to as New France. The French had beaten the English to the punch and had laid claim to an enormous amount of land in North America,

Starting point is 00:01:36 which included what is today Canada's Atlantic provinces, everything around the southern shore of Hudson Bay, all of the Great Lakes, and all of the Great Plains going down to the Gulf of Mexico. New France was made up of five colonies. The first was Canada, which is today most of southern Quebec and Ontario, the Great Lakes, and much of the Midwest going up to Lake Winnipeg. The second was Hudson Bay, which was the land around the southern part of Hudson Bay. Third was Louisiana, which consisted of much of the Mississippi River Basin and the Great Plains. Fourth was Placonse, which was most of the island of Newfoundland. And finally, fifth, Acadia, which consisted of what is today the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick. As well as, as the northern half of the state of Maine. When most people think of French Canadians, their thoughts turn immediately to Quebec, which is where most French Canadians live today. However, Acadia was separate from Quebec. They were run as different administrative entities, and separate cultures emerged in their different colonies. Not that different from how different cultures emerged in the British colonies of, say, Massachusetts and South Carolina.

Starting point is 00:02:39 Acadia was formerly founded in 1604, and over the next century, the population grew rather quickly from a small initial group of French settlers. The region was on the border of French and British colonies, and there were small armed skirmishes all over the region for decades as the British tried to take control of the colony and its valuable Atlantic ports. The British finally got their wish in 1713, when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed, ending the War of Spanish secession on the European continent. As part of that treaty, the British were given control over Acadia, not including what is today Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton Island. With control, of Acadia, now called Nova Scotia, the British found themselves with thousands of French

Starting point is 00:03:17 settlers living in what was now British territory. They spoke a completely different language, practiced a different religion, and, most importantly, had a totally different set of loyalties. The British were concerned that the French settlers would aid and support the French and hurt British affairs in the region. They initially wanted all of the French settlers in Acadia to sign loyalty oaths of allegiance to the British king, but that wasn't going to fly. The Acadians were worried that they might have been forced to fight against the French if they had signed. Also, their neighbors, the native Micmac tribe, didn't recognize British control of the region. The Acadians feared that if they signed the loyalty oaths, it might set the Mick Mac against them, where otherwise they had good relations.

Starting point is 00:03:57 Instead, the British requested that the Acadians signed an oath affirming that they would be neutral in any conflict between the British and the French. Most of the Acadians signed the oath, but not all because many of them were still very anti-British. The status quo managed to stay in effect for about 40 years. Tensions between the British and the French were still high during this period. There were minor conflicts that flared up because of anti-British-French priests, and there was an arms race of fort building between the two countries. All of this changed in 1754 when a young lieutenant colonel in the British Army named George Washington broke the peace and launched the Seven Years' War.

Starting point is 00:04:32 And here I'll refer you to my previous episode on the subject. The British never quite trusted the Acadians, and this all came to a head. in June of 1755 when the French fort Bossejour was captured by the British. Inside the fort, they found 270 Acadians serving in the French militia, violating their neutrality. With this, the British would no longer settle for an oath of neutrality. The Acadians had to sign a loyalty oath to the British crown. In a meeting between the British governor Charles Lawrence and Acadian representatives, the Acadians refused to sign the loyalty oath, and on July 28, 1755, the decision was made to expel all of the Acadians.

Starting point is 00:05:12 On September 5th, British Colonel John Winslow ordered all the Acadian men in the colony over the age of 10 to come to the church at Grand Prae, Nova Scotia. There, he notified them, quote, that your land and tenements, cattle of all kinds, and livestock of all sorts, are forfeited to the crown, with all other your effects, savings your money and household goods, and you yourselves to be removed from this province. End quote. Needless to say, the Acadians didn't want to go and have all their possessions taken away.

Starting point is 00:05:40 And of course, there were many British colonists who eyed the land that the Acadians already had. The British began forcibly expelling the Canadians. They would often surround churches on Sunday to round everyone up. Crops were burned, dikes were breached, and some homes were even burned as well. In 1755, 1,100 Acadians had been placed on ships and sent to British colonies in the Americas such as South Carolina, Georgia, and Pennsylvania, where many of them, them were pushed into forced labor. Many Acadians fled to the woods. Some began fighting in guerrilla raids against the British. Over 1,500 ended up fleeing to New France. Some just moved to Cape Breton,

Starting point is 00:06:17 which was still under French control at that time. Over a period of eight years, from 1755 to 1763, over 10,000 Acadians were forcibly expelled from Acadia. They ended up in places all over the Atlantic, often without any choice in their destination. Many went to France, some went to Britain. sent to the Caribbean. Several thousand died along the way of disease and starvation due to poor conditions on ships. Many families were split up, with the family members never to see each other again because they had no clue where their loved ones were sent. The most notable group of Acadians went to France, and then were recruited by the Spanish to come and settle in the Louisiana Territory. These Acadians became known as the Cajans. The legacy of the Acadian expulsion can still be seen

Starting point is 00:07:01 today. The poem Evangeline was written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1847. The epic poem tells the story of an Acadian girl named Evangeline who was separated from her love, Gabriel. Today, you can visit Grand Prix, which is located only about an hour's drive outside of Halifax. The location is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it preserves the history of the Acadian expulsion. It's become the mecca for Acadians, which have been scattered around the world. I actually visited Grand Prix several years ago, which is when I first learned about the Acadian expulsion, which was something I had no idea about at the time. One of the most interesting exhibits were photos of Louisiana Governor Huey Long visiting during the Great Depression with a group of Cajun pilgrims. Probably the

Starting point is 00:07:44 biggest legacy of the Acadians can be found in the existing Acadian communities that still exist. The Cajuns in Louisiana still practiced French customs and traditions and speak their own dialect to French. I actually attended a Cajun Mardi Gras and Lafayette several years ago, and it was a very very unlike what you'll find in New Orleans. I also attended a Cajun Boucherie, which is a community event where they butcher a hog and cook everything from the head to the skin, and it was one of the best culinary experiences I've ever had. The other big community of Acadians can be found in New Brunswick Canada. After 250 years apart, the New Brunswick Acadians are very different culturally and linguistically from the Cajuns in Louisiana. The type of French spoken by Acadians in New Brunswick

Starting point is 00:08:24 is different from what you'll find in Quebec, and is primarily spoken in northern and eastern New Brunswick. However, in southeastern New Brunswick, you can hear people speaking Shiac. Chiak is noteworthy because of the large number of loan words from English. I remember having dinner once at a restaurant in rural New Brunswick and overheard two people having a conversation at a table next to me. And I can understand about 20% of what they were saying because the words were in English. There is another French dialect known as Brayon, which can be found in the northwest corner of New Brunswick near the border of Quebec. In both Louisiana and New Brunswick, you can see the Acadian flag flying in front of houses. It's basically the French flag with a gold

Starting point is 00:09:02 star in the upper left top of the blue stripe. The Acadian expulsion was one of the most significant events in the history of Canada and of the British colonial era. Yet, unless you're from some parts of Canada or Louisiana, it's a part of history that many people have simply never heard of. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Peter Bennett and Cameron Kiever. I wanted to give a big thanks to everyone who supports the show on Patreon. Your support helps me put out a new show every day. And if you're interested in Everything Everywhere daily merchandise,

Starting point is 00:09:39 Patreon is currently the only place where it's available. And if you'd like to talk to other listeners of the show and get notified to future episodes and projects, please join my Facebook group or Discord server. Links to everything are in the show notes.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The Acadian Expulsion (Encore)

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