Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The History of Apples (Encore)

Starting point is 00:00:00 The following is an encore presentation of everything everywhere daily. One of the most popular fruits in the world are apples. Apples are associated with the Garden of Eden, pleasing your teacher and the story of Snow White. They play a role in Greek and Norse mythology, and they've lent their name to famous record in computer companies. However, apples are unlike almost every other fruit in that there are thousands of different varieties. And the reason why there are so many different varieties is because of the uniqueness of the plant. Learn more about apples, where they came from, and how they've been used in history on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong?

Starting point is 00:00:54 ThruLine is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night. And how it shaped the world now. Time travel with us every week on the ThruLine podcast from NPR. Apples are one of the most popular fruits in the world. They are grown on every continent except Antarctica and consumed in a wide variety of ways. However, apples are unlike other fruits. For example, if you remember back to my episode on this subject,

Starting point is 00:01:31 there's really only one type of banana that's commonly sold in the world, the Cavendish banana. However, there are thousands of different types of apples. Red Delicious, Granny Smith, Gala, Fuji, Honeycrisp, and Macintosh are just a few of the many varieties of apples. So why are there so many different types of apples, and perhaps more importantly, where exactly do apples come from? All of the modern varieties of apples come from a single species of plant known as Malice-Seversea. The Malice-Seversea is found in the western part of the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia, and they're primarily found in the modern countries

Starting point is 00:02:10 of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The Malice-Sever Sea still exists today, although it's considered to be an endangered species. If you saw a malice cever sea, you probably wouldn't think much of it. The fruit that it bears is much smaller than most modern apple varietals, and it's similar to a large crab apple. And this is the case with almost all domesticated plants, whether it's corn, bananas, or cruciferous vegetables, the plants from which modern versions are originated are often quite different than the ones you see today. The domestication of apples began perhaps as early as 10,000 years ago in Central Asia. As people began settling down and engaging in agriculture, they cultivated apples as a source of food. Most importantly, they began to select apples based on their quality,

Starting point is 00:02:56 such as size and sweetness. Malice-Seversea had the good fortune of having originated near the Silk Road, which was the vehicle by which it spread throughout the world. They spread east into China and west into Europe and the Middle East. Most of the modern varieties of apples that we know today come from the westward expansion, not the eastward expansion into China. There is evidence of some type of apple in northern Italy as far back as 6,000 years ago, and in the Middle East as late as 5,000 years ago. Apples became an important food stuff in many countries, and there were legends and stories in ancient Greece and Egypt that mention apples. The golden apples of the Hesperities were considered to bring immortality, and Paris awarded a golden apple to Aphrodite, leading to the events of the

Starting point is 00:03:41 Trojan War. In Norse mythology, apples were believed to keep the gods youthful. The goddess Edon was the keeper of the apples of youth for the gods. The Romans significantly advanced apple cultivation. As much as I mentioned the Romans regarding the origin of cultural things like the calendar, they really weren't very good at technical innovation. But the one area where they excelled was agriculture. The Romans developed grafting techniques which allowed particular varietals of apples to propagate. This is as good a point as any to explain why the grafting techniques developed by the Romans were so important to the growing of apples. Apples are what's known in biology as extreme heterozygotes. Extreme heterozygotes refer to organisms that possess a high

Starting point is 00:04:29 level of genetic diversity within their own genotype. That means that an apple tree that grows from a seed may very well produce fruit that is very different than the tree it came from. This is an evolutionary strategy that allows apples to adapt to different environmental conditions. Because the seeds will create a diversity of different trees, the odds that some of the trees will produce plants that will survive are quite high. From a human cultivation standpoint, extreme heterozygosity is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it's very easy to create new varieties of apples. Literally, all you have to do is plant seeds from one apple tree and you will probably develop

Starting point is 00:05:10 something that is different. On the other hand, if you create a variety of apples that you really like and want to keep on producing them, you can't just take the seeds from those apples to make more of the same tree. The only way you can do that is by grafting parts of an apple tree to the base of some other tree. What this means, for example, is that there was only one time that a Macintosh apple was grown from a seed. Every other Macintosh apple tree that exists in the world today was propagated from a graft of that original tree. And that is why there are so many different types of apples. The nature of

Starting point is 00:05:49 apple trees is to create different varieties all the time, whereas in other plants you have to go out of your way to cross-breed them or select particular traits. With apples, you have to go out of your way to stop it from happening. Throughout the Middle Ages, apples were grown throughout Europe. Monasteries with orchards became centers of apple cultivation. Because apples created new varietals all the time, it was common for towns or regions to have their own type of apple. The type of apples grown in one village may be very different than those grown just a few miles away. It was very common for farmers or neighbors to just swap graphs of apples that they made, which is how local varietals developed. And due to the stream heterozygosity of apples, it was possible to find apple varieties that could

Starting point is 00:06:35 grow in a wide variety of climates. One of the biggest developments in the history of apples took place in the 17th and 18th centuries when they were brought to North America. The first recorded apple orchard in North America was planted in Boston by William Blackston in 1625. However, apples were believed to be brought to the new world by every European colonial power who ever established colonies. Apples adapted quite well to the climate of New England, and almost every small farm had an apple orchard. The large quantities of apples produced, however, were not primarily for eating. Almost all of them went into the production of cider. Cider is a fermented beverage that's primarily made out of apples. I could do an entire episode on

Starting point is 00:07:21 cider, which is one of my favorite beverages. The origins of cider are believed to go back to ancient Britain, where the native Celtic people on the island made a beverage made from their native crab apples. According to legend, the knowledge for creating cider was taken back to Rome after Julius Caesar first landed in Britain. In colonial New England, cider was overwhelmingly the beverage of choice. Beer, wine, and whiskey were not widely consumed as the climate wasn't as conductive to wheat and grapes as it was to apples. Apples, which were used to make cider, didn't have to be perfect. They could be bruised and even a bit eaten by insects because the juice was all that mattered.

Starting point is 00:07:59 Apples could be harvested later in the season as well after other crops were harvested. As America moved westward, apples went with settlers. And one of the biggest promoters of apples was a man by the name of John Chapman, who you probably know better as Johnny Appleseed. Chapman was born in 1774 in Massachusetts. His family moved west to Ohio where he worked in a nursery in 1800 at the age of 26. From there, he set out to create nurseries for apple trees around the Midwest. The popular image of Johnny Appleseed is of him spreading apple seeds randomly from a bag. This is not what he did.

Starting point is 00:08:36 He would go and start nurseries in different communities, growing young apple trees, which would then be sold to local farmers. He would often find a partner in the community, get him start, and then split the profits with him. He did, however, start most of his trees in his nurseries from seeds rather than from grafting. He would often get his apple seeds in bulk from cider mills. He often went barefoot and dressed like a pauper, but he actually became quite wealthy from his business dealings. What is often lost in the Johnny Appleseed story is that he was spreading apple trees so they could be used to make alcohol. As I mentioned before, apples are extremely

Starting point is 00:09:13 heterozygotic, so you can probably guess what happened when seeds became the primary propagation mechanism. By the late 19th century, there were over 17,500 named varieties of apples in just the United States. Many people in the temperance movement targeted apples as they were a major source of alcohol. They encouraged farmers to burn down their apple trees so they couldn't be used for booze. Today, there aren't nearly as many varieties of apples. Most of the of the varieties have been lost, but that being said, most of them probably weren't very good. The varieties that survived were those that were of high enough quality to be grafted so their lines could continue. The important role that apples have played throughout history can be seen in the

Starting point is 00:09:58 stories and fables that involve apples. In the fairy tale Snow White by the Brothers Grimm, a poisoned apple is given by the evil queen to Snow White that causes her to fall into a deep sleep from which a prince will eventually awaken her. In Switzerland, the folk hero William Tess, is forced to shoot an apple off of his son's head with a crossbow as a test in his skill of archery, symbolizing his resistance to tyranny. In depictions of the book of Genesis in the Bible, Adam and Eve are often portrayed as eating an apple, which gets them evicted from the Garden of Eden. In reality, the Bible does not mention an apple, only a fruit known as the Knowledge of Good and

Starting point is 00:10:34 Evil. Legend has it that Isaac Newton developed his theory of gravity when he was hit in the head by a falling apple from a tree, and there is absolutely no evidence to do that. to suggest that this is true. Apple pie has become synonymous with United States. However, the first mention of apple pie actually dates back to 14th century England, and apple pies were being produced all over Europe, wherever apples were grown,

Starting point is 00:10:57 well before any Europeans ever stepped foot in the Americas. The word apple comes from the old English word, April. And up until the 17th century, the word apple in English referred generically to all fruits and nuts. Fixation with apples has continued well into the 20th century. When the Beatles created a company for their musical endeavors, they called it Applecore. And of course, one of the largest computer companies in the world named itself after apples. Apple production has become big business.

Starting point is 00:11:28 As of 2022, 95.8 million tons of apples were produced globally. The largest apple producing country in the world, by far, with slightly over 50% of all apples, production is China. In second place, with only 10% of the production of China, is Turkey, followed by the United States. Due to improved storage, transportation, and preservation techniques, most apples today are produced for direct consumption, not for cider. And one of the techniques used for storage and transportation is low oxygen environments. If you've ever bitten into an apple and noticed how it turned brown rather quickly, this is due to oxidation. Apples have an important crop for centuries. Perhaps not as a staple like wheat or rice, but probably as

Starting point is 00:12:16 important as grapes, if not more so, because of the different climates that apples can be grown in. Despite there being thousands of different types of apples, and probably tens of thousands more that have disappeared over time, we owe it all to a tree that came from the mountains of Central Asia. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Austin Oakden and Cameron Kiefer. I want to thank everyone who supports the show over on Patreon. Your support helps make this podcast possible. I'd also like to thank all the members of the Everything Everywhere community

Starting point is 00:12:53 who are active on the Facebook group and the Discord server. If you'd like to join in the discussion, there are links to both in the show notes. And as always, if you leave a review or send me a boostagram, you two can have it read on the show. Do you like apples? Yeah. Well, I got a number. How do you like them, Max?

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The History of Apples (Encore)

There aren't comments yet for this episode. Click on any sentence in the transcript to leave a comment.