Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The Library of Alexandria (Encore)

Starting point is 00:00:00 The following is an encore presentation of Everything Everywhere Daily. Sometime during the reign of Ptolemy Ilemy I second, the Egyptian state decided to build an institution dedicated to accumulating all human knowledge in the city of Alexandria. As the city grew, this institution grew along with it to become the greatest knowledge repository in the ancient world. And then Julius Caesar burned it down. Maybe. Learn more about the Library of Alexandria, how it was created, and how it ended, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong? ThruLine is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night.

Starting point is 00:01:00 And how it shaped the world now. Time travel with us every week on the ThruLine podcast from NPR. The Library of Alexandria was the best known library in the ancient world, but it certainly wasn't first. We know of at least one large collection of cuneiform Hittite tablets that was found in the modern-day Turkish city of Boaz Kale. There was also a large library located at the Academy of Gandhi Shapper in Western Iran. It was an enormous collection of Persian, Indian, and Chinese texts which may have numbered as high as 400,000. In fact, the Academy of Gandhi Shapper is so important that I might do a future episode on it. That being said, there weren't a lot of libraries. The written word was still

Starting point is 00:01:45 rare at this time. Everything had to be written or copied by hand. Literacy was relatively rare and limited to only a few people. Despite how long its civilization was around and its many great monuments, Egypt really wasn't a great center for learning. Knowledge and literacy were in the realm of a select priestly class who did the job of governing the country on behalf of the Pharaoh. This all changed when Alexander the Great conquered Egypt. Alexander established himself as the new Pharaoh. He brought an infusion of Greek culture into the ruling of Egypt and a greater appreciation for knowledge, learning, and philosophy. After all, Alexander was personally tutored as a child by Aristotle. Alexander didn't stick around and left to go conquer more lands, a story which I covered in my episodes about Alexandria and Alexander's tomb.

Starting point is 00:02:32 After his death, one of his top generals, Ptolemy, returned to Egypt with Alexander's corpse and began the last dynasty in ancient Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty. It was probably during the reign of Ptolemy I, that the idea was hatched to create a center of learning in Alexandria. According to legend, the idea for creating a center of learning came from Demetrius of Philarum, who, like Alexander, was a student of Aristotle. He was exiled from Athens and came to Alexandria to serve in the court of Ptolemy. It was established sometime around the late 4th century or early 3rd century BC. And I'm using the term center of learning instead of library for a good reason. The library was just part of a much larger institution known as the Museum in Latin or the Museon in Greek. The museum was named after the Greek muses, the goddesses of literature, science, and the arts.

Starting point is 00:03:21 The museum is the basis for the English word museum, but it was really much more akin to a university. It was a community of thinkers and philosophers who studied all aspects of the world. The term philosopher at the time would have also included natural philosophy, which is what we today call science. The library was then just a part, albeit an important part, of the greater museum, which itself was part of the greater royal palace. We don't know how many scholars were part of the museum, but the best guest after it opened is that it hosted 30 to 50 scholars initially, and maybe as many as 100 later on. However, we do know several things about it. For starters, unlike other collections of scholars, the museum wasn't associated with any particular philosophical school.

Starting point is 00:04:05 The museum was philosophically agnostic and neutral. The museum was run by a priest who was appointed by the king. All of the scholars who were part of the museum didn't have to pay taxes, had their food and lodging covered, and were paid by the Egyptian state. There were quite a few noteworthy things that were accomplished at the museum. They categorized Egyptian history into the 30 dynasties that we still use today. They translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek in a work known as the Septuagint. They also calculated the circumference of the earth and developed the first heliocentric

Starting point is 00:04:35 theory of the solar system. Archimedes may have come up with the idea of his Archimedes screw while studying in Alexandria. There was also a great deal of translation of other texts, debates, lectures, literary criticism, and scientific experiments. There was also a medical school where students could dissect cadavers. And this is noteworthy because it was hardly ever done, and there were major taboos against it, up until and even through the Renaissance. The museum eventually included lecture halls, laboratories, gardens, an observatory, a dining hall, and even a zoo. It was really just like a university campus. The library was so well known because of how extensive it was and how aggressive Alexandria was about

Starting point is 00:05:16 growing its collection. The head librarian was not a member of the priesthood. He was a scholar who also had the honor of being the tutor to the son of the king. The first known head librarian was Zenedatus of Ephesus. His specialty was Greek poems, and he was also known for creating a list of very rare and uncommon Greek words. That list was the first time that we know of in history of someone putting something in alphabetical order. Zendidotis also started the book collection at the library, and by book I really mean scrolls. And from here on out, I'll use books and scrolls interchangeably, but it was mostly scrolls. Zenedatus actually organized the text by alphabetical order based on the author. However, his alphabetical system only extended to the first letter of the word,

Starting point is 00:06:01 not subsequent letters. That seemingly logical next step didn't happen until the second century. Each scroll would have a small tag that dangled off the end, which included information about the author, title, and subject. Calimachus of Cyrene was later a head librarian who subdivided the scrolls into genres, and then categorized everything by author underneath that. The categories were rhetoric, law, epics, tragedies, comedies, lyrics, poetry, history, medicine, mathematics, natural science, and miscellaneous. The storage of scrolls was on shelves, and the shelves were kept a half a meter from the wall to allow airflow to keep the scrolls dry. A big concern was the growth of mold and mildew

Starting point is 00:06:42 on damp papyrus. The early Ptolemaic kings were very aggressive about acquiring content for the library. They would purchase scrolls at the two major markets for texts at the time, Athens and Rhodes. They also famously had a policy of searching any ship which entered the Alexandria Harbor for books. If there were books on board, they would send them to the library to see if they had them, and if they didn't, they would copy the book and return the copy to the ship and keep the original. They had a huge rivalry with the other big library in the Mediterranean at the time, the library of Pergamum. At its peak, the Library of Pergamum had an estimated 200,000 texts, whereas the Library of Alexandria probably had twice as many.

Starting point is 00:07:23 Alexandria simply had more resources to throw at acquiring their collection than Pergamum did. One of the myths that most people believe about the Library of Alexandria is that it ended with the fire set by Julius Caesar. This is not true. The museum and the library had both fallen into serious decline during the reign of Ptolemy the 8th around 145 BC. This coincided with a period of decline in territorial contraction for Ptolemaic Egypt. And in fact, at one point, all of the scholars were expelled from the museum and the library by Ptolemy the 8th. So the heyday of the library was well before the Romans ever got to Alexandria. In 48 BC, Julius Caesar went to Alexandria to chase down Pompi to finish off the Roman Civil War. The Egyptians killed Pompey as a gift

Starting point is 00:08:08 to Caesar, one which angered him, and he stayed hold up in Alexandria in the royal palace for at least a year. He was besieged by Ptolemy the 14th, the brother of Cleopatra. Caesar set fire to the ships in the harbor to keep Ptolemy at bay, which inadvertently spread to the city and then to the library. There are no accounts indicating that the library was burned on purpose, and it's highly doubtful that it would have because there was no strategic reason to do so. It also isn't known how much of the library burned. One problem is that we really have no idea where the physical library was actually located. Some people say that the fire totally destroyed the library. However, Roman historians like Cassius Dio seemed to indicate that it was only partially damaged.

Starting point is 00:08:52 And another theory is that the main library wasn't burned at all, but rather it was just a storage facility near the harbor which the library used. Just 15 years later in 33 BC, Mark Antony seized all 200,000 scrolls at the Library of Pergamum and gave them as a gift to Cleopatra. This has been interpreted in different ways by different historians. On the one hand, the library must have still existed if such a large gift had been made. On the other hand, it might have been given to replenish the works that were lost in Caesar's fire. We don't know.

Starting point is 00:09:25 Over the next 300 years of Roman imperial rule, we know that the library and the museum still existed, but we don't know that much about it. We know Emperor Claudius expanded the museum as he himself was a historian. Under Roman rule, it seems that the library sort of suffered a long decay. The Romans weren't scholars like the Greeks were. They were jocks, not nerds. And it never reached the same heights that it did under the early Ptolemanic rulers. We do know that another branch of the library was opened in the city at the Temple of Serapis.

Starting point is 00:09:55 And we know this, only because Emperor Theodosius I ordered the closure of all pagan temples, and the library at the Temple of Serapis was one of them. The library at the Temple of Serapis might have been open because the the main library and the museum might have been destroyed earlier. The Emperor's Aurelian and Diocletian both fought battles to reclaim the city, which might have destroyed the original library. We don't know. We do know that one of the last major scholars to teach at Serapis was a woman by the name of Hypatia of Alexandria.

Starting point is 00:10:25 Hypatia was, by all accounts, popular and well-respected in the city, but she was eventually killed during a Christian riot in the year 415. Things become very murky again. We don't know what happened to the library, what happened to all of the texts. By all accounts, it seems there was some sort of learning center which still existed in Alexandria, but how extensive it was is unknown. It's entirely possible that most or all of the pagan works were destroyed by Christians. The last we really hear about anything was when the Caliph Omar conquered Alexandria in 642. Omar ordered the destruction of all the books in the

Starting point is 00:10:59 city. He is reported to have said, quote, if those books are in agreement with the Quran, we have no need of them. and if these are opposed to the Quran, destroy them. Oddly enough, this is something almost every caliph immediately after Omar wouldn't have done. There was a movement to create a new library of Alexandria in the 20th century, and this project came to fruition in 2002, with the opening of the Bibliotheca Alexandria. I actually visited the new library back in 2009. It's a very modern building, which has a very prominent place near the Alexandria coastline. It's basically the equivalent of a nice, relatively new college library.

Starting point is 00:11:34 While the fire of Julius Caesar did capture much of the attention in history, the truth is that the library was on the decline before the fire ever occurred, and the subsequent rulers of Alexandria over the centuries finished off whatever the fire didn't do due to a lack of concern with learning and knowledge. Nonetheless, for at least several centuries, the Library of Alexandria was unquestionably the greatest repository of knowledge in the world. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Peter Bennett and Cameron Kiever. I wanted to give a big thanks to everyone who supports the show on Patreon. Your support helps me put out a new show every day. And if you're

Starting point is 00:12:18 interested in everything everywhere daily merchandise, Patreon is currently the only place where it's available. And if you'd like to talk to other listeners of the show and get notified to future episodes and projects, please join my Facebook group or Discord server. Links to everything are in the show notes.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The Library of Alexandria (Encore)

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