Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The Miller–Urey Experiment (Encore)

Starting point is 00:00:00 Hey everyone, this is Gary. I'm off this week visiting the beautiful Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, where hopefully I will not be stranded due to a hurricane. I've hand-selected some of my favorite episodes for you to enjoy this week, which statistically speaking, I know most of you haven't listened to yet. I will be back again next week, fully rested, with fresh new episodes for you to enjoy. One of the fundamental questions of humanity is where did we come from? How did life on Earth come about? While there have been many theories as to how this could have happened, in 1952, one man decided to actually run an experiment to see if they could replicate the early conditions on Earth. The results were eye-opening. Learn more about the Miller-Ure experiment and how it changed

Starting point is 00:00:43 our ideas of the Genesis of Life on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong? ThruLine is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night. and how it shaped the world now. Time travel with us every week on the Thurline podcast from NPR. Ever since Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection, evolutionary biologists and paleontologists have gotten a better grip on how life developed on Earth. However, there was always one nagging question.

Starting point is 00:01:38 How did it all start? There are no fossils that date back that far. In fact, if you go back four billion years, the Earth would be totally unrecognizable from what it is today. The atmosphere wouldn't have any oxygen in it. There would have been no biology at all because there wasn't any life yet. The only thing there would have been is chemistry. The metaphor, which has commonly been used to describe this environment, is a primordial soup, probably water in an atmosphere of simple common chemicals.

Starting point is 00:02:05 This transition from chemistry to biology is known as abiogenesis. Speculation for how simple chemical compounds became the basis for more complex organic compounds, and then the building blocks for life itself were just that. Speculation. It happened so long ago that there wasn't a lot of evidence one way or the other, and it isn't something we can observe today because the Earth is so different and there's life everywhere. In 1952, a 22-year-old student from the University of Chicago named Stanley Miller proposed a rather simple experiment to see if simple chemical compounds could produce more complex

Starting point is 00:02:40 organic compounds. He and his advisor, Harold Uri, put together a sealed system of glass, glass and tubes, which contained what they thought the early Earth's atmosphere was like. There were only four chemical compounds in this closed glass system, water, hydrogen, ammonia, and methane. The water in one of the flas would be boiled, causing the liquid water to become a gas. This was designed to mimic natural evaporation. The water vapor was then condensed back into a liquid.

Starting point is 00:03:09 In between, there was a glass speaker that the gases passed through with two electrodes running at 60 kilovolts. These electrodes would create electrical sparks adding energy to the system replicating lightning. That was the whole experiment. The idea was to set it up, let it run, and then see what would happen. And they honestly had no clue what the results would be. After the first day of running, the water started to turn pink. And over the next several days, the water began to turn a deeper red and finally became opaque.

Starting point is 00:03:39 At the end of the week, the experiment was stopped and they tested the water to see what was in it. They found evidence of five different amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. They found glycine, alpha-alinin, and tric amounts of asperic acid and alpha-amuduric acid. What Miller found was that with a few simple chemicals and some external energy, you can generate the building blocks of life. This experiment ushered in the entire discipline of prebiotic chemistry. Because of the simplicity of the experiment, many people were able to replicate it. using different base assumptions. In 1961, a Catalan researcher named Joanne Oro found that you could make adenine,

Starting point is 00:04:20 one of the four base molecules of DNA from hydrogen, cyanide, and ammonia. A team of Czech researchers found that with just ammonia, carbon monoxide, and water, they could create all the nucleo bases of RNA by shooting it with powerful lasers to replicate shockwaves and plasma from early asteroid impacts. One of the criticisms of Miller's experiment is that over time, researchers began to believe that the gases used in Miller's experiment didn't in fact represent the early atmosphere of Earth. Miller replicated the experiment in 1983 with carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. This time, nothing happened because it made the water very acidic.

Starting point is 00:04:57 However, when that experiment was run again, this time with iron and carbonate in the water, to neutralize the pH level, amino acids were found. Stanley Miller kept studying prebiotic chemistry throughout his life conducting many different versions of his original 1952 experiment. He was able to create dozens of amino acids and 11 of the 20 amino acids used in human biology, all from prebiotic chemicals. One of the interesting things which was discovered is that Miller saved the equipment from his original experiment and the products of the experiment which were kept in 11 different vials. After his death in 2007, several of his students analyzed the original results from his

Starting point is 00:05:36 1953 experiment where he found five amino acids. This time, they were able to analyze the specimens using modern techniques, and they found 25 different amino acids at various concentrations. Stanley Miller's experiment was even more successful than he had realized at the time. Moreover, they found the products of an experiment he ran in 1958, where he conducted a similar experiment, but this time with the chemical cyanamide. He never published the results of this experiment, but they found peptides in the vials, which are strings of amino acids. He had another 1958 experiment that used hydrogen sulfide, and he produced even more organic compounds than anything else he had tried up until that point.

Starting point is 00:06:17 Almost whenever some version of the Miller-Urey experiment was run, researchers have been able to come up with similar results. These laboratory results have found corroboration with other evidence as well. In 1969, a meteor landed in Mergeson, Australia that was rich in organic compounds. compounds. Over 90 different amino acids were found in the meteor, which included 19 of the 20 amino acids necessary for life on Earth. In 2003, the simplest amino acid glycine was found by astronomers in three different giant molecular clouds. While the process by which it was created isn't known, it might have involved ice molecules, organic molecules, and strong ultraviolet radiation.

Starting point is 00:06:57 In 2009, NASA's Stardust mission, which actually returned a sample from a comet and brought it back to Earth, found amino acids. Based on the experimental and observational evidence we have, it might not only be possible, that may be even probable, that the chemical building blocks of life could be found on Mars, Saturn's Moon Titan, and maybe even some of the moons of Jupiter. We already know that the prebiotic chemistry is already there. There's still a whole lot we don't know. There's a lot that has to occur between creating amino acids and getting full-blown cellular life. But we do at least know, in no small part thanks to Stanley Miller's groundbreaking experiment, that the basic building blocks of life may be relatively abundant all over the universe. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel.

Starting point is 00:07:49 The associate producers are Thor Thompson and Peter Bennett. I just want to thank everyone, including the show's producers, who support the show over on Patreon. If you'd like to support the show, just head over to patreon.com, which is currently the only place where you can get show merchandise. Also, if you want to talk to other listeners about the show, head over to our Facebook group or Discord server, both of which have links in the show notes.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The Miller–Urey Experiment (Encore)

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