Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The Murder of Thomas Becket (Encore)

Starting point is 00:00:00 The following is an encore presentation of Everything Everywhere Daily. On December 29th, 1170, the Archbishop of Canterbury was brutally murdered on the floor of the Canterbury Cathedral by four armed nights while preparing for his evening prayers. The ramifications of that incident shook the country of England, its king, and the Catholic Church. Over 850 years later, it still remembered and remains one of the most significant events in English history. Learn more about the murder of Thomas Beckett, and why and how it happened. on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong?

Starting point is 00:00:52 ThruLine is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night. And how it shaped the world now. Time travel with us every week on the ThruLine podcast from NPR. Thomas Beckett was born in the year 1120 to a Norman family living in England. His father was probably a low-ranking knight and may have owned a small amount of land. The senior Beckett was also a merchant, probably trading in textiles or wine from continental Europe.

Starting point is 00:01:28 Being Norman instead of Anglo-Saxon meant that they were culturally part of the same group which ruled England since the Norman conquest. And having some money in land, together meant that they would at least rub elbows with the upper class of English society, even if they weren't at the top themselves. He attended a grammar school in London where he studied the basics of education in the Middle Ages. The trivium, which is grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and the quadrivium, which consists of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. At the age of 20, he went to Paris for a year of further study, and a few years after he returned in 1146, he managed to get a job in the household of the Bishop of Canterbury, Theobald of Beck. The Archbishop of Canterbury was the highest ranking church official in England. His position was probably that of a clerk or a secretary

Starting point is 00:02:13 for the Archbishop, although it isn't totally clear. But whatever he did, he must have done it well because Beckett was assigned several important tasks by the Archbishop. He was sent to Italy in France to study canon law, and was also sent on assignments to represent the Archbishop of Canterbury in Rome. He was given several other minor ecclesiastical positions in the English church, and in 1154 he was named the Archdeacon of Canterbury. The Archdeacon is basically the second highest position under the Archbishop, but it didn't require the office holder to be a priest or bishop. One of the reasons why Thomas Beckett was appointed archdeacon was because of the success he had in representing the church when negotiating with the

Starting point is 00:02:52 crown and the reigning monarch at that time, King Stephen. Here I should note the background in which much of this story takes place. Back in the 12th century, the church and the monarchy in England were really two different spheres of power. The church claimed that they were independent of the crown and not subject to its laws. If a priest committed a crime, for example, then they were subject to an ecclesiastical court, not a court of the king. Likewise, there were always back to the back and forth over the issue of taxation of church land and income. Thomas Beckett was one of the chief representatives at this time for the church. The same year that Beckett was appointed Archdeacon, something else really big happened in England. King Stephen died, and a new king, Henry ofanju,

Starting point is 00:03:33 aka Henry II, ascended to the throne. As a new king, Henry had to fill the various offices of state. Archbishop Theobald had a brilliant idea. He lobbied to get his protege, Thomas Beckett, appointed to the position of Lord Chancellor. The idea was, is that if he had one of his own on the inside, he could advocate for the church. One month later, in January 1155, Thomas Beckett became the Lord Chancellor of England. Archbishop Theobald's scheme didn't quite work out according to plan. Beckett, just as when he worked for the church, did a really good job. He had a new boss and worked on behalf of his new boss.

Starting point is 00:04:13 This included collecting taxes and property owed by the church. Beckett took a position that was considered rather middling and turned it into one of the most powerful offices in the country. More importantly, Henry and Thomas became really good friends. Despite the fact that Thomas was 12 years his senior, they would go hunting, drinking, and traveling together. Thomas became his closest advisor, and Henry even entrusted his son, Henry the Younger, to be raised in Beckett's house. During this period, Beckett became personally very rich, and standing with the clergy of England dropped dramatically. He wasn't seen as the church's man in the royal court. He was just now seen as King Henry's man. The peak of Beckett's extravagance was probably in 1158, when he traveled to Paris with an entourage of 250 people and 24 changes of clothes. And remember, this is the 12th century when having a pair of clothes was a really big deal.

Starting point is 00:05:05 His personal household had 700 knights, and he once famously had a meal of extremely rare eels, which cost the equivalent of an entire herd of cows. The event which radically changed everything occurred in 1162. In 1161, Theobald of Beck, Archbishop of Canterbury, had died. In the months after his death, there was debate amongst the clergy and the nobility about who should replace him as Archbishop. Henry finally came up with what he thought was a masterful plan. He would appoint his best friend, Thomas Beckett, to the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. Beckett had plenty of experience running the Archdiocese from before he was Chancellor. More importantly, with Beckett as Archbishop, he would have no problem establishing the primacy

Starting point is 00:05:50 of the crown over the church because Thomas Beckett was Henry's guy, right? Thomas Beckett was ordained a priest on June 2nd, 1162, and he was installed as Archbishop the next day. I should also note that when he became Archbishop, he remained the Lord Chancellor of England. Right when this happened, there was a dramatic turn in the personality of Thomas Beckett. Beckett suddenly had a religious conversion. He began wearing sackcloth garments. sackcloth, which is basically like burlap,

Starting point is 00:06:20 was worn by penitence as atonement for their sins. And if you've ever seen or touched a burlap sack, it's extremely rough and would be somewhere between uncomfortable and painful to wear all day every day. He began eating much less and gave up drinking alcohol outside of Sacramento wine. Henry soon found out exactly what Theobald found out. Appointing Thomas Beckett to a high-ranking position and expecting him to remain loyal to you wasn't

Starting point is 00:06:45 going to work. A few months after being consecrated as Archbishop, Thomas Beckett resigned as Chancellor. The now-arch bishop Thomas Beckett began blocking all of Henry's attempts to establish dominance over the church in England. To counter Beckett, Henry appointed the Archdeacon of Canterbury as his new Chancellor, Jeffrey Rydell. Rydell's loyalty was to King Henry and supported the crown over the church, but it didn't really matter because the Archbishop had the final say on everything. The biggest issue at first was that of jurisdiction for trying crimes committed by the clergy. Beckett and the Church contended that all clergy, in both major and minor orders, were subject to church courts and discipline, not the kings.

Starting point is 00:07:26 Major orders were bishop, priest, and deacon, and minor orders included acolyte, exorcist, lector, and porter. And a porter was basically just a glorified usher. The problem was that up to 20% of the men in England would have qualified as belonging to the clergy if minor orders were included. Henry felt that having the church judge its own clergy undermine the rule of law and the ability for him to govern England. Beckett felt that the church couldn't let the clergy be judged by the king, else they would lose their independence, and it would be abused to make the church submit to the whims of the crown.

Starting point is 00:07:59 Henry also wanted to recover lands lost to the church and to force the church to pay the sheriff's aid, which were funds to pay local law enforcement. Beckett said that the payments by the church were voluntary and couldn't be compelled. In July 1163, the king and the archbishop had a heated argument in public in the village of Woodstock, and then things got worse afterwards when Beckett excommunicated one of the king's men for trying to install a clerk in a local church. Things between the two men got progressively worse. Henry removed his son from Beckett's household where he had been raised. In January 1164, Henry summoned all the bishops in England to Clariton Palace,

Starting point is 00:08:36 where they were to sign a document with 16 terms that would weaken the church's independence and its ties to Rome by reverting back to the rules when Henry I ruled. Beckett initially agreed to the terms, but that wasn't the end of it by a long shot. In August, the king and the archbishop brought up on trying to leave the country without permission and a host of other charges. The archbishop was found guilty, but he didn't accept the verdict, so in November of 1164, he fled to France. Over the next six years, Beckett began a letter-writing campaign to the Pope and began excommunicating

Starting point is 00:09:09 many of the allies of the king and the bishops in England who supported him. In June of 1170, Henry's son, Henry the Younger, was crowned as a junior king, as his father was still alive. However, it's the prerogative of the Archbishop of Canterbury to crown the king, and this had been usurped by the Bishop of York and the Bishop of London. This led Beckett to threaten to put an interdict on the entirety of England, which would have prevented anyone in the country from receiving certain rights. This eventually led Henry and Thomas Beckett to come to terms which allowed the Archbishop to return to England. Beckett returned to England in the early part of December 1170. During the entire affair in June and July of that year, Henry became very

Starting point is 00:09:50 frustrated and supposedly said something out loud to his court. The exact words aren't known, but according to legend, he said, quote, will no one rid me of this turbulent priest? Another version has Henry saying, quote, what miserable drones and traders have I nurtured and promoted in my household, who let their lord be treated with such shameful contempt by a low-born clerk. Evidently, four of Henry's knights took this offhand comment as an order. The four knights, Reginald Fitzhears, Hugh de Morville, William de Tracy, and Richard Le Breton, traveled from Normandy to Canterbury to confront the Archbishop. On December 29th, they arrived at the cathedral and confronted Beckett, ordering him to Winchester to go before the king. When he refused, they rushed out of

Starting point is 00:10:36 Cathedral to get their weapons and came back in. There's some debate about what exactly happened, but the end result is that Beckett was hit with several sword strikes to the head, and the top of his skull was cut clean off. Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Beckett, lay dead on the floor of Canterbury Cathedral. You'd think that this might have solved Henry's problems, but it did not. In fact, it made matters much worse. Almost immediately, Thomas Beckett was revered as a martyr, as word of the assassin's. assassination spread across Europe, the status of Henry fell. The Pope prevented Henry from receiving Mass. Thomas Beckett was canonized and made a saint by Pope Alexander III in February of 1173, just a little over two years after his death. No one actually thought that Henry ordered the

Starting point is 00:11:25 killing. Beckett was a priest, and if Henry really wanted him dead, he probably could have done it much sooner. However, Henry was certainly responsible for the murder, even if it wasn't his intent. Nonetheless, he had to perform an act of public penance, which was something almost unheard of for a sitting king. On July 12th of 1174, in the middle of an uprising led by his wife and three children, he went to the tomb of the now St. Thomas Beckett to perform his penance. He walked there barefoot, and then, before the tomb, took off his shirt, and was flogged with tree branches by a group of bishops and monks. He then had to spend the night on the floor of the cathedral in the spot where Beckett was murdered.

Starting point is 00:12:06 And on top of all that, the Pope made Henry recant all of the reforms he had gotten earlier from the church, give back lands he took from Canterbury, and build a brand new monastery. As for the actual assassins, they fled to Scotland. Henry never actually punished them, but they were excommunicated by the Pope. They all eventually traveled to Rome to appeal, and they were forgiven on the condition that they served in the Holy Land for 14 years. In the years after the murder of Thomas Beckett, his tomb and the site of the murder became the least. largest pilgrimage destination in England, and for a while he was actually the patron saint of England. Jeffrey Chaucer in the late 14th century wrote about the pilgrims to his tomb in the book Canterbury Tales. Its location as a pilgrimage site ended when Henry VIII banned the Catholic Church. He ordered the tomb and the remains of Thomas Beckett to be destroyed and any mention of his name

Starting point is 00:12:58 to be erased. Today there is a small memorial in Canterbury Cathedral on the spot where Beckett was killed, and there are dozens of churches around the world. named in his honor. And if you're interested in a homework assignment, I would highly recommend you watch the 1964 movie Beckett, starring Peter O'Toole as Henry II, and Richard Burton as Thomas Beckett. It was nominated for 12 Academy Awards, and it's one of my favorite movies of all time, even if it isn't totally historically accurate. The murder of Thomas Beckett was one of the most significant events to occur in medieval England, and it defined relations between the church and the king until the Protestant Reformation. The story of Thomas Beckett was.

Starting point is 00:13:36 and the events surrounding his death remains a compelling story, even 850 years later. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Benji Long and Cameron Kiever. I want to give a big shout out to everyone who supports the show over on Patreon,

Starting point is 00:13:57 including the show's producers. Your support helps me put out a show every single day. And also, Patreon is currently the only place where Everything Everywhere Daily merchandise is available to the top tier of supporters. If you'd like to talk to other listeners of the show and members of the Completionist Club, you can join the Everything Everywhere Daily Facebook group or Discord server. Links to everything are in the show notes.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The Murder of Thomas Becket (Encore)

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