Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The RMS Titanic

Starting point is 00:00:00 On April 15th, 1912, one of the greatest disasters in modern nautical history took place. The RMS Titanic, one of the most celebrated ships of its era, struck an iceberg and sank on its inaugural voyage. While the story of the Titanic is well known, it's often been exaggerated, and there are many misconceptions about the ship and its sinking that have persisted to this day. Learn more about the RMS Titanic, its conceptualization, building, and sinking on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. What if your perceptions about the past were wrong? ThruLine is a podcast that takes you back in time to uncover the parts of the story that may have gone unnoticed. It effectively turned day into night. And how it shaped the world now.

Starting point is 00:01:00 Time travel with us every week on the ThruLine podcast from NPR. Most of you are probably well aware of the story of the Titanic, if not at least somewhat aware. It's been the subject of movies, television documentaries, and books, and its story has become one of the most famous of the 20th century. However, the story of the Titanic is often only partially told, and much of what people know is incorrect. To understand what happened, we first have to step back to know why the Titanic was built in the first place.

Starting point is 00:01:37 For centuries, going between Europe and North America was a long, risky voyage. You had to travel on a wooden ship, powered by wind, subject to the sea and the element. The journey itself was long, often taking several weeks. It was dangerous. The food and sleeping conditions were horrible, and many travelers, if they weren't experienced seamen, would spend much of that time seasick. Because sailing was dependent on the wind, you had no idea how long it was going to take. And the time it took to travel east to west was much longer than the time it took to travel west to east. The development of steam-powered iron ships changed everything. With steam ships, travel time became more consistent and significantly shorter, often cutting trips from over six weeks

Starting point is 00:02:20 to under two weeks. Steam ships also allowed for scheduled service, enabling companies like Coonard and White Star to advertised fixed departure and arrival times. This predictability made ocean travel more viable for business, migration, and mail. Speed was the biggest area of competition among steamship companies. Commercial passenger liners crossing the Atlantic competed for the bull. Blue Ribbon, which was awarded based on the fastest average speed for an Atlantic crossing. In 1906, the British Cunard Corporation launched two ships that were intended to be the fastest

Starting point is 00:02:56 ocean-going passenger ships on the Atlantic, the Lusitania and the Mauritania. Both ships won the Blue Ribbon and in 1909, the Mauritania's record of 26.06 knots was the standing record. Kuhnard's main competitor was the White Star Line, which was owned by the Millionaire Banker J.P. Morgan. J. Bruce Ismay, the managing director of the White Star line, opted for a different competitive strategy in light of the speed of the Coonard ships. Rather than building the fastest ships, White Star would build the largest, most luxurious, and most comfortable liners ever seen. This approach was based on the assumption that many wealthy travelers preferred opulence and stability over speed, and that immigration from Europe to the United States would support large

Starting point is 00:03:45 Steward's class volumes. In 1907, Ismay met with Lord Puri, chairman of the Harland and Wolf Shipyard in Belfast, where White Star ships were being built. Together they conceived of the Olympic class liners, a trio of ships, the Olympic, the Titanic, and the Britannic, that would be unmatched in scale and grandeur. Offering unmatched luxury in first class, along with modern amenities in second and third class, a loud white star to target all segments of the transatlantic travel market. And this is one of the biggest misconceptions that's been propagated with the Titanic

Starting point is 00:04:20 movie, that people in third class were treated like cattle. In reality, they had better conditions than they had on other ships, and that was by design. There was also an economic strategy for the larger, slower ships. Larger ships could carry more passengers in cargo, potentially making operations more profitable over time, even if they took a day or two longer to make the crossing. Construction began on the Olympic in 1908 and the Titanic in 1909. The Titanic, although slightly larger than the Olympic, was built to capitalize on the first ship's early success. Designed by naval architect Thomas Andrews, the Titanic was to be the largest passenger liner ever built at that time. She was 882 feet long, weighed over 46,000 gross tons, and could carry over 2,200 passengers and crew.

Starting point is 00:05:14 Just to put this into comparison, the largest passenger ship in the world today is Royal Caribbean's icon of the seas. It's over 1,200 feet long, weighs over a quarter million gross tons, and can carry nearly 10,000 people, both passengers and crew. While it may sound odd in hindsight, the Titanic was equipped with some of the Titanic. of the most advanced safety features of ships at that time. She had watertight compartments and watertight doors that could be closed remotely in the event of an emergency. A brochure published by the White Star Corporation promoting their Olympic class ships said, quote, As far as it is possible to do, these ships are designed to be unsinkable. Construction of the Titanic started on March 31st, 1909, and was completed on April 2, 1912.

Starting point is 00:06:02 The cost was $7.5 million. which would be approximately 200 million in today's currency. In comparison, the icon of the seas cost roughly $1.86 billion. The Titanic had a grand staircase which descended seven decks, which was crowned with a wrought iron and glass dome. It also had four elevators, a Turkish bath, a gymnasium, a squash court, an a la carte restaurant, libraries, smoking rooms, and it was the first ship in history to have a swimming pool.

Starting point is 00:06:35 The inaugural voyage of the RMS Titanic began on April 19, 1912 in Southampton, England. It was bound for New York City with stops at Sherberg, France, and Queenstown, Ireland, which today is now known as Cove. I should note that the RMS designation stood for Royal Mail Ship. It was a distinction given to many Coonard and White Star vessels because they would carry mail across the Atlantic. On board were some of the wealthiest people of that time, including John Jacob Astor IV, Benjamin Guggenheim and the co-owner of Macy's department store, Isidore Strauss. There were also hundreds of immigrants who were seeking a new life in the United States.

Starting point is 00:07:14 The ship was under the command of Captain Edward J. Smith, who, according to some reports, planned to retire after the voyage. It was early April, so there was plenty of ice in the North Atlantic still. There had been reports of sea ice, nonetheless, Titanic cruised at almost full speed for the entire voyage. At 11.40 p.m. on April 14, 1912, the Titanic struck an iceberg on its starboard side. Contrary to popular belief, the iceberg did not slice the ship open, but instead only buckled the steel hull plates along a 300-foot stretch of the hull. This caused rivets to pop, creating a series of small openings across six of the ship's forward watertight compartments.

Starting point is 00:08:01 Had the ship been cut open, it would have sunk more. much, much faster. The Titanic was held together by 3 million rivets, some of which were made of iron instead of stronger steel, particularly in the bow and stern. Recent metallurgical analyses of recovered rivets and steel plates have shown that brittle iron rivets and low-grade steel with high sulfur content may have fractured more easily upon impact in the cold North Atlantic water, exacerbating the hull damage. The Titanic was designed to stay afloat with up to four.

Starting point is 00:08:34 of its 16 watertight compartments flooded. However, six compartments were breached, and this began a series of events which ultimately doomed the ship. While the ship had bulkheads with watertight doors, there was a design flaw. The bulkheads did not extend all the way up to the top deck. In most cases, they only reached a few decks above the water line. This meant that once the forward compartments filled with water, water could spill over the tops of the bulkhead, into adjacent compartments, like water cascading over the edge of ice cube trays. As the bow dipped lower into the ocean, the water overflowed from one compartment to the next, progressively flooding the ship. Had the bulkheads been taller and truly sealed,

Starting point is 00:09:19 the Titanic might have remained afloat much longer or possibly even survived. Had the Titanic been going slower or had hit an iceberg at a more oblique angle, then the damage to the ship would have been bad, but it might not have been catastrophic. In addition to ignoring ice warnings and traveling at near full speed, the lookout crews had no binoculars, as they had been inadvertently locked away and were inaccessible. This reduced the ability to spot the iceberg in time to avoid it. And at top of all that, the Titanic's rudder was relatively small for a ship of its size, and the large mass made quick turns very difficult. The attempt to turn and reverse the end, Engines actually made the turn wider, not tighter.

Starting point is 00:10:06 The Titanic only carried 20 lifeboats, enough for about 1,178 people, or just over half of the more 2,200 passengers and crew on board. This meant the legal requirements of the time, which were based on a ship's tonnage, not passenger capacity. Titanic was equipped with 16 wooden lifeboats and four collapsible boats, but could easily have held up to 64 lifeboats if space had been fully utilized. Several lifeboats were launched underfilled during the evacuation due to confusion, lack of drills, and the belief that the ship might not actually sink. The process of sinking, because of the time it took to fill up the compartments, was about two and a half hours. At 220 a.m. on April 15th, Titanic broke apart and sank.

Starting point is 00:10:54 Out of over 2,200 people, more than 1,500 perished, making it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. The nearby ship Carpathia, having received Titanic's distress calls, arrived around 4 a.m., and rescued the approximately 700 survivors in lifeboats. The disaster shocked the world and led to widespread public outcry. Inquiries were held in both the United States and the United Kingdom. These revealed systemic failures, insufficient lifeboats, flawed evacuation procedures, and complacency about iceberg one.

Starting point is 00:11:28 As a result, significant changes were made in maritime law. Ships were now required to carry enough lifeboats for all passengers. Lifeboat drills became mandatory, and 24-hour radio watches were established. The North American Ice Patrol was also formed to monitor iceberg danger in the North Atlantic. If you've ever been on a ship and had to go through a drill after you boarded, that is in no small part due to what happened on the Titanic. The last surviving passenger of the Titanic was Milvina Dean. She was two months old and the youngest passenger on the Titanic, and she passed away at the age of 97 in 2009.

Starting point is 00:12:11 The sinking of the Titanic wasn't the end of the story. The Titanic became a legend, in part due to the massive loss of life, but also due to the hubris of the ship and its sinking on its very first voyage. One of the ongoing questions was, where exactly did the Titanic sink? This question remained unanswered until 1985 when a team led by Dr. Robert Ballard found the ship lying 12,500 feet beneath the surface, about 325 nautical miles south-southeast off the coast of Newfoundland. The ship's bow and stern lie about a third of a mile apart from each other, surrounded by a debris field spanning approximately five square miles. The bow remains relatively intact, while the stern is heavily damaged.

Starting point is 00:12:56 The ship is deteriorating quickly. A significant contributor to the decay is the iron-eating bacteria, Hallomanus Titanicae, which accelerates the corrosion of the ship's metal structures. Experts estimate that the wreck could collapse entirely within the next few decades. Since 1987, many expeditions to the wreck have recovered over 5,500 artifacts, including personal items like jewelry and clothing, as well as parts of the ship itself, like the ship's bell. Director James Cameron has stated several times that the movie Titanic's,

Starting point is 00:13:28 Titanic was just an excuse for him to go down to see the wreck himself. The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage was passed in 2001, and it aims to preserve submerged cultural sites such as shipwrecks from looting, commercial exploitation, and unscientific recovery. However, because the Titanic is in international waters, this is very difficult to enforce. Several projects have also been proposed to create a Titanic 2, a modern version of the Titanic 2, a modern version of the ship that would look like the original, but have modern amenities, safety features, and propulsion. The RMS Titanic remains a powerful symbol of human ambition, technological hubris, and the

Starting point is 00:14:11 unpredictable power of nature. More than a century after it's sinking, it continues to captivate the public imagination and serves as a sobering reminder of how even the most advanced technology remains vulnerable to the forces of nature. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Austin Oaken and Cameron Kiefer. I have a rather embarrassing correction to make. In the episode on the Ancient Olympics, I said that the Olympics took place on Mount Olympus.

Starting point is 00:14:45 They did not. They took place in Olympia, which is not near Mount Olympus. What makes this embarrassing is that I know this because I once planned a trip through Greece where I was going to visit both Olympia and Mount Olympus. For some reason, while writing the episode, I totally spaced on this fact. Olympus and Olympia sound alike, and they both had to do with the worship of Zeus, but they are different places. Mea culpa, mea maxima culpa.

Everything Everywhere Daily: History, Science, Geography & More - The RMS Titanic

There aren't comments yet for this episode. Click on any sentence in the transcript to leave a comment.