Hidden Brain - Encore of Ep. 35: Creature Comforts

Episode Date: April 11, 2017

This week, Hidden Brain considers the power of touch. First, Alison MacAdam tells us the story of her security blanket, called Baba. Then, Shankar interviews writer Deborah Blum about groundbreaking experiments into the importance of affection for young children.

Hi there, Shankar here. We're hot at work on a bunch of upcoming shows, so this week we thought we'd bring you a favorite from our archives. Our Creature Comforts show from last year. We hope you enjoyed the episode. This is Hidden Brain, I'm Shankar Vidantantham. These days, we know how important it is for young children to feel loved. Parents are encouraged to sit with their kids, read to them, hug them, make them feel safe. But believe it or not, this wasn't always the case. It's so fascinating to look back on that period and think to yourself, how could you

get that so wrong? This is writer Deborah Blum. She's looked closely at what caused the revolution in psychology around how best to parent children. The early books told mothers not to hold their children at all if they could avoid it, that it would ruin the moral fiber of the child. We'll hear more about the effects of loving touch and its absence in a moment. We turn to one of our colleagues, Alison McCatum, for a personal story about the importance of affection, touch, and attachment. Alison's an editor at NPR, and she has a secret. I'm just going to come out and say it. I sleep with my blanket, my baby blanket. Here's what it looks like.

It's white woven cotton. It's a little threadbare. It is the softest thing in the world. Even on the hottest days, it feels cool. When I bury my nose in it, it smells like comfort. As a baby, apparently, I called it Baba. So, of course, I still call it Baba. Are you rolling your eyes yet?

This is embarrassing to admit. And that's because I feel like society tells me I should have given up my blanket a long time ago. I did a quick Google search and I found all sorts of posts about when and how to win your child off a blanket. That's when, not if. Here's an example. One of those posts claims that psychologists have a wide range of opinions on when children should give up their blankets, but it says it is advisable to have overcome this hurdle

by the time the child is attending kindergarten. Well, I have not overcome my Baba, and I'm convinced I'm not alone. I know that some of you also crawl into bed and snuggle each night with a soft inanimate object. Do you hide it? Are you ashamed? Even my mom, my very affectionate mom,

who gave me no shortage of hugs, even she is befuddled about my blanket. I asked her about it. I want to know what you think of the fact that I still sleep with my Baba. I think it's a little bizarre. Why is that? I think that's something you usually outgrow and give up as you become older and more secure and comfortable and you never did and I was pretty amazed when it went away to

college with you and I'm certainly amazed that you still sleep with it. Did you hear her words? Bizarre. You outgrow it, she says, as you become more secure, more comfortable. Ouch. Words like this, they creep inside you, and they park there.

If you're wondering how old I am, the answer is, I turn 40 this year. I'm married, I have a child, and I've thought about this question a lot. Is my Baba a sign that I'm a failed adult? Insecure, immature? One day I got this email. It was from my brother, he lives in Chicago, and he was hanging out with a friend of his, who also sleeps with a blanket. And he told me, she seems really tough, but she has a heart of gold.

I thought, why don't I meet this woman? And that led me to a dark rock club in Chicago, it's called the Empty Bottle. It was the beginning of the night a band was sound checking. It would be 450 please. It's a cash on me by. And that's Bartender Aaron Page. I would say that I'm a pretty classic punk rack venue bartender. Give you a shot in your beer and then you go away and have a good time.

Aaron Page, black haired, tattoos, upper arms, she sleeps with her baby blanket. I asked Aaron if spending evenings in a loud bar makes her long for a blanket. Oh yeah, all the time, every night. Every night on my life, I go home and I get in my bed and I put the blanket on my head or under my head usually it's the best. Here's what really strikes me about Erin. She feels none of the shame I feel about being a full grown adult with a blanket. She and I

talked about that somewhere quieter at her apartment. And how long have you lived? When she's not bartending, Erin plays in a punk rock band and she designs poster art. Her walls are decorated with that art, and it has a distinctive goth style. Like, this is what I'm working on right now.

There's the skull and some the devil and some eyeballs and this woman and a trans. Erin told me her art is an expression of a child's imagination. And her blankie is kind of the same thing. It's a way of keeping the good feelings of childhood alive. Can we, can we go get your blanket? We have it. Okay, I got it out because I knew that you had one to see it. Erin's blanket is a faded yellow quilt. You can see the outlines of stitched on teddy bears

that fell off a long time ago. She likes to wrap it over her head like a huge scarf. And let me tell you the contrast is striking between her tattooed arms and those faded teddy bears. Before I left Erin's apartment I couldn't help but have a little blanky convention. Oh my gosh, yours is even more thread bears than mine. That's awesome. Mine is called Baba.

Baba. It's called Baba. It's so soft. It is really soft, isn't it? It is, it's like a kind of... If you're laughing at us, that's fine. But maybe you're the weird one. I think it's weird that you wouldn't want to hold on to something from childhood that

was a prized possession. There's one final issue about my Baba that I should address, or let's say one final person. I'm Simon Rodberg, I'm the husband of Allison MacAdam, who still loves her Baba. And my husband. Every night I climb into bed with Simon and with Baba. So what does he think of that?

I suppose I thought that I might replace Baba at some point, that you never buried somebody before. Maybe Baba was just a placeholder till your husband got there. And I'm not quite sure what I realized. That in fact, I would be sure I would be sharing the bed with Baba, rather than replacing Baba and your affections.

And I think, no, I don't think I've minded, to be honest. I think, I love you, I love your Baba. That's just the way our marriage works. By the way, when I'm not in bed, Simon reaches over to my side of the bed, grabs Baba and snuggles with it himself. Baba reminds me of you. There's this thing that you've loved all your life.

And I don't know particularly, I don't have a very good sense of smell. I don't know that it smells like you. It doesn't feel like you, but there's you in it. And so it's nice when I don't actually have you to be able to, you know, put my arms around something that you love. So I hope all the grown-ups out there who still sleep with their blankets have partners who are as Bob-Bob positive as mine.

NPR's Addison McCatum. When we come back, we'll hear about the pioneering scientist who first showed how cuddling with a blanket or loved one was not only not bad for us. It was absolutely essential to physical and mental well-being. These little baby monkeys would hold on to the cloth. They didn't want to let go. They were cuddling it. It made them feel safe in a way.

Stay with us. MUSIC When I first taught Addison McCatum's story about her comfort blanket, I remembered a wonderful book by the writer Debra Blum. It explored the powerful role that touch plays in our lives. Love at Goon Park tells the story of psychologist Harry Harlow and his groundbreaking experiments about attachment and affection. Debra, welcome to Hidden Brain. Thank you. It's great to be here. You describe in your book something that seems very surprising to me,

which is that back in the 1950s, there were many prominent behavioral experts who believed that touch was a problem, that children in particular shouldn't be caressed, excessively, shouldn't be held and cuddled excessively. Talk to me about that moment and where these experts were coming from.

It's so fascinating to look back on that period and think to yourself, how could you get that so wrong? But it grew out of a kind of behaviorist idea that that kind of, you know, a solid foundation of affection is scientists, including ones I wrote about, would describe it. Didn't really matter. The mother was there as a food source, kept the kid warm, answered its immediate physical needs, but the early books told mothers not to hold their children at all if they could avoid it, that it would ruin the moral fiber of the child.

The child would become weak, the child would become dependent, the child would never become an independent human being. So you spent a lot of time in the book talking about a very interesting and controversial figure who in some ways set the stage to overturn many of these ideas. So tell me about Harry Harlow, who he was, and how he came to his ideas. Yeah, Harry Harlow was a really fascinating, complicated, brilliant, difficult subject to write about. He's the center of Love at Goon Park, and I often described him as a charismatic, chain-smoking, poetry-writing, alcoholic, flandering, workaholic.

Right, you can go on and on. And so the best and worst person to write about, because he inhabits your house while you're writing the book and he's not easy company. But one of the things that made him such a fascinating and eventually controversial subject was that he was intellectually fearless. He was one of the earlier developers of a primate model, right?

We tend to take that for granted now, but in fact, he went to the University of Wisconsin in the 1930s and built an early primate colony there from scratch, bringing in a small number of monkeys, mostly Reese's Maccaxx, which are very smart, very social monkeys from Southeast Asia. And they were following kind of the human model. They kept their baby monkeys separate from the mothers. They kept them in sterile conditions so that there wasn't an infection. They were singly housed. They would give them though a sterile diaper as kind of batting and a soft cloth to sleep in in their tiny sterile cage when they would go to take out the cloth and put in another clean one. These

little baby monkeys would hold on to the cloth. They didn't want to let go. They were cuddling it. They almost had an emotional attachment to it in ways that surprised all of the scientists. And there was nothing, absolutely nothing in the landscape of psychology that would have predicted this because touch didn't matter and Emotions were not part of early childhood development and so hurl a looked at this and he said What does this mean and so he and a few of his very smart graduate students? And so he and a few of his very smart graduate students sat down and they designed a program just to look at the idea that touch actually mattered. Tell me about the experiments that he conducted. So what they did is really very brilliant.

They built two versions of a mother, what you might call a surrogate or a robot mother, one of them is made of wire and one of them has a wire body but has a lovely, cuddly, thick cloth padding. It's a cuddly version of the wire mother. Both of them have faces, right? They put on faces that was more for the researchers than for the monkeys. And both of them are warm. They put light bulbs in both of them. So it would simulate the warmth of a mother's body. And then what they would do is they would put wire mom and cloth mom in the same enclosure with baby monkeys. And they would do one other thing. Wire mom fed the baby monkeys, right? There was a bottle with milk.

The wire mother held the bottle. Cloth mother her only virtue was that she was warm and cuddly. What they found there was that the baby monkeys, they lived on the cloth mother. They cuddled and held on, and when they got hungry, they had these cloth mothers, if I could create this picture in your mind, they would have these two mothers side by side. These little baby monkeys still holding on to their warm cuddly cloth mom will lean over,

their hat tips over just far enough that they can get to the milk, but they're not going to let go of what Harlow eventually called contact comfort. We need that kind of loving touch as much as we need to be fed. Obviously we need to be fed, but in terms of the way we grow up as a solid, well-rounded, given, caring-connected person, the touch is more important. So when Harlow did these experiments and he found that the monkeys really needed touch in order to thrive, what was the reception to these ideas when he announced it to the world? Completely hostile in the beginning. He gave a speech. It's still one of my favorite speeches ever in the history of science called The Nature of Love, in which

to show you what an interesting guy he was, it's full of dog rule poetry. I mean, you're not going to see this kind very often. But in which he basically got in the face of the scientific community and said, you've blown it. You've been blowing it. He said, a literature gets this better than us. And poets get this better than us. And we need for psychology to catch up with basic commons and see and he said and I think this

is correct there's a lot of parents who get this they're not listening to you because you have gotten this wrong and the nature of love is about touch and comfort and my favorite part of the Herala message, the nature of love is every day. I'm there for you, which is what touch says. He made that argument. It was completely rejected by the still very powerful behaviorist community. But if you look at what happens over the next decade or so, he keeps pushing

it, his graduate students go out and take that message with them and they continue to push it. And about the same time, or not too much later, you see child psychologists come up and pick it up. So it wasn't that rocket went off and fireworks dazzled in the sky when he gave the speech, but it was that a few people heard him and it was that he didn't give up. You know, I reached out to you, Deborah, in the first place when I heard Alison McCatum's story about her security blanket. One of the things that struck me when I first heard Alison's story is that at some level, she was embarrassed by the fact that she still loved this childhood blanket that she derived so much comfort from the blanket. And really as I listen to her and

I remember your book, the thing that really popped in my head was, you know, Allison is just profoundly normal. The idea that you would actually have things in your life that you would want to cuddle with or even things that you have a ritual of cuddling with before you go to sleep at night. These are hardly things to be ashamed about. I completely agree. And I think if people really think about it, you know, you have these moments or objects or memories. We have these points in our life that give us comfort. And sometimes it's something soft and cuddly.

I actually, I have my son's tiny t-shirt and he's almost 27 years old, right? So he was wearing this more than two decades ago. And when I pick up that shirt, it makes me happy. I think, you know, if we actually sit and examine our own life, that's completely normal. These more things that we can touch that remind us of who we are and what we're connected to that give us comfort throughout our lives. And frankly, I like that about us.

I like that about us too. We should all remember to hug more. I wish we could end today's episode right here on the sweet note. But there's more to say. There's more to Harry Harlow's story, and there's more to the role of touch in our lives. Yes, cuddling is important and childhood blankies ought to be part of all our lives. But there are deeper lessons, and we felt it wouldn't be honest if we didn't go there. Harry Harlow's experiments into the importance of touch took a dark turn after a personal tragedy in his life.

He started to explore not just the nature of love, but its opposite, isolation, neglect, abuse. Those experiments permanently tarnished his reputation. It's important to talk about them not just because it provides a more complete account of his life, but because the experiments have profound implications for social policy today. What I find so disturbing about Harry Harlow is that someone who spends so much time thinking about love and the importance of love also came up with experiments, especially in his later years, that could only be described as disturbing. And almost torturous, right?

They're horribly haunting experiments, and he's probably most famous in the animal rights community of being one of, you know, the most horrible of all primate researchers of the 20th century for the depression experiments in which he was looking at depression is sort of a mental isolation. Can you recover from that? And to do that, he actually built different devices that would isolate monkeys from everything,

from their families, from the rest of the community, from any kind of touch, including human touch, and he would leave them there, and then he would bring them out and see if they could recover in any meaningful way. Some of them dead, some of them were permanently damaged by the isolation. And in a very harlow way,

he described probably the most infamous of those devices as the pit of despair, which was essentially an inverted pyramid. The baby monkey went into the point of the triangle. It opened up, wide armed with a mesh on top, so the little animal couldn't get bad out, couldn't be touched. Food and water were supplied, but it was alone in this point.

It was terrible. I mean, we're talking about a social species, and one that thrives in comfort of touch, and there was none of that. And there are hard to read and hard to understand, given what he knew about those animals, right? And I don't defend them. And I just can't. And I don't think many of the, you know, psychology students who work with them, they don't defend them either.

They made a point, but I'm not sure that point needed to be made the way he made it. He did other experiments that are dark, that raised some more complicated issues, and the one I wanted to describe came earlier, in which you're looking at contact comfort. One of the things they discovered about cloth mom, which was really interesting in thinking about development, is that she never rejected, right? As long as the baby monkey wanted to be in that sort of warm, fuzzy cloth embrace, she was there. And there are plenty of human beings

who are less than ideal parents in many ways. Can we study that? And they built a series of what he called evil mothers and they were evil. They built a cloth mother and in the cloth was embedded blunt spikes. And so when the baby monkey comes and clings, the spikes will shoot out and push it off. They predicted all the monkeys would end up psychotic. They actually got psychosis with those isolation experiments. But in this case, what happened was that the baby monkeys didn't become psychotic.

They came back and tried to fix the relationship. And as soon as the spikes retracted, they'd come back and they'd try to make her love them. And they'd hold on and they'd coup and they'd cling and they'd flirt and they'd do everything babies do. Monkey babies and human babies. Love me, right? Let me do all of these things that will make you

want to be with me. And they would abandon all their other relationships to fix this. Right? Just give up, you know, wouldn't hang out with their friends. They needed to fix that first fundamental relationship. It's heartbreaking, right? It's heartbreaking to think about it for these little animals and for children. And then one of the things that struck me the most when I went out, I was booktouring after Love at Goon Park came out. And I gave a talk and I described these experiments.

And this woman came up afterwards and she was a nurse in a unit at the hospital there that treated the adult survivors of neglect and abuse. And she said to me, well, you're describing our patients, right? And they're 30 or 40 or 50 or older. You're as old and they're still trying to fix that first relationship. I can see echoes also what sort of the debates we've had over, for example, solitary confinement and the effects of solitary confinement on human beings and what happens to them. Harry Harlow is not the only one who's done work on this, of course, but it feels again

that they're just such strong echoes with child abuse and solitary confinement and what happens in human beings when they're deprived of touch long, long, long after they've stopped being children. We've done these experiments. We don't have to do them again. We should never do them again, but we should listen to them because they do tell us profound things about solitary confinement. They should have been listened to a lot more about touch, about the importance of what I

think of as, you know, kitchen love, love is an everyday quality. They still have an important message and you can love or hate Harry Harlow and people do both, right? But some of the messages, some of the ideas, some of the things that he tried to teach still matter. Deborah Blum is the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Love at Goon Park. This week's show was produced by Maggie Panman and Jenny Schmidt, our staff includes Tara Boyle, Renee Clark, Raina Cohen and Chloe Conley. Our unsung hero this week is Mary Glendonning. Mary is the Deputy Chief of Research, Archives and Data Strategy here at NPR.

She is a person we turn to when we are stumped with a fact check on need help tracking down a long-lost audio clip or a hard-to-find interview. When we hit a wall with our research, we know that Mary will have an idea we haven't tried yet. Thanks Mary for all your help. Our show is stronger because of you. If you like hidden brain, you can help others find us by reviewing the show on iTunes. And if you're a teacher, be sure to check out our new study guides and fill out the survey letting us know what you think. You can find them at npr.org slash hidden brain. Just click on the tab that says education.

I'm Shankar Vedantum and this is NPR.