Hidden Brain - You 2.0: Tunnel Vision

Episode Date: August 5, 2019

When you're hungry, it can be hard to think of anything other than food. When you're desperately poor, you may constantly worry about making ends meet. When you're lonely, you might obsess about making friends. This week, as part of our You 2.0 series, we bring you a favorite 2017 episode about the psychological phenomenon of scarcity. Researchers say this form of tunnel vision can affect our ability to see the big picture and cope with problems in our lives.

This is Hidden Brain, I'm Shankar Vedantam. Today we have a story that will change the way you think about many things. Poverty, loneliness, time, even hunger. It's a tale about the psychological phenomenon of scarcity. It affects nearly everything in our lives and connects people who appear to have nothing in common. everything in our lives and connects people who appear to have nothing in common. The story of scarcity is a story of how not having enough of what you need can become the only thing that matters to you. That I think is the basic scarcity instinct. We're hungry and then this thing starts going off in the head saying,

do you realize we're hungry? Have I mentioned we're hungry? We're hungry. This week on Hidden Brain, think deeply. We continue our annual summer series YouTube.com Authenticity is contagious I've been dragged into this all the way kicking and screaming ideas and advice about how you can respond to life's chaos Let me do it. Just check to my inbox. Just check, just check, just check to my phone real quick. With wisdom. This week, how we get in and out of the scarcity trap. My name is Brandy Drew.

I'm from Detroit, Michigan. Brandy Drew has a story that may sound familiar to you, a story of poverty and debt. It's the kind of story that may lead people to quick conclusions, so pay attention to your own. Brandy is now 37. Six years ago, her life unravelled. At the time, she ran the Dining Services Department at a senior living facility. She'd been with a company that ran it for more than a decade.

One day, she made a mistake. I was just in a rush to get home, that was all. Because daycare closes at six, I get off at five. It was like maybe a 10 mile drive busy traffic area. And I knew I had to pick up diapers and the easiest thing for me I thought would be to pick them up before I picked the baby up. So Brandi stopped at a store, ran in and grabbed the diapers. She swiped her credit card at the self-checkout station and raced out.

It turns out she used the wrong card, not her own, but the company credit card. But it was crazy as I didn't realize at that moment, I didn't realize until my supervisor called me in and said, hey, what's this purchase? So has she not said anything? I don't think I would have realized that. Randy carried the card in case she needed to buy dining supplies for work. She'd never had a problem before, never been reprimanded. She thought an apology and an explanation would do. And her response was, well, you know we have to terminate you.

And I'm like, no, I didn't know that. Like, can I just pay you back? It was only, what, 12 bucks? And she said, no, in cases like that, you automatically have to terminate the employee. I just cried. I cried for like a whole day because I couldn't believe it. I didn't want to go home and tell my kids what had happened.

I didn't want to tell my husband what had happened. I just didn't know what to do at that point. I felt like a failure as a parent because I didn't provide a good example even though it was a mistake. Brandy earned more than her husband so the loss of the job hit hard. She felt like a loser. She tried to bring in money doing odd jobs like cooking takeaway meals, but the stress grew. Brandy and her husband began fighting. She had supported him when he'd been laid off a few years earlier and she'd expected he'd do the same for her. But he felt a layoff was different. He was mad that she'd made his stupid mistake.

The final argument was that I left out the house that morning. I was going to job interviews. I had two interviews that day, and I didn't purchase toilet paper. So when he got home from work that day, there was no toilet paper. When I came in with the kids, he just immediate started yelling. You can't keep yourself together. You can't do this, you can't do that, so I walked right back out the door and I never looked back.

Without steady employment and a husband to help with bills, Brandy watched anxiously as her household supplies dwindled. She worried constantly about money. To make ends meet, she ordered a new credit card. The day it arrived, Grande tore open the envelope. She grabbed the card and ran out the door. I went straight to Walmart and I bought like a family size of toilet paper family size of laundry detergent. Like I stocked up on things all at once, whether than keeping it handy just in case.

So I like maxed it out within the first couple of days that I had it rather than holding on to it for emergency purposes. And in that moment, as she was maxing out the credit card on the household supply she needed, Brandy forgot about things that were slightly less pressing. What I didn't think about is what about gas money? I didn't consider what gas would cost. That was like the biggest thing. It was always hard to have gas. And of course, there was the credit card bill itself.

The first two months I paid the minimum payment, and then I just stopped paying because I couldn't afford to pay. I didn't pay that card off until I got my tax refund the following year. By the time I paid it off it was over $800 for a $500 card. More and more Brandy felt trapped by death. She no longer had options. It came down to pay the bills or feed the kids. It was just overwhelming, trying to juggle all of those things

and still maintain a certain state of mind so that my children wouldn't see me struggle. In retrospect, Brandy can see the mistakes she made. If she had made a budget for the whole month, she might have remembered she needed to account for gas. If she had focused on the big picture, she might not have maxed out a credit card she couldn't afford to pay back. Why did Brandy make these mistakes?

It's easy to say she was being irresponsible. But here's the thing, she had always been careful and conscientious. Did something cause her to behave differently? When you have scarcity and it creates a scarcity mindset, it leads you to take certain behaviors, which in the short term, help you manage scarcity, but in the long term term only make matters worse.

When we come back, how the scarcity trap changes the way we think. Stay with us. After she lost her job, Brandy fell deeper and deeper into debt. One big reason is that she made a series of decisions that improved her life in the moment, but made it worse in the long run. She could have used the new credit card only for emergencies, but instead she maxed it out in a couple of days. To understand why she did this, I want to take you to a completely different time and place

because it reveals something important about Grandi's story. It's 1944, World War II is nearing its end. Europe is on the verge of mass famine. Aid workers desperately need guidance on how to bring people back from the brink of starvation. Researchers of the University of Minnesota thought they could help. They launched a year-long experiment. As a 2002 documentary made by the University explains, the volunteers were conscientious objectors who still wanted to serve their country. The experiment? The volunteers had to go on a starvation diet. 36 young men, most of them Quakers, menonites, or Church of Brethren members, moved into

the South Tower of the memorial stadium, which would be their home for a year. Many took courses at the university, even as they grew thinner and thinner. The young men became walking scarecrow. Some grew so weak in bony, they couldn't sit without cushions or raise their arms to wash their hair. I remember being a little bit critical of guys in early part who would lick their plates. I thought that was really pretty crude. Henry Schollberg was one of the volunteers.

He recalled the experience in the documentary. By the time we ran to about the second month of it, I was doing it myself. You just needed every single calorie you could get your hand on. The results of the starvation experiment were eventually published and remain an important academic reference on nutrition, famine, and eating disorders. But recently, two researchers became intrigued with the 70-year-old study for a completely different reason.

They were interested in what the lack of food did, not to the body, but to the mind. I think this type of scarcity is almost like an alarm that goes off in the head, that's saying, hey, we really need this thing addressed. We really need this thing addressed. This is Sandal Molineathan, a professor of computation and behavioral science at the University of Chicago. He and a colleague, Eldar Schaffer, a psychology professor at Princeton, had a theory brewing. It went like this, when you feel that something important is missing in your life, your brain starts to focus on that missing thing. When you're really desperate for something,

you can focus on it so obsessively, there's no room for anything else. The researchers were just beginning to explore their hypothesis when a colleague mentioned the long ago Minnesota starvation experiment. Elder remembers being immediately fascinated by the study and how the lack of food affected the minds of the men. They basically were very hungry and couldn't stop thinking about eating. In some sense, you would think, given that they cannot eat, that they'd rather be distracted with other things, but in fact, both subconsciously, the level of immediate reaction and their

choice of conversation largely was around food. It was actually a sort of tragic comic. I mean, they planned to open restaurants, to become restaurateurs, these memorized recipes, they compared food prices at different newspapers, that's what they were doing the whole time they sat around looking at food related issues. Even intentional diversions didn't work. Hunger and food had captured their minds. At some point the experimenters just felt soar for them and decided to distract them with a movie, and some of the testimonials were, they showed me this movie, I couldn't care less about

the love scenes I wanted to see the meals. Eldar suddenly realized he had seen the same kind of behavior in a completely different setting. He'd done a lot of research on the effects of poverty, and he knew poor people who sometimes behaved like the starving men in Minnesota. The poor people who were lacking financial resources found it very hard to think about anything but money, or at least spend a lot of the cognitive resources,

a lot of their attention on financial juggling. If starvation made people obsess over food, poverty made people obsess over how they were going to make ends meet, how to make it to next week. What's in common in both cases is your head is busy with the thing you don't have enough of. The two researchers felt they were on to something. Maybe they thought the human brain is wired to respond to scarcity by tunneling in on

the thing that's missing. Sandel says this makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. Picture that you have somebody from 25,000 years ago who's basically a hunter gatherer, and who might need to do a variety of things such as get water, dover, a lot of resources are needed. When they get hungry, the sort of the evolutionary system wants to have an alarm that says,

hey, really focus on getting food into the system. And that, I think, is the basic scarcity instinct. We're hungry. And then this thing starts going off in the head saying, do you realize we're hungry? Have I mentioned we're hungry? We're hungry. And it just keeps calling out to you.

For Brandi Drew, the alarm might have sounded like this. You don't have the necessities your family needs. You need to stock up. Stock up now. You need these things. And when she bought the bleach, the family sized pack of toilet paper, the snacks and juice boxes for the kids, the alarm temporarily went silent. I felt relieved that those things, the small things I didn't have to worry about.

But the reprieve from the alarm came at a huge cost. But then like I said, two days later it's like, okay, wait a minute, why didn't you save at least $100 for gas? The answer to that question, Sendele Nellar, believe, has to do with what scarcity did to Brandy. She was so focused on getting the basic necessities that she didn't have the mental capacity to attend to anything else. There's a technical term for this. It's called bandwidth. If you're downloading a

movie on your home Wi-Fi network, you might find your email runs a little slower. The movie is hogging all the available bandwidth. Send the LNLDR, say our minds, work exactly the same way. If your mind is consumed with thoughts about something, there isn't room to think about other stuff. Scarcity fills the mind with intrusive thoughts about what you do not have. It doesn't leave room for anything else. LDR says there's a simple way to demonstrate this. Imagine trying to hold an 8 digit number in your head. And if I simply ask you to keep in mind, you know, 26717164, that just leaves you less able to attend to other stuff. You eat less well, you pay attention

to less things, etc. As you're saying that 8 digit now and now I didn't hear the rest of the next two sentences because I'm trying to remember that. I want test your promise. But in a sense that's kind of the metaphor. So when you're busy juggling your resources worrying about how I'm going to pay for dinner and if I pay for dinner, I will not be able to have money if the kids school trip. It's that keeping an a digit number in your head. There's a reason our minds work this way.

Tunneling into something makes you focus on it. Everything inside the tunnel becomes crystal clear. The problem is, you can't see anything outside the tunnel. People in the poverty tunnel are actually very good at figuring out how to stretch the money they have to make it a tomorrow or the next week. Studies show that the poor tend to be better than the rich at knowing where you can find the best deals, the cheap tube of toothpaste. Someone who is poor is often consumed with finding solutions to immediate problems. How do I get food on the table today?

I'm not thinking about problems that are a few weeks away, like the utility bill, or gas money, or a credit card payment. As you're checking the prices and remembering the prices and figuring out if you buy two carrots, you have enough money for breakfast, you are forgetting things you're paying less attention to, your rent, your kids' homework, all the other things that make your life complete. The thing is, as a result of doing this, the underlying problem can become worse. If you don't pay your bills, you'll be even deeper in the hole next month. worse. If you don't pay your bills, you'll be even deeper in the hole next month. Scarcity, in other words, is a trap. The scarcity trap for us is all those ways in which scarcity today, bigots behaviors, which leads to even further scarcity

tomorrow. And we think it's something that poor people do, busy people do, here's another example. We think to lonely do this, so people who are lonely will often engage in social interactions in a particular way which actually makes it harder for them to make friends. Just as the poor focus on the money they do not have, the lonely tend to focus on the friends they do not have. The result is they try too hard to be liked. In a conversation, the lonely person might be so preoccupied with making a good impression that he can't be attention to what's actually being said, the conversation falters.

Instead of appearing likeable, he's seen as awkward or flat-footed. What happens is a result? People avoid the awkward conversationalist, and the lonely person becomes even lonelier. This lens offers a new way of thinking about why people who find themselves in scarcity seem to do things that, to an outsider, looks stupid. When you're in a hole, why would you dig yourself even deeper? Sandal says we're asking the wrong question. What if it's not the poor people are somehow deficient, but the poverty makes everyone less capable? That it's

the... that it's you and I tomorrow where we become poor, what all of a sudden have the same effect. The poverty is in some sense changing our minds. How do we know this isn't some bleeding-hot theory to excuse irresponsible behavior? Andar and Sendal wanted to test their hypothesis. But if all this is true, one thing that ought to be true is the same person when they're poor should have very different cognitive capacity than when they're rich. So how would we test that? Well, unfortunately, we don't have the kind of money to go around making poor people rich, but sugar cane farmers actually create an actual experiment for us.

Yes, sugar cane farmers, specifically those in India who are paid only once a year, right after the harvest. The month after they get that income, they're pretty rich. But like anybody who gets a huge windfall all at once, the money gets spent a little too fast. And so by the end of the harvest cycle, they're relatively poor. So now we have the same person, a month before harvest, poor and a month after harvest well off.

Again, you have the same group of people who are poor one moment and rich the next. Sendole Nelgar tested the farmers on their long-term thinking when they had no money and when they had plenty of money. The results were stunning. We found a huge difference. So we found that post-harvest when they're well off, they have much more impulse control. Farmers who were rich tended to think about things that would help them over the long-term. This matched other research that shows, for example, that farmers who are well-off

tend to weed their fields more regularly than farmers who are poor. Farmers who are poor mostly focused on how to make it to next week, short term thinking. To be clear, it's not that poor people focus on immediate needs because that's all they want to think about. It's all they can think about. immediate needs because that's all they want to think about. It's all they can think about. Scarcity captures the mind, like it did with those starving men in Minnesota. In fact, scarcity can actually lower how you perform on an IQ test. Put simply, being poor is like having just pulled an all-linder.

Now, if you've been very lucky, maybe you've never experienced what it's like to be poor, or hungry, or lonely. But there might be another form of scarcity you have experienced. On some days we get to leave at 4pm some days we don't leave till 1am. So, and then you usually start the next day at 5.30 or 6am in the morning. Usually work 80 hours, this a week. When we come back, how being overworked and exhausted can produce a form of scarcity, too. And the pernicious effect this can have on your life.

Stay with us. Eldar Shaffer and Sendel Moulinathan believe that when something you desperately need is in short supply, your brain tends to focus on that thing. This focus can be so intense that it impedes your ability to think about anything else. What happens when the thing you're missing is time. When you're so busy, it feels like you don't have time to breathe. Let me tell you the story of a young woman named Katie. She asked us to use her middle name for reasons that will be clear in a moment. For as long as she can remember, Katie has been driven, really driven. When I was in high school, I was determined to be

valedictorian, so I took a sophomore level honors biology course as a freshman in high school and I studied around the clock. I had note cards. I walked through the hallways with the note cards if there was a holiday party. I brought the note cards and I had also studied till two or three in the morning. Katie says she wanted to be perfect at school. She eventually got to medical school where she excelled. She graduated at the top of her class and quickly started her residency. The new schedule was grueling. You can get in at 5.30 or 6 in the morning and you round on all your patients and then you round with the team. That means you go to all the patients and check in on their plan and adjust medications, etc. as necessary. And then there's usually

a lunch conference where we have education and then in the afternoon we might take new patients in and keep following up on our patients. And on some days we get to leave at 4 p.m. some days we don't leave till 1 a.m. So and then you usually start the next day at 5.30 or 6 in the morning again. And you get one day off a week. Usually work 80 hours is a week. As Katie's workload grew she started to feel she couldn't afford to waste a single moment. Instead of spending any time relaxing she started to focus only on things directly related to her success at work. When I first

started it was just like really busy so I try to come home and I felt like you know I just don't have a lot of hours, so I need to make the most of them. And I was like, okay, I need to make sure I'm exercising, keeping my body healthy, and I need to read and stay on top of things. So I'd come home after a pretty long day, and I might go walking for half an hour, and then I'd read, and then I'd go to sleep. But then as the time went on, I decided to try to get in more exercise because I'm like,

I never know when I'll get enough exercise in. So I started spending all my free daylight hours walking or running outside or going to the gym up to three hours a day, plus like working 15 hour days and then trying to read and then go to sleep. As she focused intensely on the things she believed were key to her professional success, Katie lost sight of things on the periphery. She didn't know it, but she was entering the tunnel of scarcity.

In her case, it was scarcity brought on by a lack of time. So I wasn't going to the grocery store. My house wasn't unpacked yet and it was stressing me out and it was just a mess and I My clothes piled up. I had a lot of dirty clothes and Coming home just felt so overwhelming. I didn't want to be there And that's part of I think why I was walking so much just to get out of the house and get away from all the things I hadn't done

And I also forgot to pay a bill in the mix of all of this What did you forget to do what build did you forget to pay? It was my energy bill the old Katie would have spotted all of this I mean you would just basically at this point almost falling apart. It sounds like I Was I was falling apart There was something else. Katie had battled anorexia as a teenager. She knew she had to stay vigilant about her eating.

But as she started to focus ever more intensely on work, she slipped back into some old habits. I was eating mostly vegetables and fruits, and I wasn't eating a whole lot else, maybe a cliff bar here and there. Despite all her medical training, Katie stopped taking care of herself. Here's one thing I haven't told you yet about scarcity. It can rob you of insight, insight about how your own mind is changing.

Katie had no awareness that she was heading down a dangerous path. It became obvious to her only when it finally affected her work. I started to notice that I was like nearly missing things. As I was reviewing, for example, I admitted a diabetic and I almost didn't order insulin for them, but I did order the insulin. But I was like, I don't think I can keep up with this anymore, because if you don't give a diabetic insulin, especially if they're type one, they can have very fatal circumstances in the hospital and get really high blood sugars that can cause them to have an acidosis

and end up on a ventilator. So I turned myself in at the point that I saw that it was starting to affect my work. In two months of the residency program, Katie's body and mind had withered. Things had gotten so bad she had to go to a residential treatment center. Katie struggled with two things. Her body was desperately in need of nutrition. And her mind, she had to find a way to stop the intrusive thoughts that were consuming her.

She had to… Learn how to just sit, because we weren't allowed to exercise, we weren't allowed to stand, we weren't even allowed to do jumping jacks or squats, we had to just sit. Katie's mind was filled with angry and impatient thoughts. At first I felt like I felt useless because I thought, you know, if I'm not doing something productive, what is my purpose in life? But gradually, as the program literally forced her to do nothing, Katie started to emerge from the tunnel.

She realized she had been so narrowly, relentlessly focused on one goal, doing well at work, that she'd ignored the very thing she needed to succeed, moments of relaxation, like watching TV, or in her case, painting. Kitty had loved art as a child, but she had put it aside because she thought it wouldn't help her become a better doctor. I'm kind of the type of person that just likes to study and then do after I've like mastered it from a studies point of view. And so to just do something without instruction is it feels very vulnerable to me. But it ended up kind of being my saving grace in my recovery. And I've actually created an art room in my house. I changed my office from a work room into an

art room. And it has paints and watercolors and chalks and everything you can imagine and I try to go in there once a week and just create something without any expectation just for the purpose of creating it because I can. Kitty eventually returned to her residency program with a new outlook. She started doing something that Eldar and Sender recommend to all busy people. She actually pencils time into our schedule to do nothing. One of the big things I've done is I kind of have a date night with myself once or twice a week, where I just schedule off the night, and I won't do anything with anyone else. And they'll just be free for me to do what I feel like.

It might be watching a movie. It might be taking a soak in the tub and reading a book, or being in my art room and painting whatever comes to me. But I do, like, I prioritize that and I actually won't accept plans with friends generally when I do this, so that's one of the things I do. Katie is consciously freeing up bandwidth, and something strange has happened as she's done so. The less consumed she feels about work, the better she does at work.

Honestly, it's kind of incredible, but at work, my brain has increased its capacity for fold. I am able to hold so many more things in my consciousness at once and manage them. I've just seen a really huge improvement in my ability to enjoy being in the company of others, to enjoy like occasions and to enjoy my work and do well at my work. While the psychological studies into scarcity and bandwidth are relatively new, the ideas are actually ancient.

Avoid tunnel vision, keep difficult things in one part of your life from contaminating everything else. Be present. Say you have a big deadline tomorrow for something you've got to finish. You go home and you're spending the evening with your kids. And in that moment, you're not present-focused at all. What you're focused on is that deadline.

You may go through minutes where you didn't hear what your kids were saying to you because your mind keeps going to this other thing. Tana vision is not in itself a good thing or a bad thing. Shutting out distractions can be helpful at times. The question is, do you know when you're inside the tunnel? To me, that's exactly the heart of managing scarcity. It's recognizing when are you trying to do something related to your scarcity or you really want to use that instinct and when have you made a conscious decision to do something else where what you really need to do is to not have

it intrude on that something else. You're at home, you're with your kids, you chose to be a parent for that three-hour period. You really don't want scarcity to intrude then. Of course, it's easy to say, build free time into your schedule. Stay present with your family. Take a vacation. These strategies presume you have choices. You can't say, I've had it with being lonely. I'm going to take a vacation from being lonely. It's not a choice. And to me, loneliness and poverty are the forms of scarcity that feel the biggest because while all these forces are at play, there's no release valve, there's no escape mechanism.

Elder and Sendo, one policy makers to design solutions that recognize how scarcity creates traps from which many people may not be able to extricate themselves. And they want the rest of us to stop preaching to those in poverty. If you look at programs at poverty, we often confound a little bit the attempts to help the poor with the attempts to educate them. Make sure that they show up in time, that they do the right things. From the perspective, we're taking with scarcity in some sense, if I'm very busy juggling a very complicated life, insisting that I show up at the office at 8 and not 805, is not doing me a favor, I don't need to be educated, it's just hard

to manage. I'm, you know, the transportation is not reliable, my kid is not ready, I don't have a babysitter, I'm going to make mistakes that it's not clear educating me in quotes about them is going to help me at all, just makes my life all the more complicated. When people in poverty fail or make mistakes, the researchers think we should respond to them the same way we respond to mistakes made by airline pilots. There was a time not long ago when we thought that airline pilots who made mistakes were just bad pilots.

Sandal says a big reason air travel has become safer in recent decades is that there has been a shift in thinking about such mistakes. Designers have made cockpits fault tolerant. Rather than trying to find perfect pilots, cockpits are now designed to account for human error. The goal is to alert pilots when they've made a mistake, and to diminish the consequences of mistakes. It's ironic that when we design cockpits, the entire mantra of fault tolerance seems so intuitive,

but when we design social policies, nobody's out there talking about, let's make this fault tolerant. I mean, you know, poor people have a lot on their mind, they're bandwidth is tax, they're gonna make mistakes. Let's make sure this program is robust when they do make that mistake. It's just not the way we think.

If I offer a training program, I don't sit there and say, let me make sure, you know what's gonna happen? This is for low income individuals. Surely they're gonna miss a few days because, you know, it's hard to get to class sometimes or other things around their mind. So let me design this curriculum so that it's in attendance tolerant.

So even if somebody misses three days in a row, they'll be able to come on that fourth day and still feel caught up. In fact, a training curriculum is often quite the opposite. If you miss three days in a row, it's an invitation to miss the fourth day. You're not gonna get anything. Randy Drew eventually turned her life around. She found a low-income assistance program that offered her help. She walked with a financial counselor who gave her strategies for budgeting her money and keeping track of long-term priorities. I actually have a calendar now that I write down everything to make sure I'm paying things on the correct day and time.

It's taken time and little steps, but Brandy is no longer in the scarcity tunnel. She's been working for two years now, and she has savings. I know that if anything happens, God forbid if I lose this job, I know that I can survive for at least six months if I have to look for another. Eldor and Sendo themselves say they are constantly trying to keep the lessons of scarcity

front and center in their own lives. As a busy academic, Eldor has come up with a rule. When an invitation to an event two months down the road comes along, he asks himself whether he would attend the event if it were tomorrow. If the answer is no, he declines the invitation, because his life is not going to be any less hectic two months from now. Preserving bandwidth takes conscious effort. Most of us, Eldar included, are going to violate the Eldar rule.

We'll say yes to new commitments when we don't have the time, or pull out a credit card when we can't afford it. In those moments, it's important to look up. To notice, we are inside a tunnel. This episode was produced by Jenny Schmidt and Maggie Penman. It was edited by Tara Boyle. We had original music this week from Ramteen Arabliwi. Our team includes Raina Cohen, Laura Quarell, Thomas Liu and Arthshah. Our unsung hero this week is Sung Kim. Sung is a senior director with the local initiative Support Coalition. This is a national group that supports financial opportunity centers around the country, including

the one in Detroit that helped Brandy Drew get back on her feet. Sung got us in touch with Brandy after making numerous calls and reaching out to friends, colleagues and counselors. Sometimes the people whose stories need telling can be hard to find. Song helped us to bridge that gap. For more Hidden Brain, you can follow us on Facebook and Twitter. If you like this episode, please remember to share it with a friend. We're always looking for new people to discover Hidden Brain.

Next week, we continue our U2.0 series with an episode about the health benefits of being outdoors. I'm Shankar Vedantam, and this is NPR. PR.