Huberman Lab - How to Optimize Fertility in Males & Females

Starting point is 00:00:00 Welcome to the Huberman Lab podcast where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life. I'm Andrew Huberman and I'm a professor of neurobiology and Ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine. Today, we are discussing fertility. We will discuss male fertility and female fertility. And I should mention that today's discussion is not just for people who are seeking to conceive children or who want to know how their children were conceived, but it's really for everybody. And I say that because it is the story of all of us. All of us are here because a specialized set of cells called germ cells, that is the sperm and the egg. And I'll make it very clear why they're called germ cells a little bit later has nothing to do with infection. But it's because a

Starting point is 00:00:46 sperm cell and an egg cell arrived at one another either in vivo inside of our mother or in vitro so called in vitro fertilization and then were implanted into our mother and became us. And so understanding the process of how the egg cell and the sperm cell came to be is really the key to understanding how that fertilization process came to be. I know everyone's thinking, I know how fertilization occurs. It occurs through sexual intercourse and so on. And we'll talk a little bit about that.

Starting point is 00:01:17 But I promise you that if you understand the menstrual cycle and the menstrual cycle in today's conversation can best be thought of as a biological cycle that occurs in females that allows the potential for fertilization by the sperm because that's really what it is. And it's a beautifully orchestrated process that I'll describe to you. And I should say all people, males and females should really understand how the menstrual cycle works, how it impacts fertilization, but also how it impacts the brain and body, behavior, psychology, et cetera.

Starting point is 00:01:49 And we will also talk about spermatogenesis, how sperm cells come to be and how they arrive, that is how they swim to the egg. And the incredible interplay between the biology of the sperm and the biology of the egg leads to this incredible thing that we call embryogenesis and the birth of the child. And of course, the development of that child into an infant, a toddler, an adolescent, a teen, and an adult. Today's discussion, again, is not just for those of you that are seeking to have children. And I say that because when you look at the data, you look at the literature on longevity

Starting point is 00:02:30 and vitality, two themes in biology that oftentimes people lump together, but aren't always the same. For instance, there are a lot of things that we can do to increase our vitality that actually can harm our longevity. But there are a subset of biological rules and mechanisms that when aligned allow us to maximize both our vitality and our longevity. And I think it's fair to say that all of those mechanisms and tools are housed in the discussion around maximizing fertility. And that's true whether or not you're male or female.

Starting point is 00:03:04 In other words, if you want children or if you don't, if you already have children or if you don't, understanding how fertility and fertilization occurs in the brain and body will allow you to maximize your vitality and longevity. And of course, today's discussion will provide an understanding of the biology and many actionable tools that will also help you conceive children if that's your wish.

Starting point is 00:03:27 So of course, as is characteristic of this podcast, we will discuss science-based tools, including behavioral tools, both the do's and the don'ts, and we will discuss nutrition-based tools and supplementation-based tools. And some other practices, including things like acupuncture, which have quite good data to support them in terms of improving fertility, and we will discuss why those certain practices can work. And we will discuss prescription drugs that your doctor can prescribe to you.

Starting point is 00:03:56 If, for instance, you have a deficit at the level of hormone production or neurotransmitter production at the level of the brain or the pituitary gland, I'll explain what all of those things are soon, or the gonads, the ovary and the testes in females and males respectively. Again, by the end of today's episode, you will have a lot of knowledge and actionable tools related to maximizing fertility, and you will have a lot of knowledge and actionable tools

Starting point is 00:04:20 related to maximizing vitality and longevity. Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching actionable tools related to maximizing vitality and longevity. Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford. It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public. In keeping with that theme, I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast. Our first sponsor is Element.

Starting point is 00:04:43 Element is an electrolyte drink with everything you need and nothing you don't. That means plenty of salt, magnesium and potassium, the so-called electrolytes, and no sugar. Now, salt, magnesium and potassium are critical to the function of all the cells in your body, in particular to the function of your nerve cells, also called neurons.

Starting point is 00:05:01 In fact, in order for your neurons to function properly, all three electrolytes need to be present in the proper ratios. And we now know that even slight reductions in electrolyte concentrations or dehydration of the body can lead to deficits in cognitive and physical performance. Element contains a science-backed electrolyte ratio of 1,000 milligrams, that's 1 gram of sodium, 200 milligrams of potassium and 60 milligrams of magnesium.

Starting point is 00:05:26 I typically drink element first thing in the morning when I wake up in order to hydrate my body and make sure I have enough electrolytes. And while I do any kind of physical training and after physical training as well, especially if I've been sweating a lot, if you'd like to try element, you can go to drink element that's LMNT.com slash Huberman to claim a free element sample pack with your purchase. Again, that's drink element LMNT.com slash Huberman. Let's talk about fertility. And in doing so, let's take a step back from this word fertility and ask, what is fertility

Starting point is 00:05:55 and fertilization really all about? The obvious answer is that it's about producing offspring. But more importantly, it's about producing offspring that contain the genetic components of both parents and indeed contain half of the genes from one parent and half of the genes from another parent. Now there are two general types of cells in the body. The most common types of cells in the body are called somatic cells. So these would be all the cells in your body except the egg in females and the sperm in males.

Starting point is 00:06:24 The egg in females and the sperm in males are part of what's called the germ line. And again, it has nothing to do with infection. It's just that the cells of the germ line have genes that cannot be modified by the behavior of the individual that houses those genes. What do I mean by that? Well, if I were to tell you that by exercising, you can improve mitochondrial function. You can change hormones. By reducing stress, you can reduce cortisol. By hitting puberty, for instance, you will have the secretion of hormones that then change gene expression and other cells leading to development of body hair, facial hair, deepening the voice, breast

Starting point is 00:07:02 growth, etc. You'd say, okay, great. That all makes perfect sense. But that's all occurring in the so-called somatic cells. The germ cells or the germ line cells, that is, the egg and the sperm, are a very unique and protected set of cells that are generated in a particular way and whose genetic components are not modifiable by experience. And when you take a step back and you think about it, you say, oh, that's right. There's no reason to think that exercising will make the children that you have not yet had stronger.

Starting point is 00:07:33 Of course not. Well, why is that? Well, that's because there is a barrier between the genes of the germline cells and behaviors. They cannot be modified by behaviors and the various things that you do in your lifetime. Now, I suppose there's an exception in the negative direction. What I'm referring to here is, if you were to say, be exposed to a chemical that could mutate the DNA of your egg or sperm, or if you were to fertilize an embryo in a certain way or at a certain stage of life that it got an extra chromosome, for instance.

Starting point is 00:08:06 We'll talk about this a little bit later. Well then, of course, you could end up with offspring that have modified DNA that don't faithfully represent half of the genes from mom and half of the genes from dad, but that's not the same as specific behaviors modifying the genes of those cells, the sperm and the egg cells, in a way that improves the offspring. Okay? So, the key first thing to understand today is that there's a distinction between somatic

Starting point is 00:08:31 cells, which is the vast majority of cells in your body and the so-called germline cells, which are the egg and the sperm. The egg and the sperm are these highly protected populations of cells that in females actually come to be during embryogenesis. Okay, so for all females out there, you generate what today I'm going to refer to as a vault of cells. You have a vault of eggs that are your germ line. Those eggs all contain all the chromosomes of your DNA. So it's going to be, as most of you know, there are 23 chromosomes.

Starting point is 00:09:05 And chromosomes are consistent pairs. So the way to think about this is, each pair is one strand and you have 22, so-called, autosomes. And then you have one sex chromosome. The sex chromosome would be either X or Y. So in a female, they have two X chromosomes. So in each one of the eggs that a woman has

Starting point is 00:09:20 and that she's had since she was an embryo, and that's contained in this vault. Those eggs are, of course, going to be very immature at birth, right? She hasn't undergone puberty yet, and certainly as an embryo, she hasn't undergone puberty. And those cells are going to contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. This is very important. 23 pairs of chromosomes. The chromosomes are essentially the wrapped up DNA

Starting point is 00:09:45 that contains all the genetic information to create any cell type in the body and actually to create an entirely new individual. Now, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 of which are called autosomes. Okay, if that doesn't make sense to you, just remember autosome, okay, there's 22 of them and then there's one so-called sex chromosome.

Starting point is 00:10:03 The sex chromosomes are either X or Y, but this is a female, so she's going to have 23 pairs of chromosomes and she can have two X chromosomes for the sex chromosomes. Okay, if this is already confusing to you, don't worry, I'll make it very clear how this all relates to fertility and how it relates to chromosomal segregation and a bunch of things that I think maybe you've heard of and that perhaps were opaque to you, but I promise to make them clear. But just understand that within each of those eggs, they have 23 pairs of chromosomes. And for those of you that like nomenclature, I'll tell you that those cells are considered diploid, that they're called the diploid,

Starting point is 00:10:40 and that means that they have 23 pairs of chromosomes. As distinguished from cells that are haploid, where there's only one set of those 23 chromosomes. So instead of 23 pairs, there's only 23 chromosomes. We'll come back to haploid cells a little bit later. Okay, so when a female is born, she has all these eggs in the reserve, in this vault that she'll have for her entire life. She's not going to make any more, but they are very, very immature.

Starting point is 00:11:08 So when a woman is in embryogenesis, she develops these very immature eggs. Okay. Today, we're also going to talk about follicles, and we will be careful to distinguish follicles from eggs. They're often talked about interchangeably online and elsewhere, and even by fertility docs and OBGYNs. But right now, we're just talking about interchangeably online and elsewhere and even by fertility docs and OBGYNs, but Well, right now we're just talking about the egg cells, okay? The eggs themselves, which are cells now

Starting point is 00:11:32 The goal of fertilization is to bring that egg cell into close enough proximity that it can be fertilized by a single sperm cell and that sperm cell Will bring 23 chromosomes as well. That include just as in the female egg. It'll have 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. And in the male, that sex chromosome can either be an ex chromosome, which then would give rise to female offspring

Starting point is 00:11:59 or a Y chromosome, which would give rise to male offspring. And today we're not talking about sexual differentiation. That's a topic of a previous and yet another future episode. But just to give you a sense of how X chromosomes and Y chromosomes can actually accomplish, that sexual differentiation, both of body and brain. I'll just mention in two sentences that, for instance, if there's a Y chromosome as opposed to an X chromosome, that Y chromosome contains genes that suppress that for instance, if there's a Y chromosome as opposed to an X chromosome, that Y chromosome contains genes that suppress for instance the development of female genitalia.

Starting point is 00:12:31 And thereby give rise to male genitalia. So rather than the formation of a clitoris, the formation of a penis and rather than the formation of ovaries, the formation of a testes. Okay. So that's more directed towards sexual differentiation. We're not going to get into that right now. We'll get into that in a future episode. But even if you're only tracking about 10% of what I'm saying right now, I promise you're doing great. If you're tracking more than 10%, well, then you're doing terrifically well.

Starting point is 00:12:56 Because the essence of fertility and fertilization is to bring together that haploid cell that is the sperm that only has 23 chromosomes, but not pairs of chromosomes, right? Because that's the DNA from dad together with the egg, which is, I told you already, has 23 pairs of chromosomes. So part of the fertilization process has to be to get rid of one half of those 23 pairs in the female. You have to get rid of one half of those 23 pairs in the female. You have to get rid of it. And you have to get the egg in the sperm in proximity

Starting point is 00:13:30 so that the egg can potentially be fertilized by the sperm bringing the DNA, the 23 single strands of chromosomes from dad into a cell that has 23 single strands from mom. Okay, so I realize I'm probably being a little bit repetitive here, but I want everyone to understand this because it really frames up fertility and reproduction in the proper way.

Starting point is 00:13:56 We've got a cell from mom, the egg which has 23 pairs of chromosomes. We need to get rid of one set of those pairs so that there's only 23 chromosomes. We need to get rid of half of those chromosomes. And then we need to bring that cell together physically with the sperm cell that contains the 23 chromosomal strands from dad. And we need to bring those together so that you get 23 chromosomal pairs from dad and 23 chromosomal pairs from dad and 23 chromosomal pairs from mom.

Starting point is 00:14:27 And in doing so, you create a cell which then becomes multiple cells that's going to be the developing embryo that has half the genes from mom and half the genes from dad. So I hope that's clear. That is the biological logic, which I realize is a bit of a tongue twister, but forgive me, it is the most accurate way to describe this process, we're trying to bring together the 23 single strands of chromosomes from dad and the 23 single strands of chromosomes from mom into the same cell. Now that requires a literal physical contact and pairing of the two cells, but as I mentioned before, all these eggs in mom are sitting in a vault and they're very, very immature. So the ovulatory cycle and the menstrual cycle

Starting point is 00:15:13 are really about first eliminating half of the chromosomal pairs in that 23 sets of chromosomes and not getting rid of, for instance, half just going one to, you know, one to 11 or, and then, or 12 to 23. That's not the goal. The goal is to have chromosomes one, two, three, four, five, six, all the way up to 23, but only to have half of the chromosomes there, and to bring that cell together with the

Starting point is 00:15:38 sperm cell physically, then allow them to fuse and allow the chromosomes from dad and the chromosomes from mom to fuse within a single cell and duplicate into cells that contain half of the chromosomes from dad and half of the chromosomes from mom. That's what the ovulatory and menstrual cycle are really all about. So when thinking about it that way, I'd like to just initiate the discussion by focusing first on the female component or the egg component of fertility and fertilization. As I mentioned before, a female has all the eggs, albeit very immature eggs, that she's

Starting point is 00:16:14 going to have at the time that she's born. Now, puberty will happen at some point and will allow the ovulatory and the menstrual cycle to commence. Now, one question that you're perhaps are asking is what controls the onset of puberty? And there there are a number of different results, each of which could be an entire episode of a podcast on its own. But I'll just highlight a few things that we know about the onset of

Starting point is 00:16:40 men's seas or menstruation, or it's sometimes also called menarchy. All right. One thing that you'll notice about today's discussion is that if you were to take any number of your notes online and put them into a search function, that you would see a lot of different language used for the same thing. So for instance, some people will talk about the egg and the follicle as the same thing,

Starting point is 00:16:58 even though they are not. I'll explain the difference soon. Some people will talk about mencees or menstruation or menarchy is the exact same thing. And in fact, they are not the exact same thing, but oftentimes these words are used interchangeably. I'll do my best today to not overload you with nomenclature, but rather to use the most commonly used terms for the different aspects of fertility and fertilization. But when it comes to the onset of puberty, first of all, most of you have probably heard that

Starting point is 00:17:25 the onset of puberty is happening much earlier in females now than it was some years ago. And in fact, that is the case. And I'll talk about some statistics related to this, which are pretty striking, but don't necessarily point to anything detrimental. It doesn't necessarily mean that something bad is happening. What do we know for sure? Well, we know that there are a number of signals that come both through the brain and through the body and more likely both in order to control the onset of puberty and females. A couple of examples. The first is a mechanistic one. We know, for instance, that the entire

Starting point is 00:18:02 process of the ovulatory and menstrual cycle is initiated from the brain. We're gonna get into this in a lot more detail in a few minutes. But there's a certain number of hormones and neurotransmitters that are communicated from the brain, a structure called the hypothalamus, which roughly sits above the roof of your mouth, and that communicates with a gland, an endocrine or hormone releasing gland,

Starting point is 00:18:24 called the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland looks like a stalk that essentially extends out of the brain. It's also located not far from the roof of your mouth, and that has two sort of small marble or grape-sized protrusions, the anterior pituitary and the posterior protuitary. And they release different hormones into the bloodstream. Puberty is in part controlled by the fact that up until puberty, there are neurons in the hypothalamus that release a neurotransmitter called GABA, which is inhibitory, and that prevents the neurons in the hypothalamus from releasing a very important hormone called gonadotropin releasing hormone or GNRH.

Starting point is 00:19:08 So the first thing that I'd really like everyone to know and commit to memory today is very easy. GNRH stands for gonadotropin releasing hormone. This comes from the brain and will communicate to the pituitary to release certain hormones. Prior to puberty in both males and females, there are neurons in the brain that are actively suppressing the neurons that release GNRH. It's like no puberty, no puberty, no puberty. You can't have puberty, you can't have puberty.

Starting point is 00:19:35 And in fact, those cells are releasing this neurotransmitter called GABA because it's inhibitory prevents the firing of those neurons. Okay, so puberty is actively suppressed up until a certain point. It's also actively suppressed, at least in some species, and we think at least partially in humans by the tonic release, that means the ongoing release around the clock of a hormone called melatonin. Later in life, in fact, after puberty, melatonin will be secreted only in the dark phase of each night and around the time that one goes to sleep.

Starting point is 00:20:08 But in children, and in particular, in children prior to puberty, melatonin is released more or less constantly. Now, melatonin isn't the only source of suppression of puberty. It's also these neural mechanisms involving GABA, but it is certainly a great candidate for one of the reasons why puberty doesn't generally tend to happen at say age 4, age 5. That would be very unusual. Another component of suppression of puberty is that typically in children they have relatively low body fat stores.

Starting point is 00:20:41 Why is this important? Well, we know that one of the things that can trigger the onset of puberty in particular in females is that when enough body fat accumulates, that body fat releases a hormone called leptin. And that hormone leptin travels in the bloodstream across the blood brain barrier and goes to the hypothalamus and can trigger the onset of puberty by activating the neurons that release gonadotropin releasing hormone. So many people believe that one of the reasons that puberty is happening earlier and earlier in females is because of the accumulation of more body fat at younger ages than was observed

Starting point is 00:21:19 30 or 40 and certainly 100 years ago. Now I can already imagine a number of people are thinking, oh, this must relate to the obesity crisis. And indeed, there is a crisis of obesity. Obesity is something that is causing all sorts of problems with people's health at various levels, brain and body. And that is far more frequent today than it was even 20 years ago.

Starting point is 00:21:41 So it is indeed a crisis because it has enormous detrimental effects for so many aspects of brain and body health and longevity. But this whole process of thinking about body fat signaling lept into the hypothalamus and the onset of puberty doesn't necessarily have to do with the obesity crisis. It might relate, but it could also relate to, for instance, improved nutrition, which is allowing body fat stores to accumulate, maybe not to the level of obesity, but to accumulate earlier and at younger ages and females, which is then causing it earlier puberty in females. To just highlight how that might be possible, I want to review some data that talk about

Starting point is 00:22:18 the onset of men's, menstruation, that is puberty, in females, according to country and according to age, over the last 100 or more years. So what are the general trends in terms of the onset of puberty in females? Well, that's an easy one to answer. Over the last 100 years or so, the onset of puberty has been occurring much earlier with each passing decade. It's really an incredible set of statistics.

Starting point is 00:22:46 I will provide a link to these data since I know a number of you are listening and not just watching on YouTube. This is from a study in which the onset of puberty has been analyzed from as early as the 1850s. In certain countries, there are data on that. Out to the 1970s and in other countries starting at about 1900, extending out to

Starting point is 00:23:05 about 1990. These are ongoing collections of data, but just to give you a sense how the data are falling out in a couple of different countries, just to give you a flavor. But for those of you listening and for those of you watching, the essence of all of these findings is that puberty is happening much, much earlier with each passing decade. So for instance, in the United States, around 1900 or 1903, the average age of menorca, the onset of puberty in females was about 14 years old. Whereas in 1990, the average age is 11.

Starting point is 00:23:40 So that's a pretty significant, we can say, acceleration of the onset of puberty. Now, of course, these are averages, so there will be exceptions. There's a distribution of data. Today, still, there will be young females who will undergo puberty at age 11 or 10 or maybe even 9 and others who will undergo puberty at age 13, 14, maybe even 16 or 17. However, if we look at, for instance, the data from Norway, which dates back quite far, they have excellent record keeping to 1850, we see is that the average age of the onset of female puberty in 1850 in Norway was 17 years old, whereas in 1970, it's 13 years old. So this is a dramatic acceleration of the onset of puberty.

Starting point is 00:24:26 And you see a similar trend in other countries as well. So if we were to look in, for instance, in the UK, they have a smaller data set, meaning it only extends back to about 1940. But the average age of the onset of puberty in the UK in 1940 was 13 and a half years old. Again, this is just for females. And in 1970, it was closer to 13 and a half years old. Again, this is just for females. And in 1970, it was closer to 13

Starting point is 00:24:47 with a trend towards declining even further. Unfortunately, they didn't continue to collect data out to 2022. And as a final point, if we were to look at, for instance, in Germany and Finland, the average onset of puberty in 1870 was 16 and a half years old. By 1940, was down to 13 and a half years old. So all of these data have borne out over and over again regardless of location in the world,

Starting point is 00:25:13 which is important because when you start to think about the obesity crisis, you can say, well, that's mainly in developed countries, believe it or not, or perhaps not surprisingly. And maybe it has to do with the obesity crisis. And yet, I don't think we can conclude that at all. Something is happening, however, it could be increased body fat stores due to overeating in obesity. However, it could also be unrelated to obesity. It could be, for instance, improved nutrition

Starting point is 00:25:37 and the availability of quality nutrition, which can signal the maturation of the brain and body mechanisms that trigger the onset of puberty, ovulatory cycle and menstruation. So we want to be very careful about leaping to conclusions about what these trends mean, but the trends themselves are very, very apparent. And as a final point, I should also mention that there are a number of different behavioral and psychosocial, as they're called, interactions that can influence puberty as well. This has been most strikingly observed in animals, and so I don't want anyone to be alarmed

Starting point is 00:26:08 or to leap to any great conclusions about the onset of timing of puberty in humans, but I'd be remiss if I didn't tell you about a certain result which shows that if a young female is exposed to the odor, not necessarily the pheromones, right? There's a distinction between odors that we perceive in pheromones which are subconscious, right? We don't actively perceive, but that can impact our biology and pheromones and humans are very controversial. But we know, for instance, that if you take a female animal

Starting point is 00:26:38 and there's some evidence from humans that if you take a young pre-puberto female and you expose her to the scent of a reproductively competent male for a series of days, but maybe even as short as a few hours, and she is also not regularly being exposed to the scent of her father that she can undergo puberty earlier. That's right. There is something about the odor and or pheromones or perhaps something else that occurs when a young pre-puberty female is in the, has a father that she's in regular contact with. He wouldn't necessarily have to live at home, but that is around a lot that her, his smell, excuse me, is registered by her biological systems

Starting point is 00:27:26 that I don't wanna say protects because it kind of skews the valence of the conversation, but that offsets or buffers the otherwise observed effect, which is that the scent of a reproductively competent male, if it's present often enough, or perhaps intensely enough, that it can trigger the onset of puberty in that female. In other words, the scent of a male that is not the father, and we think also that is not biologically related to her can trigger earlier onset of puberty, and that effect

Starting point is 00:27:59 can at least be partially buffered by her being in the presence of the scent from her biological father. Now, some of you are probably already leaping to conclusions about what this means, you know, should you not allow your daughter to be exposed to any males who are reproductive age, etc. And that's certainly not what I'm saying. There's a huge number of considerations that go into that calculation for everybody in circumstances, etc. But the point is that the odors of individuals, both related, in particular closely related, and non-related individuals, can shape the neural systems and the hormone systems that can trigger the onset of puberty or suppress the onset of puberty. So whether or not we're talking about onset of puberty

Starting point is 00:28:45 at this age or that age and whether or not, biologically related male or non-biologically related male sense around et cetera, the thing I want everyone to know is that at some point during development, typically nowadays between the ages of 11 and 15 or so, again, there's variability there.

Starting point is 00:29:06 The suppression of gonadotropin releasing hormone released from the hypothalamus is removed. And then ganatotropin releasing hormone can activate cells within the pituitary. And if you really want to know, it's the anterior pituitary in particular. And then the anterior pituitary gland, which sits at and kind of bridges the brain and the body because it allows the release of hormones into the bloodstream, that anterior pituitary is going to release two key hormones that everyone should know the name of and what they do. And when I say everyone, I mean males and females need to know about these hormones because they have an active role in both males and females.

Starting point is 00:29:43 And of course, you should want to know and should know about the biology of everyone on the planet in my opinion, because it tells you a lot more about humans than if you just focus on your own biology. But those two hormones are called luteinizing hormone, which is abbreviated L-H and follicle stimulating hormone, which is abbreviated FSH. Okay, so the simple picture that you need to have in your mind is gonadotropin releasing and follicle stimulating hormone, which is abbreviated FSH. Okay, so the simple picture that you need to have in your mind is gonadotropin releasing hormone from the brain, from the hypothalamus, in particular,

Starting point is 00:30:12 is causing the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. GNRH stimulates LH, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, FSH. LH and FSH travel in the blood and can access all the cells and tissues of the body. This is one of the incredible things about hormones is that many hormones and LH and FSH are included in this group can travel into cells and they can actually change the genetic expression of those cells. They can change which genes are turned on and which genes are turned off and they can also

Starting point is 00:30:49 attach to the surface of those cells and make those cells take on different properties. So they can mature those cells. So for instance, a good example of this outside of the context we've been talking about is the hormone testosterone can travel to the hair follicle and can stimulate changes in the genes of the cells of the hair follicle that can make hair grow. A different hormone estrogen can travel to the cells of the breast tissue and activate genes that control enlargement of the cells of the breast tissue. Prolactin, a different hormone, can travel to the memory ducts and control the production and the secretion of milk. And in males, that can actually happen in certain cases, although it's rare, but prolactin can also travel to areas of the brain that control libido, for instance,

Starting point is 00:31:30 and just so you'll never forget it. Males elevated levels of prolactin are actually what set the refractory period after ejaculation and prevent erection for some period of time. So you'll never forget prolactin. The point being that different hormones have different effects on different cells, depending on what cells those are, right?

Starting point is 00:31:49 Estrogen or estridyls go in and have different effects on the breast tissue than it would on skin, although as effects on both. Similarly, when LH and FSH, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, travel in the blood to the gonad and the gonad is an ovary. It will have a certain set of consequences. And when luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone travel in the blood to a gonad and that gonad happens to be a testy, then it will have a different set of biological implications.

Starting point is 00:32:19 So let's focus now on what happens when LH and FSH arrive at the ovary, and let's assume now that we're talking about a female who has already undergone puberty, or perhaps we could even frame this in the context of a female who is about to undergo puberty. FSH and LH are now able to be released because she's undergoing puberty, but the same set of processes essentially would occur for any point from puberty onward until menopause, which is the depletion of that vault, that ovarian reserve of all those immature eggs. I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Athletic Greens. Athletic Greens, now called AG1, is a vitamin mineral probiotic drink that covers all of your foundational

Starting point is 00:33:05 nutritional needs. I've been taking athletic green since 2012, so I'm delighted that they're sponsoring the podcast. The reason I started taking athletic greens and the reason I still take athletic greens once or usually twice a day is that it gets to be the probiotics that I need for gut health. Our gut is very important. It's populated by gut microbiota that communicate with the brain, the immune system, and basically all the biological systems of our body to strongly impact our immediate and long-term health.

Starting point is 00:33:33 And those probiotics and athletic greens are optimal and vital for microbiotic health. In addition, athletic greens contains a number of adaptogens, vitamins, and minerals that make sure that all of my foundational nutritional needs are met. And it tastes great. If you'd like to triathletic greens, you can go to atletitgreens.com slash huberman. And they'll give you five free travel packs that make it really easy to mix up athletic greens while you're on the road and the car on the plane, et cetera. And they'll give you a year supply of vitamin D3K2.

Starting point is 00:34:02 Again, that's atletitgreens.com slash huberman to get the five free travel packs and the year supply of vitamin D3K2. Again, that's at letitgreens.com slash human to get the five free travel packs and the year supply of vitamin D3K2. Okay, so we're now going to talk about ovulation and menstruation. And let's just remember what this is all about. This is all about creating the potential for an egg to be fertilized and that egg needs to have half of the chromosomal pair. So no pairs, but it's got to have 23 chromosomes just from mom. And we need to position that egg so that the egg can be met by the sperm and that sperm

Starting point is 00:34:33 can penetrate that egg and donate its 23 individual strands of chromosomes to that egg so that you can bring together the DNA of dad and the DNA of mom. So the aviatorial menstrual cycle occurs when luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone have been released. And the aviatorial slash menstrual cycle, and here I have to kind of pick what I want to call it. I guess to be really accurate, we would just call it the female reproductive cycle, but that includes underneath it, but the menstrual cycle is sometimes called in the ovulatory cycle. So you decide, I'm going to interchangeably discuss the ovulatory cycle and the menstrual

Starting point is 00:35:14 cycle. The problem is when you say menstruation, people often think about just the period, the shedding of the uterine lining when fertilization has not occurred. So if I start saying ovulatory cycle, just keep in mind I'm referring to the entire thing. Now, this is probably also a good opportunity to say that if you heard that the ovulatory slash menstrual cycle is 28 days long, that's true in some cases, but that's not always true.

Starting point is 00:35:39 It's on average 28 days long. There are some females for which the ovulatory cycle will be shorter, it can be as short as 21 days, and other females for which it will be 35 days long. Shorter than 21 days and longer than 35 days is rare, although it does occur. One of the key things when thinking about fertility is if you talk to OBGYNs who are focused on fertility, which I have in anticipation of this episode, they'll tell you that whether or not your cycle is 21 days long or 35 days long is not as much of an issue necessarily unless it's happening to become much shorter or much longer in a kind of erratic way.

Starting point is 00:36:21 So if you're somebody who's consistently had 23 day long cycles and all of a sudden you're having 30 day long cycles That's not necessarily an indication of anything bad But if it's 21 days one month and it's 30 days the next month and that's 17 days the next month or even if it's always falling Within that 21 to 35 day long cycle, but it's very variable from each month or every other month or so You probably want to talk to your OBGYN because that could indicate a number of different things, which things could it indicate? Well, that will become clear as I spell out the biology in a bit more detail. But this idea that the menstrual cycle, ovulatory cycle is always 28 days, that's just false.

Starting point is 00:36:59 That's just not true. I should also mention that there is a common misconception that because the average menstrual cycle is 28 days, indeed the average is 28 days, and the lunar cycle is 28 days. And of course, there is real biology to support the fact that the lunar cycle can in fact impact certain aspects of human behavior. It does, and we'll talk about lunar cycles in a future episode. But there is zero data to support the idea that the menstrual cycle and the lunar cycle are linked in any kind of causal way. Sorry to break it to you. The lunar cycle and the tidal cycles at the ocean are definitely linked in ways that are super interesting

Starting point is 00:37:38 related to the tilt of the earth and the pull of gravity of different planets and it's an incredible story into itself. But the lunar cycle and the menstrual cycle, despite having some weak correlation in terms of their duration, or their so-called periodicity, no pun intended, well, there's no causal relationship whatsoever between the lunar cycle and the menstrual cycle. If any of you are aware of any real data that conflicted with what I just said, please put that in the comment section on YouTube. But this is pretty well established as far as I know. Okay.

Starting point is 00:38:13 So we need to bring together the so-called haploid contents, the 23 individual strands of chromosomes from the egg, to a place in a position where it could potentially be fertilized by the male. So what happens? Lutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone travel to the ovary. These hormones are able to access the ovary. There's a lot of blood supply to the ovary. And FSH and LH arrive at the ovary. The ovary has this vault, this ovarian reserve of immature cells.

Starting point is 00:38:43 They reside within what are called follicles. The follicles are little spherical packages that can potentially provide a nice environment for those eggs to mature. And when FSH in particular arrives at the ovary, a small number of those follicles will split off from the reserve. They will exit the vault and they will undergo maturation. And the key player here is follicle stimulating hormone. And the first 14 days of the menstrual ovulatory cycle is referred to as the follicular phase because of this relationship between FSH triggering the maturation of a subset of follicles. Now, typically in the context of a 28-day or so ovulatory menstrual cycle, day one is designated as the first day of the period of the shedding of the uterine lining from the previous ovulatory menstrual cycle

Starting point is 00:39:39 in which fertilization did not occur. Okay? So day one is when the period initiates. It is days one through 14 approximately, right? Because here we're just considering the average of a 28 day cycle, but it could be longer, it could be shorter. But the first half of that cycle is the so-called follicular phase, FSH has triggered the departure of a subset of these follicles that contain immature eggs, and it is triggering the maturation of those eggs. Lutinizing hormone is also present, but also at relatively low levels. And it's during the first half of this ovulatory menstrual cycle, that the main goal is to get

Starting point is 00:40:15 those follicles to mature. So inside of those follicles, the egg is developing, it's growing, it's maturing. And in doing so, it's also making its own hormones. This, I think, is one of the most elegant aspects of the ovulatory menstrual cycle. That in a few minutes, you'll learn about something which still to this day, even though I've known about this stuff for decades now, because of my training,

Starting point is 00:40:38 still just blows my mind that you have one hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, triggering the maturation of some eggs inside of some follicles, and then those follicles themselves making another hormone that furthers the process, and then soon, as you'll learn, create a hormone to trigger the second half of the process, just a beautiful symphony of expression of different genes and different hormones

Starting point is 00:41:03 to make everything work as optimally as possible. So as these different follicles mature somehow and we still don't know exactly how one of those follicles containing an egg gets selected. It's either because it matures the fastest or there's something about it that is still not completely understood, that allows it to be selected and all the other follicles that are maturing, degenerate and die, and they're gone. They don't go back into the ovarian reserve. They are now depleted from that bank account

Starting point is 00:41:36 that is the ovarian reserve. They die off, but that single egg that keep in mind contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, right? We haven't gotten rid of one half of those 23 sets of chromosomes yet. But that one will continue to mature. And then at some point, that egg will start to undergo a process in which those chromosomes are pulled apart by little components within the egg called spindles.

Starting point is 00:42:09 They literally have a physical pulling of the chromosomes apart. So now those 23 pairs are no longer attached to one another at the middle, like they were before, like two beads of strings, or I should say 23 short strands of beads that were at once connected to one another. Now our pull-depart so that you have 23 chromosomes on each side, but they're pulled apart from one another. So that diploid cell is now starting to become a cell in which half of the chromosomes, half of those 23 pairs are physically pulled away from the others. And then the egg actually starts to form its own,

Starting point is 00:42:48 what we call an involution of membrane around those 23 pairs, one set of them, and encapsulates them. So you've sort of got an egg with two parts where the two sets of chromosomes, two sets of 23 chromosomes are now separate from one another inside of the egg. And then one of those actually gets ejected from the egg.

Starting point is 00:43:07 And the name of that thing that gets ejected, it's like a little hufflepawd, is how I imagine it, you know, from Star Wars, you know, or from any kind of space Odyssey movie where something is ready to happen, you know, a little hufflepawd shoots out of the ship. Well, that 23 pairs is now ejected from the egg. It's called the polar body and that's going to degenerate. It's going to go away. And in doing so, take the egg cell, which was once deployed,

Starting point is 00:43:32 it had 23 pairs of chromosomes and making it haploid. And now what you got in ideal circumstances is a beautifully pristine egg that was selected for and has 23 single strands of chromosomes, 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. And that sex chromosome is going to be an ex chromosome almost with certainty because female mother is creating that egg. So then the egg that contains just the appropriate 23 single stranded chromosomes is going to

Starting point is 00:44:04 fuse with the wall of the ovary and that egg will be released and will travel into the fallopian tube. Now we'll get back to that egg in a few moments, but that process, which represents the first half of the ovulatory menstrual cycle, again, was triggered by FSH into some extent luteinizing hormone, but it is the ongoing maturation of that egg, which also causes the production of estrogen, which allows that whole process to occur. And you could say, why? Well, the answer to the why is a very important biological principle that we are going to return

Starting point is 00:44:36 to in a number of different contexts today, both as reference to female and male fertility. And the principle is a so-called negative feedback. So when estrogen is present at relatively low levels and females in the ovary, as it is during the development of these eggs, some of that estrogen, of course, is going to exit the ovary. It's going to go into the bloodstream and it's going to travel back to the pituitary. Now the pituitary can release things like follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

Starting point is 00:45:10 But the way I'd like you to think about the pituitary for sake of feedback loops is that it's sort of like a thermometer that you would put into a pool, like a backyard pool, that is attached to the heater. And for instance, if you were to put a thermometer into a pool that you would like to keep at 70 degrees, and the temperature of that pool is 60 degrees, well then that thermometer ought to trigger some sort of mechanism where the pool would heat up until the temperature of the pool hits 70 degrees,

Starting point is 00:45:38 and then it should trigger that thermometer to turn off the heating system. Okay, that's got a negative feedback system that would keep the temperature more or less correct. That's a lot of the way that the system is related to estrogen and also testosterone and these different things like luteinizing hormone and follicles, stimulating hormone work as well.

Starting point is 00:45:55 Typically when the level of a hormone is too high, then it shuts down the production of the hormones that would trigger further production of that hormone. I know that's a mouthful, it's a lot to think about, and some of you are probably thinking, whoa, I'm getting dizzy now with biology, but I promise you can understand this. In females, when estrogen is relatively low, but not zero, but is relatively low

Starting point is 00:46:15 during that first follicular half of the ovulatory cycle, it actually triggers negative feedback on LH and FSH so that not too much is produced. But then just prior to ovulation, the levels of estrogen and the levels of some other hormones from those eggs, right? You have the eggs producing estrogen themselves. Gets high enough that it actually triggers a positive feedback loop on the pituitary. So the pituitary is essentially observing the amount of estrogen in the bloodstream produced by the ovary and the amount of estrogen towards the end of the second half of the

Starting point is 00:46:49 menstrual cycle has increased and triggers a positive feedback loop. It triggers the pituitary to release more FSH and LH and that helps trigger ovulation. That deployment or the release of that one mature, proper selected egg with the tap-loid with the 23 individual pairs of chromosomes into the philopian tube. So let's just back up really quickly and just kind of summarize what's happened. Gennadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus triggers the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. That travels to the ovary.

Starting point is 00:47:21 Triggers the release of a subset of immature follicles with immature eggs. Those immature follicles and immature eggs start to mature, start to grow because of the presence of follicle stimulating hormone. The growth of those eggs themselves increases estrogen. As the estrogen starts to accumulate in the environment, some of that travels back to the pituitary.

Starting point is 00:47:44 And when levels of estrogen arriving to the pituitary. And when levels of estrogen arriving at the pituitary are relatively low, the pituitary says, oh, we don't need to release any more follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone. However, at some point, just prior to ovulation, enough estrogen has been produced by that one single selected mature egg and some of the other follicles around it that we're maturing, but then since died off that the estrogen triggers a positive feedback loop the pituitary Says okay and releases more follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and bam the egg

Starting point is 00:48:16 Which has the proper genetic components sets off out of the ovary and into the fallopian tube, so called ovulation has begun. Okay? That itself, what I just described, constitutes the first half of the ovulatory menstrual cycle, which we call the follicular phase, and it's marked by the presence of FSH and some other things, but we can really think about it as marked by FSH from the pituitary and by estrogen or estradiol made within the ovary. Okay, then comes the second half of the ovulatory menstrual cycle,

Starting point is 00:48:48 which I personally think is one of the coolest mechanisms in all of biology, which is that remember the follicle that housed that one egg that was the selected egg that became the mature egg. And that follicle, which no longer contains the egg, because the egg took off and ovulated, is called the corpus luteum. And the corpus lute no longer contains the egg, because the egg took off and ovulated, is called the corpus ludium.

Starting point is 00:49:06 And the corpus ludium starts making three hormones, which include ester dial, I think called inhibin, but the most important hormone, the one that you really need to know about, is that it starts producing very high levels of progesterone. Progesterone levels start to increase about the time of ovulation, although just prior to ovulation, and over the next second half of the ovulatory cycle, so about 14 days, if it's a 28-day cycle, a little bit longer, a little bit shorter,

Starting point is 00:49:35 depending on the length of the cycle, levels of progesterone in the second half of the ovulatory cycle are going to increase by 1,400 fold compared to what they were in the first half of the ovulatory cycle. So again, if we were to characterize the menstrual ovulatory cycle within broad strokes, what we would say is that FSH and estrogen mark the initial part, the first half, so-called follicular phase, and that the estrogen and FSH set in motion, ovulation, and they

Starting point is 00:50:06 prime the system for the production of a corpus luteum which produces progesterone, and the second half of all of this is called the luteal phase. The second half of the ovulatory menstrual cycle is the luteal phase because of corpus luteum. This otherwise discarded tissue that produces progesterone. What does progesterone do? Well, progesterone impacts the uterine lining, so-called endometrium, where the lining, the mucus lining of the uterus, where that egg that's ovulated is potentially going to implant if it's fertilized. And so, in a kind of perfect way, or I should say in a seemingly

Starting point is 00:50:46 perfect way, the egg is off on its way, it might get fertilized. The remnants of the compartment that let go of that egg produce a hormone that then prepares the endometrial lining of the uterus for the potential implantation of that egg. it's basically making the bed for the fertilized egg to potentially embed in, to implant in, and then achieve all the nourishment that it needs to grow eventually into a healthy embryo and child. Just an amazing set of biological mechanisms, if you ask me, because what you're observing here is an incredible economy of function, the same seller components that are producing the egg Well some of them are being discarded, but they're not being discarded

Starting point is 00:51:30 Without purpose they're being discarded in a way that triggers the onset of hormonal expression that then prepares the fertilized egg to be in an enriched environment in which it can thrive Now I realize that was a lot of detail But we have a couple of key themes. We've got the hypothalamus, GNRH. We've got the pituitary with LH and FSH, and those hormones travel to the ovary. The ovary has eggs in a vault, basically immature eggs in a vault.

Starting point is 00:51:57 Some of those are activated by the presence of FSH and LH each month, and one of those eggs will be selected and will ovulate the remnants of the follicle and egg that are not selected, the chromosomes that you don't need are disappear in the polar body, and the corpus luteum give rise to progesterone and sets emotion the second half of the ovulatory menstrual cycle, which is the luteal phase, which is essentially the potential for that fertilized egg to embed in a nice nourishing environment.

Starting point is 00:52:26 And of course, we should all be thinking if the egg is fertilized and then it lays down in the nice, comfy, uterine lining that's been prepared by progesterone in the corpus leutium. Well, then everything's fine and good. But what if fertilization doesn't occur? Well, we all know what happens if fertilization doesn't occur. Fertilization does not occur for whatever reason that uterine lining is going to shed. And that's actually what's referred to as the period.

Starting point is 00:52:50 It's the actual removal or the departure rather of the thickened endometrium lining of the uterus when fertilization has not occurred. And of course, if that happens, we need another ovulatory menstrual cycle. So how does that happen? Well, the hormone in hyben is also made by the corpus luteum and doesn't go quite as high

Starting point is 00:53:14 as the hormone progesterone, but it kind of tracks that increase in progesterone that occurs in the second half of the ovulatory cycle. But then if fertilization does not occur, inhibit levels start to drop. And what I haven't told you is what inhibit does. Inhibin, in concert with other hormones like estrogen,

Starting point is 00:53:35 feed back to the hypothalamus and prevent the further release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, right? If you have an egg that gets fertilized and can implant, well then you don't want more eggs to mature, right? You want to hold onto the ones in the vault. You don't want them to mature. And hormones like in hyben and again working with other hormones are going to prevent the secretion of things like FSH and LH. Now typically people are not getting pregnant every month. In fact, that's not possible. And part of the reason it's not possible

Starting point is 00:54:06 is that if the fertilized egg in plants, there are a number of different hormone cascades that shut down the production of things like GNRH, FSH and LH, in ways that prevent further maturation of follicles in a follicular phase. But in the instance where fertilization doesn't occur and menstruation occurs, and I should mention that the duration of menstruation, the actual bleeding, typically is anywhere from one to five days. The, quote unquote, heaviness, the lightness or

Starting point is 00:54:33 heaviness of that bleeding will depend on, you guessed it, the amount of progesterone that is secreted from the corpus luteum. That's one of the key players there. it from the corpus luteum. That's one of the key players there. And if menstruation occurs, well then in hyben levels also drop, progesterone levels also drop. And when that occurs, there's a positive feedback signal up at the level of the pituitary. The pituitary literally can register how much in hyben and progesterone and estrogen is present in the bloodstream. And if those levels are sufficiently low, well then, G and RH gets secreted again, FSH gets secreted again, and LH gets secreted again,

Starting point is 00:55:14 and the first half, the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle initiates all over again. It's hard to overstate how beautifully orchestrated this entire system is, the number of feedback loops and feed forward loops. I think if you can just generally understand that the first half of the menstrual ovulatory cycle is marked by the maturation of the follicles and FSH and that the second half is marked by the accumulation of progesterone and the thickening of the uterine lining should fertilization and implantation occur.

Starting point is 00:55:43 I think that you will certainly understand the female reproductive cycle better than most people out there. It will also help you understand a number of things that are sometimes associated with the female reproductive cycle. For instance, there are data showing that in many, not all, but in many women, in the four to five days prior to ovulation, there is a dramatic increase in libido. That dramatic increase in libido is triggered by a number of things, but some of those things include the spike in FSH that occurs, the spike in LH that occurs, and some associated increases

Starting point is 00:56:15 in Androgens, things like DHEA and testosterone, which just as in males can be related to libido in females, trigger libido. You can imagine why this would be an effective mechanism to have in place in females. If the goal, as it were, certainly of the egg, perhaps not of the woman as a whole, but if the goal is to fertilize the egg. So increases in libido just prior to the onset of ovulation.

Starting point is 00:56:43 There's also been a lot of discussion and interest and frankly data exploring the malaise that can occur at certain portions of the menstrual cycle. There's a lot of misconception about this. A lot of people have focused on the malaise that can occur around the time of bleeding, but there are actually stronger data to support the fact that some, again, some, not all women experience a kind of malaise, sometimes associated with anxiety, sometimes not, that's associated with the mid to second half

Starting point is 00:57:17 of the luteal phase of the ovulatory menstrual cycle. And that, despite what people commonly think, is not associated with elevated levels of estrogen, it's actually associated with the depletion in estrogen levels that can occur during certain portions of that second half of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. So, again, this is highly variable.

Starting point is 00:57:41 For some people, they might not experience any malaise at any point during their menstrual cycle. Other individuals, also, for instance, might not experience any variation in their libido at any point during their menstrual cycle. Again, highly variable, and yet there are some statistically significant trends that have been observed that track the very specific hormonal components within the menstrual cycle. Again, this will all be very contextual.

Starting point is 00:58:04 And of course, this can play out in a number of different ways. So for instance, some women experience very heightened levels of sensitivity to caffeine at certain portions of their menstrual cycle. Other women experience more cramping than others, different portions of their menstrual cycle. Tremendous variation from individual to individual. One of the, I view it as an advantage, but one of the things that many females can really do and experience because they have cycles that occur every month that are fairly dramatic in terms of their levels of hormones. So for instance, a more than thousandfold increase in progesterone during the leedial phase of the menstrual cycle. And

Starting point is 00:58:41 I should also mention a 200-fold increase in estrogen during the period just prior to ovulation. That's why they always say estrogen primes progesterone. That's what you learn in kind of basic under chronology when you're learning the menstrual cycle. Estrogen in the first half of the menstrual cycle primes progesterone in the second half of the of the ovulatory menstrual cycle. Well, that those estrogen increases just prior to ovulation are in part responsible for the increases in libido. But it's also the presence of increased angrogen just prior to ovulation. So there's a lot of complex interplay.

Starting point is 00:59:13 I think what we will do is we will reserve the discussion about libido per se and some of the other aspects related to sexual differentiation that we were talking about earlier for a future episode. But hopefully now you have in mind what the ovulatory menstrual cycle is. It is a signal from the brain, from the hypothalamus, which then triggers a signal from the pituitary and endocrine gland, which then signals the release of hormones that travel to the ovary

Starting point is 00:59:38 and that control two things, maturation of eggs and the identification of one egg in particular, and then preparation of the milieu, the environment in which that fertilized egg could potentially land and mature into a healthy embryo and child. So if you have that framed up in your mind, and even if you've just extracted maybe 10 to 15% of the hormones in different aspects that I described up until now, I would consider you far more knowledgeable about this entire process than 99% of people out there. Certainly not the OBGYNs and urologists, but then 99% of individuals out there. It also frames up for us the second half of this whole story about fertility and fertilization,

Starting point is 01:00:23 which is the generation of sperm and how the sperm eventually arrive at the egg and how certain sperm are selected to potentially fertilize that egg whereas others never really stand a chance. So next we're going to talk about sperm. We're going to talk about what sperm are, where they are generated and how they are generated and how they need to travel both within the male and within the female in order to allow fertilization potentially occur. So we've covered the ovulatory cycle in females and I confess it was a lot of information with a lot of biological nomenclature, but I promise you that many of those same themes and indeed the same names and nomenclature will show up in the discussion that we're going to have now, which is about the generation of sperm.

Starting point is 01:01:07 Now, sperm are similar to eggs in the sense that they are part of the germ line. They are these protected cells, protecting the sense that the activities of an individual are not going to change the genetic makeup of those cells. Now, again, there are instances in which mutagens, such as chemicals, could disrupt the genomes of the germ cells and males, just as it could in females. But in general, the activities, the things that we do, the experiences we have, doesn't tend to change the genome of those cells. However, there are a lot of lifestyle factors, do's endoins, nutrition and supplements,

Starting point is 01:01:44 and prescription drugs, et cetera, that can indeed modify the quality of the sperm. And we'll talk about what sperm quality means. But the point is that the sperm cell, much like the egg cell, are both germline cells. They're not like somatic cells. They are unique populations. And let's just remember what the job of the sperm cell is. The job of the sperm cell is to deliver the genetic material from the father and to do that in the form of a haploid cell. So that means 23 chromosomes, 22 autosomes, one so-called sex chromosome. Again, not sex the verb, at least not in this case.

Starting point is 01:02:23 Sex the verb is a discussion we're going to have in a few minutes. But sex the noun, the sex chromosome can either be an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. Okay, so 22 autosomes and then one sex chromosome is going to be contained within the sperm because it's a haploid cell, not a diploid cell. Remember the egg was diploid then it became haploid. The sperm cells are cells that are created through the division of other cells. But after that division occurs, the reprocess called meiosis, the sperm cell is going to contain 23 chromosomes consisting of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. And the sperm that manages to deposit its DNA contents into the egg, to fertilize the egg, will either have an X-sex chromosome

Starting point is 01:03:08 or a Y-sex chromosome. And the Y-sex chromosome has a number of different genes on that chromosome that will suppress, for instance, the development of the female reproductive axis. One good example would be the Moulinian inhibiting hormone, or MIH, the gene for mullerian inhibiting hormone, which is a hormone that prevents the formation of the mullerian ducts,

Starting point is 01:03:29 which is part of the female reproductive structure. Well, that gene controls the prevention of the development of the female genitalia, and in doing so, promotes the development of the male genitalia. And there are other examples of genes that are on the Y chromosome that give you a, what we call, male phenotype, right? You have genotype and phenotype.

Starting point is 01:03:51 By the way, in case you haven't heard this in a while from your high school biology, or if you never heard it, no big deal, carotype is the complement of chromosome XX or XY. And there are individuals out there that are XXY or xyy, a discussion for our episode on sex differentiation. That's karyotype with a k. Then there's genotype, which are the genes that you have. And then there's phenotype, spelled pH, pheno, pH, E, N, O, TYP, phenotype. And the phenotype is how the genes, which then code for RNA, which code for protein, how those are expressed

Starting point is 01:04:26 in terms of things like eye color. So eye color is a phenotype, height is a phenotype, hair color is a phenotype. I guess you have carry type, genotype, and phenotype. Well, what we need to do is we need to bring together that sperm, which is haploid, it contains those 23 chromosomal strands, with either an x or a y, sex chromosome as the 23rd chromosome, we need to get that cell to the egg. And so when we talk about spermatogenesis, of course, we're talking about the generation of sperm cells, but what we're really talking about is the generation of cells whose job is to deliver the genetic material from dad to the egg within the female in a way that

Starting point is 01:05:07 material from dad to the egg within the female in a way that increases the probability that not only will that egg be fertilized, but that it will progress in a healthy way with each set of chromosomes from mom and from dad, each set of 23 chromosomes. That is, we progress in a healthy way, we'll implant in a healthy way and we'll maintain and grow in a healthy way to a healthy embryo and child and eventually adult. That's the job of the sperm, okay? So as we talk about spermatogenesis, let's just remember that and why they're there in the first place.

Starting point is 01:05:37 Now a few things about sperm that are interesting besides the fact that they're haploid and besides the fact that as you all know, they swim, they have a head and a tail. They actually have a head, a mid-region and a tail, and that mid-region turns out to be very important. It's something we'll come back to again and again. That mid-region is really key for the ability for sperm to engage in forward progression,

Starting point is 01:05:56 to swim forward, and involves the activity of mitochondria, which are involved in generation of ATP, which is involved in all aspects of energy in all cells. But let's just remember that the sperm are swimming cells. And in order to create a really good swimmer or set of swimmers, you need a couple of things. First of all, within the testes is where the sperm develop. And unlike in females and unlike in the ovary, there's no vault of sperm.

Starting point is 01:06:25 The sperm are continually being generated. It takes about 60 days for sperm to be born from their parent cells, because cells actually give rise to other cells. That's the way it works. To be born from their parent cells and then mature to the point where they can be a really good swimmer.

Starting point is 01:06:40 Now, that doesn't mean that a bunch of sperm are made on day one, and then 60 days later, all those sperm are deployed in the form of a ejaculate, and then the cycle starts over again. So, it's a little different than the ovulatory menstrual cycle, rather at any given point in time. Like, right now, if you have testes, you have some sperm in your testes that are immature and cannot swim, cannot deliver those contents to those genetic contents rather to the female egg.

Starting point is 01:07:09 And you have some sperm in the mature and you very likely have some sperm that are so mature that they are dying off or that they're dead. Almost certainly also, regardless of your age, you have some sperm that are healthier than others are better swimmers than others. This is just the way the system works. Now, the process of spermatogenesis involves a couple of things, but a lot of the players

Starting point is 01:07:31 are the same as the process of developing the so-called, oh, site, the immature egg. We've got GNRH from the hypothalamus, that's going to be a player. We have FSH, follicle stimulating hormonal, though. The name's a little bit of a misnomer in the context of spermatogenesis, because in the context of spermatogenesis, there is no follicle, what we're really talking about is FSH for stimulating the maturation of the sperm cell, so not egg follicle, but sperm cell.

Starting point is 01:07:59 But we still have GNRH, FSH, LH, and rather than the ovary bringing the target of those hormones, it's going to be the testes. So most everybody should know that the testes and the ovaries are the so-called gonads. The testes, of course, reside outside of the body. There are instances where the testes fail to descend during development. Certainly if the testes don't descend on time, that's something that doctors need to be made aware of, the pediatricians be made aware of,

Starting point is 01:08:27 because that can prevent fertility. Why would that be? Well, it turns out that the testes reside outside the body in the scrotum because the temperature conditions under which spermatogenesis can occur and under which healthy sperm can be maintained are very restricted and is approximately two degrees cooler than the rest of the body. This is very important.

Starting point is 01:08:53 You know, I think this is something that used to be discussed a lot more, but isn't discussed so much these days. But keeping the testes cool enough doesn't necessarily mean keeping them cold, although there is a place for using cold exposure, deliberate cold exposure To improve sperm quality and number and perhaps even testosterone levels. We'll talk about that a little bit later but keeping the Testes about two degrees cooler than the rest of the body is absolutely key if sperm get too hot They die and if sperm atticized the cells get that give rise to sperm get too hot, they die. And if spermatisides, the cells that give rise to sperm get too warm, well, then oftentimes

Starting point is 01:09:27 the sperm that develop are not healthy, not healthy in a number of ways. Either they can't engage in fast forward progression and that is swimming, or they will lack the ability to deposit their DNA contents within the egg. So again, whatever is contained in the ejaculate is going to be a mixture of different sperm qualities and sperm of different ages will impact the quality but also the temperature under which those sperm developed is going to impact their quality. And so we're going to get into tools a little bit later

Starting point is 01:10:00 as I mentioned, but just to give you a simple take away, if you are hoping to conceive in the next 90 days, right? The sperm adogenesis cycle takes 60 days, but then the sperm actually have to migrate from the testicle into the so-called epididimus, which is a related structure, and then into the vast deference and then into the rethrow where it can be part of the ejaculate, in order for sperm to do all that properly, undergogo that maturation and then exit in a jacket in a way that's healthy or that the sperm is healthy.

Starting point is 01:10:30 If you plan to conceive children or to try and conceive children in the next 90 days, you definitely want to avoid exposing your testicles. That is your scrotum to elevated temperatures. So that means definitely avoiding hot tubs, definitely avoiding hot baths. Now a brief hot bath or hot tub or hot shower isn't going to be a problem. Although if you're really interested in conceiving, I would avoid hot tubs and hot baths as much as possible. Hot showers are probably fine.

Starting point is 01:11:00 But if you're going to go into a sauna, for instance, you might want to rethink that decision. And if you do decide to, you almost certainly would want to bring a cold pack in that you could hopefully put some material between the cold pack and the scrotum so you don't get a cold burn, but put something there, but keep the scrotal tissue cool, keep it cold to cool. Because heat exposure can really mutate and disrupt the developing sperm and it can kill sperm. And so again, that would be for an entire 90 days leading up to your attempts to conceive.

Starting point is 01:11:33 Again, we'll get into more tools later, but a number of people also have probably heard of the boxers versus briefs controversy. I guess it is, or whether or not people call it going commando with no underwear of any kind, boxers brief or briefs or otherwise rather, turns out that the data on that point to the fact that there isn't really a big difference in terms of sperm quality if people wear boxers or briefs or don't wear anything under their jeans or shorts at all. The scrotum has the ability to move the testicles far enough away from the body in order to achieve lower temperatures. It needs to achieve that through a muscle called the cremaster muscle, which is a really

Starting point is 01:12:15 interesting muscle, believe it or not. It was reading up on the biology of the cremaster muscle, something I never thought I'd spend too much time on, but that I ended up spending far too much time reading up about. It's really fascinating. What you have is a muscle, there's a smooth muscle tissue, unlike skeletal muscle, which is stride in muscle, that is temperature dependent. It has certain nerve endings and it has certain receptors on it that allow it to respond to local temperature and then to relax in order to essentially let the testicles to descend

Starting point is 01:12:44 further from the body or to contract and bring the testicles closer to the relax in order to essentially let the testicles to descend further from the body or to contract and bring the testicles closer to the body in order to try and maintain the optimal temperature range. And it turns out the cream master muscle can achieve that, whether or not people are wearing boxers or briefs, although it stands to reason that any kind of, there's no other name for it, undergarments. You know, I don't know why that word is,

Starting point is 01:13:02 it just seems kind of antiquated, but undergarment that allows some movement of the scrotum and the testicles should be sufficient to allow these temperature variations to occur and keep things in range. That said, a little bit later, we'll go into some detail, really, because it's important as to why, for instance, if you are somebody who has big thighs, bling or not,

Starting point is 01:13:23 that it actually can lower sperm counts substantially, whether or not the big thighs occur because you're very muscular, the big thighs occur because you are overweight. It can increase the temperature. If you're sitting a lot, it increases scrottle temperature for sure. And there are some other things that can increase scrottle temperature. Seat heaters in cars, for instance, terrible idea, just terrible idea, if you're hoping to conceive in the near future. And again, hot tub, things of that sort.

Starting point is 01:13:50 Okay, so temperature modulation of spermatogenesis and sperm quality and function is key. That relates a little bit more to tools, but what happens? How does the actual sperm develop? Well, contain within the testicle, you have the cells, the so-called spermatagonia, which differentiate into so-called spermatocytes. You don't have to remember all this and the spermatocytes undergo this process of myosis.

Starting point is 01:14:13 Myosis is a form of cell division, which reduces the chromosome number to those 23 individual strands as opposed to pairs, right? So it makes them haploid as opposed to diploid. Very, very important for reasons that we talked about earlier. And the myosis process in these primordial sperm cells, these immature sperm cells, is similar to the myosis process that occurs in eggs when the chromosome segregate, in that it involves these spindle-like structures within the cell. Now, why do I keep bringing up the spindles? Well, it turns out that the function of the spindle in the egg in the sperm is heavily dependent on mitochondrial function. And later, when we get into tools for improving egg and sperm quality, you're going to hear about a lot of tools for improving mitochondria. And it's not just because the mitochondria involved

Starting point is 01:14:58 in energy demanding aspects of cell biology, but it's also because the mitochondria in this context are very, very important for the removal of or the separation of one set of chromosomes to give you these two sets of haploid cells, the egg and the sperm. And this is so important because many failures at fertilization, many failures at implantation, many, many miscarriages and many birth defects that do survive after birth that are very detrimental, such as trisamies and things like that, occur because the spindles don't effectively pull apart the chromosomes in the typically the egg, but it can also occur in the sperm. Okay, so the spindles and the fact that mitochondria or rich on the spindle are very important for generating these haploid sperm, again, 23 individual strands of chromosomes, that's occurring inside of the testes. Okay, so there's not as much long distance migration of the spermatisites and the sperm cells as there is the egg, just when you think about the overall architecture of the uterus and the phylopean tubes compared to the testicles, but there's still a lot of movement.

Starting point is 01:16:07 So within the testicle, if you were to look at the testicle in cross-section, and I prefer to call it that, rather than cut the testicle in half, anytime you talk about anatomy, you actually talk about slicing things, that's what you would do with a cadaver is what I teach and we do in my laboratory, and frankly in biological laboratories all over the place, but when you talk about it you have to talk about it if you were to take a visual cross-section through the testicle. What you would find is that there are a lot of different little tubes, a lot of ducts, DUC, T-S ducts, those are pathways.

Starting point is 01:16:37 And the main ducts that are important for this discussion are called the semeniferous tubules. Okay, so it's a mesh-like or network structure of tubes in the testicle. And the immature sperm sit on a little compartment along the edge of those tubes. And as they mature, they move towards the center of those tubes. And then when they are mature enough, those sperm cells actually drop into the hollow of the tube and then can travel through those tubes to a structure that's along the side of the testicle called the epididimus.

Starting point is 01:17:12 The epididimus, again, is a series of ducks. And then the epididimus converges with something called the vast deference, okay? I think in high school, we all remember this by thinking about, it's the vast difference. I don't know, I don't know who came up with that maybe I think it was a Young girl sitting to the left of me that was like oh, it's like the vast difference I never forgot that I don't know maybe it was a topic matter

Starting point is 01:17:32 Maybe it was her maybe with some combination of the two but in any case the sperm go from the seminiferous tubules to the Epididimus and then to the vast deference and then are contained in the ejaculate along with seminal fluid. Now, the seminal fluid is the carrier fluid for the sperm themselves. This is important because it turns out that a lot of things that can both negatively or positively impact the quality of the sperm relates not just to the sperm cells themselves and the temperature of the environment that they were matured in, but also to the semen quality.

Starting point is 01:18:09 For instance, if you are a heavy drinker, if you are a smoker, or if you are a regular user of cannabis, especially if you smoke cannabis or vape cannabis, you create a lot of reactive oxygen species that disrupt the chemistry of the seminal fluid, which disrupts the sperm cell. So it's not a direct action always on the sperm cell itself, although it can be. So for instance, in the form of smoked tobacco or cannabis, there are a lot of carcinogens and mutagens that actually mutate the DNA, can cause DNA fragmentation and debilitate sperm. But there are also a lot of things created by smoking in particular, whether regardless

Starting point is 01:18:50 of what's being smoked, they can create elevated reactive oxygen species and disrupt the seminal fluid that the sperm are contained in the so-called the jaquil decement. Now, this will also become a relevant conversation later when we briefly talk about vasectomies. Vasectomies are literally a cutting of the vast deference which leads to a situation provided the surgery was done

Starting point is 01:19:16 correctly where men can still achieve all the other aspects of intercourse. They can still achieve erection, they can still achieve orgasm, they can still achieve orgasm, they can still ejaculate, but when they ejaculate, the seminal fluid is released, but there are no sperm contained within the seminal fluid. And it turns out that vasectomies are a very effective form of birth control, and they always check to see if zero sperm and confirm that zero sperm are being released in the ejaculate. They are reversible, that is, vasectomies are reversible, but not always.

Starting point is 01:19:48 There are a subset of cases where it's not reversible in which case if people still want to have children, you have to go in and actually surgically extract sperm from the testicles. But it's a process in which the vast deference is altered or severed in a way that the sperm can't actually exit the testicle. They can get into the epididimus usually, but not into the vast deference is altered or severed in a way that the sperm can't actually exit the testicle. They can get into the epididimus usually, but not into the vast deference and so on and so forth. So if you've ever wondered what a vasectomy is, that's what a vasectomy is.

Starting point is 01:20:15 And I mentioned vasectomy now because it illustrates the difference between the seminal fluid, the semen and the sperm that the semen contain. Okay, so 60 days to generate this sperm another two weeks or so for the sperm to travel through the various ducts to the point where they can be contained in the ejaculate. Let's talk about the sperm cells themselves. So the sperm cells, again, have these 23 pairs of single-string chromosomes, They're haploid.

Starting point is 01:20:45 They have either an X or Y sex chromosome as the 23rd, so-called sex chromosome. And as we all know, they have a head that tends to be oval in most cases. The head contains very important enzymes and proteins that are designed to fuse with the much larger jerk egg and to actually take the membrane of the sperm cell and combine to actually mesh with the egg cells membrane, and then deliver the genetic contents to the egg cell, in other words, to fertilize the egg cell. Now, just behind the head is a region called the mid-region. That mid-region is a slightly thickened region.

Starting point is 01:21:25 And here, of course, I'm talking about healthy sperm cell morphology, morphology, simply mean shape, a mid region that mid region has a bunch of things related to cell motility and to the forward progression of the cells. First of all, it is chalk a block full of mitochondria. In fact, if you were to look just behind the head of the sperm, what you'd see is that it is completely surrounded by mitochondria. In fact, if you were to look just behind the head of the sperm, what you'd see is that it is completely surrounded by mitochondria. There might be a conduit elsewhere in the cell, but most of them are contained in this mid-region compartment just behind the head of the sperm.

Starting point is 01:21:56 And that thick region is where the tail movement of the sperm, the, um, the, the, the flagellation back and forth is actually generated from much like if you were to hold a rope, you know, like a battle rope in the gym, um, and you were to, uh, you know, whip the battle rope, the whip at the one end of the rope is what allows for the, um, the, the, the sort of, let's just call it what it is, that the curves in the rope, that the oscillations, the rising and curves in the rope, the oscillations, the rising and falling of the rope all the way out to the end, right?

Starting point is 01:22:28 It is the force of the whip right at that end that you're with the battle rope, you're doing with your hand, and then with the sperm, that it's occurring just behind the head of the sperm that is actually going to dictate how fast and how well that sperm can swim. And indeed, the sperm has to swim very far.

Starting point is 01:22:47 How far? Well, on a relative scale, and again, these are estimations because they're going to be, how should we say? There will be differences in the distance from the head of the penis and where the ejaculation occurs to the cervix, depending on the relative size of the vaginal canal and the penis that delivers the ejaculate

Starting point is 01:23:09 to the vaginal canal. But once the sperm arrive at the cervix, okay, which is at the back of the vaginal canal, just at the opening to the uterus, once the sperm arrive there, the distance from the cervix to the egg, of course, will vary depending on where that egg is in its ovulatory trajectory. It's pathway, but it is a kin based, if you scale for size, to the distance between Los Angeles

Starting point is 01:23:38 and San Francisco, which is many, many hundreds of miles. So those sperm have to swim very far. Now, of course, if the sperm are delivered in the vaginal canal somewhat further away, they will have further to go. If they're delivered right at the cervical opening, they will have less far to go. The very effective swimming sperm swim very fast. So they are able to accomplish that distance in just a few days. And this relates to a discussion that we will get into in a lot more detail later as to how often couples should have intercourse if they're trying to conceive.

Starting point is 01:24:12 Many people might think, well, it's every day. However, the more frequent the ejaculation, the lower the concentration of sperm in each ejaculate. So this is not a discussion about how often to have intercourse depending to your preferences for pleasure or bonding or whatever reason. This is a discussion about how often to have intercourse depending to your preferences for pleasure or bonding or whatever reason. This is a discussion about how often to have intercourse in order to optimize the probability of fertilization of the egg. There's some general rules that of course come to mind, which is, ejaculations close

Starting point is 01:24:38 to ovulation, both before, during or sometimes after, are obviously advantageous. But you will also hear OBGYNs and urologists suggesting intercourse every other day leading up to the day of ovulation starting about three to four days out from the day of ovulation. So we got a little bit sidetracked, albeit I think appropriately so, and focusing on fertilization. But what we were talking about right up into the point of that is the anatomy of the sperm itself, which is the head, the mid-region that contains all those mitochondria, and then the tail. Now what we haven't discussed is the actual generation of the sperm.

Starting point is 01:25:19 So if you're a male or if you're a female, I think it's really important to understand how spermaticogenesis works. Spiratogenesis works in much in the same way that the generation and maturation of eggs work. Although, as I mentioned before, it's going to occur ongoing throughout the cycle of the male's life after puberty. We already talked about puberty and I'll just cover this in two or three sentences as it relates to males, and it's essentially the same thing. The hypothalamus, up until the point of puberty

Starting point is 01:25:55 is providing suppression of the release of gunatropan and releasing hormone. Then some biological clock, which is still not clearly understood, it's probably not leptin coming from body fat. Again, unlike in the female, it's probably not leptin coming from body fat, but some other signal arrives to the hypothalamus, removes that inhibition and GNRH, Gnatropin releasing hormone, is now released onto the pituitary.

Starting point is 01:26:21 A bunch of hormones are deployed from the pituitary as a consequence. The two most important ones for the context of this discussion are follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone travel to the testes. And they're going to do two main things. One, they're going to trigger the production of testosterone. And they're going to trigger the production of the sperm themselves. They're going to set in motion for essentially the rest of the life of the male, the production of sperm. They're going to initiate the sperm out of genesis cycle, and that cycle is going to be

Starting point is 01:26:54 ongoing at various stages for different sperm for the rest of the man's life. It is very different than the triggering of development of oocytes and eggs and females where there's an existing vault that vault can be depleted to the point of zero where it can't occur again. Men can generate sperm their entire lifetime. Of course, there's a diminishment of sperm production in very, very late age, say 80s and 90s or 100s, but believe it or not, they're still sperm being produced. The quality of those sperm is another question.

Starting point is 01:27:25 So everything we're going to talk about now is essentially puberty onward. Okay, prior to that, testicles are present, but they're not generating sperm. Ejaculation is impossible, or if it is possible, it's very unlikely and unusual, and it's not going to contain sperm. Everything we're going to talk about now is puberty forward.

Starting point is 01:27:48 So puberty onward to the rest of life. And luteinizing hormones secreted from the pituitary, acts on the testes and on a very specific cell type in the testes called the lidig cells or lateig cells, ley, di, the lateig cells, the lateig cells of the testes are what produce testosterone. Testosterone is going to have two major effects. And here I mean really major because it has many, many hundreds of effects on different tissues of the body.

Starting point is 01:28:16 In fact, that's the definition of a hormone, really. It's a substance that acts in an endocrine fashion. It can act on the very tissue that generated it. So for instance, testosterone made by the latex cells within fashion. It can act on the very tissue that generated it. So for instance, testosterone made by the Lytexels within the testes will act on the testes, as we'll talk about in a moment, but it can also act on other tissues. It can act on the pharynx and larynx and deep in the voice

Starting point is 01:28:34 as it does during puberty. It can act on the hair follicles and generate facial hair. It can act on the musculature and generate protein synthesis and development, muscle bone, et cetera. Okay, all the things we associate with puberty and with testosterone typically. Restricting the conversation to the effects of testosterone on the testicle itself and on spermatogenesis,

Starting point is 01:28:54 the light excels to make testosterone and keep in mind that some of that testosterone will travel elsewhere in the body and do its thing for gene expression and the more acute effects of testosterone on the brain included. But the testosterone within the testes is at extremely high concentration. In fact, the concentration of intratesticular testosterone

Starting point is 01:29:15 is at least a hundred times higher than the concentration of testosterone anywhere else in the body. Even though it's being secreted into the rest of the body. And that's because there are a number of different so-called binding proteins and enzymes that sequester the testosterone within the testes. So the LI dig cells are making testosterone.

Starting point is 01:29:32 A lot of that testosterone is acting on and is restricted to the testes. And that turns out to be very important because testosterone within the testes acts in concert with a different biological program that starts with FSH, follicle stimulating hormone, that also travels to the testes, and acts on a very specific set of cells that are called supporting cells or more specifically, the Certoli cells.

Starting point is 01:30:00 The Certoli cells are the cells that generate something called ABP or Androgen Binding Protein and it is the combination of testosterone from the Lytex cells and ABP from the Certoli cells that is necessary for spermatogenesis. It's necessary for those spermatocytes to become what will eventually be healthy mature sperm that have really nice shaped oval heads, have a mid-region chocolate block through mitochondria, and can generate a fast whipping motion of the tail

Starting point is 01:30:31 to swim from the cervix or up the vagina to the cervix and from the cervix to the egg to fertilize the egg. So it's really a basic set of chemical players that are involved here, and so basic in fact that if you were to disrupt any one of these chemical players, either the luteinizing hormone, the FSH, the testosterone for the lide excels, or androgen binding protein, you would observe pretty market disruption in spermatogenesis or the elimination

Starting point is 01:31:00 of sperm entirely. We'll get into a few deficits in sperm development and sperm number and sperm function a little bit later, but just keep in mind where I should say maybe sit back and just appreciate that the exact same players, GNRH from the hypothalamus, which causes luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulated hormone release from the pituitary, which travels to the gonad, which in this case is the testicle, which triggers the release of testosterone from Lytex cells, which triggers the action of the supporting cells, the Certoli cells, which make endogenbinding protein,

Starting point is 01:31:33 testosterone and endogenbinding protein combine, and create a chemical and actually a structural milieu in which those little spermatocytes can go from the walls, from literally the walls of the tubes of the seminiferous tubules can mature into healthy, well-developed sperm and can hop into those ducts, those little tubes, and then head off to the epididimus where they will reside. The epididimus is the tissue nearby the testicle, surrounding one portion of the testicle,

Starting point is 01:32:01 and then eventually fuse with the vast deference, can combine with or be contained with, rather, the seminal fluid, and then can be ejaculated via the urethra into the female, where then they can swim very quickly, effectively the distance for them anyway, from Los Angeles to San Francisco over the course of a very short period of time, and fertilize the egg. So that's the process of spermatogenesis, the maturation of sperm, which is ongoing throughout the lifespan from puberty onward. And in doing so, we talked about some of the hormonal elements coming from the hypothalamus and coming from the pituitary, and within the testes themselves, the latex cells, which produced testosterone, the certoli cells, which are the support cells, that allow spermatogenesis to occur.

Starting point is 01:32:48 With that in mind, next I'd like to think about what's actually contained in the ejaculate in terms of numbers of sperm, and what's really being selected for in terms of the sperm that actually successfully fertilizes the egg, and what sorts of elements come into play in dictating whether or not fertilization will or won't occur. And the major themes that we're going to discuss are frequency of ejaculation, but really that's just kind of a proxy

Starting point is 01:33:13 for talking about maximizing sperm concentration and quality of sperm arriving at the egg, right? Because remember, ovulation and the menstrual cycle are really about creating the opportunity for fertilization. And we are also going to talk about how the vaginal duct, the vagina, and the milieu around the cervix and some other elements within the female herself contribute to and support the sperm in their journey to the egg and in the likelihood that they will fertilize the egg. So really what we need to talk about first is sperm quality.

Starting point is 01:33:48 And we should also probably talk about ejaculate quality because as odd as that theme might seem, really the ejaculate quality, which has a number of different parameters, including the number of mature sperm that are not so mature that they're swimming slower or are dead, but also quality sperm that have, for instance, one tail. It's not entirely uncommon to see sperm with two tails, right, because they just inform properly or sperm that are not moving very much. In fact, sperm motility is scored along a scale of 0, 1, 2, or 3, 3 being the best for fast forward progressing. A zero is not moving at all. One, they're actually called twitchers.

Starting point is 01:34:28 Twitchers are a sperm that's just twitch in place, but don't undergo forward progression. Two is somewhere in between one and three, not surprisingly. Different clinics, different OBGYNs, different urologists will throw out different numbers, but in general, it is hoped that more than 50% of the sperm should be motile in some way or another. So not scoring a zero, but a one or two or ideally a three.

Starting point is 01:34:54 The concentration of sperm, of course, if it's higher within the ejaculate, you know, the total number of sperm per milliliter of ejaculate, if that's higher, then there's a higher probability that one of those sperm will fertilize the egg. One thing I didn't mention before when discussing the production of eggs in ovulation, and I probably should have. So I will now, is that most often only one ovary gives rise to an ovulating egg.

Starting point is 01:35:21 Right. It's, it happens, but it's somewhat rare for two mature eggs, one from each ovary to be deployed during a single ovulation. There's a name for that when it occurs and both are fertilized. It's called fraternal twins. If a single egg that of course comes from a single ovary is fertilizing the egg splits. And that's something that happens further along the process of fertilization and differentiation of the embryo. Well, then what you get are identical twins. There are other instances that are quite uncommon in which you can get fraternal twins through

Starting point is 01:35:58 other circumstances, but in general, that's the way it works. But essentially what happens is one egg from one ovary, that's the most common occurrence. The sperm once ejaculate into the vaginal duct are going to pass through the cervix and then are going to swim toward the egg. The egg could be at varying locations along the female reproductive axis. Now this is actually a very important thing

Starting point is 01:36:23 and actually gets right down to the safety of both the potentially developing embryo and the mother. There is something referred to as ectopic pregnancy and that's when the pregnancy actually occurs within the fallopian tubes. So the precise location in which fertilization between the sperm and the egg occurs can vary somewhat, but ideally the fertilized egg implants into the endometrium or the endometrial lining of the uterus and develops there as opposed to within the phylopean tubes, which is so called ectopic pregnancy. Now where they sperm in the egg meat exactly can vary, as I mentioned before, but in general the faster swimming sperm and the more far along the ovulatory trajectory, the egg are, the higher the

Starting point is 01:37:06 probability of a successful fertilization because of the proximity to the implantation zone of the uterus. So basically it's all a probabilities game. It's a probabilities game related to the number of sperm cells that encounter the egg and where the egg is in terms of its ovulatory cycle. And also it's position where it is in the ovulatory cycle. The sperm parameters, I should say the semen parameters and ejaculate parameters that most clinicians want to see if you were to give a sperm sample would be somewhere in excess of 15 million sperm per milliliter of ejaculate. Now there's a lot of discussion nowadays.

Starting point is 01:37:45 It seems to be a very popular news theme to talk about diminishing sperm counts. The idea that 100 years ago, or maybe even 35 years ago, the typical male ejaculate contained 100 million sperm per milliliter. Nowadays it's down to 15 to 20 or 50. Indeed, sperm counts do seem to be declining, and the exact reasons for that are not clear. Now, I confess I'm a little bit reluctant to talk about this because there have been a lot of back and forth discussions

Starting point is 01:38:12 about the safety of EMF, some electromagnetic fields. And that's not exactly what we're talking about here, but there are some excellent data contained in meta-analysis and reviews that I will provide links to and that we'll talk about in more detail in a minute that correlate the advent of smartphones and in particular carrying of smartphones in the pocket with diminishing sperm counts. Although there are certain to be other factors that can explain diminishing sperm counts as well. Dr. Shayna Swan, for instance, has done beautiful work describing how the thalates and the BPAs and so-called endocrine

Starting point is 01:38:48 disruptors might be disrupting some of the milieu of the semineriferous tubules. So, this would be reductions in testosterone endor disruptions to the Certoli cells and endogen binding protein brought about by endocrine disruptors such as thalates, contained in pesticides, and contained on printed receipts and things of that sort. There are some data that that is negatively impacting sperm counts. How much so is still debatable. There are also quite good data pointing the fact that both the heat related and the non-heat related impact of smartphones and laptops contained on the the lap are impacting sperm

Starting point is 01:39:25 count in a negative way. Again, there's going to be tremendous variation in the concentration of sperm from one individual to the next. It will vary according to age and a number of other factors that we'll talk about a little bit later. But in general, if somebody is wishing to conceive, then clinicians like to see a ejaculate volume of more than two milliliters. So ejaculate volume can be anywhere from 1.5 to 5 milliliters. And that will strongly be determined by how frequent ejaculation is occurring. There's a lot that goes into evaluating the quality of ejaculate and sperm.

Starting point is 01:40:01 But basically, these huge variations that are observed of anywhere from 15 million sperm per milliliter or in some males who are not producing sperm for whatever reason, we'll talk about those reasons in a little bit. As low as 5 million sperm per milliliter, all the way up to 100 or maybe in 200 million sperm per milliliter, huge variation, the cause of which is not always clear, but is certainly determined in part by the frequency of ejaculation. So because there are so many variables impacting why one male versus another male, or even the same male across the lifespan might have variations in his concentration of sperm within the ejaculate, let's talk for a second about

Starting point is 01:40:44 frequency of ejaculation as it relates to the goal of fertility per se, because that's really what today's episode is all about. So what I'd like to talk about next is how people can increase the probability of a successful fertilization, focusing both on the components from the male side and from the female side. And I'm mainly going to couch this discussion

Starting point is 01:41:03 in the context of the so-called natural method of sexual intercourse and ejaculation in vivo, right? Within the female. But I will also touch on some parallel themes as it relates to in vitro fertilization and intrauterine insemination. Okay, so the idea here is that we want the maximum number of high quality sperm, that is rapidly forward

Starting point is 01:41:26 motile sperm, that are of the correct morphology, that is shape, that's going to require a lot of mitochondria in the mid region, a well-shaped head, so it's going to be an oval-shaped head. The tail is going to be a single tail, not multiple tails. These aren't going to be the twitcher type of sperm that are either twitching in place or aren't moving forward, all of those components are going to be essential for increasing the probability of fertilization. But of course, there's the female side of it too, which is that ovulation occurs on just one day during the menstrual ovulatory cycle. And that egg will be available for fertilization for approximately 24 hours.

Starting point is 01:42:04 Now keep in mind that the sperm can survive within the vaginal duct and within the area around the cervix and within the uterus and along the female reproductive tract for anywhere from three to five or it's even been described as up to seven days, but generally it's going to be about three to five days. Now most women can figure out the day of their ovulation by counting the total number of days of their typical cycle. This is where it's really useful to have a cycle that's of more or less regular duration or rather of more or less regular length.

Starting point is 01:42:36 So as we talked about earlier, if somebody's cycle is 21 days or 25 days and it's 21 or 25 days consistently or even 30 days consistently, that's going to be a far better scenario to favor fertilization than if it's 20 days, one month and then 21 days the next month, but then suddenly, you know, 30 days and then suddenly 35 days. Those varying durations of the ovulatory cycle make it very hard, obviously, to time and understand when ovulation is going to occur. So regular duration ovulatory cycles are the ideal circumstance. And they're the ideal circumstance because even though the egg is only available for fertilization for a few days, those sperm can survive for some period of time.

Starting point is 01:43:16 Which leads to the issue of how often should couples be having intercourse, and here I'm referring specifically to intercourse with a ejaculation. How often should couples be having intercourse around and here I'm referring specifically to intercourse with ejaculation. How often should couples be having intercourse around the time of ovulation if the specific goal is successful fertilization of the egg and the creation of a baby? This is leaving aside all issues, which of course are interesting issues related to how often people are having intercourse, whether or not there's a ejaculation every time they have intercourse or not for sake of pleasure or for sake of pair bonding and pleasure or for sake of any number of other potential goals of intercourse. Here I'm only referring to intercourse as it

Starting point is 01:43:55 relates to the goal of fertilization of the egg. Okay? So knowing what we know about spermatogenesis and the fact that ejaculate is going to contain a certain concentration of sperm, but that within that ejaculate, some of the sperm will be older and less healthy and some will be optimally mature and some might even be a little bit immature, although there's a tendency for the immature sperm to not have yet exited the seminiferous tubules gone into the epididimus and vast efference. But given that the ejaculate contains sperm

Starting point is 01:44:29 of varying ages and therefore varying quality, and given that with each successive ejaculation in a short period of time, there's going to be a decrease in the concentration of sperm per milliliter of semen of ejaculate, we can make some good arguments as to how often couples should have intercourse with ejaculation around the time of ovulation if the goal is to fertilize.

Starting point is 01:44:54 If ovulation occurs on, for instance, day 14 of a cycle, and here we're using the kind of standard average of 28 days of a cycle, but for some people with 30 days cycle, you know, that could be day 15 or with a shorter cycle, it could be day 12, for instance. But given a 28-day average cycle, let's say ovulation occurs on day 13 or on day 14, and typically would occur on day 14 of a 28-day cycle. Well, then given how long sperm can survive inside of the woman, you might think that the optimal strategy would be to have as much intercourse with ejaculation

Starting point is 01:45:29 in the three or four days leading up to ovulation, hope that those sperm is swim as far as they possibly can and will encounter the egg just as soon as possible after it ovulates. Turns out that's not the optimal strategy. The optimal strategy is really to maximize the concentration of healthy sperm within each ejaculate and to really center that around the day of ovulation.

Starting point is 01:45:50 So what this involves generally, what the typical recommendation is, is to abstain from intercourse with ejaculation about two or three days out from ovulation and then on the day prior to ovulation and on the day of ovulation to essentially introduce as much semen and ejaculate into the reproductive pathway of the female as possible. Okay. Now, that's the general recommendation that the OBGYNs and the urologists that I spoke to gave, but you will also hear a different strategy. It's only slightly different, but the different strategy involves trying to maximize the concentration

Starting point is 01:46:30 of healthy sperm within each ejaculate with the understanding that with each subsequent ejaculation over about a 24-hour period, that there's going to be a dramatic reduction in the concentration of sperm. What that means is that if a couple, for instance, were to have intercourse with ejaculation many times on the day prior to ovulation, yes, that will introduce a lot of sperm into the reproductive pathway, the female, but what it means is that on the day of ovulation, if they were to have intercourse, the number of high-quality sperm that will be available to the egg will be greatly diminished. And if none of the sperm that were introduced in the day prior managed to fertilize that egg,

Starting point is 01:47:09 well then essentially chances are off that there will be fertilization or they're greatly diminished. Rather, if they're having intercourse with ejaculation once or twice on the day prior to ovulation and then a maximal number of times with ejaculation on the day of ovulation, that itself can maximize the probability of fertilization. So what strategy is optimal?

Starting point is 01:47:31 Should couples have as much intercourse with ejaculation on the day prior to ovulation and on the day of ovulation, or should they have intercourse on the day prior to ovulation, but not so frequently that it diminishes the concentration of sperm and then allows for intercourse with the maximum number of ejaculations on the day of ovulation, you really hear it both ways. And what this really boils down to is, frankly, that nobody knows. And the reason nobody knows is that there's tremendous variation among males in terms of the absolute concentration of sperm per milliliter of a ejaculate and the amount of sperm per milliliter of ejaculate within a given

Starting point is 01:48:11 time frame. But what everyone agrees on is that a period of abstinence ranging from 48 to 72 hours prior to an ejaculation increases the concentration of high quality sperm within that first ejaculation occur after the abstinence period. Okay, so again to reiterate if one's goal is to fertilize the egg, you want to take into consideration that most often there's going to be a dramatic decline in the concentration of sperm per ejaculate. Any time those ejaculations are occurring within a short period of time, say within 12 to 24 hours of one another. Now, all of this, of course, also relates to the female biology and the extent to which the woman can precisely identify the day in timing of her ovulation.

Starting point is 01:48:57 Some women feel as if and indeed are very accurate at estimating their time of ovulation to within a couple of hours or some women even report being able to feel their actual ovulation, whether or not they are feeling the ovulation itself, the deployment of the egg or not isn't clear. I certainly would know. I've never produced eggs nor have I ovulated. And I'm certainly not going to contest the idea that women can do that.

Starting point is 01:49:23 I mean, it makes sense that some people have a very keen so-called interoceptive awareness and awareness of the sensory events within their body. And while, of course, the ovaries are not thought of as an organ that we want to be able to sense what's going on in there in terms of feel, there are sensory endings within the ovary. And so the notion that one could literally sense

Starting point is 01:49:44 changes within their ovary, including the deployment of the egg, is not outside the bounds of reason. And in fact, it could likely be the case. Now that said, there are a number of different ways that women will track their ovulation. One is the temperature method, so they'll actually measure intravaginal temperature. They're looking for changes in temperature that are consistent around the time of ovulation. We're going to have an expert guest on an OBGYN who can tell us a lot more about the details and nuances of the temperature method. You'll see a lot of information about this online, but there's a lot of misunderstanding about it as well. Other women will use apps that take into

Starting point is 01:50:19 account either the temperature information, if they're acquiring temperature information, either the temperature information, if they're acquiring temperature information, that'll be entered into the app, as well as marking the onset of menstruation, the onset of bleeding, therefore the start of the ovulatory cycle, because of course, as we mentioned earlier, that marks day one of their cycle.

Starting point is 01:50:35 And then again, and again, you can see how regularity of cycle duration, or relative regularity of cycle duration, really favors this whole process of being able to predict when one ovulates. And fortunately, if the goal is fertilization, there are some margins for error that are introduced by the fact that the sperm can survive within the female reproductive tract for some period of days, thereby reducing the need for absolute certainty about the time of ovulation and so on.

Starting point is 01:51:06 In fact, it's pretty well known that around the time of ovulation, a couple of things happen. Earlier, we talked about one thing, which is there's an increase in libido just prior to ovulation. This relates to, in part, an increase in some of the androgens, things like DHEA, but also testosterone and some related androgens that can increase libido, both in males and females, and changes to the reproductive pathway, the female, in particular, a change in the pH that is the relative acidity versus basic nature of the mucosal lining near the cervix, and also vaginal secretions such that around the time of

Starting point is 01:51:46 ovulation the entire milieu of the vagina and the cervix and the locations in which fertilization can occur and certainly in which the sperm are swimming towards the opportunity for fertilization is shifted to support sperm motility and health. In other words, one of the best environments for sperm to survive is going to be within the female reproductive pathway itself. And as long as we're talking about vaginal secretions and mucus, it's important to point out that a number of commercially available lubricants can actually be detrimental for sperm health, even if they don't contain spermaticide. So this is something that you'll want to discuss with your OBGYN or certainly if you're male,

Starting point is 01:52:27 you could also discuss this with your urologist and your partners OBGYN. A lot of the commercially available lubricant contain chemicals that while they may favorably change the consistency or the viscosity of the vaginal pathway for purposes of intercourse, certainly may not be the most favorable for maintaining the health of the sperm and the motility of the sperm. Again, here we're talking about intercourse only in the context of trying to maximize fertilization.

Starting point is 01:52:57 I should mention that there are certain lubricants that are more conducive to the sperm environment, but it's something that you really want to talk to your OBGYN about, or at least read up about if your interest is in trying to fertilize and develop an embryo. So we covered the optimal strategies for how often couples should have intercourse with the ejaculation around the time of ovulation in order to maximize the probability that successful fertilization and ultimately pregnancy will occur. What we haven't covered yet, however, is how long couples should apply that method over time in order to achieve successful fertilization and pregnancy.

Starting point is 01:53:35 Now, of course, if a couple decides that they want to conceive and they apply that method, or any other method, for instance, and they achieve fertilization and a successful pregnancy the very first month that they try. Well then, there's no other work to do, at least until that child is born. And if and only if they decide they want to have more children. However, many couples find that they do not conceive in the first month of trying, even when they apply the optimal methods. And even if their age and every other factor related to egg quality and sperm quality is optimized.

Starting point is 01:54:07 Now I think it's the rare instance in which egg quality and sperm quality are optimized. In fact, the word optimal and optimization and optimized is a little bit misleading in general because no one really knows what that is. But of course, there is an ideal. There's a perfect standard to which everyone would like to achieve. But of course, we all enter the picture with genetic variables, environmental variables, and so forth. Many of which we'll talk about because you can, in fact, adjust them in the direction that you

Starting point is 01:54:34 would like to improve sperm and egg quality. But most people simply will not succeed in achieving a successful fertilization the first month that they try. Now, there is a truth that governs how many tries it ought to take in order to achieve successful fertilization and ultimately pregnancy. And it's very age-dependent, and in particular, it's dependent on the age of the mother because the age and quality of the egg,

Starting point is 01:55:01 while it's not the only factor, is certainly one of the most determining factors and whether or not successful fertilization occurs. And as women age, the quality of the eggs tends to diminish over time largely due to changes in the mitochondrial function and the spindle that pulls the chromosomes apart, although there could be other factors involved as well. Now before continuing any further, I just want to acknowledge that this whole language around egg quality and sperm quality is not the greatest language because it's entirely subjective.

Starting point is 01:55:31 And yet, the word quality in these instances is really there to explain a broad variety of factors that can, in fact, be measured, things like the number of follicles that are deployed each month in a woman's ovulation or the number of motile sperm or the number of morphologically that is correctly shaped sperm in the male and so forth. So when we talk about egg quality or sperm quality, we're really referring to in a malgum of different features related to the different aspects of ovulation leading to successful fertilization or the different aspects of sperm related to whether or not they can arrive and deliver their DNA contents and so forth. So I will use the words egg quality and sperm quality just as general themes because that's what a lot of the clinicians use. But I do understand that it's a little bit of a loaded term in both instances and it doesn't relate to any one specific

Starting point is 01:56:19 parameter per se. So getting back to this issue of how long couples should try according to the age of the female and perhaps also the age of the male. Well, most of the data that have been collected relate to the age of the females, I mentioned before. And what we're about to discuss is within the scientific literature described as what's called fecundability, which is the amount of time over which a given couple needs to attempt to conceive, of course, by having intercourse with ejaculation around the time of ovulation. It assumes that all the other things are being done correctly. And what we know is that there's a strong age-dependent effect that largely rests on the age of the

Starting point is 01:56:58 egg, that is of the female. And what we know is that for females, 30 years old or younger, if they have intercourse with ejaculation around the time of ovulation, say on the day before and on the day of ovulation, and there could be other intercourse with ejaculation around that time as well, on average, that will result in a successful fertilization and pregnancy, about 20% of the time on the first month of attempting, the first ovulation cycle. Now, if fertilization and pregnancy occurs, great. There'll be at least a nine month lag until they decide whether or not they want to try and conceive again. However, most couples, even if the woman is 30 years old or younger, will not

Starting point is 01:57:42 successfully conceive on that first attempt. And that's because the probability is not 100%. It's 20%. So 80% of the time, they simply will not conceive, which means that they hopefully will try again, the very next month. And if they successfully conceive, great. And if they don't, then they ought to try again the next month, the next month, and so forth.

Starting point is 01:58:03 Now, the typical advice that an OBGYN would give you is that for a woman 30 years or younger, and leaving aside the age of the father, but still assuming that egg quality and sperm quality are sufficiently high to achieve fertilization, that the couple should, or if the woman's trying to have kids alone, the woman should attempt to conceive over the period of six months.

Starting point is 01:58:29 Why? Well, if you think about it, if there's a 20% chance in the first month and it's unsuccessful, well, then on the second month, there'll also be a 20% chance on the third month, also a 20% chance. What I'm describing here is what obviously is independent probabilities. That is, if you were to flip a coin and the probability of getting heads is 50% the probability of getting tails is 50% of course. You don't expect that the previous flip had anything to do with the result that you'll

Starting point is 01:58:56 get on the subsequent flip. That's what independent probabilities are. However, when it comes to for condibility, we're really talking about something which is called cumulative pregnancy rate something which is called cumulative pregnancy rate, which is not really independent probabilities. Now, why would that be? Why would it be that if you did not successfully conceive in the first month of trying, that by simply trying again and again and again, the probability of conceiving would increase?

Starting point is 01:59:18 Well, the reason for that is that this whole business of fertilization is not just about what's happening with the egg, it's also about what's happening with the sperm. So there are a number of different events related to the biology of the egg and the biology of the sperm, which you are now very familiar with from everything I've talked about up until now. And there are a bunch of chance events. For instance, that the sperm won't actually arrive

Starting point is 01:59:39 at the egg in time, or that the egg won't arrive at the sperm in time, because of course, it's a bidirectional migration of those two cell types, or that for whatever reason, fertilization won't occur. So what we're really talking about when we talk about the cumulative pregnancy rate over time is the fact that there are multiple probabilities at work.

Starting point is 01:59:56 And yes, those are somewhat independent, in the sense that the biology of the sperm doesn't really strictly depend on the biology of the egg, at least not until they meet and fertilize, but the likelihood of pregnancy depends on those independent probabilities, which makes this a cumulative pregnancy rate. Now, if any of that is confusing, what it basically means is that for the egg in the sperm to meet and to fertilize, a number of different events that carry some intentionality, right, the sperm swans towards the egg and so forth. The egg doesn't have a personality in there at least not yet,

Starting point is 02:00:28 but it, quote unquote, wants to be for lies, right? It is in principle receptive to fertilization. Well, in order for that to happen, there are going to be some events related to chance that could limit the ability for that to happen and there will be other events dictated by the biology of those two cell types that are driving that event to happen, that are biasing the event to to happen. And there will be other events dictated by the biology of those two cell types that are driving that event to happen, that are biasing the event to yes happen.

Starting point is 02:00:48 And so what we're talking about, when we talk about cumulative pregnancy rate, is how much of the biology of the woman is skewed towards fertilization to be likely to occur. Okay, so to make this very simple, all we need to know is that for women 30 years old or younger, because the probability of getting pregnant on any one attempt to conceive is 20%.

Starting point is 02:01:12 Well then, if that doesn't occur the first time, then she should simply repeat that at least five and probably six times before deciding to go to an OBGYN and conclude that there's something going on either with the egg, or of course it could be with the sperm. Because 20 times five is 100. So we're talking about cumulative percent. So 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and the six month there would take you to 120 percent, which is a different thing altogether. But in general, that's why OBGYNs will tell their female patients.

Starting point is 02:01:41 Look, if you're setting out to conceive, try for about five or six months, and if you're not successful, come back and see me. Now, for women who are age 31 to 33, the probability of conceiving in that first month drops to about 18%. So women in that age range and their partners should certainly try and conceive naturally over a period of six or seven months

Starting point is 02:02:02 in order to get to that 100% cumulative probability. And then for women who are age 34 to 37, the probability of conceiving in that first month of trying and certainly every month thereafter is about 11%. So when the age of the woman starts extending out to about 34 or 35 years old, then the typical advice of the OBGYN is going to be

Starting point is 02:02:23 to attempt to conceive over a period of about nine months to a year before deciding to take some sort of medical intervention. And then of course as the age of the woman increases, so too does the quality of the eggs go down. Now that's not true for every woman. There are many women who in their late 30s and 40s and even early 50s have successfully conceived healthy children, although the probability of that, the likelihood of it drops substantially. So for instance, for women who are age 38 to 39, the probability of a successful conception by natural conception intercourse with ejaculation is going to be about 5%.

Starting point is 02:03:00 Right. So it's really dropped to a quarter of what it was when that woman was 30. Again, these are averages only. What does that mean? Well, it means that if you are age 38 or older, chances are that you should probably go to your OBGYN right at the outset of your desire to conceive and ask what you can do to improve egg quality. Otherwise, if you were to extend the math out, right?

Starting point is 02:03:22 We know that if you're age 30 or younger, 20% chance in any one given month, that means about four to six months of trying. Well, you can simply multiply that times four or five for someone in their late 30s or early 40s. And so what you're really talking about is several years of trying. And of course, what's happening during those several years, the woman is getting older. And as a consequence, the quality of the eggs is declining even further. So if you are 35, 36 years old, it might not be entirely unreasonable to talk to your OBGYN right at the outset of desiring to conceive, but you could also just take the approach of

Starting point is 02:03:56 trying to conceive naturally for about a year or a year and a half before deciding to do that. Keeping in mind that all the while you can't stop time, so biological time and aging is going to occur in the backdrop. But hopefully this description of cumulative pregnancy rate makes sense. Again, the idea is that while it's true that every single month there's an independent chance of the woman getting pregnant and that chance is dropping from about 20% at age 30 over time to about really one to

Starting point is 02:04:26 3% for women 40 or older. There's also this notion of cumulative probability, which involves multiple biological events in both the egg and the sperm that have to converge in time and space in order for successful fertilization to occur. As long as we're on this topic, I think it's only fair to address the issue of miscarriage. And miscarriages can arise from a variety of sources. They can arise from genetic defects. They can arise from issues in the milieu of the uterus.

Starting point is 02:04:52 They can arise from issues with a sperm for that matter. We really don't want to put all the weight and all the responsibility on the egg. This is always an egg-sperm dynamic. When I say egg-sperm dynamic, now hopefully that calls to mind, the huge library of information that we've been covering up until now about chromosomal segregation and the coming together of these different cell types and their genetic information, any number of different steps within the process of fertilization leading up to pregnancy can lead to miscarriage. However, the probability of miscarriage greatly increases as a function of the age of the egg.

Starting point is 02:05:28 And the basic numbers on this are that for women who are 35 years or older, about 25% of successful fertilizations lead to miscarriages. Now, when those miscarriages occur during pregnancy, it can be highly variable. Sometimes it's within the first trimester. Sometimes it could be later. But the probability is about 25%. That probability increases greatly over time, such that by the time women are in their early 40s, so 40 or older, the probability of miscarriage after a successful fertilization is going

Starting point is 02:06:02 to be about 50%. And this could be due to a number of factors, as I mentioned before, but one common reason is that there can be chromosomal abnormalities. And that could be related, typically, to the segregation of the egg when half of the chromosomes in that egg are removed, taking it from diploid to haploid, if you recall, is that little polar body, which is the removal of the chromosomes that's ejected from the egg that will eventually ovulate. And sometimes not all the chromosomes

Starting point is 02:06:31 that we're supposed to be ejected in that polar body are ejected and as a consequence, there are multiple chromosomes or duplications of chromosomes, things like trisomies. Sometimes too many chromosomes move away and they're actually removal of entire chromosomes, meaning both strands, so that you have chromosomal deletions. And in that case, typically fertilization won't occur, but there are instances in which

Starting point is 02:06:51 fertilization will occur, so a woman will get a positive pregnancy test. Her periods will stop. And the couple will think that they're advancing along the steps to a successful pregnancy, and then there will be, sadly, a miscarriage. Many, many times those miscarriages are the consequence of the fact that when there are extra chromosomes there, or there are two few chromosomes present, that embryogenesis can simply not progress in a healthy way. There are some instances in which all of the chromosomes and all the chromosomal arrangements

Starting point is 02:07:23 are perfectly normal, and miscarriages can still occur. I'm going to do a future episode about pregnancy and embryonic development, where we will get into this more deeply, but just understand that the frequency of miscarriages increases dramatically after about age 34 and then continues to increase dramatically extending well out until the 40s. Now, a very important consideration in terms of understanding and predicting fertility and fecundibility, this word that describes the probability of getting pregnant on a given try and over time, is trying to address how quote unquote fertile a woman is and importantly,

Starting point is 02:08:04 how quote unquote fertile a male is. And we'll talk about the male side in a moment. But when trying to address how fertile a woman is, of course, age is going to be one of the major factors, but just one factor. All right, we already talked about how age determines the likelihood of a successful pregnancy. if the intercourse and ejaculation is being carried out at the correct times and with viable sperm, capable of fertilizing eggs, and then of course there's the issue of egg quality, but in general most women would like to know how fertile they are as a function of their age. And I actually think this is one of the most important topics in this whole space around

Starting point is 02:08:44 fertility that isn't often discussed, or at least isn't often discussed until women are in their late 30s or 40s. When oftentimes they will look back and wish that either they had frozen their eggs or they had frozen fertilized embryos, which is a whole thing unto itself. I mean, talk about that when we have an episode on in vitro fertilization in more depth. But there is a fairly straightforward way or set of ways that women can determine their basic level of fertility, leaving aside a lot of the detailed issues about the quality of eggs and so forth. One thing that you already learned is that there's this vault, there's this reserve that we call

Starting point is 02:09:21 the ovarian reserve, and that each month a certain number of follicles leave that reserve and There's the opportunity based on the ovulation of a single leg to Fertilize that egg and for the woman to get pregnant and one thing that we know for sure is that the size of the population that's released from that vault each month has a very strong positive correlation with the size of the reserve in the vault itself. So the way to think about this perhaps is that the vault is like a bank account, has a certain amount of money, in this case eggs in it, and you could imagine if someone's reasonably logical that if they have more money in their bank account, then they're going to withdraw a larger amount each month than if they have

Starting point is 02:10:08 a small amount each month, if the idea is to make that vault, that bank of eggs available to them over the longest period of time. And indeed, biology is pretty smart. It doesn't deploy or release half the follicles in one month and then just slowly trickle out the remainder of follicles. No, that's not how it works. What you find is that, of course, in younger women, so say in their late teens, 20s, and 30s, the ovarian reserve in the vault is going to have more eggs in it.

Starting point is 02:10:38 The number of follicles and eggs that leave that vault each month is going to be quite high. So one way to evaluate how, quote unquote, fertile you are, again, just one way is to go to your OBGYN and say that you would like to know how many follicles you have in a given month. And of course, they'll look at them on both sides in both ovaries. And for instance, if a woman has, you know, just two or three follicles that are out each month, well well then the assumption, again, it's just an assumption,

Starting point is 02:11:07 but the assumption that's pretty good because there's this positive correlation that generally occurs is that that ovarian reserve that the number of eggs in the vault is fairly low compared to someone who say has 20 follicles or 30 follicles each month. And that's the typical trend. Again, these are averages.

Starting point is 02:11:26 And it's very important to not get attached to any one number here. Again, these are averages. So for instance, there are women who only deploy five follicles and eggs each month out of their ovarian vault, but who find themselves to be very fertile. And there could be a number of different factors

Starting point is 02:11:42 to explain that. Other women will have 20 or 30 eggs and follicles that leave that vault, the ovarian reserve each month, and they will have a harder time getting pregnant for any number of different reasons. But in general, the more eggs and follicles that leave the vault each month, the higher number of eggs that are still in reserve, meaning the greater amount of time over which a given woman could still attempt to have successful fertilizations. Now, this small collection of follicles and eggs that are released each month actually

Starting point is 02:12:11 has a name. They're called antropholicles. These are small follicles. They tend to be about two to nine millimeters across. The way these are analyzed or measured is women will go into the OBGYN office and by ultrasound. Typically, there's some local anesthesia but it's not often a general anesthesia but by local anesthesia, sometimes no anesthesia, they will essentially

Starting point is 02:12:31 count the number of follicles that are present in each side, over on the left and the over on the right, and give a woman some sense of how many follicles she has and typically this is done over a series of months to determine how many eggs are leaving the ovarian reserve each month. And therefore, how many eggs she is likely to still have in the ovarian reserve. Now, there's a non-invasive way to do this as well, although typically an OB-GYN will do both what I just described with ultrasound and measure something called AMH, which is anti-mullularian hormone, which is a hormone that is released by that antropholical population, the population of follicles and eggs that leave the ovarian reserve each month.

Starting point is 02:13:12 So, one is a blood draw measure of a hormone AMH, the other is a structural imaging measure of the antropholicles directly. Again, the typical trend is for the number of antropholicles to decline over time. So one might expect, for instance, that a woman in her 20s or 30s might have 20, 30, maybe even 40 antropholicles that are exiting the reserve each month. And again, that's the total across both ovaries. Again, these are just averages. These are going to be distributions.

Starting point is 02:13:40 There will be people with far fewer. There will be people with far fewer, there will be people with far more. But that over time, regardless of where a woman starts out, from one decade to the next half decade and decade and so on, that the number of antrophocles will decline and the amount of or the levels of AMH will also decline. So what does this all mean? What this means is that if you are a woman who is in her 20s or 30s or 40s, whatever your age, if you are interested in conceiving in the future, it's very likely a good idea to go to your OBGYN and get either your AMH levels measured or your follicle

Starting point is 02:14:19 count measured. And to do that several times in a given period, and I don't mean a menstrual period, I mean, a given period of time across several months to determine what is the average number of follicles, what's your average AMH level? Thereby giving you some window into how many eggs you are likely to still have in your ovarian reserve. I cannot tell you how many women that I've spoken to and how many OBGYNs more importantly,

Starting point is 02:14:42 because they speak to many more women about this than I ever have or ever will, wish that they had done this earlier, right? They think, oh, well, I mean, my 20s, so I'm likely to have a ton of follicles or they got pregnant once before. And so they're not so concerned about the number of follicles or their AMH levels. But over and over again, I was told in researching for this episode that the earlier and more frequent that women do this procedure of measuring AMH and measuring their follicle count, the higher the probability that they

Starting point is 02:15:10 will eventually have a successful fertilization and pregnancy when they seek to do so. Now the mirror image of all this, of course, is the sperm. And there's a kind of common misconception out there that the sperm, you only need one, and indeed you only need one, and indeed, you only need one. But actually, you need many, and it's only one that's able to successfully fertilize the egg. So, this whole concept of you only need one is both dismissive of the sperm, but more importantly, dismissive of the biology of the sperm and the egg.

Starting point is 02:15:40 It only takes one successful sperm and one successful egg, but that's sort of like telling a woman, Hey, you only need one egg, right? You need one egg of sufficient quality in the right time and place and you need one sperm of sufficient quality in the right time and place in order to get successful fertilization and hopefully pregnancy, but you need a lot of sperm in order to get a high probability that that one sperm will be able to successfully fertilize the egg. So we have this image of sperm as kind of these dumb operators that just sort of swim mindlessly towards anything.

Starting point is 02:16:17 And if they bump into an egg, then they fertilize the egg. And that's really not the way it works. As I talked about earlier, the sperm with its head, its mid-region and its tail, chocoblock with mitochondria in the mid-region is really an active motile cell that indeed will just swim forward if it's a healthy, forward-progressing sperm. But you know, many males out there just simply do not have any knowledge of how many quality sperm that they happen to have. Now, given the fact that sperm analysis is relatively inexpensive and also the fact that freezing sperm is relatively inexpensive, I think it stands to reason that most men should at least get some window into the numbering quality of their sperm. Now, it's a fair assumption to

Starting point is 02:16:57 say that if someone is in their late teens or early 20s or 30s that they probably have high quality sperm, but again, as with the egg and the importance of measuring AMH and follicle count across time, men should really evaluate the quality and number of their sperm. And we talked a little bit earlier about some of the parameters that urologists and OBGYNs like to see when evaluating sperm, right, you know,

Starting point is 02:17:21 there's a minimum number or concentration of sperm that they like to see if a couple is going to use IVF and vitro fertilization. And typically that's going to be about 15 to 20 million per mil of sperm or semen. And typically they want to see somewhere between two and five milliliters of semen overall in a given ejaculate after a 72 to 48 hour abstinence period, because of course the more ejaculations the smaller the volume of the ejaculate in a short period of time, but after 48 to 72 hours, you more or less maximize the volume of ejaculate. And then of course they want to see 50, but typically 60% or more of motile sperm in order to get IVF, but it more is better. And of course there is an enormous range,

Starting point is 02:18:06 as I mentioned before. Some males will have anywhere from 10 to 20 million sperm per milliliter of ejaculate. And some men will have 100 to 200 million, okay? But just because they have 100 to 200 million doesn't mean that all of those sperm are of high quality and can fertilize eggs. Sometimes the more than half will be

Starting point is 02:18:25 twitchers and some will be in motile and so on and so forth. So it's very straightforward what I believe most people should do and what the urologist I spoke to in advance of this episode I said to do, which is to simply do a sperm analysis, refrain from ejaculation for 48 to 72 hours, give a sperm sample, have that sperm sample analyzed. The cost of the sperm analysis is not typically that much, okay? And considering that conception and healthy conception and fertilization is an expensive

Starting point is 02:18:55 process, if you have to go the in vitro fertilization route, it stands to reason that the cost is pretty well justified. You also have the option to freeze sperm over time. There is evidence that the age of the father and therefore the age of the sperm can dictate whether or not there's a higher incidence of problematic pregnancy or development of outcomes, including autism. That is true. You probably heard that if the father is 40 years or older, the incidence of autism is increased significantly. That is true, although the overall probability of having an autistic offspring, if somebody, if the father that is, is 40 years

Starting point is 02:19:32 or older, is still quite a bit lower than you would imagine. It's not as if the probability suddenly skyrockets. Okay, so that we'll have an episode on autism and genetic and non-genetic influences on autism and other aspects of the autism spectrum. But the point is this, I believe, and the urologist I spoke to who are interested in fertility and male health and sexual health suggests that men get their sperm analyzed at least once every five years. And certainly, if they're going to want to conceive children

Starting point is 02:20:05 in the distant future, that they consider freezing their sperm, because that too is fairly nominal cost in order to freeze sperm at a younger age. And of course, if you can freeze a new sperm from the time in which you were younger, why wouldn't you, right? I mean, you can still opt to go for natural pregnancy later,

Starting point is 02:20:21 if that's what you want to do. But having that in reserve is generally a good idea. And I discussed some of the parameters that are looked for. And perhaps most importantly, there is the possibility of an underlying issue whereby, for instance, there is very little sperm in an ejaculate. As I mentioned earlier, the seminal fluid in the ejaculate could have zero sperm in it, but the volume of ejaculate could appear completely normal. So just because your ejaculate volume is normal to you or is in that range of, you know, two to five milliliters, well then it doesn't necessarily

Starting point is 02:20:54 mean that there are any sperm there or that there are very few sperm there and the few sperm that are there or the many sperm there there are functionally motile. So get this analyzed, it's really worth doing. And again, it's not something you have to do every year. It's something that you want to do probably every five years, at least until a point where you've conceived as many children as you ever want to conceive. So the basic takeaway here is that if you're a woman to get your egg count, your antropholical count, that is.

Starting point is 02:21:21 And therefore your reserve of eggs indirectly measured and of course also get your AMH levels measured. And if you're a male to have a sperm analysis and to do that relatively early, in fact another incentive for doing that early is that you have a comparison point so that for instance if you are in your early 20s and you're not thinking about having kids at all or you're thinking that you might someday have kids but it's a really someday, someday far off in the future, well it's wonderful to have a reference point from which to compare your biology in your early 20s

Starting point is 02:21:50 to your biology in your mid or late 30s or 40s when you might happen to be interested in conceiving. And if that doesn't provide incentive enough, I should mention, and this is important to point out. And then I think both males and females are not aware of, is that one in five couples that have issues with fertility, the issue ends up falling on the biology, that is the quality of the sperm

Starting point is 02:22:15 or a lack of number of sperm. So, I think there's a misconception that when fertility is an issue, it's always an issue with the eggs, and this age-dependent decline in the egg quality, again, that's the best language we have available to us at the moment. This age-dependent decline in egg quality is often to blame, but not always. One in five couples that have challenges conceiving turns out that it's going to be an

Starting point is 02:22:38 issue with the sperm. And, of course, there are a number of different sperm analyses that should all the other parameters of sperm appear normal. Now, for instance, you can get a DNA fragmentation analysis. You can see whether or not the DNA of the sperm are somehow disrupted. Urologists these days are excellent at figuring out. For instance, if a male has lots and lots of sperm, everything looks great, but the shape of the head of the sperm isn't quite right.

Starting point is 02:23:01 If it's not oval enough and it's too rounded, that could be a genetic defect under which conditions there is zero probability of the male ever naturally conceiving, regardless of who the female partner is. Believe it or not, the males can have a ton of sperm, but if they carry a certain genetic defect, those sperm will be incapable of depositing those 23 chromosomes into the egg. However, there are ways in which that sperm can be coaxed or forced to fertilize the egg and deposit its genetic contents by in vitro fertilization and then implantation into the female. by ultrasound and AMH for females and lots of reasons for males to have a sperm analysis. And of course, typically with a sperm analysis and a ovarian reserve analysis will be a hormone

Starting point is 02:23:52 analysis. And I'm a very strong believer in people getting an insight that is a window into their hormonal composition, not just when they encounter problems, but starting at a pretty early age. You've only done once every five years or so, having a reference point to your 20s and to your 30s and mid 30s, for when you felt a certain way, maybe as in the case for many people I know,

Starting point is 02:24:14 they actually feel better in their 40s than they did in their 20s because they're doing a lot of things to support their health. That is possible. But in many cases, people start feeling not as well or their fertility seems to be dropping off, or any number of different parameters that we've discussed today, or related to vitality and longevity, seem to be dropping off over time, and they want to get an insight into

Starting point is 02:24:34 what could be the issue. And hormones are sometimes not always, but sometimes involved in those underlying issues. And there's nothing as valuable as having a reference point from a time in which things were going well to evaluate the, for instance, the levels of hormones, not just testosterone, but also estrogen and progesterone and so forth. So you need a comparison point in order to determine what really needs to be changed. So all of this is a strong push for people to use your insurance if you're able to put it on insurance.

Starting point is 02:25:03 Oftentimes, people are. And if not, to try and find a reasonable or reasonably priced way to do a sperm and egg analysis and to ideally do a hormone analysis as well, it's really going to set you up for the maximum probability of being able to conceive children when you want to and also to avoid a bunch of other health-related issues that are involved hormones and reproductive health and in general to support your mental health and physical health. So I've been talking about a bunch of things to do. There are a couple of things to be mindful of to actively avoid if your goal is to be

Starting point is 02:25:37 and remain fertile and that's regardless of whether or not you want to conceive children in the future or not. Now in the context of this discussion, the same things that we've heard to be true for other aspects of our health, turn out to also be true. So let's just start with the basics. Everybody should be getting approximately six to eight hours

Starting point is 02:25:57 of sleep every night. That should be quality sleep. Optimizing your sleep is fundamental to balancing your hormones. Now, balancing your hormones is kind of a catch phrase for all things related to proper hormone regulation. Sleep is the fundamental layer of mental health, physical health, and performance of all kinds and, believe it or not, fertility.

Starting point is 02:26:15 When people are not sleeping well or enough, stress hormones in particular cortisol shift to peaking later in the day and those elevated cortisol levels later in the day cause a bunch of different problems in both males and females, many of which impact fertility. So controlling cortisol starts with controlling your sleep. It also impacts testosterone and estrogen levels. So of course, the proper ratios of testosterone and estrogen will vary from males to females, but in order to get those right or as right as they can be without other interventions, you want to make sure you're getting enough quality sleep. How much sleep most people need about six to eight hours of sleep per night, waking up once, maybe twice per night in the middle of the night and going back to sleep is not such

Starting point is 02:26:56 a big deal, but six to eight hours of solid sleep would be ideal. Some people need a little bit less in order to function, you know, five hours. Some people need a little bit more developing teenagers and babies and kids need a lot more. People who are sick or recovering from injury need a little bit less in order to function. You know, five hours, some people need a little bit more, developing teenagers and babies and kids. Need a lot more. People who are sick or recovering from injury need a lot more. We've done multiple episodes on sleep. We have a toolkit for sleep available free at HubertmanLab.com.

Starting point is 02:27:15 You go there, you don't even have to sign up for the newsletter, although you can if you want, just go to toolkit for sleep under the menu. And you'll be able to download that or you can even just view it on the screen if you don't want to download it. Has lots of tools we've done in episode called perfect your sleep that has a lot of tools. They're all timestamped for you. You've done a master your sleep episodes. Lots of tools to get your sleep out. Get your sleep right if you are wishing to conceive and or to simply have healthy biology

Starting point is 02:27:40 to be fertile or otherwise. That's just fundamental. Now, there are other things to not do. And those again fall into the somewhat obvious categories. But I think a lot of people aren't aware of just how striking and effect these certain behaviors that you want to avoid can have in diminishing your fertility

Starting point is 02:27:57 for both males and females. So let's talk about those. The first one is smoking. And when we talk about smoking here, we're talking about smoking nicotine and we're talking about smoking cannabis. Indeed, there are strong data, and I will put a reference to one of the better larger analyses of these data.

Starting point is 02:28:13 There's strong data showing that cannabis reduces fertility. Now, I can already hear the screams from the back, although they're probably fairly drawn out screams from the back of people saying they smoke cannabis and they had no trouble conceiving. Certainly there will be exceptions, but whether or not your male or female, smoking cannabis is a bad idea if you want to conceive a healthy child. Can you still conceive a healthy child while smoking cannabis? Probably certain people can. Many people will greatly decrease the probability of a healthy fertilization and pregnancy by smoking cannabis. There are excellent data to support that.

Starting point is 02:28:49 As well, nicotine, both smoked or vaped, is going to disrupt the process of fertilization and can disrupt pregnancy dramatically. Okay. So just avoid it altogether. How does this happen? Well, it turns out that smoking increases what are called reactive oxygen species. This greatly disrupts the quality of the egg at the level of the spindle in mitochondria and a number of other features.

Starting point is 02:29:12 And in the sperm, it turns out that smoking doesn't necessarily disrupt the sperm directly, although it can cause DNA fragmentation, which can cause all sorts of abnormalities, can prevent fertilization, can lead to birth defects in the offspring, but more importantly, it increases what are called reactive oxygen species in the seminal fluid, in the semen that contain the sperm. This very, under normal circumstances, under healthy circumstances,

Starting point is 02:29:36 beautifully orchestrated chemistry of fluid that allows the sperm to thrive in their trajectory and attempt to fertilize the egg and lead to a healthy pregnancy. So if you are a smoker and you want to conceive the best advice I can give you is to quit smoking. And yes, that includes cannabis as well. Now, I am not somebody who believes that cannabis across the board is not useful.

Starting point is 02:29:57 There are medical applications and other applications. I talk about that in an episode all about cannabis for health and disease and notice health was in there too. So you cannabis smokers don't come after me with, I guess whatever it is with bongs and pipes or whatever it is that you want or with vapes. The point is that while it can be beneficial for certain populations, it's certainly bad for others.

Starting point is 02:30:19 And if you're trying to conceive, it is bad for fertility and for a healthy pregnancy. Okay. Now that's smoking and vaping, by the way. Okay. Vaping is included there. Now, the next category of don'ts relates to alcohol. Now, everyone has heard that drinking during pregnancy is a bad idea. You may have heard, and some people have talked about the fact that there are cultures in which they allow, if you will, or even condone sadly, one or two drinks while pregnant provided it's just champagne or something of that sort.

Starting point is 02:30:51 That is a terrible idea. I did an episode all about alcohol, both its potential health effects of which they're turned out to be zero. And yes, that includes red wine. It is far better to not drink at all. And if you're going to drink the limit, if you're a healthy adult who's not trying to conceive, not pregnant and you don't have issues with alcoholism, is probably two drinks per week total.

Starting point is 02:31:13 That's right, two drinks per week total. And that's the level that you really should consider if you're a drinker, if you're somebody who's trying to conceive. However, for a woman who becomes pregnant, the total number of drinks that you should allow yourself per week while pregnant and breastfeeding is indeed zero. There is absolutely no evidence that one can quote, unquote, get away with drinking during pregnancy. And people say, well, I had a perfectly healthy child,

Starting point is 02:31:35 but of course, you don't know what the health of that child would have been had you not drank at all. Now, I'm not here with any generally strong stance against alcohol. I myself am somebody who has a drink every once in a while, although I don't consider myself somebody who has a strong perclivity for alcohol. And of course, I'm at this moment, I'm not trying to conceive children and I'm certainly not pregnant.

Starting point is 02:31:58 So, that's safe for me, but frankly, I haven't had a drink in a very long time. And so, I don't miss it. And that's me, but I do realize that a lot of people enjoy alcohol. And so it's that two drinks per week limit that really sets the upper limit and threshold beyond which you start running into issues with cellular mutation. You start running into issues of oxidative stress, greatly increase cancer risk and particular breast cancer risk. All of that's covered in the alcohol episode that we did.

Starting point is 02:32:25 You can find it at hubermanlab.com and timestamp if you want to navigate to specific topics and so forth, find out all about the data supporting the statements that I'm making, so on and so forth. Now, if you're somebody who's seeking to conceive or you fall into this category that some couples describe themselves as we're not trying, but we're not not trying. Meaning, they're not using birth control. They're kind of letting chance run its course. Well then, you should definitely be aware of the data showing that even just one bout,

Starting point is 02:32:53 one bout of so-called binge drinking, which is five to six drinks in a given night or half day in a 12-hour period, one bout of five to six drinks. If you're a woman or you're a man, greatly increases both the likelihood of mutations in the embryo that would result from a fertilization. And at the same time, for reasons that should be obvious to you based on all the biology we've talked about, a greatly reduced probability of fertilization. Now that absolutely does not mean that you should use the ingestion of five or six drinks as a method of birth control. That is not what I'm saying here. What I'm saying is that if you go out on a given night and you have five or six drinks and you

Starting point is 02:33:35 happen to become pregnant, the probability that that pregnancy will be disrupted in some way is greatly increased. What the exact consequences are, no one can tell you, but also if you're somebody who is interested in conceiving a child, well then you absolutely should abstain from ingesting drinks more than one or two during the time in which you're trying to conceive. And ideally it would be zero.

Starting point is 02:34:00 And you certainly would want to avoid drinking multiple drinks per night. And so this idea of going out and having, you know, three or four drinks or four or five drinks in a given night at a time in which you're also trying to conceive children. The biology tells us, the epidemiology tells us that this is just a terrible idea. It's going to reduce the likelihood of fertility and successful pregnancy. And if there is a successful pregnancy, the word success needs to be in quotes, right? I mean, I think every parent,

Starting point is 02:34:29 every species for that matter wants to increase the probability of having healthy offspring. And so to my mind anyway, and to the OBGYNs and the urologists that are focused on fertility that I spoke to, everyone will say, try as hard as you can to avoid the so-called binge drinking episodes. And again, these episodes are one night of consuming five to six drinks.

Starting point is 02:34:50 Now another important thing to remember in this context is that the negative effects of consuming five or six drinks in a given night extend over many weeks following the ingestion of that alcohol. If you're a male, what that means is that's going to impact the quality of your sperm and greatly decrease the likelihood of successful fertilization and or healthy pregnancy over the period of that entire spermatogenesis window, which is as we talked about before 60 to 90 days, right?

Starting point is 02:35:22 60 to generate the sperm and then in some additional time for the sperm to be transported to the point where they could be ejaculated. If you're a woman and you have five or six drinks on a given night, well then you are going to disrupt the quality, not of just the egg that eventually ovulates, but indeed the entire pool of follicles that leaves the ovarian vault and reserve and from which the one egg will be selected.

Starting point is 02:35:44 In other words, you are reducing the quality of all of the eggs that you happen to deploy that month. Now, some of you who were really following the biology earlier might say, well, what have I have those five or six drinks during the time in which I'm menstruating, just in which there's bleeding present, and therefore, I haven't yet ovulated. Ah, but if you remember the biology we talked about earlier, specifically, there is a subset of follicles and eggs that leave that ovarian reserve quite a bit before that one egg is selected for and ovulates.

Starting point is 02:36:17 And of course, there are all the different hormonal cascades in the general milieu of the ovary, which are important and are being regulated by different hormones. And yes, indeed, the regulation of those hormones is strongly impacted by alcohol. Through a number of different pathways, through the regulation of the neurotransmitter GABA, up in the brain, right? It's actually a lot of GABA and GABA receptors in the hypothalamus, the very region from which gonadotropin releasing hormone, our old friend from a couple hours ago in this discussion. You can disrupt GNRH secretion.

Starting point is 02:36:44 You can disrupt pituitary function with alcohol. Again and again, what we're seeing is that consuming more than one or two drinks per week of alcohol is really detrimental to the entire process of fertility and the entire process of healthy pregnancy. And that's true from both the male side and the sperm, and it's true from the female side and the sperm and it's true from the female side and the egg. So my simple advice on this is if you are wishing to have a healthy fertilization and pregnancy, the best thing to do would be avoid alcohol together and if you're going to drink to really limit

Starting point is 02:37:15 that drinking to one or two drinks per week maximum. So those are the major don'ts, really avoid excessive stress and I should mention excessive stress is not just best avoided by getting enough quality sleep at night, although that is the primary way. There are other ways to avoid stress. We've done entire episodes about this and we have a toolkit related to reducing stress with very simple zero cost tools. Again, you can find all that HubertmanLab.com. And I should mention, if you want to find any episode or topic or timestamp, that website is keyword search available. So you can just go to www.hearmunlab.com, put into the search function, stress tools, and a bunch of different links will pop up related

Starting point is 02:37:51 to those topics. Likewise with sleep, likewise with any number of different topics you might be interested in. So get enough quality sleep and thereby reduce stress and also directly buffer stress with real-time tools to buffer stress that I've talked about in the episodes that you can access. And there are ways to greatly reduce your overall level of stress to limit any cortisol that's

Starting point is 02:38:12 released early in the day, which is when you want cortisol released and not have it late in the day and so on and so forth. So reduce your stress. And as I just told you, by all means do not drink more than two drinks per week and zero is better than two. If anyone tells you, oh, there's all this risk of error at all in red wine and that's good for us. The data simply tell us that there's not enough risk of error at all in red wine to really

Starting point is 02:38:35 have any positive health benefit. The data around risk of error at all and health benefits itself is under question nowadays. Zero alcohol is better than any alcohol. Two drinks per week is the limit. Also, limit or eliminate or avoid nicotine and ideally cannabis smoking and vaping at the time in which you are trying to get pregnant. And certainly if you are pregnant, avoid all of the things as best you can that I just described a moment ago. Now, there are a couple other don'ts that are really important. One of the most important don'ts relates to STIs are sexually transmitted infections. Everyone who's sexually active

Starting point is 02:39:11 should get an STI check. In fact, if you go to a fertility clinic or you go for sperm analysis or you go for egg analysis, almost always they will do an STI check even if you happen to be in a monogamous relationship, even if you happen to be not sexually active and you're somebody who's seeking to use IVF with a sperm Donor or something of that sort. Why would they do that? Why? Why is there so much concern about that? Is it about avoiding giving birth to a child that Has something like a herpes infection or something or HIV? Well, certainly that's one reason But that's a down the line reason because at the time when someone goes into the clinic for one of these sperm or egg analyses, I mean, that's well in advance of any pregnancy, right? The reason is there are a number of STIs in particular, chlamydia, for which it greatly increases the probability of

Starting point is 02:39:55 miscarriage. So chlamydia is one of those very insidious and cryptic STIs because a lot of people, both males and females, don't even realize that they have chlamydia and then they can carry chlamydia at the time in which they conceive and then that can lead to ectopic pregnancies and or miscarriages. So by all means, get an STI check if you are somebody who's seeking to conceive children or evaluating your fertility generally. Chlamydia can also have damaging effects on the epididimus and on the various other aspects of male reproductive health. In the future, we will do an episode all about sexual health. This is not the time for that.

Starting point is 02:40:29 But get an STI check if your goal is to conceive a healthy child. Now, the other thing that can have a very negative impact on fertility and healthy pregnancy is a viral infection. Now, for instance, if a male has had a severe viral illness, and this could be any number of different viral illnesses, from flu to cold or any number of different viruses, pick your favorite virus, in the previous 70 to 90 days, that can greatly diminish the number and or quality of sperm. Okay? So that's really important.

Starting point is 02:41:00 This is also important if you're going to go in and do a sperm analysis and you had a viral infection in the previous 70 to 90 days,, then you need to be aware of that because it could greatly impact the parameters of that sperm analysis. Likewise, for women, if you've had a serious viral infection in the previous 30 days, does that mean you should not try and conceive? Not necessarily, but you should talk to your OBGYN about that. There are data showing that viral infection, in particular, of influenza in the mother, in the first trimester of pregnancy, has some correlation.

Starting point is 02:41:29 It's not 100%, but some correlation with negative mental health outcomes of the offspring sometime later, including schizophrenia. This is some of the work that was done at Caltech a number of years ago and other laboratories as well. Those data are still being built up over time. Again, it's not one for one, it's not causal. So if you did get an influenza or a cold or other kind of viral infection during

Starting point is 02:41:51 the first trimester or any trimester of pregnancy, I don't want to cause alarm, but you should talk to your OBGYN about this. The goal, of course, is to avoid viral illness at any time when you're trying to conceive or have a healthy pregnancy. But of course, sometimes people will get ill and the children can turn out to be perfectly normal and fine. But it is something that you want to avoid and it will impact your egg analysis and it will impact sperm analysis. Now one thing I found really surprising in researching this episode was that one in 25 men carry a copy of a mutation for cystic fibrosis.

Starting point is 02:42:26 Now some of you are probably familiar with cystic fibrosis as a condition that can cause issues with the lungs, the accumulation of fluid in the lungs or other tissues. Cystic fibrosis in order to express that way of accumulation of fluid in the lungs, you really need two copies, right? You need two mutant copies or you need two copies of the cystic fibrosis gene. One in 25 men will carry just one copy, and therefore will not have any symptoms of cystic fibrosis. But those one in 25 men will have defects in the architecture of the vast deference, the

Starting point is 02:43:00 duct through which the ejaculate needs to pass in order to eventually be ejaculated out of the urethra. And so what that means is that these men can have what appears to be normal semen volume, but that they won't have normal numbers of sperm, and that's not because of a deficit in making the sperm, the testes can function just fine, the brain, and the pituitary communicating with the testes just fine, but that literally the passageway by which the sperm arrive within the seminal fluid and are eventually ejaculated is disrupted by the cystic fibrosis gene. Luckily, if somebody has just one copy of the cystic

Starting point is 02:43:35 fibrosis gene and their male and this is the issue, the vast deference either can be repaired by a urologist who's expert in the surgical repair of ass deferens or sperm can be extracted from the testicle directly, which might sound like a painful procedure, but I believe nowadays in talking with various experts on this, turns out that it can be done with a minimum of discomfort. And certainly if the goal is to have a healthy child,

Starting point is 02:43:59 you're gonna need those sperm, so you're gonna wanna get them one way or the other regardless of the discomfort. Now, before getting into some of the things that you can do in the positive sense to increase your fertility, we do need to touch on just a few other things that you want to avoid in order to avoid diminishing your fertility. This mainly relates to males, but it will also be relevant to females. Of course, when I say also relevant to females, I'm referring to the fact that if it's a woman

Starting point is 02:44:23 and a man who are trying to conceive, then she of course is going to be interested in her egg quality, but also the sperm quality. Of course, there are women who are conceiving by way of sperm donor through IVF or IUI or otherwise, but in any case, the need to understand and maximize the quality of both the egg and the sperm is paramount. In order for men to maximize the quality of their sperm, as I mentioned earlier, does not seem to be a big difference whether or not they use boxers or briefs or whether or not they quote unquote go commando.

Starting point is 02:44:54 They don't wear any boxers or briefs of any kind. However, it is important to keep the testicles cool enough. They need to be about two degrees cooler than the rest of the body. And there are a number of different ways to do that. As I mentioned before, avoid going in hot tubs during the period in which you're trying to conceive children. You should also avoid going in sonas during the period in which you're trying to conceive children. And if you do go in the sauna, you can bring a nice pack there and you can put it on

Starting point is 02:45:21 the testicles in order to offset the heat of the sauna and keep the testicles cool while in the sauna. The other thing that you'll definitely want to do is avoid putting a laptop or any other hot device directly onto your lap. There are a number of different devices that you can put on your lap. You can put books or a box or there are these devices that are designed to dispel the heat from the laptop. I would say if you're trying to conceive, just keep the laptop off of your lap, just put it on a table or standing desk or whatever, just keep it off of your lap. Also there are some really interesting data showing that the amount of time that men spend

Starting point is 02:45:57 sitting regardless of whether or not they sit with their ankle on their opposite knee or with knees spread, the classic man spread stance or any other kind of seated stance is going to increase the temperature of the scrotum. For reasons that are somewhat obvious, if you think about the architecture of all this, I think both men and women, if you put enough thought to it, you go, oh yeah, that would increase the temperature. Obviously avoid seat heaters and cars or otherwise, but reducing the total amount of time that you spend seated is really important if you want to keep

Starting point is 02:46:30 the temperature and milieu of the scrotum optimal for sperm quality and fertilization. And as I mentioned earlier, it's going to be important to make sure that your legs are not really big to the point where they are creating a hotter than is healthy environment for the scrotum and testicles. So a hotter than normal environment for the testicles can be caused by legs that are very

Starting point is 02:46:52 large, upper thighs that are very large due to obesity or due to those upper thighs being too muscular. So by all means, don't skip leg day, but be aware that if you're somebody who's trying to conceive, you want to do whatever you can to reduce the temperature of the scrotum or at least not let it get too hot for too long. So I can think of all sorts of reasons now that men are going to come up with to do the man spread stance of their knees really far apart, even further if they have large legs. It's not a discussion we want to have here and that's not really what today's discussion is about. Really, the principle is what's most important,

Starting point is 02:47:26 which is to keep the temperature of the scrotum and testicles lower than the rest of your body. There's a direct blood flow from the body to the testicle that provides blood flow. It's designed in a way that that blood pathway should be outside the body. And as far away from the body as possible, in order to get the temperature, mil you of the scrotum and testicle correct for healthy sperm quality. Now a topic that is sure to be a bit controversial, but it really shouldn't be because the data, at least to me, are very clear, is this issue of phone use and sperm quality. Now this can open up a whole array of issues related to things like EMFs and you've

Starting point is 02:48:06 got people out there that have, you know, ideas about 5G and all of this stuff. That is not what this discussion is about. The discussion I'm about to have with you relates to the fact that the electromagnetic fields and the heat related effects of smartphones can indeed have a detrimental effect on sperm quality and yes indeed on testosterone levels as well. I'm going to refer you to a paper. We will link it in the show note captions. The title of this paper is Effects of Mobile Phone Usage on sperm quality. No time dependent relationship on usage, a systematic review and updated meta analysis. This is a paper that came out in 2021 and talks about the fact that

Starting point is 02:48:45 phones emit a radio frequency electromagnetic waves, which are called RF radio frequency EMW's electromagnetic waves, at a low level between 80 and 2,200 megahertz that can be absorbed by the human body. We know this. Okay, this is not controversial and have potential adverse effects on brain heart, endocrine system, and reproductive function. That has been established. Keep in mind, there is basically no controversy that radio frequency waves and EMFs can have a negative impact on biological tissues. The question is, how intense are those radio frequency waves and EMFs and how detrimental

Starting point is 02:49:21 are those on those biological tissues? Okay, it's a matter of degrees, but there is very little controversy as to whether or not they have an effect on biological tissues, and I'm aware of absolutely zero data showing that they can have a positive effect on biological tissues. Since what we're mainly talking about now are smartphones, we want to separate out the heat effects of smartphones from the EMFs related to the fact that they are Wi-Fi smartphones or they're using seller towers and Wi-Fi. One or the other a combination. Okay, so there are a number of different things in the phone that could be detrimental. We need to separate those out. Why? Well, because you might

Starting point is 02:49:54 have heard that carrying your phone in your pocket can reduce your testosterone levels and sperm count and guess what? That is true. The data contained within this meta-analyses and other meta-analyses clearly point out that it can reduce sperm count and maybe testosterone levels significantly, but certainly sperm count and motility significantly. It reduces sperm quality. So should you avoid putting your phone in your pocket? You're certainly your front pocket. I would suggest yes, right?

Starting point is 02:50:21 If you are somebody who is seeking to conceive, right? I'm not somebody who is gonna stop using my smartphone. I don't expect anyone's gonna stop using their smartphone. The question is, should you carry in your front pocket if you're a male? I think to be on the safe side, the answer is probably avoid doing that

Starting point is 02:50:36 too much of the time, ideally, don't do it at all. Then people will say, well, what if I turn off the Wi-Fi or I turn off the cellular access, then is it still a problem? Well, it's a problem due to the heat-related effects. And then people say, well, I don't actually feel the heat of the phone. It doesn't get that warm. But the temperature effects of the phone, it turns out, are enough, even under conditions in which people don't report it to be uncomfortably warm, it can change the temperature, milieu of the testicle in ways that can diminish sperm quality. How much? And how that relates to fertility and healthy pregnancy, not clear. But since we're talking about

Starting point is 02:51:14 things to avoid, if your goal is to have a healthy fertilization and pregnancy, well then by all means, just don't carry it in your front pocket. Then people say, well, what about back pocket or what about backpack? Look, it's very clear that avoiding being too close to the phone is probably better for your sperm quality than putting the phone very close to your testicles or anywhere else on your body, but it's also the reality that most people are going to carry a phone nowadays. All right. It's just the reality.

Starting point is 02:51:42 I think the current estimates and it's discussed in this paper, that 90% of the human population has a smartphone, 90%, which is incredible. The adult population, of course, although a lot of kids have them as well. This paper goes on to detail a number of different studies and outcomes from studies, but basically what they find, and here I'm paraphrasing, is that the data indicate that sperm quality declines when people start using a mobile phone. So, from the point they start using a mobile phone, regardless of the usage time, this is

Starting point is 02:52:09 important. It used to be thought that it was four hours a day or more of holding your phone or having that phone close to your body was going to diminish sperm quality. It turns out that it's not related to usage time that's even the title of the paper. It's just the fact that people are using mobile phones is reducing sperm count and quality. That's the reality. Is it entirely responsible for all the reductions in sperm quality and maybe even the reductions in testosterone levels that we're observing from decade to decade going forward?

Starting point is 02:52:36 I doubt that's the case. Is it likely to be one of the major players? I've got my bet on the fact that it is based on the data that I've observed. And so if any of you would like to peruse the data in this meta-analysis, they're quite good. This study looked at 18 studies that include 4,280 samples. They were able to separate out the radio frequency versus the heat effects, and they were able to eliminate this time of usage variable that previously we thought if you were exposed

Starting point is 02:53:03 to a lot of cell phone contact, that it was far worse than if you were exposed to a lot of Cell phone contact that it was far worse than if you were exposed to a little bit turns out if you're exposed to any at all You're going to diminish sperm quality. What does that mean does that mean that no matter what you do if you own a Smart phone that you're going to diminish sperm quality I think the short answer is yes, but that you can mitigate it What might you do well keeping your phone away from your groin or as far from your groin as possible if you're a male who's wishing to conceive and maybe even a male who's wishing to maximize his testosterone levels because it does appear that radio frequency waves and the heat from the phone. So both of those factors independently end together, of course, can disrupt the lidig cells of the testes and the production of testosterone and

Starting point is 02:53:41 intertesticular testosterone. It's important for sperm production. The exact biological variables leading to all these changes isn't exactly clear, of testosterone and intertesticular testosterone. It's important for sperm production. The exact biological variables, leading to all these changes isn't exactly clear. But if you're like me, you say, okay, probably not a problem for most males to carry their phone. But probably best to not carry it in the front pocket, maybe even avoid carrying the back pocket as well.

Starting point is 02:53:59 Again, in the future, we will have an episode all about Bluetooth. We'll talk about various aspects of EMFs. It's a super interesting data set and it's a data set which there's a ton of controversy. It's really interesting however and there are more and more quality data coming out all the time and I think going forward we are going to see that indeed there are some negative effects of smart phones related to both the radio frequency transmission and the fact that they generate heat. And in general, heat is not good for biological tissues.

Starting point is 02:54:29 So any discussion about heat and sperm and how heat is detrimental to sperm has to raise this issue of whether or not cold is good for the testicle. OK, well now there's a lot of data starting to come out about the positive effects, the positive biological effects of deliberate cold exposure on different aspects of brain biology, such as the release of dopamine and norepinephrine,

Starting point is 02:54:52 and on the biology of the body to some extent metabolism, but more so, the impact on brown fat stores, which are good for us, so-called brown fat thermogenesis. There's a lot related to deliberate cold exposure, and we've done entire episodes on deliberate cold exposure. Again, you can find that at HubertmanLab.com. We did a guest episode with an expert on the use of cold for health and performance with my colleague Craig Heller from Stanford Department of Biology. We also have a toolkit on how to apply deliberate cold exposure for both females and for males for sports performance, cognitive performance, mood, sleep, et cetera.

Starting point is 02:55:26 You can find all that again, HubertmanLab.com, totally zero cost. Just go into the menu, go to newsletter, and scroll down, and you'll find those. When thinking about sperm quality, we want to remember that excessive heat is bad. Now, does that mean that deliberate cold is good? Well, it turns out that one of the major causes of lowered sperm count and overall reduced sperm quality, that's quite common, is the presence of what's called a varicel. A varicel is kind of like varicose veins of the veins that innovate the testicle. What it essentially does is it means that blood will pool

Starting point is 02:56:05 in the testicular region. It can't circulate back to the body quickly enough and therefore the temperature of that environment increases. There's some other things that varicells do, which can be obstructive at the physical level, so they're not just temperature related. It's pretty clear that using deliberate cold exposure can be healthy for the sperm because of the ways

Starting point is 02:56:23 not that cold directly supports testosterone or sperm quality, but rather because cold reduces heat. So you will find available online. I think they're actually called, forgive me, but that's what they're called. I didn't name them called snowballs. These are, they're sort of like gel pack, cold briefs that you can buy and men will wear for some period of time. I don't think you wear them all day, you wear them for some period of time. A lot of people are now using cold showers and ice baths and circulating cold

Starting point is 02:56:55 baths are going into a cold ocean or lake for any number of different reasons I talked about earlier. I myself start every day with either a one to three minute cold shower or a one to three minute immersion up to my neck and a cold bath, you know, cold water circulating water or a cold shower. I do that mainly for the psychological effects related to the long lasting increases in dopamine and epinephrine, but there are other data starting to come out showing that that sort of approach or similar approaches can increase testosterone levels and maybe even sperm counts can reduce cortisol late in the evening if the cold exposure is done early in the day, so on and so forth.

Starting point is 02:57:30 So a lot of interesting data coming out in really good journals that are peer reviewed and so on in humans. I should mention the studies are done in humans to support the use of deliberate cold exposure. But again, if you're going to use deliberate cold exposure to improve sperm quality, can it work? Yes, indeed, it can work, either indirectly by increasing testosterone or directly by improving sperm quality. But both of those effects are likely to be indirect by virtue of reducing the temperature of the testicle overall, not because there's any sort of magic effect of cold on the testicle. Now, I have to imagine that a number of you, in particular, the females listening to this,

Starting point is 02:58:06 going to say, is deliberate cold exposure, and for that matter is deliberate heat exposure, like sauna or hot tub, good or bad for the ovary for eggs and for fertility. Now, there are fewer data to look to, unfortunately, but what we do know is that deliberate cold exposure done in the way that I just described one to three minutes a day, ideally early in the day through cold shower or immersion up to the neck, doesn't have to be an ice bath, could be cold circulating water or even non-circulating cold water.

Starting point is 02:58:34 And people will say, well, how cold? I should have mentioned that before. How cold? There is no way I can tell you exactly how cold the water should be because for some people, 60 degrees Fahrenheit will be exceedingly cold. For other people, 40 degrees is going to be more appropriate. How cold should you make it? If you're going to embrace these practices, you want, according to the literature, what you want to do is make it uncomfortably cold

Starting point is 02:58:56 such that you really want to get out, but safe, right? You don't want to go into 30 degree water immediately. You can actually have a heart attack and die if you do that. So you want to progress gradually into the cold. So you don't want to shock your system too much. Although it is the adrenaline evoked by that, that quickening or shortening or elimination of the breath for a short period of time when you get into uncomfortably cold water that correlates with or is actually the reflection of would be more accurate to say the release of adrenaline and then dopamine and so forth, which has been very well documented. So uncomfortably cold, but safe to stay in,

Starting point is 02:59:30 and I cannot tell you an exact number that is uncomfortably cold, but safe for you. It's going to differ person by person. You want to figure that out. Just like I can't tell you how much weight that you should squat in order to achieve some effect of resistance training for the legs. It's going to differ depending on your strength and your prior experience and so forth. So ease into it, be safe. But it does appear that both for men, for reasons I talked about a few minutes ago, and for women that deliberate cold exposure can be beneficial for fertility and for hormone production. But in particular for females in terms of regulating

Starting point is 03:00:05 cortisol and for hormone production. Now you might say, okay, getting into cold is stressful. How can that be helpful for regulating stress? Well, it turns out when you get into the cold, you get a big surge in adrenaline and then dopamine, which is very long lasting, provided that's done in the early part of the day. So I would say, you know, not too close to sleep. Then what you do is you restrict your maximum cortisol release to a period earlier in the day that buffers reduces, that is, the likelihood that you would have excessive amounts of cortisol later in the day, which not only can disrupt sleep, but is correlated

Starting point is 03:00:35 with a number of other hormonal effects that are not good for us and therefore not good for fertility. So here what I'm describing are positive, yet indirect effects of a cold on hormone levels both in males and in females. So for men we talked about increased testosterone, improved sperm quality that was indirect, right? You're reducing the temperature of the testicle, but it's not that cold itself is positively impacting those things. Does that make sense?

Starting point is 03:01:00 Heat is bad, therefore, reducing temperature is good. Likewise with females, deliberate cold exposure can be good for the overall fertility process, not because cold is good for the ovary, or being cold is good for the ovary, or for luteinizing hormone, or for follicle stimulating hormone, or anything else like that, but rather that using deliberate cold exposure as a way to restrict stress in a deliberate way to a particular time of day Increases the release of cortisol then and indirectly reduces the amount of cortisol that's released at other times along the 24 hour cycle Okay, so these are positive yet indirect effects

Starting point is 03:01:36 So if you're a woman who really is interested in exploring deliberate cold exposure or who enjoys it or is already doing it and you're wishing to conceive Great explore it do it safely of course, but explore it and continue to do it. However, if you're somebody who just hates the cold ends and want to go anywhere near it, there's no reason to think that you absolutely need it provided that you're stressed, you're sleep, and other factors are all being carried out properly. The next things that we'll talk about in terms of positive things or things that we can do in order to maximize fertility for both females and males, are the things that you also generally hear about elsewhere. Right along with sleep and avoiding alcohol and avoiding nicotine and avoiding cannabis,

Starting point is 03:02:14 avoiding excessive heat for the testicle, avoiding excessive stress, is that you want to try to get enough exercise, right? Why would exercise have anything to do with any of this? Well, exercise, and that is both a combination of resistance training and cardiovascular exercise is going to improve the health of the mitochondria. In particular, cardiovascular exercise. And I realized that for you fitness experts out there,

Starting point is 03:02:37 anytime someone says cardio, people kind of roll their eyes like, what is that? There's endurance training, there's interval training, there's hit training, there's sprints, there's hit training, there's sprints, there's all sorts of different things. Some of those overlap, some of them are separate. Indeed, that's the case. But we can use a general rule of thumb here, which is that for most people getting anywhere

Starting point is 03:02:55 from 30 and ideally 45 to 60 minutes of exercise per day for six days per week, maybe even seven, but most people like to take a day off or need to take a complete day off each week, six to seven days per week is going to be good for mitochondrial health and function. It's also going to impact all the other things like quality sleep, mood, reducing stress, and so on and so forth. So exercise, we can handle pretty quickly by just saying everyone should be doing it. Now, when people are pregnant, they might have to, of course, change the amount of exercise or the type of exercise that they're doing. They're varying opinions on that, but certainly the type of exercise and the amount can vary when people are pregnant.

Starting point is 03:03:32 But if you're seeking to conceive, getting enough exercise is good because it's good for the mitochondria. The mitochondria are present in that mid-region of the sperm and mitochondria are critical for chromosomal segregation and the spindle and other aspects of the formation of a healthy egg, ovulation and fertilization in the female. One thing that I know a lot of people are interested in nowadays is so called intermittent fasting or time restricted feeding. I mean, let's be fair. Everybody is restricting their feeding time because hopefully everybody is sleeping at some point in the 24 hour cycle and nobody's eating while they are sleeping.

Starting point is 03:04:05 That said, many people are employing a so-called eight-hour feeding window or a 10-hour feeding window or a 12-hour feeding window. And indeed, there are some data to support the idea that that can be a good thing for a number of different biological and health parameters. However, also a lot of data, especially recently pointing to the fact that your overall number of calories and the quality of your food sources is going to be the most important variable. And some people will simply find that time restricted feeding intermittent fasting, as it's also called, is just a convenient way to ensure that your total intake of calories is not excessive for what you need. Now, with all that said, there is evidence that I've covered in a solo episode

Starting point is 03:04:46 and we'll soon have an expert guest on, showing that time restricted feeding can have certain positive outcomes for various aspects of organ, cellar, and tissue health. This is somewhat controversial, but there is growing evidence that by restricting your feeding window to say eight hours or 10 hours or 12 hours,

Starting point is 03:05:05 that it is better than if you were to eat over a longer period of each 24 hour cycle. But again, the data are still incoming. The reason we want to talk about time restricted feeding intermittent fasting is that a lot of people do use it because they find it easier to not eat at certain periods of their 24 hour cycle than to restrict calories. But again, keep in mind, you have to restrict calories if your goal is to maintain or lose weight, all right? Discussion that we've covered in that episode on intermittent fasting and in the episode with Dr. Lane Norton, and that we will cover in other episodes in the future.

Starting point is 03:05:38 So refer to those episodes at HubermanLab.com if you would like to learn more about intermittent fasting per se. For sake of this conversation, a number of people are probably asking if I restrict my feeding to a certain window each 24 hours because that's what's convenient or because I'm excited about the potential positive effects of intermittent fasting, is that going to disrupt the likelihood of fertility and thereby a healthy pregnancy. And the short answer to that is if you are a female and you are having regular menstrual cycles, that is a fairly consistent duration.

Starting point is 03:06:13 So maybe it's 21 days, maybe it's 35 or anywhere in between, but it's fairly consistent from month to month and you are following intermittent fasting, time restricted feeding. Well then chances are pretty good that it's not disrupting your fertility and likelihood of fertilization and a healthy pregnancy. Of course, during pregnancy, you need to talk to your doctor and make sure that you're eating in a way that's supportive both of you and of the developing fetus. That's extremely important. I'm not aware of data exploring in a regimented way, time restricted feeding during pregnancy. Okay. So please, please, please, if you're pregnant, do not jump on a time restricted feeding, so-called intermittent fasting diet. Talk to your OBGYN, talk to your, your doctor,

Starting point is 03:06:54 talk to multiple doctors for that matter before doing anything like that, because of course, you're now eating for two, or if you have twins in there, you're eating for three. Very important. If however, you're not yet pregnant and you want to be fertile, get pregnant or simply maintain a fertile potential and biology, and you're falling intermittent fasting, it's going to be the regularity of those periods and regularity of cycle length

Starting point is 03:07:19 that will tell you whether or not that's a good idea or not. Keeping in mind, of course, that if your total number of calories is too low, your periods will cease. That's a well-known effect. But of course, stress can also induce cessation of menstruation. And there are other factors that can induce cessation of menstruation as well. Some of them start with changes in the brain, literally in the hypothalamus. Some occur in the pituitary. Many of the lifestyle factors can do that, but most typically it's going to be excessive

Starting point is 03:07:50 caloric restriction or it's going to be a caloric deficit brought on by excess physical activity. So even if someone's eating a lot, if they're not eating enough to offset their physical activity or they're not eating enough of in particular fats, you know, the essential fatty acids and protein, but also carbohydrates. Well, then menstruation can cease. And of course, if menstruation is seizing, chances are almost with certainty that you're not getting regular ovulations. Now in terms of males and whether or not intermittent fasting is going to disrupts from

Starting point is 03:08:20 a mad adgenesis and testosterone production production. There's essentially no data we can look to, but we can look to the general logic around the relationship between body fat, testosterone, and spermatogenesis. And this was something that was covered in a discussion I had on optimization of hormone health for males that I had with Dr. Kyle Gillette, who's a medical doctor and obesity specialist. Again, you can find that episode at hubraminlab.com, if you wanna learn all about hormone opposition in males, and essentially the story is as follows. If a male is excessively overweight,

Starting point is 03:08:55 he's carrying too much body fat in particular, not too much muscle, although that can be an issue too, but too much body fat is typically the issue. So, you know, more than, say, 20% body fat, well, then losing body fat is going to be the primary goal for maximizing testosterone, sperm health, and spermatogenesis. If, however, a male is already lean, well, then actually increasing calories will increase testosterone. So, it's a bit of a complicated story, although not so complicated that none of us can understand it.

Starting point is 03:09:27 Basically, if you're overweight, you should focus on losing weight in order to maximize sperm quality and health. If you are very lean, well, then restricting your calories to the point where you are starting to lose weight or you're dropping even more body fat is unlikely to increase your testosterone further. It doesn't necessarily mean it's bad or that you shouldn't try and go, for instance, from 15% to 10% body fat. I'm not saying that that's bad and that will reduce your testosterone.

Starting point is 03:09:52 But in general, if you're already very lean, so 10% body fat, 5% body fat, and you start restricting calories further, your testosterone levels will drop. So in the context of intermittent fasting, it's really not an issue of whether or not you're feeding window is eight hours or 12 hours. It's really an issue of whether or not you're getting enough calories to offset the physical demands and activities of your life, whether or not you're on a maintenance diet to maintain your weight. And of course, you have to put all that in the context of whether or not you're overweight or lean to

Starting point is 03:10:19 begin with. The simple thing to take away from this is if you're a male who's using because you like it, intermittent fasting, so-called time restricted feeding, and you're following an eight hour or maybe even a one meal per day type approach, although I don't really recommend that for a number of reasons we could talk about separately. If you're eating over the course of eight or 10 or 12 hours per day because that's what works for you and you are ingesting enough calories to maintain your weight if you're already lean, or you are ingesting fewer calories than you are burning in order to lose weight because you are already overweight and you want to lose body fat, you're probably optimizing for all the things that you need to do in order to improve sperm quality and testosterone levels. Now also in that episode that

Starting point is 03:11:02 I did with Dr. College-Leth on optimizing hormones for males, we talked about testosterone replacement therapy. It's not a topic I want to get into in any detail right now, but I will say this. Remember, earlier when we were talking about spermatogenesis and the fact that in order for sperm to be generated consistently every month ongoing from the time of puberty until essentially the time that a man dies. You need two things. You need testosterone production from the lidig cells of the testes, and you need spermatogenesis to be supported by that endrogenbinding protein coming from the support cells from the Certoli

Starting point is 03:11:37 cells. So, you need testosterone, and you need endrogenbinding protein, and you need the lidig cells and the Certoli cells active. When men take exogenous, meaning from outside the body testosterone either by cream or by patch or by pellets or more typically by injection, the most typical TRT approach nowadays is testosterone-cipinate, which is biologically identical to the kind of testosterone you would make. Well, because of negative feedback loops, which you also learned about earlier, the testicles

Starting point is 03:12:04 themselves shut down their own testosterone production. Why would that be? of negative feedback loops, which you also learned about earlier, the testicles themselves shut down their own testosterone production. Why would that be? Okay, so you're taking testosterone in by syringe or by patch or any other method. So the circulating testosterone in the amount that arrives at the testicle is going to be hopefully clinically appropriate, not super physiological, but it'll be somewhere in the healthy reference range, maybe a little bit higher. Nowadays, some people are going a little bit higher,

Starting point is 03:12:28 so we're not talking about full-blown, quote-unquote, anabolic steroid use, keeping in mind, of course, that estrogen is a steroid, testosterone is a steroid, but when you think about steroids, we mean like performance enhancing drugs, so super physiological doses, we're talking about within physiological

Starting point is 03:12:41 or near physiological ranges. So if someone's taking their testosterone in from an outside exogenous source, the levels of circulating testosterone will be sufficiently high that the pituitary will register that and will stop making luteinizing hormone and generally follicle stimulating hormone as well.

Starting point is 03:12:59 And as a consequence, spermatogenesis is vastly reduced or eliminated. In other words, for men who are on TRT or who are taking testosterone from an external source, the number of sperm that they're going to make is going to be dramatically reduced. There are things that they can do to offset that, like taking HCG, human-chorionic, and adtropin, which is just kind of a mimic for luteinizing hormone, to stimulate the testes to continue to make testosterone. And some men will also, or instead, take FSH to stimulate the Certoli cells to support some amount of, as permentegenesis, excuse me, or both, or some combination, some people take clomophine, clomid.

Starting point is 03:13:40 There are any number of different ways to bypass or offset the sperm reducing effects of taking exogenous testosterone. This is a conversation that was covered in a fair amount of detail in that episode with Dr. Gillette, but just keep in mind that if you are taking testosterone from an exogenous source, your sperm counts will dramatically be reduced unless you do something to offset it. So if you are wishing to conceive, you need to think about whether or not you're going to offset the testosterone replacement therapy or whether or not you're going to come off it entirely. So you'll need to talk to a urologist and a chronologist about

Starting point is 03:14:13 that. And again, a number of these different themes and ways to go about tapering off TRT were covered in that episode with Dr. Kyle Gillette. So if you're on TRT or you're considering taking it and you're interested in having children, not just now, but at any point, you really want to take these things into consideration. Now, I do want to point out that for the number of you out there who are taking supplements, some of which we've talked about on this podcast,

Starting point is 03:14:36 and I've talked about another podcast such as Tonga Ali, turns out that there are a lot of men and women taking Tonga Ali to reduce sex hormone binding globulin levels to increase testosterone and estrogen, in some cases, libido and so forth. Those approaches, meaning supplement based approaches to increase testosterone or free testosterone or some related hormones, are not going to shut down

Starting point is 03:14:59 your own endogenous testosterone production and reduce the number of sperm that you make. Or, at least as far as we know, disrupt ovulation in any kind of way, provided that the dosages are within normal ranges. Again, supplementation to support your hormones should not disrupt ovulation or spermatogenesis or testosterone production. Quite the opposite. It should enhance it.

Starting point is 03:15:21 What I just described around TRT is taking exogenous testosterone. At that, itself is an entirely different beast. Now with all of that said, there are some supplements out there that include testosterone as an ingredient that's been snuck in to various formulas that include blends and things of that sort. You want to be aware of that. And we did an episode about how to develop a rational guide to supplementation. I highly recommend listening to that episode. Again, it's timestamped, available free at HubertmanLab.com and all formats, because it talks about

Starting point is 03:15:54 which supplements are likely to be clean, quote unquote, to contain the things that you expect them to contain. There's more and more evidence coming out that a lot of supplements, including some, for instance, supplements that contain testicles or the extracts of testicles can contain testosterone. Whether or not that can shut down your own endogenous testosterone production isn't clear, no one's really explored that in detail. But based on everything we just talked about with TRT, it stands for reason that it might

Starting point is 03:16:18 either reduce it or shut it down. It's just never been explored yet. So by all means, make sure that you know what you're taking if you're taking supplements. But again, the major point here is that for both females and males, taking supplements to support healthy hormone production, including things like Tonga Ali, is not the same as taking hormones or bioidentical hormones, which indeed can shut down your own endogenous production of hormones. And thereby reduce both

Starting point is 03:16:45 egg quality and the chance of fertilization and healthy pregnancy and sperm quality and the chance of fertilization and healthy pregnancy. Anytime there's a discussion about fertility and pregnancy, there seems to also be a parallel discussion about sex determination. That is, what factors can influence whether or not the child that's born is male or female. That is whether or not it has double X chromosomes. So one X chromosome for mom, one X chromosome from dad because the egg was fertilized by a sperm that had an X-sex chromosome, that 23 chromosome, or whether or not the offspring is male.

Starting point is 03:17:19 Whether or not has the X chromosome for mom because it's always going to be the X chromosome in that egg and a Y chromosome from the sperm that fertilized that particular egg. Now, of course, there are instances out there of people that have X, X, Y chromosomes or X, Y, Y chromosomes. But the vast majority of people out there are going to have either an X, X chromosome. So we call that a female carryotype, right? This is different than genotype and phenotype, but a female carryotype would be XX, or a male carryotype, which would be XY.

Starting point is 03:17:54 Okay. Now, despite the fact that it is the egg in the sperm and the chromosomes that they carry that are going to determine the chromosomes, there's a lot of lore and discussion about the factors that can buy us which sperm will fertilize the egg and thereby whether or not you're going to get an XX female or an XY male chromosome and therefore offspring. Now not only is the lower around this whole issue of sex determination rather prominent,

Starting point is 03:18:21 but it is also somewhat unusual and perhaps even interesting. So for instance, Aristotle himself proposed that if a man is thinking about himself and his own pleasure more than his partner and her pleasure at the point of ejaculation, then the offspring will be male. Aristotle also asserted that if a man is thinking more about his partner and her pleasure at the point in which he ejaculates, well, then the offspring would be female. Of course, we have zero reason to believe that there's any truth to Aristotle's theory. There are no data to support that. In fact, I'm not even sure how you would run that experiment because you can't really look at people's thoughts. You'd have to rely on honest

Starting point is 03:19:06 self-report. Even if people were to faithfully report what they were thinking about at the moment of ejaculation, this would involve of course bringing people into the laboratory and somehow measuring or analyzing their thoughts or gathering their thoughts during the sexual intercourse at the point of ejaculation, then figuring out which biological sex was the offspring, etc. Just near impossible and probably not the most important experiment to invest our time doing. Nonetheless, there continues to be a lot of lore about what determines the sex of the offspring. Most notably, there's a lot of lore and discussion and rumor about the idea that particular sexual positions

Starting point is 03:19:45 at the point of ejaculation during intercourse can somehow bias the likelihood that a pregnancy will be either resulting in male or female offspring. Now, again, there are zero data to support this, and yet this whole notion of sex determination is a really interesting one that people seem to be somewhat obsessed by. So much so that, again, if you go online or if you were to talk to people in the sort of, let's call it holistic or peripheral health spaces related to fertility, there is discussion about, okay, will you take this sexual position at the point of ejaculation to get a boy and you take that sexual position at the point of ejaculation to get a girl or you do this in the early part of the day or the later part of the day.

Starting point is 03:20:28 Again, all for which there is zero data to support any kind of systematic relationship between what I just discussed and the biological sex of the offspring. That said, there are now emerging methods Now emerging methods that people are using in order to separate out the sperm that will indeed give rise to a male offspring versus a female offspring. Now this, of course, is done in the context of in vitro fertilization. We haven't talked too much about in vitro fertilization, but in vitro fertilization involves, as the name suggests, taking an egg and taking a sperm, pairing them in a dish. This can be done a number of different ways, but just to briefly describe the IVF procedure. IVF involves administering supra, meaning greater than normal, supra physiological levels

Starting point is 03:21:19 of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the follicular phase of a woman's cycle. homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homoly homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homoly homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic homoly homoly homolytic homolytic homolytic homolytic hom hormones, and then under ultrasound guidance, an OB-GYN goes in and collects the mature eggs and follicles, puts them in a dish, and then sperm are delivered to that dish, and those could either be sperm that were frozen previously or more typically or ideally, it would be live sperm collected that day that are washed through a very straightforward procedure. And then those sperm either are allowed to compete for those eggs and fertilize those eggs and allow them to advance to very early embryo stage before those embryos are frozen

Starting point is 03:22:11 and eventually implanted into a woman in order to have them be carried to full term, ideally. Or there's a procedure in which specific sperm are selected because they have the best morphology, motility, and so forth. And in a process called XC, I C S I, in which the sperm themselves are literally forced to fertilize that particular egg. Now, under those conditions, typically a couple or a woman, if she's doing this on her own with a sperm donor, will get multiple

Starting point is 03:22:45 fertilized embryos that are carried to a multicellular stage so that it's clear that they could grow into a child if they were implanted into a viable host, sometimes the surrogate, sometimes the woman who wants the child herself. Under those conditions, it is possible to look at the genetic makeup, including the carryotype of those early nascent embryos. In which case, people really can select the sex of their offspring. That is, they will have some embryos that are XX, some embryos that are XY. It's very likely also that they will have some embryos that have carryotypes or genotypes,

Starting point is 03:23:23 which are not ideal in that they would potentially lead to a miscarriage or some other genetic defect. And so typically, people do not select to implant those embryos if they have the option to implant embryos that are of either XX or XY carryotype and the normal chromosomal arrangements for obvious reasons. So the whole point here is that sex selection is possible, but only using in vitro fertilization. The other thing that is becoming clear to us in more recent years is that sex selection is actually possible at the level of the sperm even prior to fertilization.

Starting point is 03:24:04 This is an emerging data set and this is largely happening in clinics outside of the United States, but there are some clinics that have figured out methods in which they can take a sperm sample and they can spin that sperm sample in a centerfuge at a rate that separates out the sperm into what are called different fractions. So for those of you who have done a little bit of biology with centerfuges, when you spin any kind of substance that includes multiple things in it of different weights, when you spin them, the things of different weights segregate out into different fractions along the depth of the tube. And then you can take out one

Starting point is 03:24:35 fraction or the next simply with a little pipette, you take out the top fraction, the middle fraction, and so forth. And what these clinics have figured out is that if they spin the sperm sample at the correct spin rate, that the sperm that will give rise to male offspring, and the sperm that will give rise to female offspring, segregate out into different fractions and allowing them to take each of those fractions separately and to apply them to eggs, if it's in vitro fertilization, and give rise very reliably, certainly much more than chance to either male or female embryos. They also, of course, can choose to do this outside the context of

Starting point is 03:25:15 in vitro fertilization. So some people are now opting to have their sperm samples spun out in this way, separate out the sperm that give rise to male or female offspring and then to only use the sperm that give rise to male or female offspring, and then to only use the fraction that they are interested in, right? So if they want a boy, they'll use one fraction. If they want a girl, they'll use different fraction. And then to use those fractions in the context of what's called IUI or intrauterine insemination, which is, as the name suggests, rather than having the man deliver the ejaculate with his penis and the sperm with his penis

Starting point is 03:25:47 They have a device, you know the devices are now commercially sold believe it or not they're sold over the counter and on the internet So people will even do this at home and so what they're doing is they'll take the the sperm and they'll do I UI in order to bias the probability That they're gonna get a male or a female offspring. Again, this is something that's now emerging. It's not commonplace. Most of the time, people simply roll the dice as it were by having either intercourse and just hoping for or not caring if they get a male or female offspring or in the instance of IVF, selecting male or female offspring, sometimes largely on the basis of the chromosomal arrangements. So of course, some people might prefer to have one or the other biological sexes they're

Starting point is 03:26:32 offspring, but of course the healthy chromosomal arrangements are going to be paramount for getting a healthy child. As I mentioned before, unhealthy chromosomal arrangements or abnormal chromosomal arrangements often lead to miscarriage or end-or-birth defects. So selecting for healthy chromosomal arrangements is always paramount, but some people are selecting for biological sex, and indeed some couples who can conceive naturally are opting for IUI in order to be able to select biological sex because of the stability to spin

Starting point is 03:27:04 out the sperm samples to different fractions and select biological sex because of this ability to spin out the sperm samples to different fractions and select the male or female sperm. That is the sperm that would give rise to a male or female offspring. So this is a rapidly emerging theme, believe it or not, who knew? And of course, it has nothing to do with Aristotle's assertions about what people are thinking about at the point of ejaculation, nor does it have anything to do with body position at the point of ejaculation. But I do find it rather interesting that even in this day and age, people seem to be continually pursuing new and different ways to understand why one sperm or another sperm happens to fertilize the egg.

Starting point is 03:27:42 And when that information is not available, because frankly, it's not available yet, we don't know why a sperm containing a Y chromosome or sperm containing X chromosome is more likely to fertilize an egg. I mean, there's some ideas, for instance, that older fathers tend to have more daughters as opposed to sons. But when you really look at the data, it's pretty mixed. So if you've heard that before, has a particular nickname that I'm not going to describe on the podcast you can look it up online. But if any of you are aware of any other kind of ideals or lore no matter how ridiculous

Starting point is 03:28:12 or crazy, please put them in the comment section on YouTube. I'd be very curious to learn about those mostly out of interesting curiosity, but look sometimes these outrageous stories such as notions of body position and how they influence biological sex, even though they turn out not to be true, turn out to be interesting for other reasons. And in fact, next we're going to talk about how body position during sexual intercourse can, in fact, influence fertility and pregnancy. So another common theme around fertility and pregnancy that you'll hear about is that for couples that are trying to get pregnant, that during intercourse, they should do whatever it is that works for them.

Starting point is 03:28:50 But then after the man ejaculates that the woman should try and position her ankles above her head or somehow otherwise tilt her pelvis back in order to increase the rate and or probability that the sperm swim toward the egg as opposed to the other direction. Now, I talked to a couple of different OBGYNs and urologists that are focused on fertility about this topic. And it turns out you get pretty mixed answers as to whether or not there's any validity to this idea that the woman's body position after the man ejaculates inside of her can somehow influence the probability of pregnancy.

Starting point is 03:29:29 One group of experts told me that there is no reason for a woman to need to continue to lie down, elevate the ankles, or in any way, tilt her pelvis back in order to increase the probability of successful fertilization. The other group suggested that, indeed, there is a strong reason to believe that tilting the pelvis back, maybe even keeping the ankles elevated and having a woman lie on her back for about 15 minutes with the pelvis positioned at about 20 degrees back is ideal for optimizing fertilization. I mean, they were really specific about the recommendation.

Starting point is 03:30:06 I find this interesting that within the cohort of extremely well-trained MDs, OBGYNs, and urology fertility docs, and OBGYNs, you see a split that has nothing to do with whether or not the physician was male or female, or their training, or their institution. None of that. There just seemed to be a sort of even split between the two. Now granted, it wasn't the largest sample size that I could have obtained. And yet I do find interesting that there's this split in the opinion about this. One group, the group that said no pelvic position doesn't really matter.

Starting point is 03:30:41 Don't worry about it. It's not going to influence the rates of fertilization. Argue that the sperm swim very quickly and that if they are released near the cervix, they're going to swim very quickly toward the egg in order to fertilize it, regardless of pelvic position. The other group said, well, yes, sperm swim quickly. And even if they're released right at the entry to the cervix, that the sperm still have a long distance to go. Again, if you were to scale this, according to the size of the sperm versus the size of

Starting point is 03:31:11 a human body, an entire human body, what you'd scale it to is the distance between Los Angeles and San Francisco, and it needs to undergo that, basically within 24 hours or so. Although as we mentioned earlier, sperm can survive quite a while inside of the woman's body, maybe three or five days at least. So in both cases, they acknowledge it's a long distance, but on the one hand, you have a group of experts that are saying the sperm more or less know what to do, and they're gonna do it regardless

Starting point is 03:31:36 of the position of the woman after ejaculation inside her, and the other group saying, no, we wanna do everything we can to bias the likelihood that the sperm will fertilize the egg. Okay. Well, setting aside the basic argument that tilting back of the pelvis and lying stationary or so for about 15 minutes after sexual intercourse and ejaculation is not an expensive endeavor, although it requires a little bit of time, and it forces people to remain motionless or close to motionless, and they're not up and around and moving about. Aside from that, it's a relatively low investment.

Starting point is 03:32:16 So one argument is, well, if it could bias the likelihood of fertilization at all, and people want to get pregnant, why wouldn't they do that? Okay, so that's a reasonable argument But it doesn't really point to the mechanism The arguments that point to a potential mechanism are that If you recall what we were talking about when we talked about sperm quality sperm quality involves a bunch of different measures like concentration of sperm per milliliter semen Morphology of those sperm how many are forward motile, it turns out that in any one ejaculate sample, the total number of forward motile and yet fast forward motile sperm

Starting point is 03:32:55 that are also of the highest quality morphology is actually quite low. And so the idea here is that you want to get as many sperm of the highest quality swimming toward the egg because those sperm stand the highest probability of fertilizing that egg. And in fact this relates to some of the discussion we were having earlier about behavioral do's and don'ts for sake of increasing the probability of fertilization. And the one that is most important here is cannabis. It turns out that the data on cannabis really do support the idea that some of you may have heard from parents and

Starting point is 03:33:31 teachers. I don't know. I did hear this from parents and teachers that cannabis can disrupt the swimming styles of sperm in ways that are not supportive of fertilization, that it can turn more of the sperm into twitchers. Although when I learned about this, I was not informed of the word twitchers. What I was told is that if you use cannabis, that the sperm don't know which direction to go, that they're confused, almost implying that the sperm themselves

Starting point is 03:33:57 are high on cannabis. Well, that's certainly not the argument that I'm making here, but it does seem to be the case that people who use cannabis even once the sperm that are generated during that particular month or two months

Starting point is 03:34:13 during which or after which they use cannabis have less forward Motility and possibly altered morphology as well. Okay, I want to be very clear I did not say that if you use cannabis once, you are forever disrupting the motility and morphology of your sperm. I did not say that. What I said is that if you use cannabis once, then the sperm that are generated in the 60 days

Starting point is 03:34:36 after that cannabis use are going to have a higher incidence of disrupted motility and perhaps morphology as well. Remember, sperm are continually generated every 60 days or so. And so if you use cannabis once, you are not forever disrupting your sperm, but if you are using cannabis and then you are looking to conceive in the next 60 days, you are going to be reducing, we think significantly so, the number of quality, forwardly, motile sperm. So the simple takeaway from this is avoid cannabis use, although if you are going to use cannabis,

Starting point is 03:35:12 and again, there are medical uses of cannabis and beneficial uses of cannabis for certain populations, it can be bad for other populations. We talked about that in the Hubert-Vinlab podcast, all about cannabis. But if you're going to use cannabis, you should try and abstain from cannabis in the Hubert-Vinlaw podcast all about cannabis. But if you're going to use cannabis, you should try and abstain from cannabis in the two months prior to the attempt to fertilize and get pregnant. Now, I'm not aware of any data on how cannabis use by the woman can influence the likelihood

Starting point is 03:35:37 of fertilization and pregnancy. And I wanna couch this whole discussion around cannabis under the umbrella of something that came up in the episode that I did on cannabis, which is that for about half of people out there, male and female, okay? So here we're not distinguishing biological sex. About half of people that use cannabis report it as an aphrodisiac. It makes them want to have sexual intercourse more than if they don't use cannabis. And for the other half, it actually has the opposite effect by way of an influence on a hormone called prolactin,

Starting point is 03:36:08 which suppresses the dopamine system, the testosterone, and the estrogenic system. And so this whole idea that cannabis is an aphrodisiac seems to be true for about half of the human population and not for the other half of the human population. So I mentioned that because I know a number of people use cannabis as an aphrodisiac, they like to use cannabis before intercourse, it was actually very surprising to me to discover when I researched that cannabis episode

Starting point is 03:36:33 that approximately 15, 1,5% of women who are pregnant continue to use cannabis during pregnancy and that's a very alarming statistic and everything we know is that the use of cannabis during pregnancy is detrimental that's a very alarming statistic. And everything we know is that the use of cannabis during pregnancy is detrimental to the health, in particular, the brain development of the fetus. So that's a real concern. I highly recommend women abstain from cannabis use during pregnancy. Talk to your OBGYN about it if you're using it all or considering using it all. So based on what I told you earlier about the fact that cannabis use is not good for egg quality and the fact that cannabis use can disrupt the motility of sperm and therefore

Starting point is 03:37:12 is not good for sperm quality and it can disrupt the patterns of swimming in sperm in ways that reduce the likelihood of fertility. I think the take home message is clear, which is that whether or not you want to be a cannabis user or not, if you are going to try and conceive, and certainly while you're pregnant, you're going to want to avoid the use of cannabis. And that is smoked cannabis and vaped cannabis. And during pregnancy, the consumption of cannabis, even in edible form or in tincture form, is also going to be detrimental to developing fetus.

Starting point is 03:37:43 But of course, we started this conversation in the context of body position, in particular at the point of ejaculation, in determining the sex of the offspring and or the likelihood of getting a successful fertilization and pregnancy. And I think that given that the tilting back of the pelvis, so again, this is elevating the pelvis by about 20 degrees. I don't think it has to be elevating the pelvis by about 20 degrees. I don't think it has to be exact, exact, but about 20 degrees for about 15 minutes

Starting point is 03:38:09 post-adjaculation inside of the woman, or I suppose if people are using IUI intrauterine insemination. Since that seems to be the consensus among those experts that believe that pelvic tilt backward can be beneficial for increasing the probability of fertilization. And given that it involves no cost, but a little bit of time, seems to me that if you want

Starting point is 03:38:31 to get pregnant, that that would be the right thing to do. And as far as I know, there's no information, nor was I able to obtain any recommendations from experts about what the ideal body position of the male is after ejaculation if the goal is to increase the probability of fertilization and pregnancy. So, we've been talking about behavioral interventions, some do's and some don'ts that people can do to increase their fertility and the likelihood that any fertilized egg will be carried to term successfully.

Starting point is 03:38:58 And soon we'll also talk about things that people can take to improve their fertility. Now, keep in mind that this entire discussion is about fertility, but also remember, as we discussed at the beginning of the episode, trying to increase your fertility is one of the best ways to think about trying to create and maintain optimal physical health. So for people that are trying to conceive them,

Starting point is 03:39:21 for people who are not trying to conceive, optimizing your fertility status, whether or not your male or female, it's one of the best ways to target those approaches. And there are now a lot of data supporting the idea that acupuncture of all things can be very beneficial for improving both female and male fertility and should a woman get pregnant for improving the quality of outcomes. That is the likelihood that there will be a successful pregnancy that is carried to term, not premature and so on and so forth. Now, for some of you out there, you might think, oh, of course, acupuncture, acupuncture

Starting point is 03:39:56 has been known to work for thousands of years. And if we're not surprising that it would assist with fertility and pregnancy. For many of you out there, however, probably thinking acupuncture, that seems kind of like fringe science. But what I can assure you is that there are now quite a few clinical trials funded by government agencies like the National Institutes of Health showing that acupuncture is a very effective treatment for a number of different things, including fertility and pregnancy, but for hormone status, for stress relief, but even for chronic illnesses of different kinds, including autoimmune illnesses.

Starting point is 03:40:31 So this is no longer considered fringe science. In fact, one of the best laboratories in the world working on this is a laboratory out of Harvard Medical School run by a guy named Chufu Mom. Chufu's lab has really been exploring in a mechanistic way how the different stimulation sites that are used in acupuncture, so where the needles are inserted, tap into neural pathways that link the different organs of the body. So, for instance, they've found that stimulation of a particular site on the lower limb can reduce inflammation dramatically throughout the body by way of neural pathways that originate in the lower limb and extend to areas such as the kidney and the pancreas.

Starting point is 03:41:10 So all these quote-unquote ancient maps of the human body as they relate to acupuncture are now being parsed at the level of mechanism, which I think is wonderful because it not only is showing us that so much of what has been purported and reported in the landscape of acupuncture actually has an underlying mechanistic basis. And with additional mechanistic understanding, of course, always arrive new and better practices. That's the idea to evolve these fields of acupuncture, to evolve the fields of mechanistic understanding of our biology and health.

Starting point is 03:41:41 And so the issue of whether or not acupuncture can assist in getting pregnant and in carrying a child to term and for that child to be healthy are really starting to emerge in a major way. And rather than go into all those data in detail, what I can tell you is that there are clinical trials and data supporting the fact that female fertility itself can be supported by acupuncture through several mechanisms. One of which is the balancing, and I realize that's a somewhat tricky term, and I'll define it better in a moment.

Starting point is 03:42:11 The balancing of hormones across the ovulatory slash menstrual cycle, including regulating levels of FSH so that they're not too high, nor too low, and restricting the FSH to the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, as well as using acupuncture to improve things like blood flow and the health of the ovary itself and other aspects of the female reproductive axis.

Starting point is 03:42:36 So acupuncture can operate at the chemical level impacting hormones. It can act at the mechanical level, impacting the different tissues through which the egg has to pass and so on and so forth. Likewise on the male side, acupuncture has been shown to improve seam and volume, quality of sperm, sperm motility, et cetera. And in large part, through changes in the neural pathways that innovate the very tissues and vascular input to the scrotum and testicles because as we learned earlier, temperature regulation of the scrotum and testicles is so vital for getting healthy sperm and increasing sperm quality.

Starting point is 03:43:16 In addition, there are good data to support the idea that acupuncture can increase levels of testosterone, free testosterone, and the sorts of hormones that are going to support healthy hormone production and sperm production in males. And this is distinct from applying testosterone from an exogenous source, right? So when we're talking about acupuncture and increasing levels of testosterone, we're talking about increasing levels of endogenous testosterone. So those latex cells can support the Certoli cells and the Certoli cells can make that androgen binding protein, and you get enhanced spermatogenesis.

Starting point is 03:43:49 You can find evidence for all of these different features, both changes to the chemical milieu, that is the hormones and changes to the mechanical milieu, including, for instance, improvement of the pathways leading from the seminepharous tubules to the epididimus, to the vast deference, basically clearing out the plumbing so that more quality ejaculate can be delivered, which of course is going to increase

Starting point is 03:44:08 the probability of fertilization. So when you hear that acupuncture can improve the likelihood of pregnancy, that's an accurate statement for which there are now increasing amounts of mechanistic data. If you wanna learn more about how acupuncture can be used to contribute to improved fertilization

Starting point is 03:44:24 in pregnancy, there are a number of different excellent reviews on this, more about how acupuncture can be used to contribute to improved fertilization and pregnancy. There are a number of different excellent reviews on this, both as it relates to females and as it relates to males. One of the best papers that I happen to like is one that will provide a link to in the references entitled Acupuncture and Erbil Medicine for Female Fertility and Overview of Systematic Review. So a review of reviews.

Starting point is 03:44:44 This was published recently in 2021. We'll provide a link to that. And there's also going to be a link to a review that relates to acupuncture for male fertility and hormone augmentation. I should just mention briefly that if you're going to look at scientific papers, one thing that you'll want to consider is also looking at the references that they reference. And now of course, papers tend to reference a ton of references in particular in reviews. So what you want to do is look for the references that are showing up most often in the introduction. Those references often are going to be the most prominent recent reviews or the most important findings in recent years. That's not always the case, but that's often the case.

Starting point is 03:45:22 So if you read the first couple of paragraphs of these papers and these are openly available as full full text, by the way, online, if you go to these links, you'll be able to access the best papers, the most relevant papers in the context of acupuncture, supporting female and acupuncture, supporting male fertility and hormone status. Now I'd like to discuss things that both men and women can take in order to maximize their fertility and again, and again. When we're talking about fertility, we're talking about people who want to conceive and have children, but also we're talking about a basic measure of overall health status. So if you're somebody who does not want to conceive children, I still encourage you

Starting point is 03:46:02 to think about whether or not you would want to do certain things or not do certain things in order to maximize your fertility as a means to maximize your vitality and longevity because that's really what maximizing fertility is about for a lot of people. That said, I know a lot of people would like to conceive children, perhaps not right away, but in the future. And what I'm about to describe are some tools and interventions that is things that one can take in order to improve their hormone status, but also in particular, the quality of their eggs and the quality of their sperm in the short and long term. The first on the list of things that people can take in order to improve egg quality or sperm quality is elk carnitine. Elkharnitine is present in various foods in particular in red meats,

Starting point is 03:46:48 but again, it's going to be very hard to get sufficient levels of Elkharnitine to improve egg quality and sperm quality unless you're going to take it in supplement form. The typical recommendation, based on peer reviewed studies, they've shown significant improvements in egg quality. That is chromosomal arrangements,

Starting point is 03:47:03 that is the likelihood of fertility or pregnancy rather, the likelihood of sperm being forward fast swimmers as opposed to twitchers or emotile and having proper morphology. All those measures has been demonstrated to be significantly improved by the ingestion of alcharnitine. How much alcharnitine? Well, that depends on how you're obtaining the alcharnitine. If you're obtaining it in capsule form, one to three grams per day of capsule form, alkanitine is what's been suggested to improve egg quality and sperm quality. Now, one to three grams per day can be taken all at once or spread out throughout the 24 hour cycle.

Starting point is 03:47:40 It can be taken with or without food. It does not seem to matter. And when taken for a period of 30 to 60 days, does seem to significantly improve all the parameters that have been discussed for egg quality and sperm quality. Now the mechanism for that effect is pretty clear. Elkharnitine is involved in the processing of lipids, fats, in terms of mitochondrial function. And as we talked about before, mitochondria are vital lipids, fats, in terms of mitochondrial function.

Starting point is 03:48:05 And as we talked about before, mitochondria are vital for the organization and action of the spindle that pulls apart the chromosomes, taking that cell within the female from diploid to haploid, which is essential. You really want just the 23 individual chromosomal strands. You don't want chromosomal repeats.

Starting point is 03:48:24 It's also involved in the actual fusion of the egg as it exits the ovary and enters the ovulation cycle. Mitochondri are also important as we talked about before for the forward motility of sperm because of the enrichment of mitochondria in that mid region just behind the head that cause the whipping flagellation of the tail allowing for forward movement as well as other aspects of cellar and morphology. So it makes a lot of sense as to why alkaline-needing supplementation would be beneficial. Again, it's 1 to 3 grams per day over a period of about 30 to 60 months.

Starting point is 03:48:54 If you're hoping to conceive in the upcoming months, recommend taking it for at least 30 days prior to that. Of course, based on the data we talked about before, there's cumulative probability, fe facundability, et cetera. There's no reason to not continue to try for pregnancy before taking L-currentine. But L-currentine is going to improve egg and sperm quality. And so you might actually take the stance

Starting point is 03:49:15 that even if you don't have any problem getting pregnant, wouldn't you want to maximize the quality of the egg that gets fertilized and the quality of the sperm that fertilizes that egg. So that's additional rationale for taking alcharnitine. One important note, if you are going to take alcharnitine in oral form and capsule form, it can increase something called TMAO.

Starting point is 03:49:36 TMAO can cause stiffening of the arteries. You don't want TMAO levels to go too high. One way to offset the increases in TMAO caused by oral alcharnitine is to take 600 milligrams of garlic per day. I suppose you could eat cloves of garlic. That would work just as well because garlic contains something called allocin, which can offset the increase in TMAO. But 600 milligrams capsules of garlic are going to be, or garlic extract rather, is going to be the most probably cost effective and simplest way

Starting point is 03:50:06 to do this. And also they are going to create that garlic smell. Some people like the smell of garlic. Some people don't. So if you're going to take oral alcharnitine, I suggest also taking 600 milligrams a day of garlic extract. And you can do that at any time throughout the day. It doesn't have to be with the alcharnitine.

Starting point is 03:50:23 The next item on the list of compounds that have been shown to improve egg quality and sperm quality and quite robustly so is coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 is something that you can actually measure levels of in your blood. Most physicians will say that they wanna see your levels of coenzyme Q10 to be somewhere between 0.5 and 2.5, it's gonna depend on the units.

Starting point is 03:50:42 Most people I realize they're not gonna run off and get their co-Q10 measured. It's not included in most standard blood tests, but if you were to measure your co-Q10, that's the range that you want to look for. That said, many people opt to supplement with co-Q10, and you'll find that many fertility docs, OBGYNs, and urologists that are trying to assist their male patients with fertility. We'll suggest co-Q10 because again, it supports the health of mitochondria. M mitochondria is so vital to so many aspects of the formation and fertilization of the

Starting point is 03:51:14 egg and sperm that, of course, fertilizes the egg. The co-ins I'm Q10 dosages that are most often suggested and that you'll observe in the peer reviewed research literature on humans, I should add, is 100 to 400 milligrams per day. And the co-ins I'm Q10 is taken generally with a meal and ideally a meal that contains fat. And there's even some idea that taking co-ins I'm Q10 with your dinner, assuming that dinner includes some fat, you don't have to add additional fat,

Starting point is 03:51:44 is going to be more advantageous than taking co-ins on Q10 early in the day, although that's probably a detail that's getting a little too far down in the week. So again, 100 to 400 milligrams of co-ins on Q10 per day, whether or not you're a man or a woman, for improving the likelihood of fertility, by way of improving egg and sperm quality. And again, if you're somebody who just doesn't have any problem getting pregnant or viewers already producing many sperm of quality morphology, this is another case in which you could take a step back and you say, well, why wouldn't I want to further optimize the quality of the egg and the sperm? Because the quality of the egg and the sperm ultimately are going to determine not just whether or not you have a successful pregnancy, but are going to

Starting point is 03:52:21 determine admittedly in ways that will forever remain cryptic to you. But nonetheless, are going to determine admittedly in ways that will forever remain cryptic to you, but nonetheless are going to be important in determining the qualities of the brain tissue and body tissue of your offspring. The third item on the list of compounds, which are commonly suggested or prescribed by fertility docks nowadays for men and women wishing to conceive and or optimize their fertility as a basis for general vitality and health is inocital. Inocital has many uses, so you'll hear about the use of inocital for reducing anxiety or improving mood or even for the treatment of depression.

Starting point is 03:52:56 We talked about inocital in previous episodes of this podcast. For instance, I talked about inocital and in particular taking 900 milligrams of myoinocital prior to sleep, which is something that I do along with the other supplements that I take and recommend for sleep, such as magnesium, 3 and 8, apogenin, and theanine. If you're curious about those, you can see our newsletter on sleep or our perfect year sleep episode or the master's sleep episode. It talks about behavioral and supplementation based tools for improving sleep. But myonositol is not just suggested or prescribed for people that are wishing to get pregnant and for general health, but myonositol is often recommended for people that want to improve

Starting point is 03:53:37 egg and sperm quality because of the way that it can positively impact insulin sensitivity. Insulin sensitivity might sound like a bad thing to people out there, but it turns out that you want to be insulin sensitive. The last thing you want is to be insulin insensitive. Insulin insensitivity is associated with type 2 diabetes, with obesity, and even for people who are not challenged with obesity, you want your cells to be insulin sensitive. You don't want a lot of insulin floating around in your system with your cells unable to use that insulin. That's really what insulin insensitivity is about.

Starting point is 03:54:10 Myoeonositol at dosages of one to five grams per day. It's pretty high, one to five grams per day. Keeping in mind that 1,000 milligrams is one gram. Has been suggested to improve egg quality and sperm quality. Now one point of, I wouldn't say caution, but of note, is that myonositol can reduce anxiety and it can be a slight sedative, which is why some folks

Starting point is 03:54:33 including myself take almost a gram, 900 milligrams, prior to sleep. If you're going to take five grams of myonositol, you would want to restrict that to the late evening, or second half of your day. And I don't suggest starting that high. I would start with one or two grams and then working your way up, seeing what you can tolerate in terms of the level of anti-anxiety and drowsiness that it produces.

Starting point is 03:54:57 One to five grams per day of myocytal is what's suggested for both men and women, wishing to improve egg health and sperm health. But for women, it's also often suggested to include also, okay, so to take my oynositol, but to also take de-kyro inositol. De-kyro inositol has elements in it that can be both pro and anti-androgenic. Androgens are things like testosterone and related molecules. There are a number of different causes of infertility and disruption to egg quality, age being the most significant factor.

Starting point is 03:55:31 But another significant and very common factor, even among young women who are fertile age, is having too many Androgens and as it relates to something called polycystic ovarian syndrome. We'll do an entire episode about menopause and PCOS and a number of other things that relate to fertility because it's an entire and very interesting other discussion that we need to have. But the recommendation is that women take 1 to 5 grams of myonocytal, but also dechiroin acetal because of the ways that it can balance androgens and offset some of the negative effects of polycystic ovarian syndrome, or offset some of the negative effects of polycystic ovarian syndrome, or even for women who do not have polycystic ovarian syndrome, because

Starting point is 03:56:10 of the ways that de-chiroinocytalk can balance androgens in ways that are beneficial. The dosages of de-chiroinocytalk that are recommended tend to be one-twenty-fifth to one-fortieth of the myo-inocytalk dose. So you have to get out your calculator, remember, a thousand milligrams equals one gram. So figure out if you're taking one gram of myonostatol per day or two grams, you're going to want to convert that to milligrams. So let's say you're taking two grams of myonostatol per day, that's 2000 milligrams, and you'd want to divide that by 25, and that's how many milligrams of dechiroinostatol you would

Starting point is 03:56:44 want to take as well. Or you could go with the lower end dose and divide it by 40 and take that number of milligrams of dechiron acetal along with the inosatal. Again, probably taking it later in the day is going to be good and it's not clear at all that taking it with food or without food makes any difference whatsoever. So I would suggest you do either. Keep in mind as I'm discussing these recommendations, I may call them prescriptions, but none of these

Starting point is 03:57:08 are prescription drugs. And of course, you should always discuss any supplements that you're planning to take or stop taking for that matter with your physician. I don't say that to protect me. I say that to protect you. Anytime you're going to add or change something in your overall health regimen, you want to discuss that with your trusted healthcare professional. Typically, I would hope a board certified MD. The fourth item in the list of commonly suggested supplements for men and women wishing to optimize egg and sperm quality respectively is omega-3 fatty acids. And now here, we're talking about something that could be obtained from food and can be obtained

Starting point is 03:57:43 from food. So if you're consuming fatty ocean fish, things like sardines, anchovies, salmon with the skin, chances are you're going to get some quality omega-3s. Omega-3s are also available in plant-based sources. It's also available in krill, for that matter. But most people find it difficult to reach the threshold required for optimizing mental health and physical health. That is the threshold of the EPA essential fatty acids.

Starting point is 03:58:08 And so for that matter, I have suggested before in this podcast, and many fertility docs will suggest that their patients take omega-3 fatty acids in supplement form and could be taken in liquid form or in capsule form. But enough of those so that you're getting at least one gram per day of the EPA form of omega-3s. Okay, so at least one gram per day and as high as two or even three grams per day of the EPA form. So you'll need to look at the packaging because oftentimes you'll say high potent CO-mega-3s, you'll say, you know, 1,500 milligrams of omega-3s, but that's not 1,500 milligrams of the

Starting point is 03:58:42 EPA form. You'll look on the back of the label and you'll say each serving contains 750 milligrams of EPA. You want to get above that one gram dosage per day and as high as three grams per day of the EPA's. The most cost effective way to do that is going to be liquid formal megas, but that's a little bit inconvenient for many people and some people don't like the taste. That's why they rely on the capsule form omega's.

Starting point is 03:59:05 And of course, there are compounds that can impact fertility status, quality of eggs, quality of sperm, not by adjusting mitochondria or insulin sensitivity or creating a general milieu of support for the egg in the sperm production and function, such as the compounds that I just listed off do, but rather compounds that influence the hormones involved in the generation of sperm and the generation of the eggs involved in the ovulatory cycle and the spermatic genesis cycle. That is, now these are going to come in different forms and I want to just emphasize that the supplements that do this,

Starting point is 03:59:42 that adjust hormones in these ways that can be beneficial, are distinct from hormone therapy or bioidentical hormones. Okay? Distinct from hormone therapy or bioidentical hormones, because as we discussed earlier, when you take a hormone like testosterone or even estrogen for that matter from an exogenous and outside source, you're going to disrupt the feedback pathways inside of your body and you're going to shut down your own endogenous production. The subliminal I'm about to describe, do not do that.

Starting point is 04:00:09 And yet can adjust levels of hormones in more subtle ways that could be beneficial for the process of maximizing fertility for males and for females. The first of which on this list that I'd like to discuss has been discussed in previous podcasts as well, which is a substance called Tonga Ali. Tonga Ali also goes by other names, but when taken at 400 milligrams per day, sometimes separated into two dosages, but typically taken as once a day, early in the day, because

Starting point is 04:00:35 they can be a little bit stimulating, although not anxiety provoking. I've never heard of that. It can be a little bit stimulating, but 400 milligrams a day of Tonga Ali has been shown to increase free testosterone by way of reducing something called sex hormone binding globuline. It's also been shown to increase luteinizing hormone, the net effect of which has been described as a subtle but significant increase in libido and some of the other parameters associated with increased androgens like free testosterone in males and females. So a number of people out there are taking Tonga Ali in this way.

Starting point is 04:01:08 400 milligrams per day restricted to the early part of the day with or without food. People always ask, do you need to cycle Tonga Ali? I'm not aware of any need to cycle Tonga Ali. In fact, it tends to work better, meaning the effects on libido and some other hormone profiles tends to increase over time. Again, Tonga Ali is an option., as certainly none of these things are requirements.

Starting point is 04:01:29 We're simply listing off options. But many people, both males and females, seem to benefit from and like Tonga Ali, even if they're not seeking to conceive. There's no reason to think that Tonga Ali directly improves or sperm quality, except in males, the increase in Androgen created by Tonga Ali supplementation can indeed lead to improved spermatogenesis. So there's a growing amount of data in this research literature on Tonga Ali,

Starting point is 04:01:53 many people find it beneficial. And so it's something that both men and women wishing to conceive and or optimize their fertility just as a general health parameter might want to explore. The other supplement that's been shown to improve both egg quality and sperm quality, and there I'm referring to a number of different parameters related to egg quality and sperm quality, as well as to increase libido, fairly substantially,

Starting point is 04:02:17 is a substance called Sheila G. Sheila G spelled SHI, L-A-G-I-T. Shilogy is actually a compound that's used in Ayurvedic medicine, but there are some really good research studies exploring the supplementation with Shilogy at about 250 milligrams twice per day. This has been looked at in males and in females. It does seem to significantly increase two hormones. One is testosterone and the other is follicle stimulating hormone. And for that reason, Sheila G is often considered

Starting point is 04:02:50 a tonic that people use both as an aphrodisiac, to increase libido, as well as to increase fertility. Now, one note of caution, if you're a woman and you're considering taking Sheila G in order to increase testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone, keep in mind that the ovulatory cycle is this very tightly regulated cycle in which

Starting point is 04:03:11 you want low but elevated levels of follicle stimulating hormone early in the follicular phase, then it peaks right before ovulation, and then low levels of follicle stimulating hormone in the second half of your cycle. For that reason, using cheligy chronically around the entire course of your ovulatory cycle could be a little bit risky. And I'd recommend that you talk to your OBGYN prior to doing that or if doing that at all. For males it's a little bit less of an issue because as I mentioned earlier sperm are constantly being generated and the presence of FSH is going to increase

Starting point is 04:03:45 spermatic genesis. Now, Sheila G is not FSH itself. Sheila G stimulates the release of FSH. And it stimulates the release of testosterone. So again, there's no reason that it would shut down your endogenous testosterone or FSH production. Although there are limited amount of data

Starting point is 04:04:02 that really explore that in detail, many people use cheligy in order to increase their testosterone FSH, their libido, and various aspects of sperm health. Again, the dosages of cheligy are about 250 milligrams two times per day. One issue with cheligy is it often comes as a tar, it was a little hard to measure out the dosages. Yes, a tar, it's this kind of thick gummy substance

Starting point is 04:04:26 that you're supposed to dissolve in water. And the recommendations are you take a little bead and dissolve it in water. It is available in capsule form where the ability to control the dosage is made a little bit easier. But of course, as with any supplement, I recommend starting with the lowest possible dosage.

Starting point is 04:04:41 So you might want to start with a very small bead of shilajee, a dissolved in water, taken once per day, and then increase the dosage as needed in order to obtain the effects that you want. Things like Sheila G, start to bring us into the realm of what can only be described as a little bit unwieldy, right? Here we're saying you can't really control the dosage, now you're talking about hormones that need to be tightly regulated, at least for females across the ovarian cycle for males. Yes, it has been shown to increase testosterone and FSH improves sperm motility and sperm count pretty significantly.

Starting point is 04:05:12 No reason to think that you couldn't do that chronically with chelogy. And yet, I do want to acknowledge that chelogy as this black tar substance is contains a lot of different things. In fact, it comes from a mineral pitch. What is that? It comes from literally the dirt and plants that have been compressed by rocks in the Himalayas. So, that's pretty esoteric stuff when it really comes down to it. But the biological effects of Sheila G in both males and females seem to be related to the fact that it is highly enriched in

Starting point is 04:05:38 something called full-vic acid. And full-vic acid is involved in a lot of different cellular processes, not the least of which, at least in this context, is the transport of molecules across cell membranes. And for hormones to have their effect, they need to cross cell membranes on the outside and the inside of the cell. So maybe that's how it's having its effect. Again, the mechanisms of exactly how Sheila G increases testosterone in FSH and thereby libido, egg quality and sperm quality aren't entirely clear. But for the more adventurous of you out there who want to experiment with Sheila G, whether or not you're trying to conceive

Starting point is 04:06:11 or not, it might be something to consider, but of course, do talk to your physician. The next compound that I want to discuss is zinc. And then this discussion mainly pertains to males, although I, of course, should point out that females should get the recommended daily allowance of zinc each day. Males, on the other hand, seem to benefit from having additionally high levels of zinc intake.

Starting point is 04:06:35 Now that can be obtained through foods. You often hear oysters are enriched in zinc and oysters are in Afro-DG. I don't know who's doing the marketing for oysters, but it's really terrific. I think that seems persisted. And maybe it's true, oysters are enriched in zinc. What does zinc do for fertility? Well, in males, we know,

Starting point is 04:06:55 based on a really nice set of studies, that zinc dosages that are pretty high of about 120 milligrams taken twice per day. That's quite a lot. With meals can significantly increase testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. And this probably shouldn't come as a surprise to us. It turns out that zinc is highly enriched in human testes

Starting point is 04:07:17 and in the testes of other animals, including fish and other mammals. And it was actually in 1921 that it was observed in fish that zinc levels skyrocket in the testes of fish during their breeding season. So zinc is correlated with increases in breeding, but you never know which direction that correlation is running. Turns out that zinc in both animals, including fish, other mammals, and in humans, strongly impacts the enzymatic functions in the

Starting point is 04:07:45 testes, including the function of androgen binding protein. So it seems that high levels of zinc can increase spermatogenesis and testosterone levels very significantly. This was explored in a really nice study that I'll provide a reference to. It's an older study. I really like it. It's called Effect of Zinc Administration on Plasma Testosterone, dihydrogen testosterone, and sperm count. This is just one study among many now. This dates back to 1981, but there have been studies subsequently. The point of the fact that supplementation with zinc at those high levels can really be helpful in terms of increasing sperm count to testosterone and even testicular size of all things. So one important point about taking zinc, this 120 milligrams of zinc to two times daily, definitely needs to be done with meals.

Starting point is 04:08:31 If you've ever taken zinc on an empty stomach, even if you just take 15 or 30 milligrams of zinc, you can feel very nauseous, not well for a few hours. So make sure that you're taking zinc with full meals. So this would mean that you're taking in at least two full meals per day. I should also mention that zinc supplementation did not appear to impact gonadotropin releasing hormone or prolactin, so it seems to be a fairly targeted effect on the testosterone and related pathways and males.

Starting point is 04:08:59 As far as I know, there have not been systematic explorations of the effects of high levels of zinc administration on females. I would hope that those studies would soon be done. But meanwhile, if you're a male and you're interested in improving sperm quality and your testosterone levels overall for whatever reason, zinc likely is a good candidate. And that pretty much summarizes the compounds

Starting point is 04:09:19 that men and women should take in order to maximize egg quality, sperm quality, and fertility. And then of course, if we start to enter the landscape of other things that men and women can take in order to maximize egg quality, sperm quality, and fertility. And then of course, if we start to enter the landscape of other things that men and women can take in order to improve fertility and those other things generally are prescription drugs. And so I just wanna mention what a few of those are, but of course these are things

Starting point is 04:09:36 that you would absolutely have to obtain prescriptions for from your MD, and your MD without question would wanna take blood tests prior to prescribing these things. So for instance, if men have been taking exogenous testosterone through the use of anabolic steroids, like performance and dancing drugs, or even testosterone replacement therapy,

Starting point is 04:09:57 their endogenous testosterone levels are going to be very low, and their sperm counts are going to be very low. Unless, for instance, they are prescribed in taking something like HCG, human-choriana, gonatotropin, which mimics LH and would stimulate the testes produced testosterone and through some indirect pathways,

Starting point is 04:10:13 rescues, spermatogenesis, although not to the same degree, as if people are not taking exogenous sources of testosterone. Some men, even if they've never touched TRT or exogenous testosterone of Some men, even if they've never touched TRT or exogenous testosterone of any kind, will be prescribed to take HCG because of its ability to stimulate the testes to produce more testosterone and sperm, so they're just taking HCG alone. Other men will take or will be prescribed rather FSH in order to stimulate spermatogen, or HCG and FSH, or clomophin, which can regulate all sorts of things in the both testosterone

Starting point is 04:10:46 and estrogen-related pathways at the level of brain and pituitary and gonad, testes. Likewise for women, if they're low in FSH, they might be prescribed FSH. If they are low in luteinizing hormone, they might be prescribed HCG. If they're low in testosterone, they might even be prescribed testosterone. If they're testosterone is too high and they're dealing with PC hormone, they might be prescribed HCG if they're low in testosterone. They might even be prescribed testosterone. And if they're testosterone is too high and they're dealing with PCOS, they might be prescribed anti-androgens and androgen blockers and on and on and on. There are so many different hormones that can impact the different aspects of the ovulatory in this permanogenesis cycle that the OBGYNs and the urologists focus on male fertility

Starting point is 04:11:24 nowadays really have an excellent handle on which levers and buttons and threads to pull in push and so forth in order to set in motion a proper ovulatory cycle and a proper spermanogenesis cycle. You know, everything we talked about up until now and in the early phase of this episode, especially about how the brain commands the pituitary and the pituitary commands, the gonads and then the gonads, the ovary or the testes, send feedback signals to the pituitary, to then influence the pituitary. All of that incredible orchestra, that dance, is so tightly regulated in a way that really

Starting point is 04:11:57 provides the OBGYNs and the fertility docs concerned with male fertility exceptional tools. To, for instance, figure out if a man is not producing any sperm but his testosterone levels are well within normal range. Well then, there are some very clear sets of explorations and potential treatments, some of which are mechanical, making sure the epididimus and vast deference are clear, allowing the sperm to enter, the ejaculate, the ejaculate to enter the urethra and obviously to enter the female, as well as for a woman who's not ovulating to adjust her levels of FSH or maybe even to apply acupuncture

Starting point is 04:12:33 in conjunction with supplementation and various prescription hormone therapies to adjust fertility and ovulation and the probability of successful pregnancy. So there's a vast landscape of prescription drugs and surgical interventions of varying degrees of invasiveness and some are, for instance, outpatient procedures, some require general anesthesia, et cetera, in order to maximize male and female fertility. What I've tried to do today is to provide you

Starting point is 04:13:02 with a deep dive understanding of the ovulatory and menstrual cycle. We talked about the brain, the pituitary, the ovary, the phylopean tubes, and in fact, the whole female reproductive axis as it relates to fertility and reproduction. I also described the male reproductive axis as it relates to the brain, the pituitary, the gonad, the testes, and the various ducts, the pathways out of the testes that allow the sperm to be enriched within the semen and then the semen and the ejaculate to exit through the urethro. I did all that as a way to frame the various tools and interventions

Starting point is 04:13:38 that can really assist in increasing fertility, egg quality and sperm quality. So when we discuss mitochondria in the context of the development of an egg, where the development of sperm and its ability to swim quickly forward, now it should make sense as to why I give an intervention,

Starting point is 04:13:55 whether or not it's alcharnitine or whether or not it's exercise or whether or not it's getting enough sleep and limiting stress, why all that should matter and why in fact mechanistically those interventions can work. Because indeed, there are many interventions that we can all do and use to support our fertility.

Starting point is 04:14:10 And again, as a more general theme today, I really wanted to a, teach you about the human reproductive axis. I do find the biology of the ovulatory and menstrual cycle and spermanogenesis to be absolutely fascinating to me. And again, if you're somebody who's interested in conceiving or if you've already conceived children and even if you don't want more children, this is really the aspect of our biology that allowed us to be here. It's the aspect of our biology that determined whether or not we are male or female. It's the aspect of our biology that determines so, so much. And yet, I think that most of us generally are not taught

Starting point is 04:14:45 this in school, or at least not at the depth that we discussed it today. So hopefully that information was in and of itself, interesting, and perhaps useful as well. And I do think that even if people are not wishing to conceive more children, that the information related to fertility and optimizing egg and sperm health is a value in the sense that optimizing egg and sperm health is a value in the sense that optimizing egg and sperm health

Starting point is 04:15:05 can be used as a proxy for optimizing our body and brain health generally. In other words, and here I'm admittedly taking words out of the mouths of the various wonderful doctors, the OBGYNs and urologists that helped inform me in an anticipation of this episode, what is good for the woman is good for the egg and for fertility and for pregnancy. And what's good for the man is good for the quality and production of sperm and for fertility and pregnancy. Put differently, whether or not we are male or female, the things that we can do to optimize

Starting point is 04:15:41 our fertility are the exact same things that we should all be doing to optimize our vitality and our longevity. And I realized today's episode was so much the deep dive and fairly broad as well that it ended up being fairly long and extensive and yet we still have not touched on any of the important themes that I know a number of people want to know about. So, for instance, menopause, andropause, PCOS, and other themes related to hormones and reproductive function and biology. And I promise that we will have episodes, both solo episodes and episodes with expert guests in the future to cover all of those topics in detail. Meanwhile, the information discussed in today's episode

Starting point is 04:16:20 should serve as a basic foundation for those discussions going forward. And and hopefully we're of interest to you in their own right. If you're learning from Ender and Join this podcast, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. That's a terrific zero-cost way to support us. In addition, please subscribe to the podcast on Spotify and Apple. And on both Spotify and Apple, you can leave us up to a five-star review. If you have questions or comments about the podcast or guests that you'd like me to bring on the Huberman Lab podcast, please put those questions and suggestions in the comment section on YouTube. I do read all the comments. In addition, please check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout today's episode. That's the best way to support this podcast.

Starting point is 04:16:57 During today's episode and on many previous episodes of the Huberman Lab podcast, we discuss supplements. While supplements aren't necessary for everybody, many people derive tremendous benefit from them for things like sleep, hormone augmentation, focus, and much more. The Hubert Minlab Podcast is now partnered with Momentous Supplements, because as mentioned, the beginning of today's episode, Momentous Supplements

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Starting point is 04:18:11 so on. You can sign up for the newsletter again, completely zero cost by going to hubermanlab.com, go to the menu, go to newsletter, you provide your email, we do not share your email. And again, the newsletter is completely zero cost. Thank you once again for joining me for today's discussion, all about the biology surrounding this incredible thing that we call fertility, including the ovulatory cycle, spermatogenesis, fertilization itself,

Starting point is 04:18:33 and all the events leading up to pregnancy. And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest in science. you

Huberman Lab - How to Optimize Fertility in Males & Females

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