Huberman Lab - How to Speak Clearly & With Confidence | Matt Abrahams

Episode Date: November 17, 2025

My guest is Matt Abrahams, lecturer at Stanford Graduate School of Business and a world expert in communication and public speaking. He explains how to speak with clarity and confidence and how to be more authentic in your communication in all settings: public, work, relationships, etc. He shares how to eliminate filler words ("umm"-ing), how to overcome stage fright and how to structure messages in a way that makes audiences remember the information. He also shares how to recover gracefully if you "blank out" on stage and simple drills and frameworks that dramatically improve spontaneity, storytelling and overall communication effectiveness. People of all ages and communication styles will benefit from the practical, evidence-supported protocols Matt shares to help you communicate with greater confidence and impact. Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Pre-order Andrew's book Protocols: https://go.hubermanlab.com/protocols Thank you to our sponsors AGZ by AG1: https://drinkagz.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman Joovv: https://joovv.com/huberman Mateina: https://drinkmateina.com/pages/store-locator Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman Timestamps (0:00) Matt Abrahams (3:21) Public Speaking Fear, Status; Speech Delivery (5:36) Speech, Connection, Credibility; Authenticity (9:05) Monitoring, Self-Judgement; Memorization, Tool: Object Relabeling Exercise (13:13) Sponsors: Eight Sleep & BetterHelp (15:40) Cadence & Speech Patterns; Lego Manuals, Storytelling & Emotion (19:18) Visual vs Audio Content, Length, Detail (23:19) Understanding Audience's Needs, Tool: Recon – Reflection – Research (24:25) Judgement in Communication, Heuristics (27:33) Questions, Responding to the Audience, Tool: Structuring Information (31:34) Feedback & Observation; Tools: Three-Pass Speech Review; Communication Reflection Journal (39:09) Movement, Stage Fright, Content Expertise (42:54) Sponsors: AGZ by AG1 & Joovv (45:34) Multi-Generation Communication Styles & Trust; Curiosity, Conversation Turns (50:32) Linear vs Non-Linear Speech, Tool: Tour Guide Expectations (53:21) Develop Communication Skills, Audience Size, Tools: Distancing; Practicing (1:01:43) Tool: Improv & Agility; Great Communication Examples; Divided Attention (1:09:36) One-on-One Communication vs Public Speaking (1:11:00) Sponsor: Mateína (1:12:00) Neurodiversity, Introverts, Communication Styles; Writing & Editing (1:16:30) Calculating Risk, Tool: Violating Expectations & Engaging Audience (1:21:20) Authenticity, Strengths, Growth & Improv (1:23:23) Damage Control, Tools: Avoid Blanking Out; Contingency Planning, Silence (1:30:32) Nerves, Tool: Breathwork; Spontaneous Communication; Beta-Blockers (1:34:29) Communication Hygiene, Caffeine, Tools: NSDR/Yoga Nidra; Vestibular System & Sleep (1:40:08) Conversation Before Speaking; Delivering Engaging Speeches (1:42:56) Sponsor: Function (1:44:43) Anticipation, Tool: Introduce Yourself; Connect to Environment, Phones (1:51:30) Customer Service & Kids Jobs; Tool: Role Model Communication; COVID Pandemic (1:56:04) Quiet But Not Shy, Extroverts; Social Media Presence (2:00:25) Martial Arts, Sport, Running, Presence & Connection (2:04:16) Apologizing; Communication Across Accents & Cultures (2:07:36) Interruptions, Tools: Paraphrasing; Speech Preparation (2:10:57) Public Speaking Fear, Tool: Envision Positive Outcome; Arguments & Mediation (2:13:19) Omit Filler Words, Tool: Landing Phrases; Time & Storytelling (2:16:52) Asking For a Raise; Poor Communicators & Curiosity; Memorization (2:19:49) Pre-Talk Anxiety Management; Acknowledgements (2:23:47) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow, Reviews & Feedback, Sponsors, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Do you ever recommend people memorize speeches? Never. The reason memorizing is so bad is it burdens your cognitive load. You've created the right way to say it, and you're constantly comparing what you wanted to say to what you're actually saying. So having a roadmap, having a structure, having some familiarity with some ideas are important. If there are certain words that you really want to get across or certain data, have a note card, read it. I'd rather you do that than put the cognitive burden on yourself of memorizing. Several people asked about how best to communicate with people who are not very good at communicating.

I would encourage people to lead with questions. Draw the other person out. Often, if you can get them talking about something that's important to them or connected to what you want, then you can engage in that conversation. So again, it's pre-work. It's thinking about what's of value. Lead with questions. And then as soon as the person responds, give them space to tell more. My mother-in-law had a black belt in small talk. She was a amazing. Amazing. She was from the Midwest. Every time she'd fly out to visit, she'd come off the plane with three new best friends. And her secret, and you mentioned this earlier, were three words, tell me more. Once somebody answers a question, give them that space to say more. And that really draws them out and gives you some ideas of what's important to them so you can latch on and talk about it more. So lead with questions, give space for more communication. That's how you draw somebody who might be reticent or not comfortable speaking. Welcome to the Huberman Lab podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life. I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine. My guest today is Matt Abrahams from Stanford Graduate School of Business. Matt is an expert in speaking and communication, on stage, online, in person, and in all circumstances. During today's episode, we discuss how to become a better communicator.

everything from protocols that work to eliminate ums, how to deal with onstage fright, how to practice speaking more clearly and equally important, how to remember important facts and synthesize information that you learn from others. Humans are extremely visual and we are extremely verbal, and what we hear sticks with us and how things are said matters tremendously too. We all register people's levels of confidence or anxiety when they speak, and that determines what we remember and what we forget, and also what we remember and forget about them. During today's episode, Matt explains tools that have been proven to work that you can

practice alone or that you can use in real time to improve your communication skills. He also explains what it really means to communicate authentically. We hear about authenticity all the time, but Matt makes clear exactly what that is, how to tap into it, and how to deliver information in your own unique voice. He also offers great tools for when things go wrong and how to recover from those situations with grace. Matt Abrahams is considered one of the foremost experts in communication. And I'm sure that everyone, women, men, young and old, will benefit from what he teaches today. Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford. It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public.

In keeping with that theme, today's episode does include sponsors. And now for my discussion with Matt Abrahams. Matt Abrams, welcome. Thanks, Andrew. I'm thrilled to be here. teach us how to communicate better, but please do it in the context of not just public speaking, but one-on-one interactions, spontaneous interactions, as well as planned interactions. Basically, I'm asking you to solve a number of problems that people have, but I think we often hear that one of the major fears people have is public speaking.

Yeah. But I think it's highly contextual. When we think public speaking, we think like being forced out on a stage to talk about a topic we don't know or something. But what do you think that fear of public speaking is really about? Is it the fear of being shamed, of saying something stupid, of like dissolving into a puddle of our own tears on stage? What is it? Because some sense it's kind of illogical. Well, those of us who study this believe it actually has an evolutionary basis that when our species was hanging around in groups of about 150 people, your relative status meant everything. And I'm not talking about who has the fancy car or who gets the most likes on social media. It's who got access to resources, food, shelter,

reproduction. And if you did something that put your status at risk, that could be really bad news for you. So those of us who study this believe it's ingrained in who we are to be very sensitive to anything that puts our status at risk. And that can be being up in front of a big crowd or talking to my boss about an important issue. All of those put us at risk. we often hear that what is being said is perhaps not as important as how it's being said. Right. The timbre of one's voice, the eye contact, the body language, etc. Whenever I hear that, I often think, like, it's kind of a skewed perspective.

It's got to be the sum total of it all, right? Yeah, absolutely. I mean, what you say is really important. If it doesn't make sense, if it's not logical, if it's confusing, that puts you in a bad light. But similarly, how you say it, if you're confident, if you're confident, if you're, you're upright, if you use a strong voice, that matters too. So those of us who do what I do are really intent in helping people not only craft messages that are meaningful, but to deliver them in a way that can actually be connected, authentic, and engaging. Both are important.

So when I think about online communications and in-person communications where somebody is on a stage and they're selected to talk about something and the expectation is that they're going to engage us. I like to think of this concept that a friend told me about, you know, that the first thing we want to know as a, as an audience member is, you know, has this person earned the right to have my time? So typically people will talk about their, you know, their titles and their experience. And so how much of the fear of public speaking do you think comes from people's kind need to kind of explain or justify that they've like earned the right to actually take your time and talk to you. Because you hear a lot of filling of credentials and things like that.

Let me just sort of counter that with the possibility that came to me, which is that people don't want to hear that at all. They just want to hear what somebody has to say. Right. And I tend to agree with that. I coach my students, the folks I work with in the corporate world, that what's really important is connection. So if you can show that you have some value to bring by getting people engaged with your topic and showing that there is relevance and salience for them, that's all that really matters. Your credibility, while it informs what you say, doesn't need to be the first thing you say. I'm on a personal mission to stop presentations and meetings from starting with people just giving their credentials, telling the titles of what they're saying. Get us hooked.

I tell people it's like an action movie. How does every action movie you've ever seen start? with action. Do something that engages the audience. I'm not saying crash a car and jump out of a plane, but make a provocative statement, ask a question, give some interesting statistics, show what you're saying means for the people, and then you're able to engage them in a dialogue, and that's where connection happens. So credentialing is important, but it doesn't happen right away. You demonstrate your credibility. I teach my students that there are two types of credibility. There's your career in college credibility, something you'd see in your LinkedIn profile, your resume, and then what I call Costco credibility. You know, when you go to Costco, they give you free samples.

You try it. You like it. Show people through the questions you ask, through the engagement you have, through the relevance you bring. That's how you build credibility. I totally agree. And this raises the issue not only of credibility, but of authenticity. We hear so much about authenticity, authenticity, and I've been thinking a lot about that recently. what is this authenticity thing, you know, in terms of people being able to tap into it,

or maybe that runs counter to authenticity. Like you're not supposed to tap into anything. You're supposed to just be you. Yeah. So I think it comes down to really understanding what's important to you and what you stand for and coming from that place. So what does that mean? That means when you're talking about anything on a big stage or in a one-on-one interaction,

understanding where the value is for you and then articulating that in as clear a way as possible. So just be true to your beliefs, but you have to first understand and take the time to think about what those are. Many of us are nervous or so worried about getting through all our material, we don't focus on coming from a firm, clear, connected place. So it really has to do with introspection first,

and then you convert that into something that's meaningful for the audience. That's what I think authenticity is. Yeah, I feel like part of this authenticity thing that we're exploring also has to do with the person delivering the information that they're doing it in a way where they are not constantly monitoring what the audience thinks of them. This seems to be like central to effective communication, that monitoring for one's performance and other people's perception of them, trying to get a running score of how well they're doing really runs counter to effective communication. Absolutely, 100%. It is, the more we are in our heads

judging and evaluating, the more difficult it is to be present and connected to somebody. I do this activity in my class on the first day that really shows how in our heads we can get. I borrowed this from improvisation. I have my students stand up, and for 15 seconds, they just point at different objects in the room, and the only rule is to call it something that it is not. So you point at the ceiling and you call it a car. You point at the floor and you call it a calculator. And for 15 seconds, this is very challenging. I had a student once who's pointing at a chair. Nothing's coming out of his mouth. And I go up, I say, what's going on? He said, I'm not being wrong enough. I gave no rubric, no requirements. I said, tell me more. I said, well, I was going to call the chair a cat,

but a cat has four legs and a chair has four legs. I'm not being wrong enough. Sometimes a cat sits on a chair. I'm not being wrong enough. We are all on this condition. We are all on this continuum he's on judging and evaluating. He's clearly several standard deviations away from most of us. But we all carry around this judgment in our head. And what it does is it locks us internally and not allows us to be external. So you're absolutely right. And when I'm focused on judging what I'm saying, I'm using precious cognitive bandwidth that I could be spending on making sure you clearly understand my message. This is why memorizing what you're trying to say works against you because that precious cognitive bandwidth, trying to get it right, gets in the way of actually doing it. So we need to train ourselves to understand that the magic of communication happens in the moment and not what's happening in your head before. What a great exercise. Do you recommend people do that on their own if they're trying to? As long as they're not driving. And you know who's really good at it? That's not a red light. That's a green light. Exactly. It's a one of children are fantastic at this because they don't have the inhibitions that we do.

But anything that gets you to disrupt the judgment and evaluation that you do can be really helpful. So just a simple game like that, other improv activities as well, it just gets you to see, here's what I'm doing. This is my pattern, my habit. It identifies the heuristics that we carry around that actually get in the way of our communication. Oh, that's so cool. I sometimes like to play the game that I played when I was a kid where you look at clouds and you try and see what they look like. And it's so much fun. And it's a very childlike game.

Right. But it forces you to see clouds differently, the contours become certain things. And then it's interesting. It almost always, if you do this with somebody else, it's kind of fun to do. It gives way to narration where it looks like one cloud. Is he eating another cloud? You start creating this narrative. Yes.

Right? And I did this recently with someone. And it was a lot of fun. Yeah. And then at some point, like, wow, that really looks like. and then, you know, whatever it was that we happen to see. What I think enables that and what allows you to have that fun is that you're suspending judgment for a little bit

and you're just letting things flow freely. And it is in doing that that you begin to build a confidence in what happens in the moment. A lot of my work recently has been on spontaneous speaking, speaking in the moment. And you can actually prepare to be spontaneous. If you think of an athlete, they do a lot of drills and a lot of repetitive motions.

So when they're in the game, they can respond appropriately. You can do the same thing with your speaking. But part of it is that mindset you have to take. Get out of your own way. See what happens in the moment. And that frees you up to do what needs to be done when you're in that interaction. I'd like to take a quick break

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Also, because BetterHelp is done entirely online, it's very time efficient. There's no driving to a therapist office, looking for parking, etc. If you'd like to try BetterHelp, go to betterhelp.com slash Huberman to get 10% off your first month. Again, that's betterhelp.com slash Huberman. When I do public lectures, like when we do live events, sometimes do some crowd work where I'll just cold call for, I usually ask for a body part and I'm always afraid of like what body parts

can come in. That's a brave cold call. And then I try and weave it to some real neuroscience or health-related fact. And it's always a lot of fun. But I do it as a way to break up the cadence. Sometimes I think the difficulty in public speaking comes from the fact that as we go out there,

we've done some preparation. Maybe we've memorized it. I typically don't. But we have some sense of what we're going to say, beginning, middle end, et cetera, what's on the slides, but that the cadence can become so regular that we lose people. And breaking up that cadence can be helpful, I think. And when I step back from public speaking experiences, both as the speaker but also as an audience member, I feel like there's almost a song-like nature to a talk where it has an opener and then it has a quicker pace

and then it repeats itself and it's got some melodies and rhythms. And I like to think that really effective podcasting not to make ourselves conscious of what we're doing here has some of the same. Yeah, I want to tell you a story that relates to that, but at some point I'm going to shout out the word earlobe and I want to hear how you respond to that

because I'm amazed that you get up and ask people to call out body parts. I did some work when I was researching my recent book where I interviewed the gentleman who's in charge of all Lego manuals. I don't know if you've ever built Lego or not. When I was a kid, yeah. Their manuals have no words.

And I've always been fascinated by it. In my class, I will do a lesson where I will bring in a Lego manual and an IKEA manual, which is they're antithetical. And I have my students just discuss communication using these as two representations of ways to get information across. The gentleman who runs that group shared with me that Lego manual designers see the manual as a story, as a narrative. All you're doing is putting pieces together. But what they found is if you put all the same steps in the same order, each step could be the same number of moves with the same number of pieces. People have a very different experience than if you give some moves that have a lot of hard, detailed work, some that are simpler, some that are faster. So that

rhythm you're talking about builds that motivation, builds that sense of accomplishment. they're looking to bring emotion into the act of building Lego models. Wow. Isn't that interesting? And that just emphasizes what you were talking about. Is it the Scandinavians that? It's out of Denmark, yeah. Oh, okay.

My stepmom will be very pleased that we're talking about Lego. She's Danish. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Amazing. Yeah, isn't that fascinating? And if you can do it with a manual that has no words, that's just having you putting bricks together, think about what you could do in your communication one-on-one or one-to-men.

what you're talking about, the rhythm, the patterns, the pattern disruption, all of that can lead to that engagement. I think about the way that we learn things as kids like the ABCs, not just a string of letters, but it has prosody, right? There's inflections and ABCD. Everyone knows that, right? As opposed to just A, B, C, D. Kids don't learn that way. Absolutely. And putting things to music, putting things visually, our lives. lots of ways to help you remember. These days, we hear a lot about the fact that people want short form content. Yes.

And yet people, I can attest, listen to long form podcasts and are still doing that. So I have a theory that's not based on any data that I've seen, that people need a lot of updating of visual information nowadays. They're scrolling Instagram. They're scrolling TikTok. They're updating, I don't like this YouTube video, switching to another one very fast. But with audio, long-form continuous presence of the same voices or voice works. It's very soothing, and we get into a groove with that.

And I actually played this game. I decided to just listen to the audio coming through on Instagram reels and just flipped them. And by the fifth one, it was incredibly jarring. It's really disruptive. It's like, who are these voices and I know these voices? But the visuals are very easy to track. Interesting. And so I think that it's correct.

that we can really update and we like the novelty of new visual information, but that audio content needs to school out over long periods of time, or else it actually is quite aversive to us. Yeah, I heard somebody once say that the difference of all the senses, our auditory sense requires us to slow down

more than anything else to actually pay attention. And I think there's something about that slowing down that makes us more engage with audio. And I think you're right. I mean, when you, my teaching has, I'm curious if your teaching has had to change, as I teach younger generations of students, I have to change things up so much more frequently. Somebody who took my class 15 years ago would be, oh, my goodness, what are you doing? But in a two-hour class, I change things up like seven times. So we go from a mini lecture to watching a video to partnering with somebody just to keep the students engaged because that's where they're at.

They need that switching to help engage. I teach medical students, neural development, and a few other things, and I use slides heavily there. But what I've realized over the years is that if there's too much information on a slide, they're not going to hear anything I say. And that if you switch a slide, people, as somebody who studied vision, this makes perfect sense, people will orient towards the new visual information and they won't hear what you're saying in the transition. Yeah. The other thing that I'm really obsessed by, because I got my start teaching online on Instagram by doing drawings of different aspects of the nervous system and talking about them, is that there's this sweet spot when you're going to teach something with a visual, I've realized, that, for instance, if I were to draw an area of the brain or a brain circuit accurately with a lot of detailed information, it's too much. Right. There's less learning in that case as opposed to sparser representation of the key elements. But if I go to ball and stick model and just triangles and circles, it doesn't work as well. So there's this sweet spot where there's just enough detail, but not too much, where people can hear what you're saying, see the labels, see the stuff in it, and it gets imprinted in their brain.

And when you look back historically, I'm obsessed with the history of medicine and the history of teaching medicine. When you look at the diagrams that have really propagated through time in the field of medicine, they're extremely sparse. They accurately represent just a few elements of, say, the immune system. And they're not the little bubble diagrams. Like, I'm a macrophage. I'm a glial cell. Like, uh-uh.

Like those little cartoons don't work, at least in the long run, nor does showing all the detail that's there. And he was like, whoa, that's just like drinking from a fire hose. And so the really good teachers and anatomists were able to just give the appropriate dose of information and not anymore. Kind of like a great chef would just have like not overspice something. And it's not easy. No. And you sort of have to be the teacher and the student at the same time to be able to do this. Well, I think you're hitting on what's an essential element of any effective communication, which is really understanding your audience and their needs.

you know, so many of us to find success in communication is just getting the information out. I'm successful because what I had in mind is now out. I've made that mistake many times. Yeah, right. It's more about what do I need to say so that my audience understands it better. It's not about what I want. It's about what you need. So I have to do reconnaissance, reflection, and research to really think about how best to craft my message,

be it a drawing or an important point I'm trying to make through my words. you really have to think about your audience and most people don't most people are just so worried about getting the content out they don't think about how it lands successes if your audience takes what you've said and they're able to do something with it

and understand it you know the F word of all communication is fidelity it's about accuracy and clarity of transmitting ideas and if you're not in sync with what your audience needs then you're in trouble most of us create one message

and just deliver it to multiple audiences and think we've been successful because we got it out That's the wrong way to think about it. So if you're willing, could we just take a couple of minutes and explore some of the tools and practices and then go back to some of the theory and then back into tools and practices? I love this exercise you said of like I'll point to the mug and I'll just try not to judge myself when I say bulldog because that just is kind of like where, you know, I'm like Bart Simpson doing the Roar Shock Test,

butter, finger, butter, like bulldog, bulldog, bulldog. But what is that exercise good for? And when could and should somebody apply on their own or with other people? That's an exercise that I use for two reasons. I use it to show that we have a tremendous amount of judgment that we make when we communicate. Because if you ask somebody, why is it so hard to call something something it's not? They'll say, well, that's not what I'm used to or I want it to be better than something else I was thinking. The other thing that I use it for is to help elucidate how we heuristically think in these challenging situations.

So invariably, when I do this in my class, I'll say, were you using any tools to help you figure out what to say? And people say, yeah, I went in the category of colors, or in your case the category of species of dog. These are heuristics. Our brain is trying to help us. And heuristics are very important. If we didn't have them, we wouldn't be able to make decisions. but sometimes a heuristic locks you into a way of thinking. So let's imagine you and I come out of a meeting and you turn to me and you say,

hey, Matt, how do you think that meeting went? I immediately say, Andrew wants feedback and I can itemize all the things that went wrong or all the things we could have done better. But had I been really listening, not locked into that heuristic of feedback, I might have noticed that you were looking down. You were speaking more slowly and softly than usual. Maybe what you wanted in that moment was not feedback, but what you wanted was support because you knew the meeting went.

bad. So if I lock into a heuristic too soon and not understand that I lock into that heuristic, I might take our communication in a direction that isn't productive or could be harmful. The situation I just described to you actually happened to me with a colleague and I itemized all the things that we did wrong. It took me six months to repair that relationship because he didn't want to hear what went wrong. He knew. He wanted me to give some support in that moment. So that exercise is to help us understand that we do a lot of judging that we don't need to do and that we have these heuristics or patterns that we get into that don't allow us to be present and respond to what's needed. Could you define heuristic? I believe I know what it means,

but it sounds like you mentioned heuristic and pattern is kind of synonymous, but maybe just define it for people. So to me, a heuristic is a tool that we use, often unconsciously, to help us reduce the uncertainty in a particular situation. So for example, Imagine I'm in the grocery store and I'm trying to pick out the best tomato sauce or the best ketchup. I might use a heuristic of which is the cheapest. How many offerings from one brand are there? That must be the best brand to buy. So these are mental shortcuts that we use to help us in uncertain situations.

I'm recalling a story where when I was a junior professor, meaning before I had tenure, my first graduate student who's now a phenomenal professor in her own lab at the university at the University of Utah, excuse me, we were in my office and we were talking about something related to her first manuscript and I went on this long description of what we needed to do with the analysis and this and then she sat very quietly and then she said to me, could you be more specific? And I thought, oh my goodness, I just spoke for like five minutes. And I think what she's asking is what in the world are you saying, which is probably what she was asking. She's probably going to chuckle when she hears this.

Right. And she had this amazing way of asking questions like that. She would say, for instance, tell me more. Or what exactly do you want me to do for these experiments in the next couple of weeks? And then she'd usually tell me a better idea, as all great graduate students do. But I feel like that's a bit of this. It's that I was coming to it from the perspective of kind of a fluency, of this sort of expectation that we both were on the same page, and we weren't.

Not because I was the professor and she was the student. Actually, she was closer to the data than I was because she collected the data. Right. But that's the sort of interaction that one-on-one you can catch and you can course correct. Right. But in public speaking, oftentimes people just get off stage and they either realize it went poorly or they get feedback that it went poorly. My postdoc advisor once said, if you get course,

questions after a talk, it means you did well. Yeah, absolutely. If you don't, it means they just want to get rid of you and have you go off stage. Right. So now when I get questions after a talk, I'm like, okay, excellent. Like that means you engaged people. They have questions. So take note of that.

If people have questions, it's very likely you bullse-eyed it. Absolutely. And you're highlighting that if we get into our heads, we're not able to assess what's going on in the moment. A lot of communication is responding. And so I need to be present enough to see how my audience is responding. Are they looking confused? Do they look upset? Then I can adjust and adapt.

So we have to be in that moment enough to be present so we can respond. And the preparation work we do in advance helps us be better prepared. Now, I would argue that in the example you just gave with your former graduate student, part of the issue that I think she might have been having is when you relayed the information, it was just a list or litany of things. And our brains aren't very good at remembering lists. I mean, I always will joke with my students. When you go to the grocery store, how many items do you need to buy before you have to write something down?

For me, it's three. I just can't remember much in lists. If you provide a structure to the information, it makes it much easier. It increases processing ability. So a structure is nothing more than a logical connection of ideas. Everybody listening has seen structure. If you've ever watched a television ad, most ads are in the structure of, problem, solution, benefit.

There's some issue or challenge in the world. The product or service makes it better, and you benefit in some way. That's a structure. There's a logical connection. It's like a story. It's a beginning, middle, and an end. And our brains are wired for that. We understand story better than just a little random list of things.

I'll joke with my students. Bullets kill, don't put a lot of bullet points on a slide because you're not helping yourself. So in that interaction you had with your graduate student, I wonder if she would have understood it better had you structured the information in a way that's logical. A great structure for that might have been three questions. What? So what? Now what? Here's what I want you to do. Here's why it's important. Here's the next steps to help you accomplish it. All of a sudden, it becomes easier for me to digest and understand. So structure is critical to helping get messages across. Yeah. Across those first five years of having my lab, I learned that the best way to interact with

students in postdocs, the most effective way was to have them stand at the whiteboard in my office and write things down as we talked about a project. And the things they would write down, we would eventually cross some things out, maybe make some edits. But those were the, as we called the do-outs, that they were going to take to the next phase of experiments. By putting them in control of what the critical information was, they could also stop me and say, like, what would happen here. So that's a very dynamic interaction. It's not a typical lecture type interaction, but I've found that that works really well in other types of situations too. Yeah. Where the person can take notes, can ask questions about things that were unclear,

but where I get a strong sense of what their takeaway was and also where I fell short or perhaps in rare cases succeeded and communicated what I was trying to communicate. Right. I love that you are taking. taking the time to have those interactions where you get feedback in real time. And there are things you can build into more formal or bigger types of communication situations. I can take polls. I can have people partner or pair with each other and share some information back. Virtual tools allow you to do lots of things.

People can give you reactions as you're communicating. There are ways to get feedback in real time that allow you to adjust and adapt. But one, you have to build in those opportunities in the structure. And two, you have to be present enough to pay attention to what's going on. Do you recommend people tape themselves giving lectures and then review those videos? Absolutely. I make all of my students as part of the work that they do. Anytime they do a public presentation, it could be a panel simulation, a meeting simulation, a speech.

They digitally record themselves and they have to watch it three times. Once with sound only, no video. Once with video only, no sound. And then once both together. and anybody who does this will notice different things, both positive and negative, I tell everybody it's like going to the dentist. Nobody likes going, but everybody's really glad they've been

because you see so much and you learn. And I know many great communication teachers. The best teacher is watching yourself communicate. I assume you've watched yourself. Have you learned things when you watch what you see? Yeah, I will listen to podcasts with guests. Yes. And I do listen to solos to try and see where I can improve.

Right. I have one or two people who I seek feedback from, and I have always done my best to implement that feedback. Yeah. I mean, I'm not going to share what some of the things were because some of it was subtle, but, and I never would have observed in myself, and then turned out to be very useful. I mean, when I think of effective communication on stage or in a podcast, or in any form, really, I feel like it's really about getting outside the self-judgment.

Right. And at the same time, you have to be connected to your audience. I mean, this is especially difficult on podcasts where it's a solo podcast. I'm talking to a camera. But I just imagine it's an audience, like a classroom. That's right. And yet hands aren't going up, at least not then. They go up when we post it and you see the comments and critiques from time to time as well.

And those are very useful. I mean, coming from the landscape of teaching in the classroom, large lectures, small lectures, and doing peer-reviewed science, you get a very thick skin. Yes. And yet nothing quite prepares you for being public-facing. And now everybody's public-facing, unless they block their comments section. I mean, most everybody out there, the mom posting the cake she made for her kids and the kid posting the birthday party photo that everybody's public-facing now. Right.

And so I think it gives people a thicker skin, but I think for a lot of people, it can be damaging for them. I like, though, that you are taking the time to reflect and seek feedback. I often say the only way you get better at communication is three things, repetition, reflection, and feedback. You've got to practice. Nobody has ever thought their way to better communication. You have to do it. You have to reflect. You know, that definition of insanity doing the same thing over and over again, expecting different results.

That's how many people communicate. Every night before I go to bed, I spend one minute right. writing down what went well and what didn't go well in my communication that day. And every Sunday, I spend five minutes going back over the previous week and I make a plan for the following week. I'm not saying I'm a great communicator, but I certainly believe I'm a better communicator because I've been doing that practice for years. You do that every week.

Every day. Every day. Every day. I have a journal. I write down one or two things that I thought went well and one or two things I thought didn't go well. And then I pick one on the Sunday. I review them.

And it has helped me. And then the final step in that is feedback. You have to have trusted others who can give you honest. feedback. But yeah, that reflection practice I've been doing for a long time. How long? Probably I think it was after my kids were, so probably at least 15, 16 years. Awesome. Well, this is why you're a Stanford professor. This is one of the great pleasures of being at Stanford. I mean, we're not at Stanford at this moment, but I have to say, I mean, there are other great universities on the planet, but I love it because everybody who's on the faculty there and the students. I mean,

the students are really the phenoms of the place. Let's be honest. Yes. is so committed to their craft. Also true elsewhere, but since Stanford's the experience, I know, it's just so awesome. You teach communication and you're taking notes on your own communication every day and reviewing at the end of the week. Correct. Fantastic.

Yeah, I think feedback is great. I think that being a selective filter for feedback is great. I do like to listen to other lectures. I listen to a lot of lectures that perhaps other people would find boring based on content or delivery. And I learn a lot from people's styles. Yeah. You know, it's also interesting to pull from the communication styles of people in really

distant genres. I won't mention some of these, but, you know, if you look at different fields of entertainment and communication, some people use more physicality. Some people are more rigid. I think there's a lot to be learned from exploring these other landscapes. I 100% agree. I'm very fortunate. The podcast I host, I get to interview some of the world's best communicators. And it is such a treat to not only engage them in thinking through their craft, but seeing them do it and observing the different ways people do things. And it doesn't have to be somebody who's famous or has a whole bunch of notoriety. One of my son's kindergarten teachers taught me so much about how to stay calm under pressure. how to monitor and manage and facilitate interaction. We just have to pay attention to it and be open to it, not so that we copy, but so that we get ideas and we see how people do things.

The way you break down complex biological processes, I find amazing in terms of the accessibility that you bring to it. That's a skill that somebody who is programming, you know, some programmer somewhere could use to explain to their end users how this works. We need to borrow and understand what people do. We get caught up in our own way of doing it and watching others, I think, is a best way to do it. Long ago, I realized that when there's a certain amount of energy in the body, what we call autonomic arousal, sympathetic tone, whatever, you know, people say fight or flight, but when there's a lot of energy in the body, which is often the case when we're going to give a talk or we're in a novel situation, doesn't have to be on stage, that allowing oneself to physically move,

to walk to pace, to gesticulate, helps dispel some of that energy and makes it a lot easier to deliver the information, then we're one to just sit really still and try and funnel all that through the one's mouth, right? When we're calm, you know, and relax, we can sit back and just move our mouth and our eyes a little bit in our head a little bit. So I've seen that some of the best public speakers know when to pace, know when to stand rigid. And it may be rehearsed, I don't know, but they're not running against their natural tendency in those moments. And like there's there's one neuroscientist. He's actually been a guest on this podcast before. I won't embarrass him by saying who it is. And he has so much mental vigor and energy. And the first time I saw him give

a talk was actually at Harvard Medical School for the 50th anniversary of a foundation. And he got up there and he grabbed the microphone and he gave the talk like this. And I thought to myself, he's going to eat the microphone. He's going to eat the microphone. And he gave the most spectacular talk. And he was funneling all his energy into that microphone. And I realized this guy isn't moving at all, but I thought it was totally reasonable at some point he was just going to take a huge chunk out of the thing. And of course he didn't. I thought, wow, he brought us all to that one location. Now, clearly he's very experienced and skilled communicator. But he's also an expert in that topic. And this is the thing that I always would remind my students in postdocs who had

some understandable stage fright, which is there's no way that you aren't among at least the top three people in the room in terms of the knowledge of what you're talking about. Yes. Right? Like, probably have the most knowledge. But maybe someone else is an expert there, which can be a little scary. But at least you're, then you're sort of their peer. So to remind oneself that in most situations where we're public speaking, you're among the top

experts in that, you spent the most time with the material, at least compared to the audience. Well, and I would add to that that often when we're in those situations, the audience actually wants to learn from us. They're there because they want to take value from us. They're not there to critique and judge and evaluate, although that can't happen. People don't like watching people fail and flail. We want to get some value. And if you remind yourself that I have value to bring and the audience wants that value, that can reduce some of the temperature of that.

With regard to movement, I think movement is great. You just don't want it to be distracting. So there's some rules or ideas around movement. So move when appropriate during transitions. You know, stand-up comedians have a... a rule that they try to follow is you never want to walk during the punchline. You want to land the punchline. All of us when we communicate, we have punchlines. We have things that really we want to have land. Stand still during that. But as you're doing the setup, move side to side. When you start,

come in, move forward. So movement can help you with that anxiety, but it also can help your audience understand what's important and what's not important. So if I'm transitioning from one point to the next and I physically move or I turn my body at the table if I'm seated, that signals information to you that's helpful for you to know. We're moving from one place to the next. So use this need to move in a purposeful way. I didn't realize that comedians don't deliver the punchline while moving, but now that makes perfect sense.

Right, because you're distracting your audience. Even Chris Rock, who moves a lot, will sometimes stop during the punchline. We've known for a long time that there are things that we can do to improve our sleep. And that includes things that we can take, things like magnesium thionate, thionine, chamomile extract, and glycine, along with lesser known things like saffron and valerian root. These are all clinically supported ingredients that can help you fall asleep, stay asleep, and wake up feeling more refreshed. I'm excited to share that our longtime sponsor, AG1, just created a new product called AGZ, a nightly drink designed to help you get better sleep and have you wake up feeling super refreshed. Over the past few years, I've worked with the team at AG1 to help create this new AGZ formula.

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But, you know, if you suddenly see two cars crash, you're completely focused on that. You're not going to go back to what you were doing. But setting aside bad events, traumatic events, social media has an incredibly smooth and fast on-ramp to a focal point, which has got you in the box. A book doesn't typically do that for people. Right.

So what's happening now in terms of what you observe with people's audience's expectation of how engaging something needs to be. Yeah. So I see this play out in a couple ways. One, when you think about a multi-generational workforce or a place where multi-generations are together, you know, people of our vintage, although I'm older than you are, expect relationships and communication to unfold in a certain way. And I think younger generations expect things to be quicker and more transactional.

And when we come together, that can breed misunderstanding and sometimes conflict. So I see it play out there and I find it really interesting and I try to coach the students I have that they have to be appreciative of the ways in which people connect and the ways in which people expect information to come in. You know, if you're just going to keep texting me things and I actually want you to pick up the phone so I can hear it in your own voice, that's going to cause some issues. So we have to appreciate that others have different ways of taking in information. I find that many of the younger students that I communicate with, it's hard for them to do some of the initial work that we have to do in relationship building, trust building, just because they expect things or are used to things happening really fast. And a lot of communication, a lot of connection, at least at first, takes time. So it's helping people appreciate the time spent upfront can lead to the exciting in-depth connection that comes later. So it is changing for sure.

I was trying to think before our conversation what would be the one piece of advice to give people so that they are more at ease with communicating in novel environments on stage or off stage. And what popped to mind for me was be friendly with people. I'm naturally pretty friendly. Like if I'm getting a coffee, I'll be like,

how's your day going? I will ask that. And I'm genuinely curious. How's your day going? Now, it's rare that somebody says, like, today sucks. Occasionally they do. Usually they say, oh, it's pretty good. Like, how are you doing?

But in an Uber, for instance, I often find myself in conversation with people. Like, conversation is pretty fluid for me. I realize for other people, it's not. People won't believe this. I'm actually very introverted. I spend a lot of time by myself, but I like people. And I'm reasonably friendly and they're friendly with me. So I think being friendly helps you get good at communication.

Yeah. Wouldn't you say? Yeah, no, absolutely. I mean, my answer to that question would be curiosity. I lead with curiosity, ask questions, observe things, point them out. You know, a lot of people hate small talk because they don't know how to do it. But if you lead with curiosity, if you ask a question and you observe, that's where I think we can, one, make it move forward in a way that's more fluid and more comfortable for people. And quite frankly, people are most at ease talking about themselves.

And so if you can get people talking about something that's important to them. And then, you know, there's a whole science behind conversation, and people who study conversation look at term taking. Because if you think about it, conversation is just taking turns. There are turns that are supportive where you say something and I support what you say. So you might say, hey, Matt, I just got back from Maui and I could say, oh, that's great. Where did you stay? What did you do? Or I could say, which is the other type of turn, which is switching.

I could say, oh, I just got back from Costa Rica. And a good conversation does both. So being curious and then managing the switching and supporting turns allow for that conversation not only to develop, but it allows you to get closer and more intimate, if you will, that is closer in terms of trust building and the relationship you have. Yeah, almost always in Los Angeles, I ask my Uber driver where they're from because oftentimes it seems they have accents and I can't place the accent. And almost always, I learn about a great restaurant based on their ethnicity, right? I found what I think is the best Armenian restaurant in Los Angeles as a consequence of a great Uber ride. So, yeah, leading with curiosity. I don't say where's the best restaurant.

I think it inevitably leads to food, it seems. Dogs are food. I'm curious about linearity versus non-linearities in storytelling. You know, some people have a style where they can spin a lot of plates simultaneously, I imagine it. You know, they can start one thread, maybe open up a couple other threads. Some people have a very linear style. Some people won't reference things they said earlier. Some people will constantly reference things they said earlier.

I suppose it depends. But in general, if one is trying to communicate information, what's best? from the standpoint of people learning the information? So as a teacher, as somebody who's trying to convey information that's important to people, I believe a linear approach that clearly lays out the foundations and builds is probably best to help people really understand. Often in educating, you're layering, your scaffolding, and that leads to a linear approach.

That said, the more spurious approach, the approach that has lots of different avenues can be much more engaging and can also be successful. And it really doesn't have to be either or. I think you can have a high-level linear view that you're taking your audience on that journey, but at different points, you can branch off and share some interesting information. You know, I see being a good speaker is like being a good tour guide. And I actually was a tour guide at one point in my life.

A good tour guide does a really nice job of setting expectations of way. where you're going. Most people won't go on a tour if they don't know where they're going. If I showed up and said, I'm your tour guide, let's go. You might say, yeah, I don't know where we're going going to go. But if I say, hey, we're going to do this and this and we're not going to do that, then you can relax and feel comfortable and come with me. And I let you know at each point where we're moving to the next place. But along the way, we can meander, we can wander, we can go check out some things and come back. So as long as people have directionality and everything fits as a larger narrative,

I think you can play with either of these. But when it comes to strict education, I think we've got good evidence that a linear approach that scaffolds is really what's most helpful. Do you think that if people want to get better at communication, they should practice being a tour guide? I think adopting that mindset

that, hey, taking you through my material, I'm like a tour guide. How would a tour guide explain this? They would introduce at the beginning set expectations. They'd make sure that you understand and why we're moving from one place to the next. And when you're done, they really want you to take something away of value. I mean, most tours end up in the gift shop, right?

Your gift to your audience is something they can take away and do something with. So I think using that analogy, seeing what your job is through that lens, can be really helpful. I'm remembering back to grade school where we were asked to bring an object that was really important to us. And then kids would get up in front of the classroom. And, of course, what a beautiful exercise for kids to partake in because, of course, they know more about that object than anybody. But I remember seeing or hearing different styles. Some people get in there and be like, this is my, whatever, my transformer, and they're really out there with her. This is my, you know, my goldfish.

I sound like a goldfish. And then occasionally, not so occasionally you get this kid that would say, well, this is my. And then you're like, and you're like to speak up. And then and they're just not comfortable sharing their, right, they're clearly intimate knowledge about this object and why it's important. I mean, you could just tell like they're closed up. Right. And so you tell them to speak louder and then they'd speak louder.

But I think that's a lot of people. Right. Like they're just not comfortable projecting their thoughts out into the room. Right. What is the quote unquote solution or, or how do we? we make space for these people. I'm not saying this for, like, politically correct reasons, but I wholeheartedly believe that these people harbor tons of useful knowledge. Oh, absolutely. Maybe they want to get that knowledge out, but maybe that's just not the

medium for them. Maybe they write, or maybe they just don't want to share their favorite object. So I'm sure you encounter people like this. Oh, absolutely. But by virtue of the fact that they're going into a particular job or line of work, that they're told they have to get good at speaking to a whole room. Yeah, and I think that's unfortunate when people say you must be better at this. There are lots of ways to communicate, and everybody should find a vehicle in a way that's helpful for them. There are some roles that require certain types of communication, and if that isn't something you're comfortable with, maybe you look at a different role. But I believe we can all learn and develop our communication skills. I've spent much of my career helping people feel

more comfortable and confident, speaking in front of others, working on anxiety that goes around it, helping people to see that there are lots of ways to communicate. Maybe I don't have to hold this object up and make it about me and my object. Maybe I tell a story about the object or I tell a story about how I came to have the object. So it's less about me and it's more about the story. If we can get people to distance themselves sometimes from the fear itself and get others engaged, it can work really well. I coached a very senior leader at a very big company everybody's familiar with. And he was really, really nervous. And as he got promoted, he had larger and larger audiences. And what he would do, what we worked on doing is, in essence, distracting the audience

right at the beginning. He would start by saying, let's watch this 30 second video. And then when the video was over, he became a facilitator of what just happened. So what did you think? What does this mean? And he was much more comfortable facilitating interaction than actually being the center of attention. So there are a lot of things we can do that accomplish the goal of communicating the information that's not about the spotlight being on me communicating it. And I want to share one example of, or take the story about the kids doing show and tell. I used to do that in my undergraduate classes that I taught, but I had a wrinkle on it. I'd have people bring in an object and they'd have to share it. I had them use that what, so what, now what structure. And then I had

them tell about an object that they thought about bringing in, but they didn't. So then they had to say what that object was and why they chose not to bring it in. And that was far more illuminating about the person. And we talk about authenticity. People just emoted in a way that they didn't when they had this thing that I've made sure to think about this and it's going to make me look good and I've architected my conversation about this one object. But when they talked about the other object, their passion came out, their conversational nature came out. It was really illuminating to do that. My graduate advisor told me that she'd much rather give a talk to an entire room full of people or an empty room than one person. It's hard to do it for one

person. I think she's unique in that sense. I think most people are terrified of giving a talk to a room full of people. I still don't know why, but that's not because it's easy for me. I just, I'm just, I wonder what it is. I mean, you said there's this evolutionary basis for it. I think it's that. I think the consequences seem more real when you're in front of more people. For me personally, the group size that's most anxiety provoking is between like 10 or 12. Once you get above 12, 20,000 people, it becomes to me more anonymous, but it's that 10 to 12 range that's most difficult. So in terms of how you can best practice, I do, you know, vocalizing it is the most important part. Say it out loud. Say it out loud. You know, I'm amazingly eloquent in my mind. I'm not always as lucky when I open up my

mouth. So you have to actually say it out loud. We make so many assumptions in our mind connect dots that when we actually speak it, we realize they don't do that. Recording yourself obviously and listening, getting trusted others. You just have to get it out. And this isn't just for a big public speaking. I mean, this is in high stakes interpersonal communication. Maybe I want to ask my boss for a raise. Maybe I have to give some feedback to a colleague that's not great. I have to practice this stuff. And I have to think about not only what am I going to say, but I also have to anticipate the responses and maybe role play some of that as well. You know, athletes do lots of drills.

So when they're in the game, they can play it well. We need to do the same thing. It amazes me when I work with senior leaders of companies. And they'll say, oh, I practice the presentation once or twice, and I'm ready to go. And I think, think about a stand-up comedian, how many times they practice their routine over and over again. How can in just one or two times flipping through the slides, you have that content? So getting it out, practicing it, getting the reps, absolutely important. One person, 10 people, nobody.

It needs to be practiced. We do think we know how to say something until reality hits us square in the face. It's almost like if we read a word many, many times and we think we know how to pronounce it. And then at some point, we're required to pronounce it or we pronounce it incorrectly. And then we realize we've been essentially pronouncing it in our head incorrectly for a very, very long time. You and I talked prior, and I shared with you, I've done Marshall. arts for a long time. And when you learn a new move, you learn it in the air and you can become a really great, you can do that move really well. But then when you meet another person

and have to practice that move, that's where reality sets in. And that's exactly what you're talking about. You have to experience it in reality, in the real world, and then you see where you're really at. Yeah. I'm not a martial artist, but years ago, I spent a little time in a boxing gym and I can tell you shadow boxing is not the same as getting hit and the heavy bag doesn't hit back. I mean, it has some, you know, a physical weight to it that's different than shadow boxing, but it's a whole other experience. Exactly. Like anything. It's that feedback. Yeah, I've been really intrigued by the famous choreographer Twyla Tharp. She's now in her 80s. She's incredible said and written incredible things about choreography. And she said that she has this practice where she'll

develop a dance routine, then go through it in her head, then because she was a dancer, she can try it, and then she has people do it and then imagine it. And then they iterate thousands and thousands and thousands of times before they actually even perform it once in front of a small audience and not publicly. So it's an incredible thing that we would expect ourselves to be able to get up and communicate information really well without having done that. One new world that I think is really interesting. with regard to this rehearsal is there's some VR tools now that you can actually dawn and practice the presentation and you can see a simulated audience and you in some of these tools you can actually program the audience's responses you can say they're favorable or they're ignoring you so you can desensitize yourself and I think that's a really interesting vehicle for people especially people who are phobic to desensitize to get in the in the goggles and practice the presentation and some of them you can actually if you have slides you can upload the slides and you can practice referring to them. So I think it's not only in reality, but in virtual reality, we can

practice and prepare too. Do you think that if somebody wants to get more fluid at presenting information that they could find a friend who would select an object in the room for them at random and then they'd have to give a brief improv talk about it or something like that, just to get comfortable taking on topics with some level of fluidity? Yeah, I think improvisation is a wonderful way to get better at communicating. Because improv isn't about being funny. Improv is about being in the moment and responding to what's needed. And so, yeah, doing anything like that.

You don't even need a friend. You can just look at an object and start talking about it, describe it, share a story about it. All of that could be. You could flip open a book and pick a word and talk about what that word means. Those are some of those agility drills that can help you be better when you're put on the spot. And it builds a confidence, too. It's like, I can do that. If I can do this when I pick a random word, I can do this when somebody asks me a question

that I know a lot about the topic on. So it's a way of building confidence and helping with that in the moment processing. I feel like people over the age of 15 are not terribly comfortable embracing these theater-like games because it seems childlike. But it's actually that childlike level of curiosity and communication that you're seeking when you are going to be an effective communicator. Yeah, a class I co-teach at Stanford through their continuing studies program

is called improvisationally speaking. I partner with a gentleman named Adam Tobin, who's an excellent improviser, and together I bring the communication piece. And it's a way of giving people baby steps and permission to do some of these improv games because we directly link a particular improv activity to a specific communication need.

And when people see that, they open up. At Stanford's Graduate School of Business, there are several courses that bring in improvisational ideas into very serious things, how to be a manager and adapt to management skills through improv, how to demonstrate your status and power through some of the things that improv teaches. So taking improv or at least understanding some of those principles certainly can help. When I think about the truly archival important information on the internet, very few things break. through. I sometimes play this game. I think, like, what is, like, true legacy content on the internet? And one of the things that breaks through is Steve Jobs, 2015, I think it was, commencement speech at Stanford. The I Have a Dream speech, obviously, Martin Luther King, JFK said some pretty important things. Those were written speeches. And they're reading from a script. And they include story

in many cases, so it fits. And yet the job speech, which I've listened to many times, he's reading from a piece of paper. So it runs counter to a lot of what we're talking about. And yet it's extremely effective communication. Why do you think those examples, let's just say JFK, Martin Luther King, Steve Jobs, I should probably include a few others, but those are the ones that come to mind. Why do you think those are at least among the most effective?

incidents of great communication that linger in people's minds? Well, there's several factors. One, I think, is that they're incredibly well-written. They are poetic. They are aspirational. They use rhetorical flourishes that make them memorable, repetition, alliteration, things like that. They also are in a context, in a time when those messages were really important and needed. And though they echo, they connect at a level of what's going on in the zeitgeist of the moment, JFK's moonshot speech, Martin Luther King's civil rights speech.

Steve Jobs, I would argue, what was going on in the economy and the environment at that time. That message really resonated. So I think it's a match of context and timing. It's a match of really important ideas presented in a really important way with specific rhetorical flourishes. that really make them memorable. And I think also the character that those people brought to it also makes a difference as well. I think other people could say those words

and not have the same impact. I'm having a hard time coming up with a memory from the last five to ten years of really important public communication moments. I can remember certain things happening that were televised and online but those were more things that happened. I think we're getting noisier.

Not, I think. I know we're getting noisier. There are more messages out there. Even in the case of Steve Jobs, which was the most recent in the example you gave, things weren't as noisy. It wasn't as crowded, right? And so I think it's hard to hear those phrases

or those speeches in these environments where there's so much noise going on. Certainly when we observe traumatic events. Yes. Those are flashbulb memories. Right. I remember the shuttle disaster. Yes.

Certainly 9-11. I think the most salient recent one would be the assassination, assassination, excuse me, of Charlie Kirk. You know, everyone knew about that. It was, and it was on video. Right. Right. It's such a different thing for people to see a grainy video

versus a high-definition video, which is what we see now. So that, in some sense, you know, it creates this different threshold for what's memorable and those are all tragic events. JFK's assassination, you know, it's a scrainy video and a shot at a distance and very few things get in the domain of not tragic, not traumatic, get big signal the noise that really lasts long. I think that's true. And I think people that we don't have the, people aren't referring to the same channels so people are getting the information differently as well. And that's also dividing

our attention. So we're not seeing these things really bubble up. But I do think it's also a commentary on where we're at as a society as well. I think it would be lovely if we heard more and more positive speeches that resonate with people that we're citing and quoting years from now. Yeah, I think about this a lot. You know, I think about the non-bad events that get big signal of noise. And there are none come to mind right now. Forgive me, folks, if I'm missing some recent thing where some puppy did a super cute thing.

But there are so many millions of those videos that I think we've become saturated. It's like the information equivalent of highly processed food. Like our senses have been dulled. I think there's some truth in that. And I also think we're moving away from traditional oration as the way it used to be done, right? They're just on forums for that. You can watch

some TED Talks. There are, I mean, some amazing TED Talks out there and other talks of that caliber. But I don't know that any have risen to the level that you're referring to. I think Benet Brown's TED Talk on Vulnerability is one of the ones that I think is really legacy. Most people younger than 18 probably haven't heard it, but anyway, we'll put a link to it. And And there are a bunch of other really great TED Talks as well. You have an amazing TED Talk. Well, thank you. So one talk online with 24 million views is not a trivial number of views.

And it was an hour-long conversation about effective communication. So clearly people care about effective communication. Yeah. Do you think that people being good at one-on-one conversation makes them better at on-stage conversation, or do you think these are two completely different skills? I get this question a lot. I think there's a Venn diagram. There are people who are able to connect one-on-one in a way that's hard to do on a stage.

A lot of it has to do with what academics call immediacy. I'm present with you. I'm focused. We're engaged in that way. And that doesn't necessarily translate on a big stage or in a meeting. But some of the skills do translate. It's having structure, having focus in terms of a goal for what you're saying, being able to start in a way that's compelling. So it's a Venn diagram.

And there are people who can command a presence on a stage and you put them in front of one person and they don't know how to respond. So in terms of messaging, I think there's a lot of overlap. In terms of presence, I think it really varies a lot. But I believe everybody can learn to be better at communication. I wouldn't do what I do if I didn't believe that. So if you are good interpersonally but not so good in front of a large group, use the skills you have, find a path to hone and develop those skills in a different environment. And similarly, if you're good on a big stage,

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These days we hear quite often about neurotypical and neuro-a-typical. Yes. And I do think there's a distinct difference in the conversational style, the amount of prosody. I don't want to say affect because I have some close friends who are neuroa typical and they tell me and I believe them that they have every bit as much emotion underneath their voice as somebody who's like really, you know, really, you know, sharing that emotion in these inflections of voice and their bodily movements. Do you think that we need to adjust our kind of concept of what effective communication is based on this? What seems to be an expansion

of at least the understanding of neurotypical neuro atypical. Yeah, I certainly don't mean to conflate neurodiversity and introversion and extroversion. But the question you're asking to me is, I hear it as a similar way. Is there one right way to communicate or one better way? And people who don't communicate that way, are they at a disadvantage? I think there are expectations for what effective communication is, but I think we can expand it and there is value for people, regardless of if it's neurodiversity or introversion, for example.

Extroversion tends to get rewarded just because you hear it, you see it. But I think there are things that we can learn from people who are neurodiverse that can help to really connect and be better communicators. So too, in the way that folks who are highly introverted communicate can help. There is certainly no one right way to communicate. There are better ways and worse ways. And regardless of where you are in terms of introversion, extroversion, neurodiversity, you can communicate effectively. Play to your strengths.

There are things that introverts do that are amazing that really help move communication forward. People with certain types of neurodiversity in terms of the creativity or the level of detail with which they communicate can be really helpful. We just have to find those advantages and lean into them to help. I find that when it comes to podcast guests, if somebody wrote a book at some point, point, they tend to be pretty comfortable podcasting, independent of whether they've been on a lot of podcasts before, which raises the question is the practice of writing out one's thoughts by hand or typing them out, an effective way to prepare to speak or just get better at speaking generally. And I do understand that eventually you got to, if you want to get better

at push-ups, you got to do push-ups. If you want to get speaking, you have to speak. But do you think writing and transferring ideas onto paper helps people become better communicators? Short answer is yes, but I think it's a two-part process. The first part is the thought process that goes into what you're going to write. Having written some books, I know you're writing a book, you think differently about your content. You have to think about the audience. You have to think about how do these pieces fit together? Is there a scaffolding that's needed? So it's the thought process that helps. But then the actual putting pen to paper, fingers on keyboards, you have to make word choice, when you have to think about the syntax, the grammar, you are more

intimately involved with your content than you are when you're just thinking about the ideas. So I think at both levels, it's helping you hone your message. I'm a very nervous writer. I'm not a very nervous speaker. I am very nervous about what I write. But I'm a better editor than I am writer. And that editing process really trains your brain to be ready to respond to questions, to focus information. And so I think each of those steps, the ideation, the actual crafting, and then the editing, prepare you to communicate better. And all of us can use different parts of those skills. You don't have to write a book to be able to use those skills to speak better. I used to prepare my scientific talks by building the slides. And I required that there

be nothing else going on in the room because in my head I'm thinking about what I'm going to say as I build the slides. So the building of the slides oneself, including sometimes the illustrations, et cetera, was an important part of preparing the talk. Right. I find that if I can just cut and paste figures, it's much worse. Yeah, I call it a Franken deck. People like accumulate different slides and slam them all together like Frankenstein was an amalgamation.

There's no story there. There's no thought process that ties it all together. So the slide was the manifestation of your thought process. And that's why I think it was so useful to you. Can I share a story? Sure. You're the guest, but I really want your thoughts on this. We have a colleague at Stanford.

His name escapes me, forgive me. But years ago, we were Pew Fellows, which was this group where you, you know, congratulations. Thank you. I still don't know how it happened for me, but it happened. Anyway, we had to give our talks the fourth year. And, you know, talk about being in a room full of people where you're like, whoa, Like this is so serious. People from all around the country and, you know,

and it's not just neuroscience. And so, you know, you're humbled to be there. I don't care how good you are. Many people in the room are going to be better than you. There's this one guy. He's now a faculty member at Stanford. And for his talk, he got up there and he said, rather than show you a bunch of data,

I'm going to play you a movie and a song. And he put up this video of these oil droplets bumping into one another. And the sound or the song corresponded to the oil droplets bumping into one another. And my first thought was, this guy's crazy.

Like he's legitimately crazy. Or he just kind of doesn't care. And this is pretty cool. But then he went on to give a talk about how he was using sound in order to develop novel molecules. He went on to win a MacArthur Genius Award. He's built $1 microscopes in centrifuges that they're using in Africa to diagnose diseases in areas that have very little funding.

He's one of those. Yes. And I remember thinking, like, wow, like this guy is incredible. Yeah. Just spectacular levels of communication ability, I think he actually is a genius. You know, these genius awards is kind of a funny name, right? I would know I never got one. What's that?

I never got one. Me either. And I think some people that get them are geniuses and I think some are not, frankly. But that talk was really, it wasn't just humbling. It was really eye-opening for me. Because it made me realize that if somebody has true command of the material and they believe in their own unique vision enough that you really can use something as. What seems as vague is a bunch of oil droplets bumping into one.

I mean, it was pretty, but it looked like a lava lamp, frankly, and some music. But it was the perfect bring-around because it was such high signal to noise. And hats off to him. He's amazing. If people try to do that and it doesn't work, it fails spectacularly. If it works, it succeeds spectacularly. So do you think, you know, there's something to, you know, whether or not we should stay conventional or we should try hooks like that.

I never once thought I should do something like that when giving a talk. But it was, I mean, you can probably tell, by the way, I'm relaying the story. It still sits in my body as one of the more fantastic experiences in my entire academic career. So I think that was incredible. And I'll never forget it. I think what that particular talk did is it violated expectations. And in so doing, it made it stand out. Should people test boundaries and push things in communication?

I think they should. But I think we need to be a little thoughtful about that and perhaps A, B, test them, run them by some other people, say, I'm thinking of doing this, what do you think? And make sure that the risk you're taking is calculated. I have this conversation all the time with my students and the people I coach around humor. Now, I'm not saying telling a joke is similar to your experience, but it involves risk. And if it works, humor is an amazing way to connect. But if it fails, it's a great way to disconnect. So you have to think it through.

You have to understand the costs and the benefits. And I think, test it out on a few people and then see what happens. It sounds like this person did not only violated expectations, but they were able to give you a visceral experience of what it was that they were studying. So it wasn't just a concept, which many of these, you and I both attend lots of academic talks. I mean, it can get very theoretical, very conceptual. but made it very tangible. And because of that, that was helpful to the goal that they were trying to achieve. So I often challenge people, how could you communicate this information in a way that really gets people engaged and involved?

Could you do something on a whiteboard? Could you use an analogy? Is there a story you could tell or a question you can ask rather than just detailing the information? So do something that violates an expectation but's in line with and supports the goal that you have? Do you think that some introspection about who one is is helpful? You know, like I couldn't give that talk. Even if I had half the knowledge, I couldn't give that talk. I can give the talk that I give.

And sometimes I wonder whether even if a talk is very dry, it works because the person is dry. Or if somebody has more theatrical, it works because the person is theatrical outside of the talk. This kind of brings us back to authenticity. Sometimes I wonder if people just need to figure out who they are and how they process information in the world and just try and share that. The same way that a musician would share their song or an artist would share their visual art or some other form of art because that's the filter that they experienced the world through.

I mean, I think a lot of times we want to hear things because we want to access these other portals that we can't get to. I think understanding what works for you and where your strengths are is absolutely important. But at the same time, you don't know where some of those strengths are if you don't try other things. And that's why, coming back to this notion of improv is that one example, you don't know until you do it where your comfort levels are and where those boundaries are. And you might learn that there's some things you can do really well that would help you be a better communicator. So absolutely investigating what works for you and leveraging that is important, but also expand a little bit to see where you can grow. I think the work you do, the work I try to do in terms of podcasting and writing and teaching, we're trying to expose people to more information that they could then adapt and adopt so that they can perhaps expand the way they communicate, they research, whatever it is. So I think you do have to absolutely play to your strengths,

but you have to explore what those strengths might be as well. I'd hate for everybody just to do only what they're good at. Can we talk about damage control? Yes. You know, I do think having coached students in postdocs through public speaking and having seen one complete meltdown. This person is now a professor. He's doing incredible work.

He's went on to get a job and everything, but during a practice talk. and from in front of a small number of people it was like total meltdown total meltdown no recovery just we had to just delay and do it another time despite he literally just stopped talking walked up he froze and he apologized

and then we said no it's fine I mean it was a small venue and then we tried to you know encourage him along and maybe he hadn't slept well he had a lot going on it but it ended with him sitting on the side of the stage asking everyone to please leave oh okay so it was heavy

yeah it was heavy and it was very important for us to all get back in the room again and he did that and then he went on the job market and he got a position and he's tenured faculty member someplace now. So he recovered himself as, you know, we all have bad days, but I think hearing that, some people are probably like, oh my goodness.

Right. What to do if one does forget what they're trying to say on stage or just choke. Yeah. You know, I recommend if people are nervous that they actually have some outlet for that movement, as I talked about before, pacing or even bouncing one's knee behind the podium, very effective

dispelling energy and getting one to relax. I just think it's been a useful tool for me and I think for others I've suggested too as well. But how bad do you think it is if somebody suddenly stops on stage and just says, sorry, I lost my train of thought and goes back to it? Do you think it humanizes them

or do you think that it actually is deadly for the message? Like with my students, I have to say it depends. It depends on the circumstance that you're in. I do believe that audiences are more forgiving. What I advise the people I teach and coach to do in those moments is instead of saying, oh, I forgot what I want to say, why not say I get sometimes so passionate about what I say, I get a little ahead of myself, which is likely true, and use that as a reason to reset. Let me share with you what I advise people to do to avoid blanking out and then what to do

if you do blank out. First and foremost, avoid memorizing. Memorizing invites blanking out. So let's not memorize. Let's have a clear structure, a roadmap, but we don't know every word that we're going to say. The fear of blanking out leads and increases the likelihood of blanking out. So let's not worry about blanking out as much as we do. How do we do that?

We rationalize. I ask everybody to think about what is the likelihood in this upcoming communication, whatever it is, one-on-one big presentation, that you'll blank out. Most people say maybe 20%. Well, that means 80% of the time you're not going to blank out. I'm not a betting person. I take those odds. So realizing that it's not as likely to happen, that's step one.

Step two, ask yourself, if it were to happen, what's the worst thing that would happen for me? Well, it would be incredibly embarrassing. It would be awkward, and it might have some short-term implications. But who in their life hasn't been embarrassed, been in situations that are awkward and had short-term implications? So when you put it in that context, all of a sudden, blanking out isn't as likely as you think, and it's not as bad as you think. That reduces the stress you have about doing it, which reduces the likelihood. So by not memorizing and rationalizing, you can actually reduce the likelihood of blanking out. Now, let's say the worst happens.

You blank out. You don't know what to say. First and best thing to do is just what you do if you lose your phone or lose your keys. Retrace your steps. Repeat what you just said. Most of us can remember what we just said, and then that gets us back on track. If that doesn't work, the final rip chord I think you can pull is to distract your audience. What does that mean?

Ask a question. This will happen to me. I teach the same class a lot. Sometimes I can't remember. Did I say this this time? I just need a moment to think. I'll just pause and I'll ask my students a question. They don't, they think that's logical.

Anybody can come up with the question. If you ever hear me, anybody listening, if you ever hear me say, I want to pause for a moment and have you think about how what we've just discussed can be applied to your life. That means I have forgotten what I want to say next. In my mind, what the heck do I say next? Most of the people in my audience are like, how would I apply that in my life? That's great. It gives me that fraction of a second. It gives me that sense of control.

Most of us can leverage a question to bias that time. So let's not say, oh, my goodness, I've forgotten. It's the worst thing ever. I get passionate. Sometimes I get ahead of myself. Give me a moment. Or just ask a question. It's similar to, I advise people who are nervous speakers never to say, oh, excuse me, I'm so nervous.

A lot of people try to pre-apologize for their nervousness, and all they do is prime us to pay attention to everything they do that's nervous. So let's not call attention to the mistakes we make. Let's just do what we can to get through them, and that's going to help. Great advice that I'm sure will help a lot of people. I hope so. The most spectacular example of a recovery I've ever seen was actually a job talk at Stanford. Yeah.

I don't know if I should include this person's name. He's now a professor at UNC Chapel Hill, but he could have been a faculty member at Stanford because he could have been a faculty member at Stanford because of, I think, the data, but also what happened was he spilled water into his laptop during the top. You know, they have a podium where everyone's given water in case you get thirsty, keep the water below, folks, and he spilled it. But the way he handled it was so cool.

What do you do? It spilled. He didn't say anything. He took the bottle, put the cap back on, put it underneath, reached underneath. There was no towel. He said, could somebody perhaps get me a paper towel or a towel? They brought him a towel. He sopped up whatever moisture was on his laptop.

He said nothing the entire time. This is Mark Zilka. He's a total badass. And then he went back and finished his talk. It was like, that was awesome. Composed under pressure. That was awesome. You know, contingency planning is a really important part of all communication,

is thinking about what could happen that would lead this conversation or communication in one direction or the other, positive or negative. How would I respond? It makes sense. You know, when you plan a trip, a vacation, you think about what happens if the flight's delayed. What happens if the room isn't ready? We should do that in our communication as well, not to script it out, but just to be ready. So I think everybody listening now, what would you do if your technology didn't work in that moment? Think about it.

And then when it happens, you've got that recovery plan and that you just build that confidence. Perhaps he had thought about what happens if I can't use my tech. And that's what helped him be calm. Incidentally, he works on pain. I don't know what that's worth. But it was just an awesome display of calm under pressure or something under pressure. I think it was the fact that he just kept things moving forward. And stood in silence.

The ability to stand in silence in front of people demonstrates confidence in so many ways. And so the fact that he was able to take care of business in silence, I think, added to that. I feel like when people get nervous, their voice gets up into their heads. They start going up on their tiptoes and they start asphyxating themselves by speaking much higher than their natural tone of voice is. So sometimes I encourage people to slow down

and try and drop their voice down further into their throat and chest a little bit. Right. It can be artificial, like there's one very salient, example of a former CEO who perhaps didn't have the voice that they spoke with, but assuming it's still your voice, right? Oh, absolutely. You taught me when you were a guest on my show a lot about breath and how breath can impact not only your confidence and the anxiety you feel, but how doing breath work can really help

you still your whole body and allow your natural voice to come out. because when we get anxious, we breathe shallow. Less air is being pushed out. It's being pushed out faster. Our voice starts sounding like this. And sometimes this is actually really appropriate. If I'm really excited about something, I should sound like this. But I want it under my control.

So breathwork and having an authentic natural voice is really important. One thing you might find interesting that's come out in the literature since the last time we spoke is that while the physiological side, double inhale, long exhale, is still the best way to calm down quickly. It turns out that all exhale emphasized breathing slows the heart down, just subtly, but significantly enough that it helps you calm down. So if people can't remember what breath work to do, physiological aside, just emphasize an exhale, extend it, make it a little bit more vigorous.

If you need to be covert about it, maybe just extend it a little bit, maybe walk back to the podium or away and do that long exhale. That seems to really make a big difference because you're offloading carbon dioxide, but also there's this pathway through the vagus nerve that, literally slows your heart rate down when you exhale. It's pretty spectacular that we have these mechanisms in us. I think it's fantastic. And I give credit to you. Every single lecture I give when I talk about anxiety, I talk about what you shared with me. It's all about the exhale. And I will always say the rule of thumb, and then I'll joke, the rule of lung is you want your exhale to

always be longer than your inhale to help you calm down. And people have found that liberating. So I appreciate that you shared that with me and know that others are taking advantage of that. you're welcome and it came from a place of need that I came across those tools because I think that we can prepare, prepare, prepare, but it's the knowledge that things happen in the moment that we can't control. That's right. I mean, that's the really scary thing. That's right.

And if you think about it, most of our communication is that it's spontaneous. We don't know what's going to happen. I mean, a lot of what you and I have been talking about is planned communication. It's the presentation, the pitch, the meeting with agenda. But most of our communication is spontaneous. We don't know how it's going to unfold. You ask me a question. I don't know what that question is.

I don't even know if I know the answer. You ask me for feedback. I make a mistake. I have to fix it. Most of our communication is spontaneous. And getting comfortable with that discomfort of not knowing how this will transpire is a big part of the mindset shift that you have to have to do better in spontaneous speaking. Beta blockers, yes, beta blockers. No.

So I have a heart condition. I take beta blockers regularly. And I see how it slows down your thinking in your body. I'm not a fan. I think cognitive behavioral ways of managing anxiety much better. Now, I'm not a medical doctor, obviously. There are some people for whom beta blockers might work, but I actively discourage people if they're just wanting to take it to manage anxiety.

I think there's so many other things we can do first before you have to go there. But my experience has been it makes me fuzzy and I'm not as quick. Which makes sense because you're not getting as much oxygenated, blood to your brain. Yeah. Getting a great night's sleep the night before clearly helps. What do you do or recommend for people that get a lousy night sleep the night before? Well, I wish I would like to ask you that question.

I am an awful sleeper. I am a really, really good. Let's fix that today because I am a lousy sleeper. Absolutely, it is better to get a good night sleep than it is to stay up all night cramming. I tell everybody to train for a big communication event like you would train for a sporting event. You need to eat well. I call it communication hygiene. You need to eat well, sleep well, exercise.

It is much better to stay on routine than to deviate from your routine. There is some research around caffeine consumption. Caffeine consumption is actually really good when you're ideating for creativity. When you actually go to present, you shouldn't deviate from whatever your standard protocol is for caffeine. You shouldn't all of a sudden go cold turkey. But taking additional caffeine because you didn't sleep well the night before can just agitate. you during the presentation and communication. So getting a good night's sleep is great.

I am not the best person to give advice on how to do it. Well, we could have a long discussion about this. And I've listened to your work for afterwards. I would say a couple of things that have helped me over the years traveling to give talks, both for the podcast and academic stuff, et cetera, is if you're going to stay in a hotel, pull the plug on the alarm clock in the hotel, use your phone instead, put on airplane mode, use that. Why?

Because I've been woken up many times at four in the morning because someone, prior to me had set the alarm clock. That just happened the other week with me. I always unplug that. I actually cover all the bright lights in the room. I put a towel by the door crack. I mean, an eye mask is ideal. I try to ask for a room away from the elevator

because that will keep you up all night. Those are just some of the zero cost things that are very helpful. But the number one thing to recover sleep that you didn't get is this non-sleep deep rest, aka yoga nidra practice. Yoga nidra is the thousands of year old practice of doing long exhale breathing. It's a 10 to 30 minute practice.

We can provide some links to scripts for these that are excellent, where you're slowing your heart rate down, you're doing a body scan, but the goal during yoga nidra is to stay awake with your body relaxed. And it teaches you how to fall asleep more easily. I would argue based on exercise, experience that yoga nidra and nsdr, which is essentially the same thing, but we've removed the

intentions, and I just call it non-sleep deep rest. These are zero-cost scripts out there, my voice, other people's voice, also teaches you how to be very alert and very relaxed in your body at the same time, which is a very valuable skill for a lot of different venues, including public speaking. So it will get you better at falling and falling back asleep. So I can send some to me. Awesome. I'm going to partake as soon as we're done. Yeah. And of course, you're not drinking much caffeine, right? You said you only drink. I do one cup of tea a day.

So it can't be over consumption of caffeine. No, it's my, I get in my head and I think too much. Your forebrains working too hard. Yeah, yeah. Yoga Nehra will help with that. Because the essence of Yoganidra and NSDR, forgive me, but it works so well and it's zero cost. So it's one of these things like I'm not trying to pitch anything where you have to go pay for something. I didn't develop it.

It's been around for a long time. There's this instruction in Yogan. that's also in these NSDRs, where you teach yourself to move your brain from a state of thinking and doing to just being and feeling, to literally get out of thought. Right. And to do that is very difficult unless you give your brain enough to do. And this is why NSDR instructs you to do a kind of focused body scan and relaxation, because if you just try and not think, it doesn't work.

Right. You think about not thinking. Yeah. There's also some really interesting data on the vestibular system in falling asleep. I'll share this now, just that you can try it. I did this last night. I woke up at once in the middle of the night. Keep your eyes closed.

If you have to get up and use the restroom, do that first. But keep your eyes closed and move your eyes slowly from side to side. This is not EMDR, but move your eyes from side to side, then move them up with your eyelids still closed, down, roll them left or countercrum. clockwise, roll them right clockwise, and then try and cross them a little bit, like stare at the bridge of your nose and exhale. Now, this might sound crazy. It sounds completely wacky, right? But what it does is it takes your vestibular system into a state, we know this based on data, that mimics the state you're trying to achieve, which is that you need to forget about your

body's position. You can't fall asleep if you're thinking about your body position. In fact, one of the prerequisites to falling asleep is forgetting about that, which is why there are now also data showing that rocking back and forth, the reason it's effective at making babies and adults fall asleep, they have beds that actually rock from side of side, is because you forget about your body position when your whole body is in motion. So try this, and I think you'll find that it will greatly facilitate falling or falling back asleep. Absolutely, tonight. Tonight I'm putting in practice. I get free consulting here. Thank you. Sure, sure, sure. Yeah, because I think a decent night sleep the night before is great. Otherwise, do NSDR in the morning or before a talk

if you can. I think anything to bring your level of autonomic arousal down if you're, if you're sleep deprived, can help bring more ease to the public speaking. Something else that I really encourage people to do to help is to have conversation prior to whatever the big communication is. This is huge. To connect with people, have conversation. Whenever I do a keynote, whenever I'm doing a big presentation. I will always be talking to people. Sometimes I have to go find them because I'm behind stage and I got to wait to the big introduction. I'll go find somebody and just have a conversation that focus and present orientation that it brings and just that act of speaking. I am so amazed that, you know, anybody who does any athletics or music, you know you should

warm up first, but people don't warm up before they speak. They think they can go from silence to brilliance without it. Having a communication with somebody as mundane as you want it can really help. Do you use this technique? It looked like it resonated with you. Absolutely. Because I've often, and I still spend a lot of time preparing for podcasts and doing things in isolation. Right. And I've noticed that if I do that for too long and then I go to the corner cafe, that the conversation with the barista feels like what is going on here. It really, because you're in your head. Then it starts to feel like relief and then your brain shifts to a different state. A long time ago, I realized that having some form of

of communication en route to a talk or something can be very helpful. I've found, and I'd be curious what you think, that part of that is the speaking. Part of it is also the taking turns piece. Because we're going to be speaking, it's generally just us speaking, but that really getting into a conversation where I listen to what's coming back

forces me to also practice withholding speech. Because I feel like a lot of bad talks are when people are just kind of fire hosing, where they're adding little elements to the sentences where they don't need them. And it's just nervous. It's just nervousness. Filling the space.

Filling the space. So there's something, like you said, you need to warm up. Right. And that turn taking, that switching is engaging for the brain. I would suggest, though, that when you are up on a stage giving a big presentation, leading a big meeting, you can actually engage in dialogue. It's not just calling on people, but you can ask them.

You can say, imagine what it would be like if, and now you're imagining it. We are in a communicate. You're responding, even though I'm not hearing it. I can use an analogy or tell a story. We are communicating, taking turns in essence, you're just not responding vocally to me. So a big challenge is to be engaging.

There's several ways to do it. There's physical engagement, getting people doing something. There's mental engagement using analogy, stories, questions. There's linguistic engagement, taking people into the future of the past by saying, picture this or imagine how it used to be. Those are ways of getting a dialogue going, even though the other person isn't speaking back, versus just me broadcasting information. I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Function. Last year, I became a function member after searching for the most comprehensive approach to lab testing.

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in a blood test. The problem is blood testing has always been very expensive and complicated. In contrast, I've been super impressed by function's simplicity and at the level of cost. It is very affordable. As a consequence, I decided to join their scientific advisory board, and I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast. If you'd like to try Function, you can go to Functionhealth.com slash Huberman. Function currently has a wait list of over 250,000 people, but they're offering early access to Huberman podcast listeners. Again, that's functionhealth.com slash Huberman to get early access to function. I'd love your thoughts on an experience that I've had

that I think many people have. Where one of the most terrifying things is when you are in a small room, maybe 10, 15, 20 people, and they say, we're going to go around the table, introduce yourself, who you are. I want to go first because if I have to hear people go and then it's coming around,

I don't know why, but some circuit must ramp up where as soon as I start speaking, I'm like hearing my own voice. And I don't have any problem in public speaking because people haven't noticed. But there's something about that anticipation without it being my turn to speak that makes it such like really awkward.

And then I realized at some point if I just focus off myself and just really listen to what people are saying, when it comes around, you just say, I'm Andrew or whoever, and then you share the information that needs to be shared. But if I'm anticipating having to speak,

it's like terrifying. Yeah. It's that buildup because it's getting closer and closer and closer. And the anxiety that you're feeling is getting stronger and stronger. I don't like go around the room and introduce yourself. If there's a need for people to do that, I will always have people partner up or getting groups of three and then have somebody introduce somebody else. It's just much easier. I do exactly and I coach exactly what you do. I tell people, listen to everybody else and think to yourself a question you would ask them based on what they've said because that causes you really to focus on what they're saying. So you're You're not getting into your head and you're not really living at the peak all the anxiety feelings you're having. Now, to help people introduce themselves, I have a way I like to teach people to introduce themselves. Don't start with your name. Start with something you care about, your passion about, something that interests you, and then

say who you are. For two reasons. There's actually a third. First is you're going to stand out because nobody does this. So people are actually going to remember you. Second, if you start with something you're passionate about, you care about, you can use emotion and inflect your voice, it's very hard to inflect your voice when you say your name. And then finally, if you're a non-native speaker or you're speaking to non-native speakers who might

have an accent, hearing something in advance primes our brain to say, oh, that's how that person speaks. So we'll actually pay attention and understand their name more. I don't know about you, but when people with accents introduce themselves to me, sometimes it's hard for me to remember their name because my brain's trying to get used to that's how they speak. So you're helping everybody. So when I introduce myself, I don't say I'm Matt Abrams. I say, I'm Matt Abrams. I say, I'm somebody who's passionate about communication. My name's Matt Abrams, and then I'll say something else. You'll do this at a party or social set.

So I envision what you were saying is more like a meeting, not a party. Gotcha. But even at a party, I might say, I might talk about the environment first or connect myself to the environment before I say my name. Yeah, but I think leading with something that you care about or concerned about or something in the environment before you say your name is a much better way to introduce yourself. It can't be too long, but it can really help. Try it next time you introduce yourself. Yeah. Yeah, I know, that's a, it's an interesting one.

I miss having a dog because the dog could absorb a lot of the awkwardness. Oh, yeah? He was just so handsome. People had to look at him. Having a young child does the same thing. Yeah, my kids are a wonderful bridge to all sorts of things. But you can find those bridges and lots of things. A now dear close friend of mine, I met waiting in line.

I was at a conference, you know these academic conferences. We were at some buffet line, and I didn't know anybody. I was sent by my department. And there's this guy standing next to me. We were standing too close where, you know, we kind of had to talk. And I just look around the room, and I noticed that lots of people were wearing different shades of blue. And I just say, did I miss the memo about wearing blue? And he looks around.

And he said, yeah, that's weird. We started a conversation that I didn't need a dog. I didn't need a kid. I just made an observation. And that broke the ice enough for us to talk. And now we're good friends. Whenever I travel to where he is, I visit whenever he's out here. he visits. So we put a lot of pressure on ourselves around this initiation of communication

and just being inquisitive and commenting on something in the environment can help. Can we do the British windup? A lot of people won't know what that is. There's this much older lady that lives in my neighborhood and she has this little tiny dog. And I figure if I just walk over to her, she's going to be a little scared. But I see her often. And so I do a windup. I walked over to her and I said, wait, is that the dog that mauled that kid over in Englewood? And she was like, you're pulling my leg. And then, you know, we become friends, right? No, because I'm not going to just walk up to her. I'm like, hey, can, you know, it's kind of like someone looming on you. Oh, yeah, yeah. It's like a little scary, right? So I stole the wine.

I guess they call it in Britain, I think they called a windup, right? So I wasn't trying to be funny. I just, I really like this lady. And her dog is super cute. And clearly I need to get another dog. If one thing has come from this interview, it's Andrew needs another dog. Thanks to you, many, many more things have come from this interview, a far more utility as well. But, I mean, I don't suggest anyone's smoke, but I think back in the day, this was the whole thing of people like bumming a smoke. They'd take breaks. I, you know, I worked a job where I did some packaging and building of like scooters and wagons at a toy store in downtown Palo Alto. And on breaks, you'd go into the alley and, like, there were people working at the bakery next door.

and you'd strike up a conversation. I didn't smoke, but you'd strike up a conversation and then you'd get to know somebody by name. Right. But nowadays, people are often in their phones. We use the phone as a pacifier and as a way of not having to engage. I have encouraged my two kids

to help them get out of this cycle to show something that you're looking at the phone. Invite something, hey, this is pretty cool. What do you think? check out this meme. So use the phone, as you're saying, that cigarettes used to serve as a way to initiate conversation as long as it's appropriate. And it's funny, I know exactly the toy store you're talking about because I know that

bakery no longer exists, but I used to go there all the time. They closed prolific oven. Yeah, it's gone. It's now a great restaurant. Yeah, I guess we can say it because they both, it was Palo Alto Toy and Sport World. It was one of the oldest businesses. They had a skateboard shop in the back, but prior to working in the skateboard shop, I sold shoes and I used to build wagons. Yeah. A radio flyer wagons and tricycles. I used to go there as a kid

because we not only would get a toy, but we'd get to have a treat too. Oh, yeah. So those were fun outings. Yeah, that place was cool. It was a family owned. Yeah, it's a, all right, well, now we're taking people down memory lane here, but if in downtown Palo Alto. Yeah. You can check it out. I think the, I think the sign is still there. It might be. Yeah. And that actually brings up something useful. I mean, I had jobs where I was a they didn't call it a barista then but I worked at a muffin shop around the corner which then got me that job I think from conversation across the counter I think my niece worked a job selling frozen yogurt before she went off to college recently so get a job yeah as a kid get a job where you interact with people having a job where you're in customer service as a kid is so

educational for so many reasons communication being an important one you learn how to communicate with a lot of different people. You learn how to be in service of other people's needs in that moment. I think it's wonderful. My first job in a job I had a lot during high school, I worked at an athletic club folding towels. And when people would come in, I would give them the towel and we'd have some small talk. It taught me to be very comfortable. I mean, this sounds so silly, but the gym is closing in 30 minutes. But as a high school student, I had to say that with 100 people in the gym. That was nerve-wracking. But that was part of my desensitization. So cool. Yeah. I think that I don't want to sound old because I am old. I'm 50 now. I feel good. I feel good. I'm going to go another 50 years. That's the goal. Hopefully healthy all along. But I think being a camp counselor is the perfect example of doing something you barely understand how to do and having to project confidence doing it. I mean, they teach you a few things, at least when I did it. It's like suddenly you're like in charge.

of all these lives. I mean, if you think about it, it's pretty wild. But, you know, by the second session, you're in a groove. Like, you're telling people what to do, when to listen, letting them, you know, do what they want, when they want. You can't use, you know, harsh forms of communication. You need to be, you know, you need to adapt it and trust. But you need to keep them safe, so you need to, like, use your voice appropriately, you know,

raise it when it's necessary if somebody's in danger, that kind of thing. So doing that sort of thing, I think is how we learn how to. I communicate. Oh, absolutely. And unfortunately, some of those opportunities and jobs are changing, and we have to find other vehicles to help people. When I left high tech, I taught high school for two years before I graduated to do what I'm doing now. And I learned so much about communication teaching 14, 15-year-olds that I never learned working in adults running organizations like I did. So getting these opportunities is precious, yet we don't have a lot of those opportunities. One thing I think we can all do with the younger generation and even

colleagues we have is role model and talk through some of the things that we're thinking about in terms of our communication. So I with my children will often say, I have to have a difficult conversation tomorrow with a colleague or with a boss and I'm really worried about this or I'm thinking about saying it this way. We don't often get meta about our communication and yet they're learnings that we can pass along. And, you know, you saw it, I see it where we're both affiliated with our teaching. I mean, people are brilliant and they're really good communicators, but they don't weren't always that way.

They had to learn and they had to do it. And when you start talking to people, which I have the advantage of doing, is asking them, how did you get to do that? What do you do? There's so much richness in that. And I think we just have to open up that conversation, role model it, but also talk about it with the younger people in your life, the people you're trying to build up, and that'll really help.

Do you think by virtue of the pandemic and the lockdowns and social media that there is a swath of people right now who really don't know how to engage the same way that people even younger than them do? So this isn't an ageist thing. It's really that they missed out on an opportunity to engage. What is it, the Gen Z stare? Is that a real thing? I don't know about the Gen Zee Stare, but I do think there are critical periods in development, not just in kids.

And I think that generation of kids lost a critical development. One of my sons was in high school, and high school is a great place to learn about yourself and about communication. And if you're doing it through a screen, that's a very different experience. Now, I think he's a very good communicator, but they missed on an opportunity. A lot of how you learn is by testing and trying things out. And if you lost a couple of years of that testing, puts you to disadvantage. I know because of what I do, we can build that back and learn it. But there is a whole swath of people who had to struggle in a way most of us didn't.

My graduate advisor, who I really admire very much, she's passed away, but I've always admired her, was once described by somebody, I think, quite aptly as quiet but not shy. And I realize it's a very powerful phenotype. And I mention it because some people listening to this conversation might think, you know, I'm just not that chatty. Like I just, I'm, but they're not necessarily shy. Like they're perfectly happy to be in conversation and be quiet until there's something that they want to say. And sometimes she wouldn't say anything and sometimes she would say things. And indeed, she was very, very smart, but she's also very at ease.

So I came to learn that there are people who are quiet but not shy. And I think that's a phenotype we don't often acknowledge when we hear about introverted, extroverted. My father was exactly that way. My father, most intelligent person I've ever known, he was very quiet, but he wasn't shy. And if he had something to say, he would say it, and it would often be very profound. And it was the way he lived in the world, and people appreciated it. And he leaned into it.

He had opportunities to speak and would sit back. And I learned a lot from him that sometimes the most effective communication is to just listen and be present. So I agree that there are people who have a lot of value to add and they just might be reticent in the moment. And I don't think there's anything wrong with that. We need diversity not only of ideas and opinions, but diversity in the way we communicate. We hold in our culture this notion that the extroverted, confident person is the right way to communicate. And that's not always true. You can get into a lot of trouble, especially extroverts who speak first and think second.

Especially nowadays where everything is recorded. People will say stupid things that they wish they hadn't said. I mean, chairs of departments, fortunately not at Stanford, but chairs of major university departments have gotten themselves fired by being too loose with their thumbs on what was formerly called Twitter. I know at least one prominent example. You just go like, what were you thinking? Right. And apparently they weren't filtering well enough. Brilliant people.

And it wasn't even something that, like, it was clear they really believed. They just said something really offensive and really stupid. And it's like, at least at that time, it was sufficient for them to lose their position. Yeah. I wasn't into anything nefarious or bad. I was a good kid growing up, but I can't imagine growing up with everything being recorded. Yeah. It's probably a tense time for a lot of people.

But people seem to be vocalizing and sharing more. as opposed to less. Right. Although I suppose there's a sampling bias because we're not hearing from the quiet ones without social media accounts. I feel like almost everyone has that social media account now. What I do admire about all of this social media

is how people who are younger than I am at least are able to manage their presence in so many different domains. I can barely show up, you know, dressed appropriately for a conversation. They're able to manage their presence on different platforms, some virtually, some in a person. And that's an art. That's a skill to be able to be able to project yourself in different ways in different venues. And again, I'm not saying be disingenuous or inauthentic, but there's a skill there.

You know, I coach a lot of senior leaders who I would, I'm trying to coach to really be mindful of your presence, how you show up, what it means. And I see in my students who are generally in their mid to late 20s who this comes easy to them. This is just something they know how to do. So I'm not bashing social media ever, but I do think that there's some skills that come with it that others could benefit from. Maybe that's why the younger generation is so much better at it. Because I see my peers from high school. I see people 10 years, 20 years older than I am that seem to have an immense need to be seen

on social media. It's part of my job, which is why I do it. But prior to that, I didn't really have social media accounts or didn't use them. But in any case, there's no judgment from me on that. I agree. It's a lot of cognitive load. It is. But they are able to switch in and out of that in a way that it's hard for me and certainly hard for some of the people I work with. I'm curious about martial arts and running. But in particular martial arts, do you think that playing a sport or engaging in martial arts can actually teach you how to be more comfortable in your physical body in a way that transfers to public speaking, one-on-one communication? small group communication, just presence, posture, stance.

I enjoy the question. Thank you. I don't often talk about my martial arts. I've been doing it over 40 years, and it's very much a part of who I am. And I absolutely think what I've learned in the martial arts have helped me do better at what I do. And I think what I do has helped me be better in the martial arts. There is a presence and a connection that you need to have to do martial arts well, especially when you're working with somebody else.

It gives a kind of confidence that I know I can handle myself in circumstances. I don't expect to be attacked, but I know that in a situation where things go sideways, that I can have some presence about myself. And that confidence is invaluable in everything I do. And martial arts is really a form of communication. I'm observing what my opponent or that my training partner is doing. I am trying to connect and anticipate the next move, but not get locked into. it, it really trains your brain and your body to be responsive and to be open.

You know, people focus a lot on the marshal, but the art side is really what, as I get older, is what really attracts me. Art is about expression, style, connection. And that, to me, as I've matured in my training, has really become this new wealth of knowledge. You know, somebody said, you've been studying the same thing for 40 years? It's not the same thing. It changes. It's multiple levels and ways of uncover it.

So I think it's great. I think everybody should have some physical activity they do that helps them in whatever professional activity or their personal lives. You can learn so much about yourself and how to connect with others. I think there's tremendous learning in, for lack of a better term, exercise, but there's something unique about martial arts or a sport, not to say that running isn't a sport, it can be, or that resistance training isn't a sport, it can be. but I think if people are just exercising and only viewing it through that lens, that they're not gleaning the full benefit. I actually try and make my resistance training sessions

a sort of meditation. I don't allow myself to text or in most cases bring in too much other information. I'll listen to music or a podcast. But I'm careful with that. I want to focus on what I'm doing and I think it's great practice for cognitive pursuits. My running is my meditation.

I really, when I run, I might listen to something, but I really meditate. I find I'm very creative as a result of it, and when I don't do it, I miss it. One area that I like about the martial arts, at least in the styles I've trained in, they vary in terms of their activity. So some of the stuff is completely spontaneous. You're sparring. It's spontaneous. There's some rules, but you're sparring. In the style I train, there are things called kattas or forms where essentially a prearranged dance of moves.

longer, everything is scripted. And then in my style, we do these things called self-defense techniques where you practice certain moves to get out of. Each of those is training you a different way of thinking and being, just like there are different ways of thinking and being in communication. Sometimes it's completely spontaneous. Sometimes I'm giving prepared remarks. Sometimes it's Q&A where I'm saying some things I've prepared, but others I haven't.

So finding vehicles to help you train in different ways. cross-training, if you will, for your communication can really help. Fantastic. And I really like this idea that we need to consider the different styles of different audiences. Yeah. Along those lines, I solicited for questions from the audience on social media, and there's some terrific questions here.

Great. Terrific because I know they relate to questions that many other people are sure to have as well. to kick it off, somebody asked, why do you think women apologize before sharing their opinions? What should they do instead? Do you observe this? I see this often. Apologizing is a way of trying to connect, yet I think it can backfire. So instead of saying, I'm sorry or I didn't do work, start with something that you're confident in. And if you do need to apologize because there's something you didn't do or you need to do, have that come later. The way you start an interaction sets the tone for the whole interaction.

And if I start by putting myself one down because I apologize, oh, I'm not prepared or I should have done this differently, then our interaction is going to be very different. So start with something that you're comfortable with and confident in. And then if you need to apologize, apologize later, it really makes a big difference. I'm going to layer in an additional question. I've seen people give talks that begin with I didn't sleep that well last night or I'm jet lagged, so forgive me if I blank, blank and blank. Basically trying to preload the talk with maybe a buffer

so that if they make a mistake, they're more protected. It drives me crazy, but maybe I'm just crazy. No, it bothers me too. You know, Andrew, my wife taught me a long time ago, I can't pre-apologize, and that's what people are trying to do, right? So, and all you do in those circumstances is prime people to pay attention to whatever it is you're doing. So if I say I didn't sleep well, then people are going to be looking, oh, he's stuttering over his words, he's stumbling, you know, you want people to focus on your message. Don't pre-apologize.

Just get to what you're doing. And if something comes up, you get to decide in the moment. Do I address it or do I just keep going? How to communicate well across cultures and accents. You talked a little bit about this earlier, but maybe we could revisit that. So culture and context loom large in all communication. We have to think, and when I talk about culture, I'm not just talking about country of origin. Different organizations have different cultures, different departments within organizations have cultures.

Different generations have different cultures. So we just have to be sensitive to that. Our messages have to play differently. So whenever we communicate, we have to think about who we're communicating to and the context and culture in which we're communicating. We live in a diverse society, in a diverse world, where we hear. There are lots of viewpoints, lots of people from different places. Accents loom large. On my show, Think Fast Talk Smart, I interviewed a lot of people who are experts in non-native

speaking. And what they all tell me is the goal of a non-native speaker is not to sound like a native speaker. It's impossible. It can't be you're not a native speaker. Rather focus on getting your message across. Take the pressure off of yourself. So what does that mean? That means I might make my point.

And then what I do is I repeat it with a story or I give an example or I tell an analogy. It's about getting the point across, not about worrying about, am I using exactly the right word and the right syntax? And the reality is, I don't know about you, but a lot of native speakers of English, they don't speak English so well either themselves. So I think it's all about getting your point across and using repetition and other tools to help. How to deal with interrupting. We have a colleague at Stanford, by the way, that told me, if they interrupt, it's a sign of interest, which helps. the interactions. But the question here is, how should we handle interruptions? We still want to make the interrupter feel heard in most cases, but sometimes it can be distracting. Two ways. First, set expectations

up front. Setting boundaries can be helpful. So if I'm going into a situation, I might say, I want to spend the first five minutes laying the foundation to what I'm going to say, and then I'd love to take your questions. So if the person does interrupt, they're violating an expectation that was set. And that puts you in a better position to maybe shut it down. You can say, thank you. I hear you're really anxious. I really want to get through this material. So setting boundaries can help. I believe one of the most useful communication tools is paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is where you take what somebody has said, you synthesize it, and you distill it down to something important. If somebody interrupts you, you can take the floor back by paraphrasing what they've said

and moving back on. So if I'm talking about the financial implications of something and you come in and give me your opinion, you interrupt me, and I can say, cost is really important. And in fact, I just took it back from you. If you are somebody who wants to just share your overwhelming knowledge and you're one of those people who blow V8s, I can stop that by interrupting with a paraphrase. I can say, that point you just made about X, really important. We're going to talk about that next on the agenda. I think paraphrasing is the most polite way to get control back, be it from an interruptor or somebody who's just talking too much. It can and feel uncomfortable to interrupt somebody with a paraphrase.

But if you're in front of a room of people or a meeting, not doing it is actually more rude to the other people than it is being rude to the person who spoke. So paraphrasing, I think, gets you out of those circumstances. Someone said, how do I prepare for a speech? I think there's a lot that goes into that. But perhaps there's a shorter answer that you could give us a sort of key. key bins of preparation. Absolutely. Let me give you a few top things. First and foremost, you have to think about who is the audience I'm speaking to. What's important and relevant to them

related to the topic I want to speak on? All of us when we communicate, suffer from the curse of knowledge and the curse of passion. We know a lot about what we're saying and we care a lot about it. And because of that, we can make assumptions, start too deep, et cetera. First, think about your audience relative to your topic. That's number one. Number two, come up with a clear goal. Many of us take our audience on a journey of our discovery of what we want to say as we're saying it. We don't have a clear path. To me, a goal has three parts. Information, emotion, and action. What do I want them to know? How do I want them to feel? And what do I want them to do? Once you have an understanding of your audience and your goal, then apply a structure.

Don't just list and itemize information. Problem solution benefit, past, present, future. What, so what now? There are myriad structures. If you do that, you will have content that's meaningful to your audience and increases the likelihood of fidelity of the communication, then you have to practice. It's not enough to have a good message. You have to practice the delivery. If you do those things, you will give better talks, you will have better conversations and better meetings. I was thinking about something a few moments ago, for people that are afraid of public speaking because they might choke or dissolve into a puddle of their own tears on stage or freeze or whatever. Do you think it's useful? I would think it would be useful to try and think about what you

want to happen as opposed to what you don't want to happen. That's right. That's right. A lot of people envision the worst and they self-create that, right? It's a self-fulfilling prophecy. Imagine what the potential could be. Set yourself for that positive expectation. And it doesn't have to be, this is going to be the best communication ever. Just be, I'm going to add value. People are going to learn something. People won't make a mistake that I'm advising them to avoid. Just have a positive outcome in mind, and that can really help. So thinking about what value is in it for you and for your audience before you communicate can really make a big difference. A few people asked questions that relate to interpersonal relations that you may be equipped to solve for them, but

like how should I win an argument without losing somebody? I think that's a, is that a different podcast. That would be a whole different podcast. Here's what I'll tell you, though. Listening is important. A lot of our arguments are over things that really don't exist when I've been, I've done some mediation work in my life. And the number one thing I make people do when I bring two people who disagree together is I make each listen to the other. And often the argument disappears. People didn't realize that. And the second bit of advice, I learned this from two friends of mine. And my wife and I deploy this a lot. When we are set up to have a disagreement, We each declare how important whatever the issue is to us is.

Because we assume, you know, if I'm really passionate about something, I assume when we're arguing that you're equally as passionate. But that's not always true. But if I come at you with my full passion and you're not as passionate, I'm going to make you more passionate. So all of a sudden we're fighting. So if I want to go out to Chinese food, my wife wants to go out to Mexican food, I might say, for me, Chinese food is an eight because I really have been craving it.

She says Mexican food for me is a three today. There's no fight. There's no argument. But if she says it's an aid and I say it's an eight, then we have the issue. So understanding the prioritization and really listening to understand what's involved, you can mitigate a lot of the conflict that you're having. Somebody asked, how do I get rid of filler words, um, like, et cetera? I had a guest on my show.

She's a psycholinguist, and she helped me realize that filler words are not bad. Filler words are actually helpful. They do things for us. They save the space. So if I'm not done talking and I don't want others, to interrupt. I say um and ah. There's research in the child development literature that says when we speak to kids before we say a new term or give a new idea, we will often preface it with a filler word um or uh. We signal what's coming next is important. And I think that's why it

drives us nuts when somebody says so many filler words because we've been trained as kids that something important follows it. And when all that follows it is another um, we get frustrated. So the goal is not to eliminate these. The goal is to make them not distracting. In fact, playwrights and screenwriters will actually add filler words to make it sound human. The best way I know to reduce filler words, especially the ones that are most annoying, and those are the ones that sit in silence.

So I'm done speaking, and then I start speaking again. Those are the ones that really stand out. It's a breath technique. I learned this from somebody who has been teaching communication skills for a long, long time. His name is Jerry Weissman. And it's called landing phrases. when we speak we need to be pushing air out if i am inhaling i can't speak i invite everybody listening

and watching to try to say um while inhaling you can't do it so if i train myself at the end of my sentences and phrases to land the phrase to be out of breath i have to inhale not only can i not say um i can't say anything i build in a pause so as you speak train yourself to land and the reason i call it landing a phrase. It's like a gymnast who does all those flips and twirls and then they stick the landing. So at the end of each of my phrases, I'm completely out of breath. I inhale and then I start speaking again. You can reduce significantly the filler words. Now you have to practice this. And the way I teach everybody to practice, look at your calendar or schedule every day. And once a day, read out loud everything on your schedule. And at the end of each one land the phrase. So I might say

going to lunch with Andrew, working out at the gym, seeing my seat. And I'm going to lunch. son for dinner. At the end of each one of those phrases, I've landed my phrase, I'm out of breath. I'm training myself how to do that. You'll get rid of many of your filler words. Fantastic. I'm going to try to do that. You don't have many filler words. I have to check some recordings of the podcast. Someone wants to know how to tell a story without turning it into a sermon. How to know when it's going on too long. There are two ways to answer that question. One is about time. How long does it take? My mother has a wonderful saying. She likes to say, tell the time, don't build the clock. Many of us are clock builders when we communicate. We say much more than we need to. So if you have to tell a story, think about what's the most critical few? In the military, they talk about bottom line up front. Get that bottom line up there. So don't say more than you need to. The other part is you have to make the story engaging and relevant to the people you're talking to. A lot of people have such a preamble to get to the start. A colleague of mine likes to talk about parachuting in, just jump right in and then build the rest of the story.

A lot of us, well, it was a rainy day and then it was this and it was that. And you just get to the story first. So if you parachute in and you remind yourself to be concise and clear, you're going to tell more engaging in better stories. Several people asked how to ask for a raise. There's several characteristics I'd like people to think about when you ask for something that you want, especially from a boss or an authority figure. First, think about context. Look at your boss's schedule before you ask for a raise. Are you the fifth meeting in a row before you go in? Maybe it's better to go tomorrow when you're early. So context matters. I have a colleague who studied parole decisions judges make,

and he found that decisions are different before lunch and after lunch, even though the cases are the same. When you ask, you have to think about that. Second, when positioning yourself, think about from your boss's perspective what are the criteria they would think about in terms of giving a raise often we come and say well i've done this i've done this i've done this and this colleague got that think about what value you have brought to them so approach it from their perspective and think about how you can position it so that you are demonstrating your value again from their perspective and you should practice you should you should role play talk to other people say i'm thinking of saying this just so the words come out instead of just thinking in your head what you want to say. Several people asked about how best to communicate with people who are not very good at communicating. That's a hard one. I would encourage people to lead with questions,

draw the other person out. Often, if you can get them talking about something that's important to them or connected to what you want, then you can engage in that conversation. So, again, it's pre-work. It's thinking about what's a value. Lead with questions. and then as soon as the person responds, give them space to tell more.

My mother-in-law had a black belt in small talk. She was amazing. She was from the Midwest. Every time she'd fly out to visit, she'd come off the plane with three new best friends. And her secret, and you mentioned this earlier, were three words, tell me more. Once somebody answers a question, give them that space to say more. And that really draws them out and gives you some ideas of what's important to them so you can latch on and talk about it more. So, lead with questions, give space for more communication.

That's how you draw somebody who might be reticent or not comfortable speaking. Do you ever recommend people memorize speeches? Never. There are times where I recommend being very familiar with how you start commencing is the point where people are most nervous about speaking is about 30 seconds before, about a minute into what they're doing. So you can be very familiar, but the reason memorizing is so bad is it burdened your cognitive load. You've created the right way to say it and you're constantly comparing

what you wanted to say to what you're actually saying. So having a roadmap, having a structure, having some familiarity with some ideas are important. If there's certain words that you really want to get across or certain data, have a note card, read it. I'd rather you do that than put the cognitive burden on yourself of memorizing. We talked a little bit about this earlier, but maybe we can just recap and add anything that you want to the question that's very common here, how to reduce pre-talk anxiety. And it could be public speaking or it could be one-on-one communication.

We could talk a lot about this. And when you were on my show, Andrew, we talked about some of the biological things you can do. When it comes to managing anxiety, you have to manage both symptoms and sources. The symptoms are the things you physiologically experience. You have shared great advice on breathing, et cetera. I'll give one example.

When I get really nervous, I perspire and blush. A great way to manage that is to cool. yourself down. The reason you're perspiring and blushing is your heart rate's going up, your body's tensing up. It's like when you exercise. The palms of your hand are thermoregulators for your body. Anybody who's ever held warm coffee or tea on a cold morning has felt themselves warm up. I will always hold something cold before I speak and it helps cool me down. I blush and perspire less. So there are things we can do to manage physical symptoms. The breath work that you talk about is really helpful. But we also have to think about sources, the things

that initiate and exacerbate our anxiety. I'll give one example. Many of us are made nervous by the goal that we have. I advocate for having a goal when you communicate, but sometimes that goal makes us nervous. My students are afraid they're not going to get a good grade. The entrepreneurs I coach are afraid they're not going to get funding. The people listening might be afraid their boss isn't going to support their idea. So we're made nervous by a potential negative future outcome.

So the way to counteract that is to become present oriented. Lots of ways to do that. You can do deep breathing. You can walk around the building, have a conversation with somebody. I tell people do what athletes do. Listen to a song or a playlist. That helps you get focused. Start at 100 and count backwards by a challenging numbers.

Let's try 17s. Really has to focus and be present-oriented. My favorite way, and this is going to sound really silly, I like to say tongue twisters out loud. You can't say a tongue-twister right and not be present-oriented, and it warms up your voice. It's an opportunity to warm up. So before I ever do any of my podcast interviews or a big talk,

I will say a tongue-twister out loud three times fast, and it gets me present and warms me up. So to manage anxiety, you have to manage symptoms and some of the things that initiate and exacerbate. There are a whole bunch of those. And if you do it, you begin to create for yourself an anxiety management plan, and you can invoke that plan.

And actually just having that plan helps reduce the anxiety you have. The very first thing we do in my strategic communication class is we have our students create an anxiety management plan. And not only does it help them in the course, I have students years later say, my grandmother passed away. I use the anxiety management plan to help with the eulogy or I'm doing a best man toast and I'm using it. Giving yourself tools to help manage anxiety is one of the biggest gifts you can give to yourself.

Fantastic. These are incredible bits and, frankly, entire meals of advice for people. Public communication and just one-on-one communication and everything in between is so important. and people really carry around a lot of fear and anxiety about them, but you've given us a ton of practical tools. And I know these are time tested and there are data on many of them. And the real world data are really what count the most. So I want to thank you for coming here today to share them with us.

Also for the books that you've written and put links to those in the show note captions and that you continue to get out there and on here as a public educator. You know, there are many, many people and books talking about, these topics, but you've clearly thrown yourself into these as, like, the guy was really tackling them for the greater good. So I really appreciate the breadth and specificity of what you've shared. And I know everyone else will as well. And I know that they're going to apply them. So my goal was to do this outro without saying, um, once. I guess I just said, um. You did it well. Thank you. Very fluent. Come back again. I'd love to. Thank you.

Thank you for joining me for today's discussion with Matt Abrams. To learn more about his work and to find links to the various resources we discussed, please see the show note caption. If you're learning from and or enjoying this podcast, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. That's a terrific zero cost way to support us. In addition, please follow the podcast by clicking the follow button on both Spotify and Apple. And on both Spotify and Apple, you can leave us up to a five-star review. And you can now leave us comments at both Spotify and Apple. Please also check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout today's episode. That's the best way to support this podcast.

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