I Can’t Sleep - Grassland | Calm Bedtime Reading for Sleep

Episode Date: February 20, 2024

Drift off with this calm bedtime reading as Benjamin explores the beauty and importance of grasslands, offering gentle relief from insomnia and restless nights. You’ll learn about the unique ecosystems, the plants and animals that thrive there, and the role grasslands play in sustaining life on Earth. Benjamin’s soothing cadence eases stress and quiets the mind, helping you relax into rest. This is not whispering or hypnosis—just peaceful, fact-filled storytelling to guide you into sleep. Press play, settle in, and let this tranquil journey across the grasslands bring you peace. Want More? Request a Topic: https://www.icantsleeppodcast.com/request-a-topic Ad-Free Episodes: https://icantsleep.supportingcast.fm/ Shop Sleep-Friendly Products: https://www.icantsleeppodcast.com/sponsors Join the Discussion on Discord: https://discord.gg/myhGhVUhn7 This content is derived from the Wikipedia article on Grassland, available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license. Read the full article: Wikipedia – Grassland. Happy sleeping! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

You're listening to a Glassbox media podcast. What if I told you that most of the modern day self-help advice you've been hearing could actually make you worse? The key to a better life isn't about feel-good gimmicks that sound catchy. The Mentally Stronger Podcast gives you access to a licensed therapist who shares science-backed tools that will actually change your life. Hi, I'm Amy Morin, psychotherapist, mental strength trainer, and international best-selling author. In each episode, we cover research-back strategies, like how to stop relying on willpower and start creating habits for lasting change. And the five mental strength-building exercises you can do from your couch.

I also speak to world-class experts like Dr. Nicole Kane, who shares how to permanently heal anxiety by addressing the root cause. With over 200 episodes in our catalog, this podcast is for you if you're ready to crush self-doubt, conquer challenges, and become stronger than ever with therapist-approved strategies that can change your life. Listen to Mentally Stronger with Therapist Amy Morin, wherever you get your podcasts. Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast, where I read random articles from across the web to bore you to sleep with my soothing voice. I'm your host, Benjamin Boster. Today's episode is from a Wikipedia article titled Grassland.

A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses. However, sedge and rush can also be found, along with variable proportions of legumes like clover and other herbs. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica and are found in most ecoregions of the earth. Furthermore, grasslands are one of the largest biomes on Earth and dominate the landscape worldwide. There are different types of grasslands, natural grasslands, semi-natural grasslands, and agricultural grasslands. They cover 31 to 69% of the Earth's land area. Included among the variety of definitions for grasslands are, any plant community including harvested forages

in which grasses and or legumes make up the dominant vegetation, terrestrial ecosystems dominated by herbaceous and shrub vegetation, and maintained by fire, grazing, drought, and or freezing temperatures, region with sufficient average annual precipitation to support grass. Semi-natural grasslands are a very common subcategory of the grasslands biome. These can be defined as grasslands existing as a result of human activity, mowing or livestock grazing, where environmental conditions and the species pool are maintained by natural processes.

They can also be described as the following. Semi-natural grasslands are one of the world's most biodiverse habitats on a small spatial scale. Semi-natural grasslands belong to the most species-rich ecosystems in the world. Have been formed over the course of centuries through extensive grazing and mowing, without the use of pesticides or fertilizers in modern times. There are many different types of semi-natural grasslands. A.g. Hay Meadows. The Gramenoids are among the most versatile life forms. They became widespread toward the end of the Cretaceous period, and Croprolites of fossilized dynos or feces have been found

containing phytoliths of a variety of grasses that include grasses that are related to modern rice and bamboo. The appearance of mountains in the western United States during the Miocene and Playaeusine epics, a period of some 25 million years, created a continental climate favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Around 5 million years ago during the late Miocene in the new world and the Pliocene in the old world, the first true grasslands occurred. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. It is known that, and it is known that that grasslands have existed in Europe throughout the Pleistocene,

following the Pleistocene ice ages with their glacials and interglacials, grasslands expanded in the hotter, drier climates, and began to become the dominant land feature worldwide. Since the grasslands have existed for over 1.8 million years, there is high

variability. For example, steppe tundra dominated in northern and Central Europe, whereas a higher amount of zero-thermic grasslands occurred in the Mediterranean area. Within temperate Europe, the range of types is quite wide, and also became unique due to the exchange of species and genetic material between different biomes. The semi-natural grasslands first appeared when humans started farming, so for the use of agriculture, forests got cleared in Europe. Ancient meadows and pastures were the parts that were suitable for cultivation. The semi-natural grasslands were formed from these areas. However, there's also evidence for the local

persistence of natural grasslands in Europe, originally maintained by wild herbivores throughout the pre-Neolithic holocene. The removal of the plants by the grazing animals, and later the mowing farmers led to coexistence of other plant species around. In the following, the biodiversity of the plants evolve. Also, the species that already lived there adapted to the new conditions. Most of the grassland areas have been turned to arable fields and disappeared again. The grasslands permanently became arable croping fields due to the steady decrease in organic matter. Nowadays, semi-natural grasslands are rather located in areas that are unsuitable for agricultural farming. Grasslands dominated by unsewn wild plant communities can be called either natural or

semi-natural habitat. Although their plant communities are natural, their maintenance depends upon anthropogenic activities, such as grazing and cutting regimes. The semi-natural grasslands contain many species of wild plants, including grasses, sedges, rushes, and herbs. 25 plant species per 100 square centimeters can be found. A European record that was found on a meadow in Estonia described 76 species of plants in one square meter. Chalk downlands in England can support over 40 species per square meter. In many parts of the world, few examples have escaped agricultural improvement,

fertilizing, weed killing, plowing, or reseeding. For example, original North American prairie grasslands or lowland wildflower meadows in the UK are now rare and their associated wild flora equally threatened. Associated with the wild plant diversity of the unimproved grasslands is usually a rich invertebrate fauna. There are also many species of birds that are grassland specialists, such as the snipe and the little bastard. Owing to semi-natural grasslands being referred to as one of the most species-rich ecosystems in the world, and essential habitat for many specialists, also including pollinators. There are many approaches to conservation activities lately.

Agriculturally improved grasslands which dominate modern intensive agricultural landscapes are usually poor in wild plant species due to the original diversity of plants, having been destroyed by cultivation and by the use of fertilizers. Almost 90% of the European semi-natural grasslands do not exist anymore due to political and economic reasons. This loss took place during the 20th century. The ones in Western and Central Europe have almost disappeared completely. There are a few left in Northern Europe. Unfortunately, a large amount of red-listed species are specialists of semi-natural grasslands

and are affected by the landscape change due to agriculture of the last century. The original wild plant communities having been replaced by sown monocultures of cultivated varieties of grasses and clover, such as perennial ryegrass and white clover. In many parts of the world, unimproved grasslands are one of the most threatened types of habitat, and a target for acquisition by wildlife conservation groups, or for special grants to landowners who are encouraged to manage them appropriately. Grassland vegetation can vary considerably depending on the grassland type and on how strong it is affected by human impact.

In chalk grassland, the plants can vary from very tall to very short. Quite tall grasses can be found in North America, tall grass prairie, South American grasslands, and African savanna. Woody plants, shrubs, or trees may occur on some grasslands, forming savannas, scrubby grassland, or semi-wooded grassland, such as the African savannas or the Iberian Dehisa. As flowering plants and trees, grasses grow in great concentrations and climates where annual rainfall ranges between 500 and 900 millimeters. The root systems of perennial grasses and forbs

form complex mats that hold the soil in place. Grasslands support the greatest aggregations of large animals on earth, including jaguars, African wild hogs, pronghorn, black-footed ferret, plains bison, mountain plover, African elephant, Sunda tiger, black rhino, white rhino, savanna elephant, greater one-horned rhino, Indian elephant and swift fox. Grazing animals, herd animals, and predators in grasslands like lions and cheetahs, live in the grasslands of the African savannah.

Mites, insects, larvae, nematodes, and earthworms inhabit deep soil, which can reach six meters underground in undisturbed grasslands on the richest soils of the world. These invertebrates, along with symbiotic fungi, extend the root systems, break apart hard soil, enrich it with urea and other natural fertilizers, trap minerals and water and promote growth. Some types of fungi make the plants more resistant to insect and microbial attacks. Grasslands in all its form supports a vast variety of mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects. Typical large mammals include the blue wildebeest, American bison, giant ant eater, and Perts Walski's horse. The plants and animals that live in grasslands are connected through an unlimited web of interactions.

But the removal of key species, such as buffalo and prairie dogs within the American, American West, and introduction of invasive species like cane toads in northern Australia, have disrupted the balance in these ecosystems and damaged a number of other species. Grasslands are home to a number of the foremost magnificent animals on the planet, elephants, bison, lions, and hunters have found them to be enticing prey. But when hunting is not controlled or is conducted illegally, species can become extinct. Grasslands provide a range of marketed and non-marketed ecosystem services that are fundamental to the livelihoods of an estimated 1 billion people globally.

Grasslands hold about 20% of global soil carbon stocks. Herbaceous, non-wooded vegetation dominates grasslands, and, and, you know, and, you know, And unlike forests, carbon is stored in the roots and soil underground. Furthermore, this above-ground biomass carbon is relatively short-lived due to grazing, fire, and senescence. In contrast, grassland species have an extensive fibrous root system, with grasses often accounting for 60 to 80 percent of the biomass carbon in this ecosystem. This underground biomass can extend several meters below the surface and store abundant carbon

into the soil, resulting in deep, fertile soils with high organic matter content. For this reason, soil carbon accounts for about 81% of the total ecosystem carbon in grasslands. The close link between soil carbon and underground biomass leads to similar responses of these carbon pools to fluctuations in annual precipitation and temperature on a broad spatial scale. Because plant productivity is limited by grassland precipitation, carbon stocks are highest in regions where precipitation is heaviest, such as the high grass prairie and the humid temperate region of the United States. Similarly, as annual temperatures rise, grassland carbon stock,

stocks decreased due to increased evapotranspiration. Grasslands have suffered large losses of organic carbon, due to soil disturbances, vegetation, degradation, fires, erosion, nutrient deficiencies, and water shortages. The type, frequency, and intensity of the disturbances can play a key role in the soil organic carbon, SOC balance of grasslands. Bedrock, irrigation practices, soil, acidification, liming, and pasture management can all have potential impacts on grassland organic carbon stocks. Good grassland management can reverse historical soil carbon losses. The relationship of improved biodiversity with carbon storage is the subject of research. Grasslands are among the most threatened ecosystems.

Global losses from grassland degradation are estimated to be over $7 billion per year. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, IUCN, the most significant threat to grasslands is human land use, especially agriculture and mining. The vulnerability of grasslands stems from a range of factors, such as misclassification or protection and cultivation. Grasslands have an extensive history of human activity and disturbance. To feed a growing human population, most of the world's grasslands are converted from natural landscapes to fields of corn, wheat, or other crops. Grasslands that have remained largely intact thus far, such as the East African savannas, are in danger of being lost to agriculture.

Grasslands are very sensitive to disturbances, such as people hunting and killing key species or plowing the land to make more space for farms. Grassland vegetation is often a plagiar climax. It remains dominant in a particular area, usually due to grazing, cutting, or natural or man-made fires, all discouraging colonization by and survival of tree and shrub ceilings. Some of the world's largest expanses of grassland are found in the African savannah, and these are maintained by wild herbivores, as well as by nomadic pastoralists and their cattle, sheep or goats. Grasslands have an impact on climate change by slower decomposition rates of litter compared to forest environments.

Grasslands may occur naturally or as a result of human activity. Hunting cultures around the world often set regular fires to, to maintain and extend grasslands and prevent fire-intolerant trees and shrubs from taking hold. The tall grass prairies in the U.S. Midwest may have been extended eastward into Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio by human agency. Much grassland in northwest Europe developed after the Neolithic period, when people gradually cleared the forest to create areas for raising their livestock. Grasslands often occur in areas where the annual precipitation is between 600 millimeters and 1,500 millimeters.

And average mean annual temperatures range from negative 5 and 20 degrees Celsius. However, some grasslands occur in colder and hotter climate conditions. Grasslands can exist in habitats that are frequently disturbed by grazing or fire, as such disturbance prevents the encroachment of, woody species. Species richness is particularly high in grasslands of low soil fertility, such as serpentine barrens and calcareous grasslands, where woody encroachment is prevented as low nutrient levels in the soil may inhibit the growth of forests and shrub species. Another common predicament often experienced by the ill-fated grassland creatures is the constant burning of plants fueled by oxygen,

and many expired photosynthesizing organisms, with the lack of rain pushing this problem to further hides. When not limited by other factors, increasing CO2 concentration in the air increases plant growth, similarly as water use efficiency, which is very important in drier regions. However, the advantages of elevated CO2 are limited by factors, including water availability and available nutrients, particularly nitrogen. Thus, effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth will vary with local climate patterns, species adaptations to water limitations, and nitrogen availability. Studies indicate that nutrient depletion may happen faster in dry,

regions and with factors like plant community composition and grazing. Nitrogen deposition from air pollutants and increased mineralization from higher temperatures can increase plant productivity, but increases are often among a discount in biodiversity as faster growing plants outcompete others. A study of a California grassland found that global change by speed reduction, and diversity, and Forbes species are most prone to this process. Misguided aforestation efforts, for example as part of the global effort to increase carbon sequestration, can harm grasslands and their core ecosystem services.

Forest-centric restoration efforts can create the risk of misreading and misclassifying of landscapes. A map created by the World Resources Institute in the World Resources Institute, in collaboration with the IUCN, identifies 2 billion hectares for potential forest restoration. It is criticized for building 900 million hectares of grassland. It is expected that non-native grasses will continue to outperform native species under warmer and drier conditions that occur in many grasslands due to climate change. The type of land management used in grasslands can also lead to grassland loss degradation. Many grasslands and other open ecosystems depend on disturbances such as wildfires, controlled burns, and or grazing to persist,

although this subject is still controversial. A study in Brazilian subtropical highland grasslands found that grasslands without traditional land management which uses fire every two years and extensive cattle grazing can disappear within 30 years. The study showed that grasslands inside protected areas in which fire is not allowed and cattle grazing is banned, grasslands were quickly replaced by shrubs. Land cover has always changed during the years.

The following relates to the changes between 1960 and 2015. There has been a decrease in semi-natural grasslands and an increase in areas with arable land, forest and land use for infrastructure and buildings. The line style and relative thickness of the lines indicates the percentage of the total area that changed. Changes less than 1% and land cover classes with all changes less than 1% are not included. In 1960, most of the land, 49.7% was covered with forest, and there was also more semi-natural grassland than arable land. In 2015, this has changed drastically. The forest cover has increased and arable land is also increased,

but the semi-natural grassland cover has decreased, although it still covers a large area of the earth. A quarter of semi-natural grassland was lost through, intensification, i.e. it was converted into arable or pasture land in forests. It is more likely that intensification will occur in flat semi-natural grasslands, especially of the soil as fertile. On the other hand, grasslands where the land is drought-prone or less productive, are more likely to persist as semi-natural grasslands, than grasslands with fertile soil and low gradient of the terrain. Furthermore, the accessibility of the land is also important, as it is then easier to fertilize, for example. For instance, if it is located near a road, with the development of technology,

it is becoming increasingly easy to cultivate land with a steeper gradient to the detriment of grasslands. The management of grasslands is also changing permanently. There is increased use of mineral fertilizers. Furthermore, borders and field edges are removed to enlarge fields and leveling the terrain to facilitate the use of agricultural machinery. The professional study of dry grasslands falls under the category of rangeland management, which focuses on ecosystem services associated with the grass-dominated arid and semi-arid rangelands of the world.

Rangelands account for an estimated 70% of the Earth's landmass. Thus, many cultures, including those of the United States, are indebted to the economics that the world's grasslands have to offer, from producing grazing animals, tourism, ecosystem services, such as clean water and air and energy extraction. Vast areas of grassland are affected by woody encroachment, which is the expansion of woody plants at the expense of the herbaceous layer. Woody encroachment is caused by a combination of human impact, e.g. fire exclusion, overstocking and resulting overgrazing,

and environmental factors. i.e. increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere. It can have severe negative consequences on key ecosystem services like land productivity and groundwater recharge. Despite growing recognition of the importance of grasslands, understanding of restoration options remains limited. Cost of grassland restoration is highly variable and respective data is scarce.

Successful grassland restoration has several dimensions, including recognition in policy, standardization of indicators of degradation, scientific innovation, knowledge transfer, and data sharing. Restoration methods and measures include the following. Prescribed fires. Appropriate management of livestock and wild herbivores. In light of land use, intensification, caused by global food demand, grassland land use practices may need to be adjusted to better support key ecosystem services. Tree cutting, shrub removal, invasive species control, reintroduction of native grasses and forbs via seeding or transplant. A main challenge for grassland restoration is how to overcome seed limitation. For the period 2021 to 2030, the United Nations

General Assembly has proclaimed the UN decade on restoration, involving a joint resolution by over 70 countries. It is led by the United Nations Environment Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization. Grassland types by Shimper 1898, 1903. Meadow, Higryphalous or Trapophilus Grassland, Steppe, Xerophilus Grassland, Savannah. Zorofulous grassland containing isolated trees. Grassland types by Ellenberg and Mueller-Dumbois, 1967. Formation Class 5. Terrestrial herbaceous communities. 1. Savanas and related grasslands, tropical or subtropical grasslands and parklands.

2. Steps and related grasslands. A.G. North American prairies, etc. 3. Meadows, Pastures or Related Grasslands. 4. Sedge swamps and flushes. 5. Erbaceous and Half-Witty Salt Swamps. 6. 4. Vegetation. Grassland types by Lake Cock, 1979. 1. Tall grass, true prairie.

2. Short grass prairie. 3. Mixed grass prairie. 4. Shrub step. 5. Annual grassland. 6. Desert arid grassland. 7. High Mountain grassland. These grasslands can be classified as the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. The rainfall level for that grassland type is between 90 and 100 centimeters per year.

Grasses and scattered trees are. are common for that ecoregion, as well as large mammals, such as wildebeest and zebra. Notable tropical and subtropical grasslands include the Janos grasslands of South America. Temperate. Mid-latitude grasslands including the prairie and Pacific grasslands of North America, the Pampas of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, Calcareous Downland, and the steppes of Europe. They are classified with temperate savannas and shreblands as the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biomperate grasslands are the home to many large herbivores, such as bison, gazelles, zebras, rhinoceruses, and wild horses. Carnivores like lions, wolves, cheetahs, and leopards are also found in temperate grasslands. Other animals of this region include deer, prairie dogs, mice, jackrabbits,

skunks, coyotes, snakes, foxes, owls, badgers, blackbirds, grasshoppers, meadowlarks, sparrows, quails, hawks, and hyenas. Flooded. Grasslands that are flooded seasonally or year-round like the Everglades of Florida, the pontoonalla of Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay, or the Esteros de Libera in Argentina, are classified with flooded savannas as the flooded grasslands in savanna's biome and occur mostly in the tropics and subtropics. The species that live in these grasslands are well adapted to the hydrologic regimes and soil conditions. The Everglades, the world's largest rain-fed flooded grassland,

is rich in 11,000 species of seed-bearing plants, 25 species of orchids, 300 bird species, and 150 fish species. Water meadows are grasslands that are deliberately flooded for short periods. Montane High altitude grasslands located on high mountain ranges around the world, like the Paramo of the Andes Mountains. They are part of the montane grasslands and shrublands biome

and can be tropical, subtropical, and temperate. The plants and animals that can be found in the tropical montane are able to adapt to cool, wet conditions, as well as intense sunlight, tundra grasslands. Similar to montane grasslands, polar Arctic tundra can have grasses, but high soil moisture means that few tundras are grass-dominated today. However, during the Pleistocene glacial periods, commonly referred to as ice ages, a grassland known as steppe tundra or mammoth steppe occupied large areas of the northern hemisphere.

These areas were very cold and arid and featured subsurface permafrost, hence tundra, but were nevertheless productive grassland ecosystems supporting a wide variety of fauna. as the temperature increased and the climate became wetter at the beginning of the Holocene, much of the mammoth stepped transition to forest, while the drier parts in central Eurasia remained as a grassland, becoming the modern Eurasian steppe. Desert and Zurich Also called desert grasslands,

they are composed of sparse grassland ecoregions located in the deserts and Zeric Shreblands' biome. Temperature extremes and low amount of rainfall characterize these kinds of grasslands. Therefore, plants and animals are well adapted to minimize water loss. The grassland ecoregions of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome are Afro-tropical temperate grassland, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions. Al-Hajar-Montain woodlands. Oman, United Arab Emirates.

Amsterdam and St. Paul Islands temperate grasslands Amsterdam Island, St. Paul Island. Tristan Dakuna Gulf Islands shrub and grasslands. Tristan Dakuna, Gulf Island. Australasian temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands ecoregions. Canterbury-Ato-Tusk grasslands, New Zealand. Southeast Australia and temperate savannah. Australia

Southwest Australia Savannah, Australia. Neartic tempered grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, ecoregions. California Central Valley Grasslands, United States. Canadian Aspen forests and parklands. Canada, United States. Central and Southern mixed grasslands, United States. Central Forest Grasslands Transition United States

Central Tall Grasslands United States Columbia Plateau United States Edwards Plateau Savannah United States Flint Hills

Tall Grasslands United States Montana Valley and foothill grasslands United States Nebraska Sand Hills Mixed Grasslands United States

Northern mixed grasslands grasslands, Canada, United States. Northern short grasslands, Canada, United States. Northern tall grasslands. Canada, United States. Palouse Grasslands, United States. Texas Blackland Prairies, United States. Western Short Grasslands, United States. Neotropical temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands ecoregions.

Argentine Espinall, Argentina Argentine Monte, Argentina Humid Pampas, Argentina, Uruguay Patagonian grasslands, Argentina, Chile, United Kingdom, Falkland Islands. Patagonian steppe, Argentina, Chile, United Kingdom, Auckland Islands. Semi-Ared Pampas. Argentina.

Pale Arctic temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands ecoregion. Ali Western Thaian Shan steb. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Altai steppe and semi-desert. Kazakhstan. Central Anatolian steb. Turkey. Darian Forest Steb.

China, Mongolia, Russia. Eastern Anatolian Montane steb. Armenia. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Turkey. Yemen Valley Step. China, Kazakhstan. Faroe Islands boreal grasslands. Faroe Islands, Denmark.

Chisarro-Ali open woodlands. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Kazakh forest steppe. Kazakhstan, Russia. Kazakh steb. Kazakhstan, Russia. Kazakh uplands.

Kazakhstan. Mongolian, Manchurian grasslands. China, Mongolia, Russia. Pontic steb. Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria. Sayan Intermontane steb, Russia. Selangj Orkan Forest Steb, Mongolia, Russia.

South Siberian Forest Steb, Russia. Syrian, Zurich, Grasslands and Shreblins. Iraq, Jordan, Syria. Tian Shan, Foothill, Arad Step. China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. Afro-tropical, tropical, and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions. Angola Mopane woodlands, Angola. Angola Mopane woodlands.

Angola, Namibia. Ascension scrub and grasslands. Ascension Island. Central Zimbassian Mayombo Woodlands. Angola, Burundu, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia. East Sudanian Savannah. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea,

Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda, eastern myomba woodlands, Mozambique, Tanzania. Guinea Forest Savannah Mosaic Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo. Itigy Sumbu Thicket, Tanzania, Kalahari, Acacia Bikia woodlands, Botswana, Mbibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Mandara Plateau Mosaic. Cameroon, Nigeria.

Northern Acacia, Comaphora, Bushlands, and Thickets. Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Uganda. Northern Congolian Forest Savannah Mosaic. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Uganda. Sahelian Acacia Savannah. Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan, Sudan. Serengetic volcanic grasslands, Kenya, Tanzania, Somali Acacia, Comiphora, bushlands, and thickets.

Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia South Arabian fog woodlands, shrublands, and dune. Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Southern Acacia Comiphora of Bushlands and Thickets. Kenya, Tanzania. Southern Africa, Bushveld. Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Southern Congolian Forest Savannah Mosaic

Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo Southern Miombo woodlands Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe St. Helena Scrub and Woodlands, St. Helena Victoria Basin Forest Savannah Mosaic Burundi Democratic Republic of the Congo Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda.

West Sudanian Savannah. Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Nigeria, Senegal. Western Congolian Forest, Savannah, Mosaic. Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo. Western Zambizan grasslands, Angola, Zambia, Zambizan and Mopane woodlands, Botswana, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Nambia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Zambizan Beakiya Woodlands, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Australasian tropical and sub-tropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands, ecoregions. Arnhem Land Tropical Savannah, Australia.

Brigelow Tropical Savannah, Australia. Cape York Peninsula Tropical Savannah, Australia. Carpentaria Tropical Savannah, Australia. Inalai Upland Savannah, Australia. Kimberly Tropical Savannah, Australia Mitchell Grass Downs, Australia Transfly Savannah and Grasslands Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

Victoria Plains Tropical Savannah, Australia Indomalayan Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands, Savanas and Shrublands ecoregions Terai Dewar's Savannah and Grasslands Bhutan, India, India Nepal, Neartic tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shreblans ecoregions. Western Gulf coastal grasslands. Mexico, United States. Neotropical, tropical, and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shreblans ecoregions.

Benis-Savana, Bolivia. Campos Rupestres, Brazil. Serrado. Bolivia, Brazil. Paraguay. Clipperton Island shrub and grasslands. Clipperton Island is an overseas territory of France. Cordoba-Montane Savannah, Argentina. Guyana Savannah, Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela. Ginnon Savannah, Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela. Grand Chaco.

Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia Janos Venezuela, Colombia Uruguayan savanna Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Oceanian tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shreblands ecoregions

Hawaiian tropical high shreblins Hawaii Hawaiian tropical low shreblins Hawaii Northwestern Hawaii Scrubs Hawaii Midway Attle