In Good Company with Nicolai Tangen - Coinbase CEO: The Future of Crypto, Machine-to-Machine Payments and the Quest to Live Forever

Episode Date: March 18, 2026

Are AI agents about to become the biggest users of crypto? Nicolai Tangen sits down with Brian Armstrong, co-founder and CEO of Coinbase — the largest crypto exchange in the US — to explore how digital assets are rewriting global finance. They discuss why stablecoins could grow 100x or even 1000x, how AI agents are already transacting on blockchain, and how Coinbase pushed back against crypto's political headwinds. Brian also shares his bold bet that longevity escape velocity is within reach — and why a few hundred years of living might not be science fiction. Tune in for an insightful conversation!In Good Company is hosted by Nicolai Tangen, CEO of Norges Bank Investment Management. New full episodes every Wednesday, and don't miss our Highlight episodes every Friday.  The production team for this episode includes Isabelle Karlsson and PLAN-B's Niklas Figenschau Johansen, Sebastian Langvik-Hansen and Pål Huuse. Background research was conducted by Tobias Hyldmo and David Høysæther. Watch the episode on YouTube: Norges Bank Investment Management - YouTubeWant to learn more about the fund? The fund | Norges Bank Investment Management (nbim.no)Follow Nicolai Tangen on LinkedIn: Nicolai Tangen | LinkedInFollow NBIM on LinkedIn: Norges Bank Investment Management: Administrator for bedriftsside | LinkedInFollow NBIM on Instagram: Explore Norges Bank Investment Management on Instagram Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Hi everybody and welcome to In Good Company. I'm Nicola Tangian, the CEO of the Norwegian Sovan Wealth Fund. And today I'm joined by Brian Armstrong, the co-founder and CEO of Coinbase, which is America's largest crypto exchange and increasingly, one of the powerful forces shaping global finance. So Brian, warm welcome. Thank you for having me. Now, 13 years ago, nobody trusted crypto. And today, nobody can ignore it. And so what happened really? Well, you know, I first read about Bitcoin in December of 2010, and it was describing how there could be a decentralized network to move value around the world, kind of like the Internet was for moving information, but this was for moving value. And, you know, it was initially didn't get much attention. Only people that were computer science PhDs or, you know, libertarians or anarchists were excited by it in these small forums on the Internet. And it slowly grew over time. And of course, Bitcoin was the first asset that got created kind of like this digital gold standard. But quickly, the technology evolved to be, you know, blockchain is a broader concept.

And so people made all kinds of things. They made ways to trade other asset classes like commodities and equities. They made stable coins for better payment rails. They made prediction markets. And so now I think we're in a world where crypto is actually up getting all aspects of the financial system. It's not really just about Bitcoin. It's about payments. it's about borrowing and lending, it's about capital formation,

and how can this technology actually make financial services more efficient and more global, more fair, and more free all over the world? And so it has increased in trust quite a bit. I think the things that have helped that have been, number one, regulatory clarity, which we're seeing emerge now in Europe. In the United States, we got legislation recently passed for stable coins. We're also seeing adoption by the largest institutions in the world. So, you know, there's lots of Bitcoin ETFs now and fund like BlackRock and Apollo have come out and said they want to tokenize all of their funds.

Companies like Visa and J.P. Morgan are running experiments with how to do stable coin payments. And so I think these trusted institutions coming in has also been another factor in addition to the regulatory clarity. But, I mean, you worked at Airbnb back in the days and you watched the cross-border payments fail. And then you figured out you needed to change the whole system, right? Yeah, that did give me a front row seat into how broken the global financial system was in certain situations. At Airbnb, we were trying to move money to 190 countries around the world, both collecting payments from guests, but also paying out to the hosts, people who are listing their homes. And in many countries, it was very difficult for Airbnb to route money, like to do payouts to Uruguay or somewhere like that. It might cost seven to 10% in fees, take three to five days to get three to five business days to arrive on. the other side. And so working as an early engineer at Airbnb certainly gave me a front row seat to that. I had also spent a year living in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and I had seen that country go through hyperinflation, a little bit at least. And it gave me a profound sense of how much

that changed the culture of a country and really held back progress. You know, high inflation can really hurt the poorest people in society. So there was a few pieces like that that helped me see the potential of crypto. So when you first read the Bitcoin white paper, what was your immediate reaction? What did you think? You know, it really captivated my attention. I remember having this thought, like, this might be one of the most important things I've read in a long time. And I didn't fully understand it the first time I read it. It's only about 10 pages long. Anybody can go read it. It's actually, I think it's worth people going to read it. It has some math. It has some computer science. So it's not the easiest thing to digest. It took me a number of times to reread it and really go try to implement the protocol myself to fully understand it. But it was a true computer science breakthrough. And it showed how. you could have provable scarcity in a digital world. And previously, that was not possible. So if you have a photo on your phone,

you can send a copy of it to someone else. And in the digital world, infinite copies are kind of the norm. And this algorithm really showed how you could have provable scarcity. So if there was a unique digital item, it was provably unique mathematically. And you couldn't have people

just make more copies of it willy-nilly around the world. So that allowed the initial, use case was Bitcoin, this kind of digital gold, but then that people applied that same technology to tokenizing the dollar, tokenizing stocks, tokenizing, you know, meme coins, and NFTs and all the kind of crazy stuff that happened in crypto too. I mean, just to say it, I think crypto attracted a lot of kind of bad actors as well, and that created reputational issues early on. But what does it feel like to bang on about something that nobody believes in? Well, I think that's the nature of entrepreneurship.

You have to see something early and be right, but it can't be a consensus view at that time. Otherwise, you're too late, right? Like now everybody is very excited about cloud computing or even like, I would say, AI or whatever, these are just very mainstream views at this point. It's probably too late to start one of the foundational AI companies. It's too late to start one of the foundational cloud companies. So as an entrepreneur, you're always kind of looking to things that are early. that are not well liked and not well appreciated and sort of seeing, is there actually much more here than most people are recognizing? And if you see that gap between consensus view, then you have

an opportunity to go commercialize it. So for me, you know, I've always, I guess this is partly why I think, you know, some entrepreneurs are like a little on the spectrum. You know, they just, they don't care as much about social cohesion. They're okay. Are you, are you on the spectrum? I would say so, yes. I have, I've never been forwarded. formally diagnosed, but I've taken various tests and things like that, just myself. And I score somewhere on the spectrum for autism, yes. And I think that that is overrepresented in entrepreneurs. Why is that? Well, autism can present itself in many different ways. But, you know, I think one of the ways it

presents is that you care a little bit less about social cohesion, you know? You know, sometimes I'll be in a meeting and I ask. a question, and I know people might think it's a dumb question, right? But I genuinely, I genuinely don't understand it. And so I'll ask, I'll say, well, actually, why do people buy that product? You know, and, and everyone, oh, it's obvious. Like, you know, this brand is loved and whatever. I'm like, but is that really, you know, so I'm okay asking dumb questions, looking a little silly. I just, I'm more interested in finding unique insights and advancing civilizational progress by trying to build cool things in the world. Like, that's, that's what really

motivates me and I just, I find it fun. And so anyway, yeah, if you look at some of the, not all entrepreneurs obviously are on the spectrum, but I think it is overrepresented. Yeah. Well, Mark Andreessen told me that he thought you were one of the cleverest people he ever met, so you must be quite clever. But I feel that way about him too. So thanks. That's a good compliment. Now, you call it, you call it the everything exchange. So stock trading, crypto, custody. So are you building a bridge to traditional finance? or is the end of traditional finance? No, I think it's an evolution of traditional finance.

So we are building the Everything Exchange, which is bringing every asset class into one tradable platform. So you have not only crypto assets, which there are millions now, but you have stocks, commodities, FX. I think prediction markets is another big category that's taken off.

And I think you'll actually see all capital formation, get changed in crypto here relatively soon where it's easier to raise money and then go through the process of being a private company, eventually being able to go public, totally on-chain. And then, of course, it's not just trading. Crypto is actually updating these other categories of finance as well, right? Payments and borrowing and lending and everything. So, yeah, it's a pretty broad technology.

Now, there are other crypto exchanges, too. Why should you win against them? Yeah, well, we've tried to differentiate really by being the most. trusted brand in crypto, and that's allowed us to then custody more crypto than any other company in the world. And by custodying more crypto, we then try to connect more products into that custody. And it makes the product sticky. It gives us a certain amount of margin, pricing power. We can use that to go build new products. So it really comes from that trust. that comes from taking a compliant approach following the law,

being good at design, customer support. There's lots of areas that trust can come from. Being based in the United States, being a public company with audited financials, we've benefited from all these things to build the most trusted brand. We're the largest provider to institutions as well for crypto services. And then, yeah, that trust has allowed us to now store about more than 12% of all the crypto in the world, which is more than any other company we're aware of.

That's been growing over time. and is again connecting more products into those deposits and then we can actually generate more revenue from that and reinvest it. So that's been our expertise and strategy so far. Why is crypto so volatile? Well, Bitcoin is volatile. You know, not all, but of course, like stable coins are very stable, right? So, you know, Bitcoin was especially volatile early on because it was so new and there was only a relatively small number people in the world holding it. Now, it's gotten a lot less volatile over the last 10 years as the market cap has grown. And I would say it was probably the best performing asset of the last

10 years by most measures. And so it went through, like it's a little bit like the internet, right? The internet went through these bubbles and crashes as well because people oscillated between this is the future of everything to despair. And every cycle that crypto or specifically Bitcoin has gone through, it's gotten a little bit less volatile, like the peak of trough has been a smaller percentage. Because more people in the world are holding it now. You know, there's large ETFs. There's a lot of institutional holders. There's now a strategic Bitcoin reserve for the United States government. Other sovereign wealth funds are holding it. So as that regulatory clarity has emerged, it's created a larger base of holders. And I think

that's decreased the volatility. Now, why are stable coins more important than people think? Well, I think a digital dollar is very still underappreciated and could grow 100 or 1,000x from here. the reason is that payments are still relatively high friction around the world. Now, you know, in certain countries, like I'd say in Brazil with PICs or in India with UPI, like they've managed to get payments to be quite fast and cheap, but they work only within that one country. Other countries, like in Europe, they have instant bank transfers that are free essentially, and that's a really good feature.

But if you look at most payment methods, whether it's credit card, or Swift or anything, and you kind of look at these three dimensions, like the cost, the speed, and then the global reach. So they're, you know, let's take credit cards, for example, like they have pretty good global reach, but they have high cost, two to three percent on every transaction, and they're quite fast, right? If you look at Swift, it has good global reach, but it's expensive. And it takes, I think, what, two to three business days or something like that. And so if stable coins are the only payment rail that checks all three boxes. It's fast, cheap, and global. So you can now send stable coins instantly at less than one second, anywhere in the

world, for less than a tenth of a cent, US. And so payments are like water. They kind of flow to the path of least resistance. And I think that's why we're seeing such enormous growth in stable coins. I think it grew about maybe 100% year over year last year. And more and more of global GD I think will run on stable coin rails. Who are the big users of this now? Well, some of the early adopters of it were for B2B cross-b border payments. That seemed to be an early use case that was least well served

by the traditional financial system. You can imagine many companies out there, they're sourcing goods from Asia or Europe and these wire transfers and there's FX risk, there's settlement counterparty risk, and they take sometimes five days. like if you're, you know, moving cross-border payments for your company. So that's been a huge emerging use case for stable coins.

We're also starting to see it be used in e-commerce and peer-to-peer payments, like people setting money home to their family in other countries as an example of that, like with remittance. And yeah, I think that eventually it should eat more and more of every payment category, right? Credit card payments, e-commerce, but the B2B cross-b border payments have been the largest driver so far. What's the practical difference between a stable coin and a central bank digital currency? Well, this is a big debate. So when I go meet with other central bankers, they often tell me they would like to create a central bank digital currency. And I tell them, okay, that's great. We want

crypto to be adopted by everyone. What I've noticed is that they often don't end up launching it, though. Governments are really good at setting policy, and they are not as good at building software, right? And so they can sometimes work with an outsourced, you know, the government can hire a technology vendor to come in and build that. But what typically works best I've seen is that if the government sets the policy, the private market can go provide those solutions. And so that's what we've seen happen with stable coins so far. The largest have been privately issued, but, you know, in the U.S. at least following a regulated standard. There's one other aspect of central bank digital currencies, which is that I'd say they're somewhat polarizing because some people really have concerns about the privacy aspects of that.

That if the government is issuing a central bank digital currency, it could end up with some kind of social credit score where you get your money turned off by the government. And, you know, so China, for instance, has created a central bank digital currency, their digital R&B or digital yuan. And they see it as a tool for control, in my view. the Chinese people are very excited about decentralized cryptocurrencies. But the Chinese government fears it as a way of losing control. So they've been much more advocating for a central bank digital currency that they control, the digital yuan. I think the rest of the world needs to figure out which side they're going to be on. I can tell in the U.S. right now, it's leaning very much more to like privately issued stable coins that follow a regulated standard.

Can they coexist? Yeah, I don't see any reason why they couldn't coexist. and I think there's going to be certain segments of the market that will only trust a central bank digital currency. There's going to be other ones that lean into the private ones. And the private ones will just move faster, I think, and innovate faster. So if stable coins scale massively, what are the implications for government bond market?

Well, stable coins are going to create a lot of demand for government bonds, T-bills. And today, I think stable coins, the total stable coin market cap is about 300 billion or so. I think last time I looked, maybe stable coins writ large are about the 16th largest holder of U.S. government debt. And so if you're the Treasury Secretary, that's probably a good thing. You want more demand for U.S. treasuries. And then what's interesting is that because those short-term treasuries, like under the U.S. regulation,

you can only hold short-term U.S. treasuries underlying stable coins that are 93 days or less. So it's very short-term treasuries. It's low-risk, designed to be very low-risk. And we're seeing is that a lot of stable coins now, they can pass along some of the rewards from holding those short-term U.S. treasuries to the actual customer, which is a nice benefit for them. So I think overall, you know, I'd say U.S.-backed stablecoins are very good for the dollar. Like if there's a Eurobacked one or any country, most countries are racing to have one of these now. They all see it as a good way to get their currency to create more demand for their treasuries, but also, you know, export their. currency around the world, so it has more use cases.

Do you think Europe will get one? Yeah. So actually, Europe has one. There's one called EURC that we work with and support. And 97% of all the stable coins are backed by the dollar right now. So I think that the race is on where most of these other countries really need to start to create clear regulatory environments and then push the adoption of it to compete with. From a U.S. lens, they like the fact that it's dollar backed mostly.

They view it as a key tool to preserve the reserve currency of the dollar. But I wear many hats because we operate in many countries. So when I talk to different folks, I encourage the folks in Europe, for instance, to continue to promulgate good rules around that and accelerate adoption. But do you think it will happen? Like, it's very small for the moment. Yeah. I think the key thing that would drive adoption of one versus another right now is the payment of rewards.

Like basically, can the customer earn the rewards from holding those short-term government debt underneath. And then, you know, there are certain... So basically paying interest. Yeah, we don't use the word interest because that legally is associated with having bank deposits that do fractional reserve. And in this case, there's no fractional reserve happening.

It's 100% reserved by short-term debt. But that's a legal debate that's happening right now. So we call them rewards. But I'm sorry, but you don't want to call it interest because you don't want to upset the banks. Exactly, yes. We want to work with the banks to integrate this technology. and Coinbase is actually powering integrations for five of the G-Sib banks right now.

So we want to help. The smartest banks are all leaning into this as an opportunity. We hope that that continues. But you say you work with the banks. Are they your partners or are they your prey? There are partners, yeah. I mean, first of all, we work with them today for on and off ramps, and we do lots of our own corporate work with them.

But I think all of the smartest, bank CEOs right now, the large banks, etc., are leaning into stable coins and crypto generally. Like, they're integrating stablecoin rails because they're faster, cheaper. They can save them money with swift fees and move their client funds around faster. They're also using crypto to tokenize their various funds and assets. And then they're providing crypto trading to their clients, like in their high net worth clients and things like that who want access to these assets. So we have a product called Coinbase Prime and Coinbase Developer Platform that helps any

institution integrate crypto services, whether that's wallets, trading payments, etc. And we are the leading provider of that for institutions. But banks say that yield on stable coins could drain deposits and hurt consumers. So how do you argue against that? Yeah. So I think this tension already exists in the current financial system. You know, there's the risk-free rate, right, by short-term government debt. and people can put money in money market funds, for instance, or buy short-term government debt,

or if they want to attract a greater return, they can just choose to lend out their money. And so there's already a tension between this. Actually, the large banks right now are holding about $3 trillion at the Federal Reserve just to get the short-term rate from the government themselves. They're not actually lending out the money. So I think that if you look at the order of magnitude here, there's about like $7 trillion in money market funds. There's three trillion dollars the banks are holding at the Fed getting these short-term rates. And stable coins are only about $300 billion, right? So it's 300 billion

is a tiny drop in the bucket for stable coins. Money markets and the money they're holding at the Fed is it dwarfs it. So it's hard, it defies credulity in my mind to say that stable coins are a threat to these deposits. I think that the reality is that there's a large percentage of deposits that are interest rate insensitive and people are going to continue to hold them at banks. If people want to hold stable coins at a crypto wallet or a crypto company and they can earn more awards on that, that's a nice marketing tool.

The banks, over time, may have to compete on that and choose to share more of the economics, but I actually don't think it'll be a huge impact to them in the medium term or short term. So we own stakes in big asset managers. So what's going to happen to their business model when funds are tokenized? I think it's going to be great for them.

I think it's going to create more demand for their funds and products. I think it's going to democratize access. It's going to reduce a lot of the back office fees and costs to operate that type of business. It's actually broadly this term tokenization, right? It's basically this idea that you have an underlying asset and then you make a digital token that one-to-one represents it.

So the first case we've seen this take off is with stablecoins. That's a dollar held in a T-bill or wherever, and then a digital dollar, and that's tokenization of the dollar. So that took off and is doing great. It's a huge growth area. We're now seeing the tokenization of all these other asset classes like you mentioned. And this can happen in real estate and private credit and the funds that BlackRock and Apollo and these firms put out. So I think it's going to just create more demand for their products, essentially. If you could change one thing when it comes to U.S. regulation, what would you change? Well, right now, the U.S. is on the cusp of passing what's called market structure legislation.

So the first bill already became law, which is around stable coins. This second bill is clarifying all the non-stable coin assets in crypto. And in particular, it's answering this key question of what is a commodity and what's a security. In the U.S., we have two different federal regulators for commodities and securities. So this is a big question that in the past, it created a bit of a jump ball between the two, you know, the two agencies we were kind of caught in the middle. And so clarifying this question in the U.S. is very important. Just interestingly, in other markets where like in the UK or Singapore, there's only one federal regulator for both commodities and securities. So it's a total non-issue there.

But yeah, so if this becomes clarified in the U.S., I think that it'll be another huge unlock for, you know, crypto securities, like how capital formation work. how the commodities, how can an asset become sufficiently decentralized to be a commodity, and that would create a lot of clarity. So we're working hard on getting that legislation passed, hopefully, at some point in the US. The US has declared itself the crypto capital of the world. What's that going to mean for US competitiveness, you think? Yeah, well, President Trump, yeah, he said that he wants the United States to be the crypto capital of the world, so he's very much embraced this technology trend

and tried to help it be moved back on shore. I think he has a fear or a concern, I should say, that too much of it has moved offshore due to the lack of regulatory clarity. And, you know, that shift in tone from the United States government has created a shift in tone in other countries around the world as well who have started to compete for that talent and that industry. You know, it's a complicated question. Like, the geopolitics are interesting.

I mean, there's, right now there is several financial hubs in the world, right? New York is the largest, but you could look at London and Dubai and Singapore. And I think all of them are trying to think about how they can not just maintain their share with that, but try to grow it. And I find it interesting as a CEO, you know, in any given moment, there are some parts of the world that are leaning into this technology and there's some that are hesitant. And so we basically just try to go invest wherever there is regulatory clarity and a friendly environment. And then typically, you know, politicians change and cabinets change and every four years or eight years, depending. And so if it flips the other way, then we go invest somewhere else. And so there's been moments where we try to just minimize the fines in a country.

And then there's moments where we actually try to grow in that country. And we're always kind of just evaluating the political landscape. Yeah. Now, as this crypto matures, how, how, how? How will you hand, I mean, how will sanctions and financial crime be handled, do you think? Yeah, very much the same way it is today in the sense that there are regulated financial institutions or intermediaries. Coinbase is an example of that. So we follow all of the anti-money laundering laws and know-your customer laws.

And we've been a great partner to law enforcement on that. So whenever they're trying to track down some bad actors, we have a great team that can help them do blockchain analytics. There was kind of this misconception early on that Bitcoin and these digital currencies were anonymous. And it's now become very clear that that's not the case. It's actually a public ledger. And so it's trackable what's happened. And then, you know, people are, they go through their know-your-customer process where you have to upload your ID when you open an account like at Coinbase, just like you would with a brokerage or a bank. And we do transaction monitoring on that. And so if some sort of illicit activities happening, we report it.

If we get a subpoena from law enforcement, you know, we work with them on that as the law requires. So I think that bad actors have started to realize that it makes it's a really bad idea to try to commit crime using crypto. It's actually more traceable than cash. And so today, cash is still the preferred method that crime is committed in. And yeah, that's something that we often have to go educate the folks about because there is still a perception that crypto is somehow used more for crime. The reality is that about half of 1%, it's a little bit less than half of one percent

of all crypto transactions are for illicit purposes. And the US dollar cash is about 4% used for illicit activity. So it's actually far more of a safe environment than cash. What is quantum computing going to do for crypto? Well, quantum computing is a big trend that's going to affect, of course, lots of different areas of cryptography and technology. And so if for some reason a, you know, I don't know, a hundred-cubit quantum computer were just available today,

it would affect lots of things much beyond crypto. I mean, all transactions, you know, in the financial system, for instance, but also every login and password, every all encryption data. So it's a much bigger topic. But specifically from a... Will it be the end of crypto? No, it won't be the end of crypto. The reason is that like all systems will need to upgrade to post quantum cryptographic algorithms.

And so just like in banking or how Google stores data or anything, all these will have to be upgraded in that environment. And so what we've done at Coinbase is we've made a big effort to get ahead of this. The important thing is you don't want a rush at the end. You want to get ahead of these kinds of issues. So we put together this advisory council of cryptography experts to make sure that we're making progress towards the upgrade of the Bitcoin network

and the Ethereum network. And of course, we don't control those networks. They are truly decentralized, but we can try to help where it's helpful and make sure that the industry and the community really comes together with these upgrades. So there's actually regular meetings already happening in

the Bitcoin development community, for instance, about the next algorithms that the Bitcoin network could upgrade to. And it will be quantum resistance. and it will require the network to upgrade, essentially. Do you think part of the reason why crypto has been weak is because people are worried about what will happen

with quantum computing going forward? You know, well, yeah, the Bitcoin price did come down about three months ago, and a lot of people were trying to figure out what the root cause of that was. There was a lot of theories being promulgated, like maybe Kevin Warsh as the Fed chair is going to be more of an inflation hawk.

And a lot of people were buying Bitcoin as like an inflation trade or something like that, an inflation hedge. Another theory was this one around quantum. You know, I just personally, I think that the quantum thing requires a lot of diligent effort, but it's not existential to Bitcoin. I think that with good work that we can make sure that lands in a good place, I think that inflation is still a major issue around the world. So to be honest, there's obviously various macro.

events like the wars and all kinds of things that have caused the market to pull back. But yeah, I was surprised at how much Bitcoin came down. And I think the fundamentals underneath have not changed very much in my point of view. So sometimes the markets, people are trading based on what they think other people are going to do, not what they think the reality is. So yeah, that's more your domain than mine. But yeah, I should ask you actually. Do you have a theory of why Bitcoin came down?

I'm not the specialist here. You are the specialists. You moved very fast on AI adoption in your company. Tell me, how did you do it? How quickly did you get people to, you know, take that opportunity? Yeah, well, as these AI models got better over the last few years, we certainly made a, we recognized that, you know, we needed to make a big push internally to stay ahead of this.

Every company does. So we were already using AI in a variety of places in the company, like to detect fraud. We were using it in our compliance programs. But we started to really try to move to a AI-first mentality throughout the company. So, for instance, on our software engineering team, we now have more than 50% of the code is being written by AI. About 60% of our customer support tickets are being answered with AI.

You can, of course, still reach a human if you need to. And with our compliance automation, we've started to see some really impressive potential savings, cost savings. The most interesting thing that we've seen now is that AI agents are increasingly transacting using stable coins. There's this kind of emerging area called agenetic commerce. And if you believe, as I do, that eventually there will be more AI agents than human beings, you know, AI agents can't go open a bank account, which still requires you to know your

customer and have a government-issued idea for a human being. But an AI agent can absolutely have a stable agent. stablecoin wallet. And so we've built some really great infrastructure and tools for AI agents to spin up their own stablecoin wallet and then they can begin to transact. So they can go get work done on your behalf. Like if you ask your AI agent to book you a trip, they can go pay for tickets and hotels and things. If you're asking a software developer AI agent to go build you some website, they can register a domain name or spin up resources on AWS or GitHub. They can also AI agents can transact with other AI agents, which is a fascinating. So we're having this

kind of machine-to-machine type payments. And because stable-coin payments are so fast, cheap, and global, I think there'll actually be several orders of magnitude more transactions every day, maybe smaller dollar values as machine-to-machine payments really start to take off. So that's been an exciting area as well. How prevalent is that now? Well, I wouldn't say that it's like a material percentage of global GDP, but it's early but growing fast. And so how fast? Well, just as an example, we put out this protocol called X402, which makes it easy to attach a stable coin payment to any web request between agents or in other situations. And it's now done, we just put that out maybe about five months ago and it's done 100 million transactions now.

and it's shown really good growth over the last few months. So, yeah, it's so early that this is all happening in the last six months. It could be, my guess is it would grow 2 to 5x per year or something like that over the coming years. We don't know. It's really starting to get a lot of attention, though. Wow. Did I read somewhere that in order to get people to really adopt AI in the company just said, hey, either you use it within a week or you're out?

Yeah, I mean, these stories always get a, They get better every time you tell them. But what I did do is I said, hey, we want every engineer to onboard to this tool, you know, cursor and Claude and these different things. And at least try it, right? Like this was about a year ago. Now almost all the engineers are using it every day. But at that time, I think there was just like anything, people were a little hesitant.

It's a new thing. I have the thing that I know how to do every day. You know, why are you telling me how to do this? And what I told them was, I want to see everybody sign up and at least try it out. You don't have to switch your entire workflow every day. But if you haven't at least signed up and tried it out, I start to question your eagerness to learn the latest tools in your career and your profession. And so I was watching the numbers of adoption of this inside.

And it was like, okay, we got 60% of engineers to try it and 70%. And at some point, I just got impatient. And I said, I just sent a note to the engineer. And I said, everybody just sign up and try this out by the end of the week. And if you can't, I'm going to host a meeting on Saturday with the CEO for anybody who hasn't tried it. and I want to hear from you why you haven't tried it. And if you don't show up for that meeting or you don't have a good reason, you know, I didn't say this in the message,

but, you know, about, I think maybe only one person got fired, actually, because they refused to sign up for it and they didn't come to the meeting and they didn't have a good reason like they weren't on vacation or parental leave or something like that. They just refused to do it. And so I was like, hey, you're not a good fit for the company. So I think only one person got fired. But it did create a very clear tone from the top.

that we need to stay on top of these things to be relevant as a company. I call that a very clear tone from the top. Yeah. In 2020, you declared Coinbase apolitical, but by 2025, you were one of the most powerful operators in Washington. So what happened there? Yeah. Well, so in 2021, we put out a blog post saying that we're a mission-focused company.

And there was an important distinction I made there saying, we are going to be focused on our mission, which includes some of our policy work around the mission. But on all other issues in the world, we are not going to bring that into the workplace because we all have different points of view and it can be a distraction. And we as a company came here to focus on one mission, not the other one. So I think it was consistent for us to continue to focus on policy efforts related to our mission of increasing economic freedom in the world and crypto adoption. And so we did realize at a certain point, especially just during the last administration, in the United States, there was an SEC chair and one particular senator who was very anti-crypto,

and they decided to create a lot of lawsuits and lawfare. In my view, they tried to unlawfully try to curtail or kill the industry in the United States, even though that was not the will of the voters and the people, and that was not the will of Congress writ large. And so we did end up engaging in some litigation. We started to build more of a policy muscle, both with a grassy, movement of voters in the U.S. that we helped fund an organization there. There was a super PAC that we put some money into. And my preference, honestly, I'm an engineer by background. And as a CEO, what I prefer to be doing is working on products and engineering.

But if you start to see the limiting factor to the growth of the business is regulatory clarity. And there's parts of the government love it, parts of the government hate it. How do you start to build that policy muscle with something we got very good at during that time period? And the job is not done, obviously, but I think that we did develop a very strong policy muscle, and that's helped us grow the industry in the U.S. and now in these other countries. What reflections do you have on running a company in an industry which has become so political? Well, you know, my preference always would have been to not engage too much in politics, but my observation is that if you're doing anything innovative, it eventually intersects with the government, right?

I mean, if you look at like Uber and Airbnb, they became very hot button political issues. You know, obviously self-driving cars. Space, you know, AI is like a huge political issue right now where a lot of the AI companies have actually come to the crypto industry and said, how did you do it? You know, teach us because right now the popularity of AI on both sides of the aisle is very low. And so you, you know, they need to somehow try to win hearts and minds. And, you know, I initially was kind of reluctant to go engage more in D.C. This was like maybe seven years ago or so. And I felt like I really just wanted to focus on product engineering.

But people like Mark Andreessen, actually, who you mentioned earlier, he's on our board. And he's one of the people I really credit for convincing me that he was like, you know, this industry is just, it's not going to achieve its full potential unless you start to take this seriously as the leading company in the U.S. and I found a way to actually enjoy it in some ways. Whatever is moving the company forward, the most important thing I can be doing in any given moment to move the company forward, I can get excited about it. It doesn't really matter what it is, as long as it's the most important thing to create progress,

I find that motivating. And so I've gotten to know lots of people in D.C. And I actually find it quite interesting and enjoyable at this point. Talking about motivation, how do you react when the value of your shareholding goes up and down by like 10, billion dollars. Yeah, well, you know, we grew up in a world of crypto volatility. So in some ways, the public markets, we were well positioned for that.

But I don't love it as a, just in terms of creating predictability in the business, right? It's, yeah, for better or worse, you know, we went out as a public company in 2021. And I think that that had a lot of benefits. Like, it allowed us to be the most trusted brand and to land a lot of these institutional clients. It made it a lot easier to raise convertible debt and do lots. So we kind of became like the grown-up in the room, which was great. I definitely don't love sometimes the volatility of the public markets and sentiment can just swing very wildly where as a private company, you can kind of hold on to your last mark for longer than you should at some points sometimes. So anyway, I'm glad that

we went out first and we still are building our, you know, I'd say like the base of long-term holders, right? Actually, getting added to the S&P 500 last year was a major forward step there, where I think we've actually brought on a lot of institutional holders through that process, and that's been great. You mentioned long-term. On the side, you are running a longevity biotech company. Is that in order to be properly long-term, that you do that? Well, I do think very long-term. The person running it every day is, Jacob Kimmel, who is a brilliant scientist and operator of that business. But I, you know, I co-founded

it. I put some of my own money in as an investor. I'm on the board. You know, I helped them early on get it off the ground. But yeah, just to give you maybe a sense of why I did that, because it may be atypical, you know, when Coinbase went public and I got some liquidity from that, you know, I decided, all right, I want to be continued doing this for a long time as a public company CEO. But I also want to think about how to use this capital to accelerate progress in the world. And, you know, actually a little bit, a little bit like Elon, right, with PayPal, he got some liquidity from that. In the world of software, it's sometimes a little easier to create your first business. And it's a little more forgiving than the world of atoms, where you're moving

things around in the physical world. And so what I did was I started to think about what are the big technology trends that would change the future in the coming decades. And, you know, I'm sure you think about lots of them, right? There's AI and there's, you know, cheaper energy, fusion energy. There's space. There's brain machine interfaces. You can go read Ray Kurzweil, right? He talks about how he predicted a long time ago that we'd have artificial general intelligence around 2029. He seems to be on track with that prediction. He's also said that he thinks we'll hit longevity, escape velocity in 2030 to 2035 as AI and single cell multioomics, things like that kind of come down in cost.

And anyway, long way of saying, I felt like there were good people working on a lot of the other big technology trends, but I didn't see a I didn't see like a great company or team in the longevity space. In fact, there was a lot of kind of snake oil and kind of less serious companies. And so I hosted a series of dinners, was lucky enough to find the other co-founders, Blake Byers, Jacob Kimmel, and Greg Johnson, who helped create a company in the early days too. And, yeah, put some money in. And I think it's doing something very exciting, which is called epigenetic reprogramming, which essentially it's reprogramming yourselves to restore function they had when they were younger.

and New Limit is, yeah, it's gone faster than I thought. I thought it would have been, you know, five, six, seven years of kind of basic research, but within three years they were able to demonstrate successful reprogramming of human cells to restore function they had when they were younger. And so they're on track now to get their first drug into clinical trials next year. How old are you now? 43. How long do you think you're going to live with this new technology?

Oh, with New Limit and Epigenetic reprogramming and just broadly, yeah. But none of this is guaranteed, obviously. I think it requires a lot of hard work and good things. It's going to take hundreds of companies doing things in this space. But I think that within our lifetime, we'll reach, I think there's a good chance. I don't know if it's guaranteed, but it's 50% chance that we could reach what's called longevity, escape velocity where for every year that you live, medicine and science advances enough where you could add another year of life. And then the things that would take you out at that point

would be like, you know, accidents and getting hit by bus and things like that. It's not, you don't become immortal. But, you know, I do think there's a possibility at least that within our lifetime. Now, that's probably an aggressive point of view. Like Ray Kurzweil would put that view out. I think most people, if you talk to in Big Pharma, they would say, oh, it's, it's, our generation won't be the one, but maybe the next, you know, our children will be the ones that could live forever and definitely.

So if you are lucky and you stay out of the bus lane, you think you potentially could live for a couple hundred years? I think it's possible, yeah. It's certainly not guaranteed, but with hard work, I guess I'll give you like a little bit more of the trends that I see happening, right? So, of course, AI is clearly a trend that's happening. That's going to have downstream effects.

Like an example of it's going to be, people are creating now these virtual models of the cell where how can you simulate not just like protein folding like a single protein but how could you simulate the entire model of the human cell that would allow you to start to run something like clinical trials or approaching clinical trials in software in silico right so you could dramatically accelerate the number of experiments you can run in silico and then take the most promising ones to actual clinical trials um there's something called like single cell multi multiomics, which is like getting a readout of the entire state of a cell, that is following a cost curve similar to Moore's law. So the cost to read out the entire state

of a cell is falling and cutting in half every 18 months or or faster actually. So it's allowing companies like New Limit to do these massive pooled screens where we can test tens of thousands of different hypotheses now, where before you had to kind of manually do like, you know, one at a time. And then, yeah, there's a couple other trends like that that are happening where I think, you know, we could potentially have really breakthrough therapies in the 2030 to 2035 timeframe. Oh, incredible. Yeah. I mean, that's what gets me excited is just how do we accelerate progress with science and technology. So, I mean, there's, by the way, there's a whole other tech tree happening here with brain machine interfaces too, right?

Like, that's the other way that people may merge with AI and actually up. upload your brain, so to speak, which is a whole other sci-fi topic. But anyway, I find these things. Are you involved with that as well? No, nothing directly. I mean, I've invested in a few of the brain machine interface companies because I think it's interesting, but I haven't, I'm not building anything there. Brian, lastly, what is your advice to people who want to do young people who want to do amazing

things? Well, you know, just like any skill set, it takes a lot of iteration to get better at it. You know, I started a company in college. that was lots of hard work and it was not really that successful. And I tried a couple more ideas. I went to go join a startup. If you're excited about whether it could be anything. As an investor, this is true.

If you want to be a great musician, this is true. If you want to be an actor, whatever it is, you know, you kind of have to just show up for a decade and keep trying a lot of things. And it's not going to work that much early on. So, you know, action produces information. Like if you have an idea, go try it. Don't just sit around thinking about maybe what. what if this and that, there's a certain amount of agency and initiative that's required for

people to step into the unknown, be willing to look foolish, to be a beginner, to fall flat on your face. And most of the things I've tried in my life, they didn't work the first time or the second time or third time, but I'm stubborn and determined enough and okay looking stupid that I just kind of kept going. And some of the things I try now have worked and not all of them will. So I'm going to always try to stay hungry and foolish, as Steve Jobs said, I guess. Well, you for sure have shown up, tried a lot of things and for sure succeeded. So it's been great talking to you, incredible story. Big thanks. Yeah, thank you. I appreciate it.