It Could Happen Here - Cosmopolitanism feat. Andrew

Episode Date: April 29, 2025

Andrew is joined by James to discuss cosmopolitanism, the idea that all human beings are members of a single community.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information....

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Starting point is 00:00:00 It's nostalgia overload as Wilmer Valderrama and Freddy Rodriguez welcome another amigo to their podcast Dos Amigos. Wilmer's friend and former That 70s Show castmate Topher Grace stops by the Speakeasy for a two-part interview to discuss his career and reminisce about old times. We were still in that place of like what will this experience become and you go you're having the best time but it was like such a perfect golden time. Listen to Dos Amigos on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey, I'm Jay Shetty and my latest interview is with Michelle
Starting point is 00:00:33 Obama. To whom much is given much is expected. The guilt comes from am I doing enough? Me, Michelle Obama, to say that to a therapist. So let's unpack that. Having been the first lady of the entire country and representing the country and the world, I couldn't afford to have that kind of disdain. Listen to On Purpose with Jay Shetty
Starting point is 00:00:55 on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. What's up, Federation? It's Freddie Prinze Jr. and Wrestling with Freddie is back. And we're going all in on WrestleMania 41. From the unpredictable to jaw-dropping finishes, this year's Mania might have just changed everything. By the way, almost all the matches that we saw looked like real fights. I thought, like, they were like, yo, we're going hard today, tomorrow we're gonna hurt, but we're going hard today.
Starting point is 00:01:22 Because it was like beast mode times 10 out there. Listen to this episode of Wrestling with Freddie on the iHeart radio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. In 2020, a group of young women found themselves in an AI fueled nightmare. Someone was posting photos. It was just me naked. Well, not me, but me with someone else's body parts. This is Levittown, a new podcast from iHeart Podcasts, Bloomberg and Kaleidoscope about the rise of deepfake pornography and the battle to stop it.
Starting point is 00:01:57 Listen to Levittown on Bloomberg's Big Take podcast. Find it on the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. Callzone Media. Hello and welcome to It Could Happen here. And I'm here to ask you if you can imagine a world where national borders don't define our identities. This internationalist idea has historically been known as cosmopolitanism and it has some deep roots, including interestingly, some connection to anarchism. And of course, that's what we're seeking to explore here today.
Starting point is 00:02:32 I'm joined once again by the one and only... James. James Stout. Thanks for having me, Andrew. I'm excited about this one. Thank you for having me. I'm really excited to have this conversation. Are you familiar with cosmopolitanism? Yeah. And like, um, like I guess the more broad sphere of like anarchist internationalism is something I'm very interested in, right? Like we had an interview on the show maybe two weeks ago, a few weeks ago, and people
Starting point is 00:02:59 hear this with people explicitly calling themselves internationalists fighting in Myanmar. Of course I've spent time in Rojava and themselves internationalists fighting in Myanmar. Of course, I've spent time in Rojava and with internationalists there. So like internationalism is something I'm really interested in. For sure, for sure. I think it's a very compelling and inspiring idea, especially in a world that lacks many of those ideas. At its core, cosmopolitanism is just the belief that all human beings belong to the same shared moral and political community that transcends national, cultural, and political boundaries.
Starting point is 00:03:32 In the book Cosmopolitanism, Ethics in a World of Strangers, philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah describes cosmopolitanism as, quote, "...two strands that intertwine in the notion of cosmopolitanism. One is the idea that we have obligations to others, obligations that stretch beyond those to whom we are related by the ties of kith and kin, or even the more formal ties of shared citizenship. The other is that we take seriously the value not just of human life, but of particular human lives, which means taking an interest in the practices and beliefs that lend them significance. People are different.
Starting point is 00:04:05 The cosmopolitan knows and there is much to learn from our differences. Because there are so many human possibilities worth exploring, we neither expect nor desire that every person or every society should converge on a single mode of life. Whatever obligations are to others or theirs to us, they often have the right to go their own way. So basically we have obligations to others beyond just our immediate affiliations and that human diversity is something to be valued, not just tolerated. So it's not the idea of assimilating all of humanity into one singular culture or society or government. It's the idea of recognizing and embracing the diversity
Starting point is 00:04:46 of humans but recognizing our shared affinity all the same. There are a couple different versions of cosmopolitanism. There's the moral cosmopolitanism or the idea that all humans have equal moral worth. There's political cosmopolitanism, the idea that global governance or international institutions should supersede national borders. And then there's cultural cosmopolitanism, the idea that global governance or international institutions should supersede national borders. And then there's cultural cosmopolitanism, which is the blending and exchange of cultures through migration, trade and shared histories. But cosmopolitanism, fully embraced, has, I would say, an inherent tension with power,
Starting point is 00:05:20 especially nationalism, the state and capitalism. And while it's true that liberal cosmopolitanism relies on global institutions like the United Nations and reinforces hierarchies, anarchist cosmopolitanism envisions a world where solidarity, cooperation and mutual aid emerge from below, through free association, rather than being imposed from above. So today we'll be unpacking the history of cosmopolitanism, how anarchists have engaged with the topic and why it remains somewhat of a battleground today. The term itself comes from the Greek cosmopolites, which means citizen of the world.
Starting point is 00:06:01 The earliest articulation of this idea is often attributed to Diogenes of Sinope, which is a Cynic philosopher who, when asked where he came from, simply replied, I am a citizen of the world. According to Martha Nussbaum, Greek Stoics like Zeno of Citium, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius expanded on this idea, arguing that humanity shares a universal reason and should live in accordance with nature, not artificial divisions of state or tribe. Of course, many of these philosophers didn't have any issue with patriarchy or slavery in Greece, so there is some inconsistency in their concept of a shared humanity.
Starting point is 00:06:40 Yeah, it's who counts as human, I guess, isn't it? Like, it's pretty bleak. Indeed. But let's fast forward a bit. During the Enlightenment, we see a more structured political philosophy of cosmopolitanism emerging. Immanuel Kant was one of its most famous proponents. In the book, Perpetual Peace, Kant imagined a cosmopolitan condition where individuals, not just states, had universal rights, and where a global federation of free republics would ensure peace and cooperation. However, his version of cosmopolitanism still relied on legal structures and state-based governance. Another nightmare thinker associated with cosmopolitanism was Denis Diderot, who criticized
Starting point is 00:07:21 colonialism and argued for a cultural exchange free from that kind of domination. He also argued against monarchy, the church, and aristocratic privileges, as they were obstacles to a truly free and universal human community. Which then brings us to the French Revolution, which brought these ideas into the real world. Revolutionaries declared the rights of man and of the citizen, which proclaimed universal rights beyond national or social status. But the revolution soon became entangled with nationalism, particularly under the Jacobins, who suppressed dissent and waged wars in the name of France. Meanwhile, the Haitian Revolution provided a different example of liberation in practice.
Starting point is 00:08:03 Enslaved Africans, inspired by the French Revolution's rhetoric of liberty and equality, revolted against French colonial rule and established the first free Black Republic. The revolutionaries, led by Toussaint Louverture, argued that liberty was a universal human right, not one limited to European citizens, and declared Haiti a refuge to all enslaved persons. But despite its radical implications, the Haitian Revolution was largely ignored, or outright opposed, by European powers. Their so-called enlightenment only extended to Europe, ignoring our racial and colonial realities.
Starting point is 00:08:48 It's nostalgia overload as Wilmer Valderrama and Freddy Rodriguez welcome another amigo to their podcast Dos Amigos. Wilmer's friend and former That 70s Show castmate Topher Grace stops by the Speakeasy for a two-part interview to discuss his career and reminisce about old times. We were still in that place of like, what will this experience become? And you go, you're having the best time. Yeah, yeah, yeah.
Starting point is 00:09:09 But it was like such a perfect golden time. Listen to Dos Amigos on the iHeart radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Wrestling fans all over the globe, it's Freddie Prinze Jr. And on Wrestling with Freddie, we're breaking down every damn moment from WrestleMania 41.
Starting point is 00:09:25 Two nights, nonstop chaos, legends, surprises, emotions, and some of the best wrestling we've seen coming from WWE. We've got takes, we've got questions, and we have a whole lot of love for what these men and women pulled off at Mania. Tiffany Stratten, she earned her stripes at WrestleMania. And I don't mean because she won, she bled for her art. And it always felt like to me after the Attitude Era, once a wrestler gets cut and you see real blood coming out of their mouth
Starting point is 00:09:54 or real blood coming out of their head, the crowd kind of goes, hey, respect. And they kind of give you that nod, right? You go, wow, every one of these guys is bleeding for the road. Bro, that's literally like blood, sweat and tears. It's all they got is blood. We're talking Cody, we're talking Rhea, Roman, Seth, Tiffany. The future of the business is bright. And if you watched Mania and you're still buzzing, or if you missed it and want to know what went down, we got you.
Starting point is 00:10:24 Listen to this episode of Wrestling with Freddie on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey, kids, it's me, Kevin Smith. And it's me, Harley Quinn Smith. That's my daughter, man, who my wife has always said is just a beardless, dickless version of me. And that's the name of our podcast, Beardless, Dickless Me.
Starting point is 00:10:40 I'm the old one. I'm the young one. And every week, we try to make each other laugh really hard. Sounds innocent, doesn't it? A lot of cussing, a lot of bad language. It's for adults only. Or listen to it with your kid. Could be a family show.
Starting point is 00:10:52 We're not quite sure. We're still figuring it out. It's a work in progress. Listen to Beardless, ****less me on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever. You get your podcast. And the dream season is now complete. The Golden State
Starting point is 00:11:05 Warriors are the 2015 NBA champion. On the new limited podcast series, Dub Dynasty, it's been 10 years since their shocking run to a championship. We examine the controversial move that made it possible.
Starting point is 00:11:17 It's never a great conversation as a player when you hear that you're being benched. For the entire behind the scenes story of Golden State's incredible 10 year run, listen to Dub Dynasty on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. We also see in this time the emergence of nationalism, which on the one hand promoted
Starting point is 00:11:43 self-determination for all oppressed nations, but on the one hand promoted self-determination for oppressed nations, but on the other hand saw the nation-state as a superior form of political organisation. So anarchists were among the earliest critics of nationalism. Peugeots of Proudhon, for instance, rejected both the nation-state and centralised cosmopolitan governance, instead advocating for federation, a frequently misunderstood concept that refers in anarchist literature to a decentralised network of freely associating individuals and groups working in solidarity. Similarly, Mikhail Bakunin attacked nationalism as a tool of ruling elites, arguing that states used national identity to suppress class struggle and international solidarity.
Starting point is 00:12:27 Bakunin did back national liberation movements, but he understood the danger of nationalism as a force that often replaces foreign rulers with homegrown oppressors. Instead, Bakunin promoted anarchist internationalism, where workers and oppressed peoples across borders would unite against both capitalist and state powers. By contrast, the Bolsheviks would eventually develop the idea of socialism in one country, and the ever-paranoid Stalin would famously deride Jewish intellectuals as, quote, rootless cosmopolitans. This of course aligned him with the rest of Europe's nationalists in their anti-Semitism,
Starting point is 00:13:06 inaccurate cricketerization of cosmopolitanism as opposed to cultural identity or sovereignty, and a rabid defense of national borders. Honestly, I would not be surprised if Trump or Putin used some equivalent to ruthless cosmopolitanism today. Yeah, yeah. I did see, um, it was like a pro Trump account, I guess, consciously or unconsciously paraphrasing Stalin this week. So that was great.
Starting point is 00:13:31 Really? What did they say? It was like how many divisions does the judge command? Which it's a, I think there might be a quote from Stalin, if it's not a quote, it's a paraphrase, right? But in this case, it's a reference to the attempts by a district court judge in GC to block the rendition of people to El Salvador who were accused of being members of various gangs, Tren de Aragua and Mara Salvatrucha being the
Starting point is 00:13:55 two main ones. Yeah, so just being expelled. What's the connection to Stalin though? The quote, how many divisions does the judge command? Let me pretty sure, how many divisions does the Pope command with the Stalin That's right. So like it's referencing this idea that like might makes right. And like that, you know, if you have the power of the state, then you're not accountable
Starting point is 00:14:19 to morally or even even within the confines of the state like Separation of powers that was supposed to happen in the US right like if you have the monopoly on coercive violence And you you're no longer constrained by those things right yeah, I see I see so of course Allocates suppose all those things they oppose what is happening now now and they oppose what was happening then. From its inception, anarchism has been an internationalist movement, rejecting the artificial borders imposed by states and championing global solidarity. Unlike Marxist internationalism, which has often relied on the centralised structures of the first, second or third internationalists, anarchists emphasised decentralised horizontal networks
Starting point is 00:15:06 of struggle that connected workers, revolutionaries and stateless peoples across continents. The Anarchist St. Emier International, which ran from 1872 to 1877, was one such network, as discussed by Lucien van der Waal and Schmidt in Black Flame. That group explicitly rejected nationalism and state power. And throughout history, anarchists worked to bridge linguistic, cultural and national divides. From multilingual anarchist newspapers in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as La Protesta in Argentina, Der Kampf in Germany, and Le Liberté in France, through transnational syndicalist movements like the Industrial Workers of the World, which organise workers across race, nationality, and language in the early 20th century, and including contemporary
Starting point is 00:15:55 mutual aid networks, where anarchists coordinate across borders to support refugees, disaster relief, and indigenous land struggles. Anarchist networks, contrary to popular belief, often extended beyond Europe into North Africa, Asia, and Latin America, where anti-colonial and labor struggles intertwined with anarchist thought. If you're curious, by the way, about the anarchist histories of Egypt or the rest of Latin America, you can check out my series on it right here on the It Can Happen Here podcast.
Starting point is 00:16:24 And if you've listened to that series, you'll know that because anarchists were constantly persecuted, exile became a defining experience, which further reinforced their internationalism. Folks like Mikhail Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin and Eric Omanatester moved across continents, spreading anarchist ideas and connecting struggles. Maltester in particular was basically a common San Diego. You know, he touched multiple continents over the course of his life. Yeah.
Starting point is 00:16:53 So by the late 19th century, anarchists like Rudolf Rocker developed an alternative to both statist nationalism and liberal cosmopolitanism, which sought to balance cultural diversity with global solidarity from below. Rokker argued that people should be free to maintain their cultural traditions without being bound to the state or nationalist identity. So liberal cosmopolitanism was pushing a global order through state-led interventions, international institutions and legal frameworks. And while this form of cosmopolitanism has led to some gains on paper in human rights,
Starting point is 00:17:26 international refugee protections, and anti-genocide treaties, well for one we see the failures of these institutions in practice daily, and for two they ultimately reinforce the state power that creates so much harm rather than dismantling it. The UN and the WTO often uphold the interests of powerful states above and before their international laws and obligations, while sidelining grassroots movements. While liberal cosmopolitanism sits on its hands waiting for elite-driven reforms to the system, anarchists engage in direct action to support migrants and other marginalized folks without waiting for such reform. I have to give a shout out here of course to the No Borders Network.
Starting point is 00:18:05 And also a shout out to the work that you do, James, on the side. Thank you. Yeah, yeah. There's obviously a lot more people than me doing it. Of course. So, the sad part is, even if it started with some noble ideal, the concept of liberal cosmopolitanism today doesn't so much manifest in the freedom of people, but more so in the freedom of markets and money. The globalization of markets and money. So we will bring McDonald's and Netflix to your country, but you can't come to our country or we'll kill you.
Starting point is 00:18:41 Yeah, that's about it. It's nostalgia overload as Wilmer Valderrama and Freddy Rodriguez welcome another amigo to their podcast Dos Amigos. Wilmer's friend and former That 70 Show castmate Topher Grace stops by the speakeasy for a two-part interview to discuss his career and reminisce about old times. We were still in that place of like, what will this experience become? for fans all over the globe, it's Freddie Prinze Jr. And on Wrestling with Freddie, we're breaking down every damn moment from WrestleMania 41. Two nights, nonstop chaos, legends, surprises, emotions, and some of the best wrestling we've seen coming from WWE. We've got takes, we've got questions, and we have a whole lot of love for
Starting point is 00:19:37 what these men and women pulled off at Mania. Tiffany Stratton, she earned her stripes at WrestleMania. And I don't mean because she won, she bled for her art. And it always felt like to me after the attitude era, once a wrestler gets cut and you see real blood coming out of their mouth or real blood coming out of their head, the crowd kind of goes, hey, respect. And they kind of give you that nod, right? You go, wow, every one of these guys is bleeding for the road.
Starting point is 00:20:09 Bro, that's literally like blood, sweat and tears. It's all they got is blood. We're talking Cody, we're talking Rhea, Roman, Seth, Tiffany. The future of the business is bright. And if you watched Mania and you're still buzzing, or if you missed it and want to know what went down, we got you. Listen to this episode of Wrestling with Freddie
Starting point is 00:20:28 on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey kids, it's me, Kevin Smith. And it's me, Harley Quinn Smith. That's my daughter, man, who my wife has always said is just a beardless, d***less version of me. And that's the name of our podcast, Beardless, D***less Me.
Starting point is 00:20:43 I'm the old one. I'm the young one. And every week we try to make each other laugh really hard. Sounds innocent, doesn't it? A lot of cussing, a lot of bad language. It's for adults only. Or listen to it with your kid. Could be a family show.
Starting point is 00:20:54 We're not quite sure. We're still figuring it out. It's a work in progress. Listen to Beardless, I'm the I Heart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever. You get your podcasts. And the dream season is now complete. The Golden State Warriors are the 2015 NBA champions.
Starting point is 00:21:09 On the new limited podcast series, Dub Dynasty, it's been 10 years since their shocking run to a championship. We examine the controversial move that made it possible. It's never a great conversation as a player when you hear that you're being benched. For the entire behind-the-scenes story of Golden State's incredible 10 year run, listen to Dub Dynasty on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Starting point is 00:21:40 It was really interesting to like, the moment I sort of became aware of libertarian left politics was in the early 2000s in the context of the movement against like the G8 as it was then. And like at the time it would be referred to in the legacy media as like anti-globalization. Right. Which I don't think it ever was, right? By definition, it was very global. Like you had people from all around the world attending these protests and rallies and speeches and such. Like it was a very global
Starting point is 00:22:09 movement. The problem was not with globalization, cosmopolitanism, internationalism. It was with the nature of neoliberal capitalist globalization, which let capital move and stop people from moving. Exactly. It's about opposition, such as the free reign of exploiters across the globe. Yeah, exactly. We let people take their money and employ people at lower wages, but God forbid those people ever want better for themselves or attempt to come somewhere where they could materially benefit themselves doing the same labour in a different nation, for instance. Yeah. And to be honest with you, I've never really been a respecter of borders. I think they're just, I think they're really, really blatantly foolish in position. I don't even
Starting point is 00:22:53 think you need to be a radical to see the issue with this idea that your spawn point has to determine your entire future. Yeah. That some people in the past could cut up the earth and then decide where you can roam freely. Yeah, I think anyone, I see a lot more from people who are not by any means radical or even on the left, like this, like within Europe, right, within the Schengen area, which the UK has decided to remove itself from for reasons that are largely racism. Like, we could move freely.
Starting point is 00:23:28 When I grew up, my identity and experience was much more European than necessarily British, right? I could go for the weekend to Spain if I wanted to, or France, and flights were cheap then. So I did. Like, I used to get on Friday night, take a train to Belgium, race my bike in Belgium and come back on Sunday night, like very, very often. And like you see it here too, in San Diego, where like the border is just a line and a delay. But for most people, like we were a very bi-national community.
Starting point is 00:23:57 Unfortunately, the one way that that manifests itself is that the cost of living in San Diego compared to the average wage is vastly disparate because we have this overpressure valve where like if people kind of fall here they can live across the border where the cost of living is cheaper and that allows people to exploit working class people in both contexts sadly. Right. Yeah. As you mentioned, the UK by the way, I'm not sure if you've heard the news, but Trinidad has recently been imposed visa requirements by the UK. For fuck's sake. Yeah. Really? Yeah. So thankfully, we still have Schengen area access. Yeah. But just recently, the UK was like due to,
Starting point is 00:24:40 yeah, the usual excuse people are abusing the asylum seeking system that has now removed our visa exemption. So our colonizers have now decided that, you know, we don't want you to move free in our country, we want you to pay. And visas are not cheap, they're never cheap, especially when there's no guarantee of them being accepted. Yep. It makes it all the more frustrating. Yeah.
Starting point is 00:25:05 And like this just comes after the British government attempting to deport Afro-Caribbean migrants who came as part of what we call the Windrush generation. Which is just one of the most disgusting and like, yeah, just one of the most venal and pathetic things I've ever seen a government do. The people who the UK asked to come so that it could rebuild this economy after the Second World War. And then taking advantage of the fact that at that time there was no process for regularization and then trying to deport these people who have lived their whole lives in the UK.
Starting point is 00:25:35 It's just horrific. Yeah, it is. It's horrific. It's frustrating. It's infuriating, really. Yeah, yeah, it makes me really angry. Like if we didn't have the Windrush generation, not that like you need like popular music to justify their existence as part of our community and they should be able to stay,
Starting point is 00:25:51 but we wouldn't have punk music if we wouldn't have ska music. We like so much of what is like integral to even like quote unquote British culture actually came from these people because they are British and they belong there just as much as anyone else. Yeah. I used to teach a class about music and colonial culture and colonialism, which is why that comes to mind. I actually missed an opportunity to go to the UK earlier this year.
Starting point is 00:26:19 I didn't want to pay the cost to fly to go at that point in time. And now I deeply regret it because I'm like, I could have gone. Honestly, I think if you're the UK and your country has stolen so much, like, I think the UK has the least right or justification out of any country. If you had to concede that a country should be lost. I don't give any country that concession, but if you had to give that concession, you could be last to receive that concession as far as I'm concerned. You don't get to go and roam across the entire planet and then shut yourself off. You don't get to go and steal and pilfer from across the world, shuffle it all into your national museum and then
Starting point is 00:27:06 from across the world, shuffle it all into your national museum and then block people from accessing it. Yeah, it is just like, it's just the most clear and pathetic, like two level standard or whatever, you know, like it's, I mean, the UK has a very, I'm sorry you didn't get to visit in one sense. And I'm sure we have lots of listeners who are in the UK. Every time I'm home, I feel this like profound sense of like post-colonial melancholy that the UK, it's just sort of, it's getting worse and worse and worse. And the way that Britain is responding is without a government blaming everyone else and like, trying to strip the state for parts.
Starting point is 00:27:40 Yeah, like stealing everything they can. Just mess. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I think another frustration for me as well is that it's not so much the country itself, although I would have loved to have visited like Scotland and, you know, Wales and that kind of thing, but I know all the stuff there is to see in London, but the biggest frustration
Starting point is 00:28:01 for me is that it's a connection point. You know, when you impose a visa like that, you block people's connections to other areas. When the few direct flights outside of this hemisphere, you know, to the European and African hemisphere, is through a flight to the UK. And so by adding that in position, it's like, it's like the world feels like it's being closed. Yeah, yeah, you can see that. One more, where there was almost a time in the recent past where it felt like the world was opening up to people, you know, with the internet, the rise of the internet. And then
Starting point is 00:28:34 you had, you know, the introduction of things like, like the Schengen agreement, our access to the Schengen area was fairly recent. I think it was 2015 we got that access. Yeah, okay. But to go from that point to like, just so quickly, you know, the tide shifts to now this extremely hostile global order towards something as fundamental as the movement of people. Yeah, it's, it definitely we definitely are entering in like an era where things are becoming more closed off again than many of us grew up with. Most of my experience, I can remember, was being able to move freely through Europe.
Starting point is 00:29:16 That's not the case anymore for British citizens. It's getting visas and everything else is getting harder and harder to move around the world and despite the internet somewhat connecting us, like our physical mobility is certainly much more limited. Indeed. I think the idea of cosmopolitanism, getting back to it, I think it's valuable. I think, you know, the idea that we have obligations to others beyond just our immediate affiliations is important, you important. That human diversity is something to be valued, not just tolerated. That's fantastic. Carl Levy, an anarchist scholar who wrote two pieces on cosmopolitanism that I'll link
Starting point is 00:29:54 in the show notes, has argued that anarchism's history offers a third way between the hierarchical globalism of liberal cosmopolitanism, which relies on state-driven global governance, and exclusionary nationalism, which weaponises identity and borders, often in service to the far right. And that third way that anarchism presents, not third way in the sense of fascism, but third way in the sense of anarchist possibilities, is a kind of federated pluralism. It's a web of self-organized groups that interact freely without a central authority. This vision isn't just theoretical, we've seen it in recent history through anti-globalisation protests, the Occupy movement, the Square movements in Egypt, Spain and beyond. And though flawed, they show the potential, not
Starting point is 00:30:41 yet fully realised, for diverse, place-based struggles that remain connected through mutuality and transnational solidarity. We have to avoid the sort of abstract universalism that can be found in cosmopolitan thought. We must incorporate decolonial struggles and crown cosmopolitan practice in the voluntary cooperation of people, acting in solidarity across differences. Ultimately, the question isn't whether anarchists should engage in cosmopolitanism, because they always have. The real question is how anarchists can cultivate a cosmopolitanism that is truly liberatory.
Starting point is 00:31:18 One that connects struggles without erasing difference, fing solidarity without enforcing uniformity, and building a world where cooperation and not domination defines our relationships. That's all I have for today. All power to all the people. Peace. If What Happened Here is a production of Cool Zone Media. For more podcasts from Cool Zone Media, visit our website, coolzonemedia.com, or check us out on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. You can now find sources for It Could Happen Here
Starting point is 00:31:54 listed directly in episode descriptions. Thanks for listening. It's nostalgia overload as Wilmer Valderrama and Freddy Rodriguez welcome another amigo to their podcast Dos Amigos. Wilmer's friend and former Freddy Rodriguez welcome another amigo to their podcast, Dose Amigos. Wilmer's friend and former That 70s Show castmate Topher Grace stops by the speakeasy for a two-part interview to discuss his career and reminisce about old times. We were still in that place of like, what will this experience become? And you go, you're having the best time. But it was like such a perfect golden time. Listen to Dose Amigos on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Starting point is 00:32:27 Hey, I'm Jay Shetty and my latest interview is with Michelle Obama. To whom much is given, much is expected. The guilt comes from am I doing enough? Me, Michelle Obama, to say that to a therapist. So let's unpack that. Having been the first lady of the entire country and representing the country and the world, I couldn't afford to have that kind of disdain. Listen to On Purpose with Jay Shetty on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.
Starting point is 00:32:58 What's up, Federation? It's Freddie Prinze Jr. and Wrestling with Freddie is back and we're going all in on WrestleMania 41. From the unpredictable to jaw-dropping finishes, this year's Mania might have just changed everything. By the way, almost all the matches that we saw looked like real fights. I thought, like, they were like, yo, we're going hard today, tomorrow we're gonna hurt, but we're going hard today. Because it was like beast mode times ten out there. Listen to this episode of Wrestling with Freddie on the iHeart radio app,
Starting point is 00:33:26 Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. In 2020, a group of young women found themselves in an AI-fueled nightmare. Someone was posting photos. It was just me making, well, not me, but me with someone else's body parts. This is Levittown, a new podcast from iHeart podcasts, Bloomberg and Kaleidoscope, Not me, but me with someone else's body part.

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