Legends of the Old West - KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH Ep. 2 | “Fight For Survival”
Episode Date: March 11, 2026Jack London and his companions race against time to travel 550 miles up the Yukon River before winter stops their progress. When they fall short of their goal, they survive for eight months of dire co...nditions in a tiny cabin before they can continue their journey. The experience forces an early end to Jack’s dreams of riches in the Yukon. Thanks to our sponsor, Quince! Use this link for Free Shipping and 365-day returns: Quince.com/lotow Join Black Barrel+ for ad-free episodes and bingeable seasons: blackbarrel.supportingcast.fm/join Apple users join Black Barrel+ for ad-free episodes, bingeable seasons and bonus episodes. Click the Black Barrel+ banner on Apple to get started with a 3-day free trial. On YouTube, subscribe to LEGENDS+ for ad-free episodes and bingeable seasons: hit “Join” on the Legends YouTube homepage. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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After a month of travel to reach the Klondite.
Gold Strike in Yukon Territory, 21-year-old Jack London had crossed 1,500 miles of ocean by steamship,
100 miles of river by canoe, and 33 miles by foot over terrain for which the word rugged
didn't even come close to describing. And the 33 miles of distance was deceptive. That was 33
miles on a map. Jack and many of the other men who rushed to the gold strike were responsible for
carrying hundreds of pounds of supplies with them. At Jack's peak, he could carry a load of between
100 and 150 pounds. For the sake of easy math, if he were responsible for a total of 1,000 pounds of
supplies, and he could carry a load of 100 pounds, one mile up the trail. Then he had to drop that
load and walk one mile back to his stockpile of supplies, grab another load of 100 pounds,
strap it to his back, and walk a mile forward to drop it with the first load.
That meant to carry the total of 1,000 pounds of supplies just one mile up the trail.
Jack actually walked 20 miles.
And that meant to cover the 33 miles of the Chilcote Trail from the starting point at Dai'e, Alaska
to the end of the Overland portion of the journey at Lake Lindemann, Canada.
Jack walked 600 to 700 miles.
while carrying a pack of supplies on his back every inch of the way.
And it would be one thing to try that kind of challenge after doing months of training
and while wearing modern athletic gear and in the perfectly sunny conditions of a place like San Diego.
But Jack did it in August of 1897 while wearing old woolen clothes
and boots that would seem barbaric by today's standards.
And while slogging up a muddy trail and being battered by wind and drenched by rain
and sometimes pelted with snow, and sleeping in a tent on muddy ground every night,
and surviving on nothing but beans, bacon, and bread.
After about 25 days of the journey, Jack and his four traveling companions were just three
miles from the end of the 33-mile trail.
The finish line of the hiking portion of the trip was tantalizingly close, and then a vicious
rumor invaded their camp.
The news made it seem like the entire trek and all the hardship they had endured.
was for nothing. Jack and his team were at a place called Happy Camp. They had successfully crossed
a mountain out of Alaska and entered Canadian territory. Happy Camp was a raw campground just three
miles from the lake where they would finally stop carrying their supplies. All the travelers,
known as Stampeters, who made it that far, were weary deep in their bones. They had to haul their
hundreds of pounds of supplies just three more miles before the Overland journey was
done. Granted, when they made it the three miles to Lake Lindemann, the journey didn't become
easier. The rest of the trip was equally hard, just in a different way. At Lake Lindemann,
the stampeters had to cut down trees and build boats which they would use to travel another
550 miles up the Yukon River to the Gold Strike. As hard and as painful as that work would be,
there was one scenario that was worse, and that was why the rumor that crept into Happy Camp was so
painful. A man who was traveling back from Lake Lindemann reported that there were no more trees
from which to build boats. They had all been cut down. The stampeters at Happy Camp were too late.
They had done all that work and suffered all that agony on the trail for nothing. Some
stampeters sat down and wept in the mud. Others nearly went mad. But Jack refused to believe the
rumor. He and his four traveling companions, Jim Goodman, Fred Thompson, Ivory,
Ira Sloper and Martin Tarwater kept going.
They made it to Lake Lindemann on September 8, 1897, one month and one day after they had
started out from Daiya, Alaska.
The trees around the lake had been severely cut back.
That was true, but they weren't gone.
The rumor was exaggerated.
There was still hoped to make it to the strike before winter stopped their progress in
October.
There was hope, but it was razor thin.
All they knew was that some time.
time in October, the Yukon River would freeze. If they had not covered the 550 miles between
Lake Lindemant and Dawson City, the town that was the headquarters of the gold rush,
they would be trapped in the brutal, cold, and snow for eight long months. There was not a moment to
lose. Ira Sloper was an expert woodworker who crafted the body of their boat while Jack focused on
making the sails. There were no shortcuts and no compromises. Even though they needed to work
fast, a poorly built boat could kill them long before winter. The work took two weeks.
On September 24, 1897, Jack London's team launched their 27-foot boat, carrying thousands of pounds
of supplies into Lake Lindemann. Lindemann was a small lake that was fed by the much larger
Lake Bennett. They moved up into Lake Bennett and then into the Yukon River. Their first 24 hours
on the river went well. The boat proved to be sturdy, but the real test would happen the second
day. As the boat approached the entrance to Miles Canyon, where the infamous White Horse
Rapids waited, the men saw an ominous sign. Officers of the Northwest Mounted Police
patrolled the shoreline on both sides of the river to retrieve the bodies of the men who had drowned
in the rapids. From Black Barrel Media, this is Legends of the Old West. I'm your host, Chris
swimmer, and this season were telling stories of the Klondike Gold Rush, where famous author Jack
London and 100,000 other people raced through Alaska to the Yukon in search of riches.
This is episode two. Fight for Survival. Jack London and his companions were some of the earliest
stampeters to leave from California, but they certainly weren't the earliest stampeters overall.
There were several ways to get to the gold strike along Rabbit Creek, renamed Bonanza Creek,
outside Dawson City, depending on a person's starting point and resources.
Gold was discovered in August of 1896, and the news reached the American West Coast 11 months later.
Jack was among the first to hear it when it made it to San Francisco.
Just eight days after learning of gold, Jack and his 60-year-old brother-in-law, James Shepard,
were on a steamship bound for Juneau, Alaska.
On the ship, they met Goodman, Thompson, and Sloper.
The five men teamed up, and from Juneau they helped paddle canoes 100 miles north to Dyee, Alaska,
where the grueling 33-mile overland trek started.
James Shepard made it just nine miles, even with Jack carrying most of his supplies.
James was forced to concede that he would not survive the trip,
and he headed back to California, alone, and dejected.
The four-man team added Martin Tarwater, who was 66 years old, but far more,
more energetic than James Shepherd, and Martin was traveling light. When the men did the trip in
the waning days of the summer of 1897, the Canadian government did not yet require stampeters
to transport 2,000 pounds of supplies per person in order to give themselves a fighting chance for
survival. That requirement happened in the spring of 1898, but most stampeters were essentially
doing it anyway. Most people transported between 400 and 2,000 pounds of survival.
supplies, and Jack and three of his companions seemed to be on the upper end of that range.
In the final week of September 1897, they loaded thousands of pounds of supplies into the boat
they had just built by hand on the edge of Lake Lindemann. On the second day of the 550-mile
trip up the Yukon River, the crew reached the dangerous White Horse Rapids in Miles Canyon.
Canadian Northwest mounted police officers walked the shoreline, pulling out the bodies
of stampeters who drowned in the rapids and encouraging others to get off the river and carry
their boats and supplies past the rapids. Jack London had survived hours of battering by a typhoon
off the coast of Japan when he was a crewman on a ship at age 17. He and the rest of the team
were confident they could handle a few minutes of whitewater rapids, and they plunged in.
The 27-foot boat dove into the churning, foaming rapids. Five men loaded down
with thousands of pounds of supplies had one chance to get it right. Jack gripped the paddle and
steered through capsized boats and floating corpses. They dodged massive boulders and whirlpools
which tried to swallow them whole. The canyon was one mile long, and they ran the one-mile gontlet
with only a single broken paddle as a casualty. The crowd of stampeters in the canyon exploded in
cheers. When Jack guided the boat to the shore for arrest, Stampeders mobbed the boat and begged him to
navigate their boats through the rapids. It was a huge decision, possibly a life-changing or life-threatening
decision. It was September 25th. If they took the deadline literally that they had to be 550 miles
up the river in Dawson City by October, then they had just five days to complete the trip.
Even if the Yukon River didn't freeze solid right on October 1st, they couldn't afford to push their luck.
But the stampeters were offering $25 per boat.
That would be more than $800 per boat in today's money.
Jack and the team thought the money was worth the delay.
Over the next few days, Jack guided 120 boats through the rapids.
He probably saved hundreds of lives, and if every boat paid him $25, he made
the modern equivalent of $96,000 for a few days' work. But even with the unexpected windfall of cash,
Jack and the team couldn't stay in Miles Canyon forever. October was just a few hours away,
and they had barely started the 550-mile river journey. Jack and his four companions climbed back
into their own boat and resumed their trip. They cruised up the Yukon River at a great pace.
They traveled more than 500 miles in just a few days.
But they also learned that the October deadline was nearly as literal as it had sounded.
Each day brought deeper cold, thicker fog, and more ice choking the river.
Just eight days into the month of October, they were in serious trouble.
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50 miles short of Dawson City, ICE stopped Jack and the team at the mouth of the Stewart River.
The five companions made it 500 of the 550-mile River.
journey. Overall, they had survived three months of agony and had traveled 550 of the 600 miles
from Daee, Alaska to Dawson City. Based on their progress, they could have made it all the way
if they hadn't paused for a few days to help other stampeters through Whitehorse Rapids. That decision
likely gnawed at Jack London and the team during the merciless months ahead. Their journey halted
for the winter near the junction of the Yukon River and Stewart River,
and they soon learned from other stampeters
that they would have faced problems
even if they had made it all the way.
As the five men made an emergency plan
to survive the winter in raw country,
news arrived that there was no room in Dawson City
for any more stampeters.
The men had heard similar scary rumors
throughout their journey,
and few proved to be true.
Even if it was true,
they had no intention of abandoning the trip
and turning back.
But four of the five men in the group
decided they would not press their luck any further in winter.
Jack London, Jim Goodman, Fred Thompson, and Ira Sloper
were transporting hundreds of pounds of supplies per man,
and they believed it was safer to hole up for the winter,
as demoralizing as the choice might be,
rather than to carry their supplies on foot through the worsening conditions.
But 66-year-old Martin Tarwater, the grizzled cook who joined them in Alaska,
decided to risk winter's fury with a different group,
who were desperate to reach Dawson City.
Jack, Jim, Fred, and Ira watched Martin walk away and disappear into a haze of white,
and they never saw him again.
The four men who had stayed together since they met on a steamship leaving California three months earlier,
found an abandoned cabin on the shoreline.
It was a single room, 10 feet by 12 feet and made from primitive logs.
It would now be home to four grown men and piles of supplies for eight months.
A small metal stove in the cabin burned hot enough to cook food, but not hot enough to heat the room.
Three feet from the stove, supplies froze solid.
The men had been surviving on the sacred bees, beans, bread, and bacon for the past three months,
and now they would have to do so for another eight months.
They melted ice for drinking water, and they settled in to wait, for the most part.
A couple weeks later, in November, Jack struck out alone,
on snow shoes to stake a claim at nearby Henderson Creek.
He found another abandoned cabin and spent weeks living in a refrigerator, as he described
it in his diary, before rejoining the group in December.
By that time, two months into winter, cabin fever had already sunk its claws deep.
Six months of colder, darker weather lay ahead.
Snow and ice carpeted the cabin floor.
The men slept on animal hides, lit candles until
they burned out and then burned bacon grease for light. The cramped quarters reeked. The men
were easily agitated and arguments erupted often. Jack became their lifeline. He chain-smoked
cigarettes and spun stories to keep the men entertained. They kept conversations flowing and card
games running with other stampeters who were wintering nearby. But as the weeks crawled by
and temperatures plunged, their situation turned desperate.
Jack turned 22 in January 1898, and by February, they battled temperatures that bottomed out
at negative 68 degrees Fahrenheit, negative 55 Celsius.
Everyone was sick.
Their situation worsened through March, even as the end of winter was in sight.
They just needed to survive the month of April, and then the snow would begin to melt,
and the ground would begin to thaw.
They could get back on the river and finish the trip to Dawson's sea.
city. But by April, scurvy ravaged them all. Jack's case turned severe. He needed medical attention
fast, but nothing moved quickly in the tundra. And as bad as their situation was, it was about to be
much worse on the trail behind them. A disaster happened on the golden stairs. As April thawed
the Alaskan side of the Chilkut Trail and the ground softened, a fresh wave of hopeful miners
began their assault on the treacherous path Jack London had recently conquered.
They faced the long walk to sheep camp,
and then the steep hike to the scales at the base of the coast mountains,
and then the torturous climb of the side of the mountains to the summit at Chilcote Pass.
In winter, when snow and ice covered the mountains,
stampeters had gradually chiseled crude steps into the snow and ice.
From the scales at the base of the mountains to the summit at Chilkoot Pass,
There were 1,500 steps which became known as the Golden Stairs.
The incline forced the stampeters to march up the side of the mountains
in a single file line at a 45-degree angle while carrying packs of supplies on their backs.
Famous photos of the Golden Stairs make the experience look like the definition of misery.
Sometime in the winter of 1898, the enterprising businessman of the Alaska Railroad and Transportation Company
built a gasoline-powered cable car system to carry supplies to the summit, for a hefty fee, of course.
The tramway, as it was called, was likely completed around March 1st, about a month before the mountains started sending warning signs.
February and March had hammered the Chilcote Trail with relentless snow.
When the winds warmed up in April, the native Klinget guides, whose people had lived in the mountains for generations, read the signs, and refused to
venture above sheep camp. They warned Stampeaters about continuing up the mountain, but
Gold Fever overrode the risk of trouble. By midnight on Palm Sunday, April 3rd, 1898,
tramway operators spotted snow slides all around the golden stairs and echoed the warnings of the
native guides. They urged the Stampeders to retreat from the scales, to move down from the
base of the mountain toward the tree line. Stampeders ignored the warnings.
At 2 a.m., about 200 men were camped at the scales when the first avalanche hit.
John Morgan, a hopeful miner from Emporia, Kansas, jolted awake from the shriek of a falling stove
pipe as his tent collapsed under a sudden, crushing weight of snow.
He and his party clawed their way out of the snow and emerged into the chaos of stampeters
who frantically dug for others who had been buried alive.
Shortly after Morgan survived, he paused for a moment.
to write a quick entry in his diary.
He said it was a miracle that everyone survived the first, quote, warning shot.
And that's what it was, because the slides kept coming.
They tore down the mountain all night and all morning.
J.A. Rines was ripped from his sleep,
carried down the mountain by a river of snow, and buried 30 feet deep.
Rescuers who saw him go under began urgently digging
and pulled him to the surface moments before he suffocated.
The rescued, like Mr. Rines, immediately became rescuers and helped dig out their neighbors where they heard screams.
Some stampeters fled down the trail towards sheep camp, but the series of slides turned most of the men into rescuers.
Thus, hundreds of stampeters were still on the mountain when conditions worsened.
At 10 a.m., another warning shot hit the base camp, and three stampeters were crushed in their tents.
By 1045, a full evacuation was underway.
Every man above ground was working on a way to move down to sheep camp.
Then a blizzard slammed into the stampeters.
In the blinding snow, visibility was near zero.
The strongest men tied a 200-foot rope to the wastes of up to 130 people
and linked them together in a human chain.
Slowly, systematically, they began their march down the long hill to sheep camp,
three miles in the distance. Around noon, the main avalanche struck. The thunderous roar was deafening
as tons of snow broke loose from the mountain and cascaded toward the stampeters. Three quarters of the group
who were tethered to the rope were consumed in an instant. They were simply wiped away and disappeared
as if they had never been. The remaining quarter, those closest to sheep camp, survived. From the safety of
sheep camp, 2,000 stampeters watched in horror as the mountains swallowed their comrades.
As the snow settled, they raced up the hill with shovels. Like a desperate army, they dug with a frenzy.
They found the rope line quickly, but most of the men attached to it were already dead.
The faint cries of those buried deeper grew quieter until a final chilling silence fell over the
mountain.
John Morgan, the hopeful stampeder from Kansas who jotted the quick diary entry,
about the miracle of surviving the 2 a.m. warning shot never made it to sheep camp.
He and dozens of others numbered among the dead.
Reports vary, but the death toll from the Palm Sunday avalanche settled at approximately 65 people.
News traveled fast, but it likely didn't reach the tiny cabin in which Jack London,
Jim Goodman, Fred Thompson, and Iris Sloper continued to suffer the worsening effects of scurvy.
Seven months in the cramped cabin had taken the carpent.
their toll. The air was toxic with cigarette smoke. The sub-zero chill made every movement and every
breath difficult. A monotonous diet of beans, bacon, and bread left them starved for nutrients. They had no
fruit or vegetables. The vitamin C deficiency caused dark spots to bloom on their skin like bruises.
Their teeth loosened in their sockets. Their gums swelled and bled at the slightest touch.
for Jack, a severe pain seized his lower ribs.
By May, the final month of their torment, when they thought they could finally break free of the cabin,
Jack was suffering hemorrhages which advanced so rapidly, he was nearly crippled from the waist down.
Jack needed urgent medical attention, and Mother Nature finally complied.
The ground and the river thawed just enough for the group to travel the 50 miles to Dawson City.
At that point, it appears as though Jack separated from Jim Goodman, Fred Thompson, and Iris Sloper.
Their stories mostly faded into history, while Jack and another man dismantled the cabin that had been Jack's home for eight months and used the logs to build a raft.
Jack and his friend rafted into Dawson City, and Jack headed for St. Mary's, a small log cabin hospital run by Father William Judge.
Father Judge was known as the saint of Dawson, and his rudimentary hospital was a humble refuge from the mayhem of the boomtown around it.
A year earlier, Dawson City had been a quiet fishing village. Now it was a sprawling, muddy morass of 17,000 people who were thrown together in a chaotic jumble of tents, cabins, and rows of saloons.
It was a city of extremes. Men who struck it rich were slapping down 25,000.
$1,000 bets on a single hand of poker, while others starved in the mud.
As Jack lay in his hospital bed, the town's disorders swelled as the ice and snow melted.
Miners scrambled into the rivers, and fresh stampeters arrived in droves, many of whom
told stories of the horrors of the Palm Sunday Avalanche on the golden stairs.
A volunteer at the hospital, Harry Flaherty, described the recovery effort as stampeters
dug out the dead.
Some were found lying or standing, others in frightful positions with horrible expressions
on their faces, while others looked as though they had just gone to sleep.
The Northwest Mounted Police and the U.S. Army set up a makeshift morgue in sheep camp to identify
victims, sort possessions, and assign death certificates.
Families in far-off places received the news, and in some cases they shipped the bodies
of loved ones home.
John Morgan was one such case and his body returned to Kansas.
But for most, the final journey was a sled ride to a burial ground called Slide Cemetery in
Dai'i, where they remained to this day.
In the makeshift hospital in Dawson City, father judge fed Jack a vitamin C diet of limes,
lemons, and potatoes.
It began to ease his symptoms, but it wasn't enough.
Jack needed professional medical attention and fresh food.
Dawson City, overrun and filthy, was short on everything.
Father Judge's advice was blunt.
Go home.
The advice may have hurt more than Jack's physical symptoms.
For 10 months, he had pushed his mind and body to the absolute edge of survival,
all for the family dream of finding gold.
Despite his current condition, he had made it to Dawson City.
So many times on the Chilcote Trail or the Yukon River,
he could have turned back,
but he actually made it to the gold strike,
and now the minister was telling him to go home.
As Jack pondered an idea that would have seemed unthinkable just two months earlier,
many other stampeters were having similar thoughts.
After the avalanche, the price of gold finally became too steep.
Hopefuls turned back in waves.
Suddenly, a desperate job search back home or the tedium of menial labor
didn't seem as desperate or as difficult as the borderline insane trek to the Klondite gold strike.
During Jack London's month of recovery in Dawson City, he made his decision.
On June 8, 1898, as the new gold mining season raced to life all around him,
Jack and two other men climbed into a small rowboat on the Yukon River.
They rode and floated 1,500 miles down the Yukon to where it emptied into the barrier.
seat at the port of St. Michael on the west coast of Alaska. Jack gained passage on a steamship
as a coal shoveler to make his three-week journey around Alaska and down the Pacific Ocean to
San Francisco. In mid-July, exactly one year after he left in search of riches, Jack arrived
in Oakland, California. He had a bittersweet reunion with his stepsister, Eliza, and her husband,
James Shepard, who had successfully returned home from Alaska the previous year.
Jack was alive, but he was still sick with scurvy and had no gold to show for his adventure,
at least not in the form of nuggets or dust.
He would soon use the experience to earn his own gold.
Eliza nursed Jack back to health, but the financial strain was a constant and unshakable weight on everyone.
Eliza and James had mortgaged their house to fund the trip to find gold.
When Jack and James came back with nothing, the family was in serious trouble.
As soon as Jack's strength returned, he did the thing that came naturally, and which had worked
after his previous harrowing experience as a 17-year-old sailor on board the Sophie Sutherland.
Five years earlier, he and the crew of the ship had survived a typhoon off the coast of Japan.
Jack had turned the experience into a short story which won a contest in San Francisco.
Now, he had the mother of all experiences to inspire stories.
He set up a desk and began to write.
He forged fictionalized tales from the true experiences of his time in Alaska and the Yukon.
He wrote with a feverish urgency, and his stories were timely and relevant.
Readers who had not taken the plunge and rushed to the Yukon were hungry for stories about those who had.
In January 1899, six months after returning home sick and broke, Jack sold his first short story to a magazine for $5.
It was called To the Man on the Trail.
The sale was a spark that immediately lit a fire.
That year, he wrote seven more stories.
Each one earned better placement in magazines and paid him higher wages.
Jack wrote of the struggles on the Chilcote Trail,
the climb up to the summit of Chilcote Pass,
the wild river passage through the White Horse Rapids,
and the brutal winter which nearly took his life.
He became the underdog whom readers wanted to cheer for,
and the effort worked.
After a year of physical and mental punishment in the Klondite gold rush, he had returned home sick and penniless.
After 18 months at a desk as a writer, he was earning steady money and supporting his family.
Over the course of his life, Jack London wrote more than 50 books, the most famous of which were
The Call of the Wild in 1903, the Seawolf in 1904, and White Fang in 1906.
In the end, he amassed a fortune that was probably far larger than he would have pulled from a stream in the Yukon,
though, of course, the fortune and the experience in the Yukon were inextricably linked.
And while Jack London built a new life for himself as a writer,
the Klondike gold rush continued far to the north in the unforgiving territories of Alaska and the Yukon.
The Palm Sunday Avalanche in April 1898 doomed the Chilcote Trail.
There were two trails over the Coast Mountains, but the Chilcote was the more well-known because of the golden stairs,
and then the more notorious after the avalanche.
It was also more popular in the early days of the gold rush because it was 12 miles shorter than the other trail,
but the trade-off was that it featured the more difficult climb up to the summit of Chilcote Pass.
The other trail was the White Pass Trail, which started at the town of Skagway.
It led up to a summit called White Pass in the Coast Mountains.
The climb wasn't nearly as steep as the trek up Chilkut Pass, and that gave Stameters a choice.
They could take the easier but longer route from Skagway to White Pass, or they could take the harder but shorter route from Dyee to Chilkut Pass.
Both trails led down to Lake Lindemann and Lake Bennett for the next leg of the journey, and both left Stameters with a sense of buyer's remorse.
A journalist named Tappan Adney, who wrote for Harper's Weekly, said,
"'Whichever trail you took, you wished you had taken the other.'
A stampeter put it in more colorful and ominous language.
There ain't no choice, one's hell and the other damnation.
After the Palm Sunday Avalanche, the choice was essentially gone.
Nearly all activity shifted from the Chilcote Trail to the White Pass Trail,
and from Dai'i to Skagway.
Dye started a speedy decline.
Within five years of Jack London returning home, there were only six or seven people living
in the ruins of the old ramshackle town.
But in the summer of 1898, while Jack recovered at home in Oakland, the Klondike gold rush
was still rolling.
And that was plenty of time for swindlers of every type and description, as well as a few
legitimate business owners, to set up shop in towns in Alaska to try to relieve the lucky
gold miners of their recently acquired fortunes.
Next time on Legends of the Old West, the Gold Rush rages for one more year as Skagway becomes
a notorious boomtown.
And then, a tiny village up north changes everything almost overnight.
Thousands rush to Alaska's northern coast, including legendary lawmen Wyatt Earp and his
wife Josephine.
That's next week on the final episode of the Klondike Gold Rush miniseries here on Legends
of the Old West.
To binge all the episodes of a new season and to listen to every episode of the podcast with no commercials,
subscribe in Apple Podcasts or sign up through the link in the show notes or on our website,
blackbarrelmedia.com. This series was researched and written by Mandy Wimmer.
Additional research and writing by me, Chris Wimmer. Original music by Rob Valier. Thanks for listening.
