Lenny's Podcast: Product | Career | Growth - First interview with Scale AI’s CEO: $14B Meta deal, what’s working in enterprise AI, and what frontier labs are building next | Jason Droege

Episode Date: October 9, 2025

Jason Droege is the CEO of Scale AI, a company that provides foundational training data to every major AI lab. He previously co-founded Scour with Travis Kalanick and built Uber Eats from idea to $20 billion in revenue. In this conversation, Jason shares lessons from getting sued for $250 billion, discovering restaurant economics by weighing sandwich ingredients, and over 25 years of launching transformative technology businesses.What you’ll learn:What actually happened with Meta’s $14 billion investment in Scale AIWhy AI models still need human experts to improve, and how that relationship is evolvingHow AI models learn from experts building websites and debugging codeThe business lessons from building Uber Eats from zero to $20 billionWhy most enterprise data is useless for AI models todayWhy urgent daily problems beat super-valuable occasional problems when building productsHow to think independently when building new products and businesses—Brought to you by:Merge—The fastest way to ship 220+ integrations: http://merge.dev/lennyFigma Make—A prompt-to-code tool for making ideas real: https://www.figma.com/lenny/Mercury—The art of simplified finances: https://mercury.com/—Transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/first-interview-with-scale-ais-ceo-jason-droege—My biggest takeaways (for paid newsletter subscribers): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/i/174979621/my-biggest-takeaways-from-this-conversation—Where to find Jason Droege:• X: https://x.com/jdroege• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jasondroege/—Where to find Lenny:• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/—In this episode, we cover:(00:00) Introduction to Jason Droege(06:01) Jason’s early career and lessons learned(10:27) The current state of Scale AI(12:37) The shift to expert data labeling(17:02) Challenges and strategies in finding experts(18:48) Reinforcement learning and AI environments(28:18) The future of AI and human involvement(31:21) The role of evals(35:25) What AI models will look like in the next few years(41:43) Building Uber Eats and understanding customer needs(48:19) The importance of independent thinking(50:45) Setting high standards for new businesses(53:03) Exploring and selecting business ideas(57:07) The McDonald’s story(01:00:13) The role of gross margins in business feasibility(01:04:49) Why Jason says, “Not losing is a precursor to winning”(01:09:12) Hiring and building teams(01:12:11) AI corner(01:14:47) Lightning round and final thoughts—Referenced:• Travis Kalanick on X: https://x.com/travisk• Scour: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scour_Inc.• Scale: https://scale.com/• Alexandr Wang on X: https://x.com/alexandr_wang• Why experts writing AI evals is creating the fastest-growing companies in history | Brendan Foody (CEO of Mercor): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/experts-writing-ai-evals-brendan-foody• Brendan Foody’s post on X about knowledge work changing: https://x.com/BrendanFoody/status/1970163503702188048• MIT Finds 95% of GenAI Pilots Fail Because Companies Avoid Friction: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonsnyder/2025/08/26/mit-finds-95-of-genai-pilots-fail-because-companies-avoid-friction/• Uber Eats: https://www.ubereats.com/• Stephen Chau on X: https://x.com/thestephenchau• a16z Podcast: https://a16z.com/podcasts/a16z-podcast/• F1: The Movie: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16311594/• V03: https://v03ai.com/• Careers at Scale: https://scale.com/careers—Recommended books:• The Selfish Gene: https://www.amazon.com/Selfish-Gene-Anniversary-Introduction/dp/0199291152• The Road Less Traveled: A New Psychology of Love, Traditional Values, and Spiritual Growth: https://www.amazon.com/Road-Less-Traveled-Timeless-Traditional/dp/0743243153/• Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap . . . And Others Don’t: https://www.amazon.com/Good-Great-Some-Companies-Others/dp/0066620996• Thinking, Fast and Slow: https://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Fast-Slow-Daniel-Kahneman/dp/0374533555/—Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email [e-mail].—Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed. To hear more, visit www.lennysnewsletter.com

There's been a lot of talk these days about AI not delivering on the promise that we hear, especially at enterprises. These things take six to 12 months to get them truly robust enough where an important process can be automated. Like with any of these major tech revolutions, headlines tell one story and then on the ground. Laying broadband means you need to dig up every single road in America to lay it. Someone's going to dig up the road or someone's got to run the undersea cable. Is there anything you think people don't truly grasp or understand about where AI models are going to be? be in the next two, three years. The general trend right now is going from models knowing things to models doing things.

The next question becomes, what can it do for me? How does the agent make decisions for you? Let's talk about scale and this whole world of AI that you're in. You essentially pioneered data labeling, trading data, creating evals for labs. 18 months ago, you would get a short story and it would say, is this short story better than this short story? And now you're at a point where one task is building an entire website by one of the world's best web developers.

Or it is explaining some very nuanced. topic on cancer to a model. These tasks now take hours of time and they require PhDs and professionals. I've talked to a bunch of people that work with you over the years and I heard a lot about just how high of a bar you set for new businesses. From an entrepreneurship standpoint, it truly is about what insight do I have? Why am I so lucky to have this insight? Why in a world of a million entrepreneurs? We're thinking, we're smart, we're trying everything. Why am I in the position where I likely have an insight that others do not. Today, my guest is Jason Drogey.

Jason is the new CEO of Scale AI. This is the first interview that he's done since taking over for Alex Wang after the meta deal. Alex now leads the super intelligence team at Meta. Prior to scale, Jason co-founded a company with Travis Kalanick before he started Uber, worked at a couple startups. Most famously, Jason launched and led Uber Eats, which went from an idea that he and his team had

to what is now a multi-billion dollar run rate business and one that basically saved Uber during the pandemic when nobody was taking rides. This interview is following a theme that I've been following through a bunch of interviews, which is the evolution of how AI models actually get smarter. Along with scaling compute and improving the actual model code, much of the improvements we're seeing in Chachapit and Cloud

and every frontier AI model is these labs hiring experts to filling gaps in their knowledge, and correcting their understanding of how things work and basically showing them what good looks like in every domain that consumers are using models. Scale was the pioneer in this space. They created the category. And in a conversation, we talk about what is happening at scale

and just how this deal with meta worked. What experts like doctors and software engineers are specifically doing to help models get smarter, how the whole market of data labeling and evals and data training has changed from when scale entered the market to today? and also just how long will we need humans to keep helping AI get smarter? We also get into where Jason sees models going in the next few years because they have such a unique glimpse into the future.

We also talk about a ton of really unique and really important product lessons from the course of Jason's career, including a bunch of advice on how to start a new business, both startups and within existing companies, and also a bunch of advice on hiring and leadership and so much more. A huge thank you to Alan Penn and Stephen Chow for suggesting topics for this conversation. If you enjoy this podcast, don't forget, subscribe and follow it in your favorite podcasting app for YouTube. It helps tremendously.

And if you become an annual subscriber of my newsletter, you get a year free of 15 incredible products, including lovable, replet, bolt, n8, and linear superhuman, descript, whisperflow, gamma, perplexity, warp, granola, magic patterns, Raycast, chat, PRD, and Mobbin. Head on over to Lenny's newsletter.com and click ProductPass. With that, I bring you Jason Drogy. This episode is brought to you by Merge. Product leaders hate building integrations. They're messy, they're slow to build, they're a huge drain on your roadmap.

And they're definitely not why you got into product in the first place. Lucky for you, Merge is obsessed with integrations. With a single API, B2B SaaS companies embed merge into their product and ship 220-plus customer-facing integrations in weeks, not quarters. Think of Merge like Plaid, but for everything, B2B SaaS. Companies like Meestral AI, Ramp, and Drada use Merge to connect their customers as accounting, HR, ticketing, CRM, and file storage systems to power everything from automatic onboarding to AI-ready data pipelines. Even better, Merge now supports the secure deployment of connectors to AI agents with a new product so that you can safely power AI workflows with real customer data. If your product needs customer data from dozens of systems, Merge is the fastest, safest way to get it.

book and attend a meeting at merge.dev slash Lenny, and they'll send you a $50 Amazon gift card. That's merge.dev slash Lenny. This episode is brought to you by Figma, makers of Figma Make. When I was a PM at Airbnb, I still remember when Figma came out and how much it improved how we operated as a team.

Suddenly, I could involve my whole team in the design process, give feedback on design concepts really quickly, and it just made the whole product development process so much more fun. But Figma never felt like it was for me, It was great for giving feedback and designs, but as a builder, I wanted to make stuff. That's why Figma built Figma Make. With just a few prompts, you can make any idea or design into a fully functional prototype or app

that anyone can iterate on and validate with customers. Figma make is a different kind of vibe coding tool. Because it's all in Figma, you can use your team's existing design building blocks, making it easy to create outputs that look good and feel real and are connected to how your team builds. Stop spending so much time telling people about your product vision and instead show it to them. Make code back prototypes and apps fast with Figma Make. Check it out at figma.com slash Lenny. Jason, thank you so much for being here and welcome to the podcast.

Yeah, thanks for having me. Excited to be here. As I was researching your background and prepping for this podcast, I learned a really interesting fun fact about you that I don't think a lot of people know. So Travis Kalanick, he had a startup before Uber. It was called Scourer. It was a peer-to-peer file sharing app. And I think got shut down.

You were his co-founder. This was the early part of your career. I'm guessing there are hours of stories we could talk about during this experience. So let me just ask you this one question. What's just a lesson that has stuck with you from that experience that you've taken with you to future places you've worked and built product at? I mean, there's so many lessons. I'd like to pick one. I think that like the main lesson is that in business,

business and in startups, everything is negotiable. I think that's like the main thing because we were 19 at the time, 1920 at the time. We built this search engine in a dorm room and we were running it out of the dorm room. And our first URL was scour.cs.org.U.U.U.U. And, you know, these things were like not necessarily infractions at the time. but we were just being practical. It was basically a project that we had started. And so we built the search engine and people started using it

and we thought we would get in trouble. But it turned out the computer science department was excited about it, even though we had like basically parked a domain on their servers. And we were using our own computers in the dorms to serve up this website and product. And then when we got into financing, the financing process was fascinating. And this is where the sort of everything is negotiable lesson came from, which is it was Ron Berkel and Mike Ovitz were the initial investors in the business.

We were in L.A. So we were UCLA. So we were not quite wired into the entire Sand Hill Road scene. And as we were doing the deal, the terms kept changing on us. You know, we thought you went and raised money. And it was like, oh, we'll get a few million dollars at a $5 million valuation. this is back when like that was actually a series A like valuation. And then over the course of the deal, it was like, we're doing the deal, we're not doing the deal. Oh, you should give us 50% of the company.

Oh, you should give us 75% of the company. Oh, if you want to sign the document today, this person's going to show up for breakfast. And if you don't sign today and give us 80% of the company, the person's not going to show up. It was just like completely wild the things that we saw from day one of what can happen in business. And we thought there was like a way to do things. And at a very young age, we realized there is no way to do things. There is just the way that you can negotiate your way through the world, which I actually think influenced Travis heavily and then me later heavily at Uber in terms of you can imagine it

and it makes sense and you can align incentives, then it can happen. But there is no like way. And to learn that at 19 or 20 years old, I think was highly imprinting. That is an amazing lesson. What happened to scourer? We got shut down. I think what happened there. Well, yeah.

So at the time. So basically what Scourer was, was it was a multimedia search engine and then peer-to-peer file sharing network. But what it was used for was finding free content. And at the time, like the laws around this were pretty ambiguous because we weren't, you know, like mixtapes were legal, but this was like a hyperversion of that. But we were eventually sued for a quarter of a trillion dollars. So I guess if you're going to experience something that's potentially as life devastating as that, you know, doing it when you're. I think we were 21 or 22 at the time is the time to do it. But it was just like this like very, you know, cold splash of water about how the real world really works.

Because the MbbAA and the RAA were the ones who sued us, the entertainment industry sued us or the associations that represent the entertainment industry. And then they settled it for a million dollars. So we're like, wait, you wanted a quarter of a trillion dollars. And then you settle for a million dollars. And of course they were just trying to drive us in a bankruptcy, drive us out of the market. it like and these are established companies. So we're like if these guys don't have a playbook to follow, they just kind of make up numbers,

then wow, like how should we navigate like the rest of our lives? Let's talk about scale and this whole world of AI that you're in. This is the first interview that you're doing since taking over a CEO at scale. I'm honored to have you here to talk through this stuff. Yeah. It's also the first interview you're doing since the whole meta deal,

which is very complicated, confused a lot of people. So I'm just curious to hear the, the current state of scale, what people should know. For example, what's your relationship with meta? What's your relationship with Alex? What is the current state of scale? Yeah. So scale is a fully independent company. The transaction was meta invested a little bit over $14 billion to get 49% of the company, non-voting stock. Didn't take a new board seat. Alex fills the board seat. So the board is the same. The governance is largely the same. There's no preferential

access to anything that meta has. There's no preferential relationship. I mean, we've had a long-standing relationship with meta on the data side of the business for a long time. And even on some business development related things to, you know, maybe work on things in government together, et cetera. And so those might get bigger just as we're closer now. But there's nothing that prevents us from doing things with other parties and they have no access to anything that they wouldn't have had otherwise, like all the privacy still in place, all the data security is still in place that was there before. And in fact, only about 15 people went over in the transaction. So scale has about 1,100 employees or so now. And we have two major businesses. Each of those businesses has each of them is hundreds of millions of

revenue. So we kind of have two unicorns inside the company today. That sustains the business has grown every month since the deal happened, which I've read the reporting is not consistently reported. We haven't talked about it, right? So this is part of getting the word out. And, you know, we're excited to continue to build, deliver data and do what we did before. Okay. So the company today, independent, its own company. Alex, just to be clear, he works at Meta now. He's no longer at scale. Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's right. Excuse me. I should have talked about that more, yeah. I think that's really interesting. So basically it was an investment. Some people left to join Meta. The company continues. You're running the ship. Let's talk about this whole space that you guys essentially pioneered. I don't know best way to call it data labeling, training data, creating evals for labs. You guys were at this before anyone even knew this was a thing. I know even scale pivoted into this market from other things. I think there was like a bunch of stuff they tried with subject cars and all these things. And then it's like, oh shit, AI labs need this data.

One of the main stories I've been hearing is, and I've had a bunch of CEOs from this space on the podcast, is that there's been this big shift from the way, from what scale had pioneered and had been doing for a long time, which is generalists, low-cost labor training. From that to now labs mostly need experts, lawyers, doctors, engineers, doing training, writing e-vals, things like that. I'm curious just what you're seeing, how that's impacting you guys, where you think things are heading, what people should know about this whole market of data, training, data,

labeling. Yeah, yeah, totally. I think the current positioning out there from competitors is just bogus. So I'll start with that. And then maybe sit, talk a little bit about, I'll explain what I mean by that in a second. But I think it's important to just give 30 seconds on like what the history of scale is and what's the thread going back to 2016. So Alex had this insight in very early days that the important thing to models was data. And I think he was 19 or 20 years old at the time as well.

And so he's like, okay, well, what business would I create around this? And the business that he created around it was, okay, let's do. labeling for autonomous vehicles. Because if you label the data that they have, the cars do better, you know, and then that wave turned into the computer vision wave, which we have a relationship with the Department of Defense where we do labeling for them, and that was in 2020. And then you move forward and the models have gotten better over this period of time. And so as models get better, they need different types of data. So we've constantly been adapting to the type of data that models need to be successful. And so then

the Gen A.I. Wave hit, and this went through the moon, you know, or to the moon. And so as part of that, that industry is changing constantly too. So we, I mean, it is correct that when the models came out two or three years ago, the model, I mean, we remember using them. They were hallucinate all the time. They would get basic answers wrong. They didn't know which poem was better, you know, this poem or that poem. And that was the state of labeling a couple years ago. And things have changed quickly, and we've changed with it. And now the state for everyone, and we've been at the forefront of all of this, is expert data labeling, more sophisticated tasks. So to give you a sense of what the task was 18 months ago, I've been here about 13 months. So I was interviewing, and I remember seeing

it. You would get a short story and it would say, is this short story better than this short story? And then you would edit it and be like, yeah, it would be better if it was this. And you would give some preference ranking to it, right? It was pretty basic, 18 months. ago and then you had, and you had the rise of some experts, but the models were so far behind that they needed just even the basic stuff they needed. And now you're at a point where a task is, one task is building an entire website by one of the world's best web developers, or it is explaining some very nuanced topic on cancer to a model. And these tasks now take hours of time, and they require PhDs and professionals. So to give you a stat to back this up,

80% of the people that we have on our expert network have a bachelor's degree are greater, which is very contrary to some of the positioning that's out there and some of the understanding of this industry. About 15% have a PhD that's greater. And we have PhDs on the network earning like significant amounts of money doing labeling, contributing their expertise to these models. So we've been doing expert data labeling ever since the models needed. I mean like this game is keeping in touch with the researchers knowing what they need, coming up with ideas internally. In some ways, we drove this because we were seeing that the models were not sufficient

in more expert ways. And so we would go to the model builders and say, hey, like, we noticed that this is a problem. If you would like to fix it, like this cadre of experts can do that for you. So, yeah, like the counterpositioning is out there. But I think that's just what people, what competitors say sometimes. It, like, it has nothing to do with reality. Okay, that was extremely interesting. So what I'm hearing is, yes, there has been a big shift to labs need more expert folks involved in training, labeling, writing evals.

You guys are very aware of that and have evolved with that. One of the, I don't know, allegations, I guess, in the market is that it's hard to find these experts. So all these companies have their proprietary network of experts and how they find them. Is there anything you could share about just how you guys go about that? Because that feels like the hardest part is finding these experts and keeping them. them from other companies. They are hard to find. You have to have many, many tactics, right? So we get, you know, as you would expect, there's not one way you do it. The largest way is that they refer each other because when you are enjoying what you're doing and you are using your expertise

to contribute to AI, which is pretty cool. Like if you're a PhD on this like pretty specific topic and you're using a model and you're frustrated that, oh, it doesn't, it doesn't interact with me. me in the way that I want, this is a paid way to have an outlet for that and to make hundreds or thousands of dollars doing that. And so a lot of times they refer each other. We also have campus programs where we will literally go onto the campus and talk to the professors, talk to the students, you know, ask about, you know, who would like to do this type of work. And then, of course, there's the more traditional scaled ways of like LinkedIn and, you know, places like that. But the best ones come from these sort of grassroots and referral networks.

And the only way you get that is providing a great experience to these people. Because these people, like, they're doing it partly for money, but they're also doing it because they think that their contribution to the AI models is important and interesting. And many times it solves a problem for them. So something that I've been seeing on Twitter just this week as I was preparing for this is there's this, the information headline this came out and this mirrored something that Brendan from Merkor said, that over time, the entire economy is going to move towards. It's just reinforcement learning and everyone's just training AI is basically the jobs that will be left. Thoughts on that. Is that where you think things are going? Is there another perspective?

Reinforcement learning is very important. And I think this is a broader comment about the move to environments. There's these things called RL environments that effectively are sandboxes for AI agents to play in to accomplish a goal so that they can learn how to accomplish that goal. We've been doing this for over a year. So, for example, you have a Salesforce instance. How does an AI agent navigate that instance? That instance has data that it needs to recognize. It has configurations.

Salesforce is a highly configurable product. Like, as configurations, it needs to understand how to navigate. You're asking the agent to do a business process that needs very high reliability. And then the agent needs to know, hey, if I can't accomplish what I'm going to accomplish, where I think if there's a low accuracy of what I'm about to accomplish, how do I pop it up to a human being for feedback so I can get guidance? All of those things need to be trained. And there's no alchemy to it.

You just have to put the AI agent in an environment that represents what a human being would be doing. And you can imagine the number of environments in the world and the number of goals within each environment is enormous. So the question is, and the research that we have done over the past year to try to be a good partner to our model builders, our model builder customers, is how generalizable is each individual task or each individual environment? So if you imagine the world of like environments of like software systems, configurations, data types, sizes, user counts, complexities, it's like the permutations are. endless. So what you need is you need a strategy that allows a lab to collect data that is generalizable enough across a broad spectrum of use cases so that they don't have to collect 45 trillion combinations of what should the agent do in this particular situation. So sometimes the work and the data is highly generalizable. And by generalizable, I mean you have it accomplished, you know,

In a simple way, the task might be a find the most, you know, find the meeting on my calendar for my interview with Lenny. And the agent goes and it looks through all my calendar and then it pops it out, right? Very simple example. Like, that needs to be generalizable to any calendar search potentially or potentially any calendar action. And the more generalizable it is, the more valuable the data is. So our job is to provide the most valuable data to model builders that,

it accomplishes the goal of making the agents as useful as possible for their end users. I love that you've been sharing these examples of what the stuff is, specifically that these people are doing the data you're providing to labs. So just to mirror back a few of the examples you've shared. One is an engineer building a website, sharing the code essentially with the model and here's how I would do it. And in that example, is it just like here's the code or is it like a recording of them building it? Yeah, it's, it could be, it could be both. So in some cases, it's just the website and here's like an example and then they design it. In some cases, it needs to be annotated in such a way that's like, I made this decision for this reason or this decision for that reason.

Or here's how I would think about it. So it depends on what the model builders are trying to accomplish. And so it can get quite nuanced in terms of what they're trying to train on. Got it. So, you know, it's not like here's a. website and then it's created doing websites. It's like, here's a website, here's why I made this decision, here's why I didn't make this decision, or here's a broken website, and here's why it's broken if they're trying to accomplish, I don't know, a debugging tool for a website builder or something

like that. And another example we shared as a short story where it's like, here's one short story, here's another, I imagine generated by a model and then it's like, which is better and then how would you make it better? The other example you just shared as a Salesforce agent where it's like, hey, book a meeting with a prospect and then teach it how that happens. I love just how concrete these are because it's like, okay, I get it. This is the stuff that these companies do? Is there another maybe one and two examples just to give people a sense of what what this data looks like? Absolutely. I can actually give you an example from, so we have two sides of our business. One, we supply data to model builders. We sell the data. And then the other

is we actually do solutions. We sell applications and services to health care systems, insurance systems, et cetera. I actually think it would paint a more colorful picture if I gave be an example of one of those because it involves data, but it involves the use of data, the manipulation of data for a very, very specific goal. And so one example there is we work with a healthcare system and they, health systems have lots of problems. This particular healthcare system has experts that see very rare cases on a regular basis. So you go there only if no one else can figure out your problem. And there's a huge big. backlog. So there's a productivity element to this implementation tier. So there's a huge backlog. They want to be able to see more patients. They want to be able to provide better care. And they want to prevent the number of revisits because they want to give the accurate diagnosis day one and what the treatment should be. Well, to do this today without the help of AI, the doctor really needs to read two to 300 pages of documentation. And it's and it's rolled into one document, but in different formats.

And so if you're a doctor, how are you going to read two or three hundred pages of everything? So what they do is they do the best they can't, right? They scan it. They ask a nurse to look at it. They ask maybe a more junior doctor to take a look at this case because they want to treat the patient well. Like obviously, this is, you know, this is why they became a doctor. And then they go into the room and they talk to the person and then they make a diagnosis. Well, we basically built a tool that will read that document for them and point out the top five to ten things that they should take into consideration, either allergies that might not be able to.

be obvious is, you know, is one example where we actually, we picked up on an allergy that a patient had that would not have been obvious from reading the document. And that allergy actually would have had a conflict with the medication that they were going to be prescribed. And so the AI tool basically pulled out this correlation that would have even been hard for a human being to do. To make this tool better and better, you get to a certain limit with the models off the shelf. And actually, the people inside of this health care system have to do their own labeling. So we talk about labeling for model builders, but we actually start, we're starting to see the labeling move into enterprises and into governments because you can only get so far with off the shelf

plus rag, plus some fine tuning based on recorded data. One thing people often miss about these systems is we assume, because you hear these numbers of like, oh, this bank in just 200 petabytes of data a year or whatever, you know, whatever fantastical number, what we miss. What we miss is, is, we assume, is, is it the right data? Which of that data is useful to the models? And most of it is not useful. Some of it is, but a lot of what we do when we're talking about knowledge work, when we're talking about making judgment, is human judgment based on synthesizing, like, how would this doctor in this case, or how would this banker in this case make this decision? And how would they make decision in the context of their overall enterprise? And that might be different bank to bank,

healthcare system to healthcare system because of the culture, the objectives, the incentives, et cetera. And so we're getting to the point now where we see that digitizing judgment, human judgment, true subject matter, deep expertise is becoming a bottle knife that we're on blocking for our customers. That's really interesting. It's like the spectrum went from just low-scale, generous labor to experts to now like the specific expert at this one company who needs to do this work, this labeling. Absolutely. I mean, understanding, What, you know, there's this broad narrative. You know, we kind of have two narratives.

We have like the AGI, like everything is just going to become AGI. And then there's the skeptics, which is like, you know, hey, this is all bunk. Like this is a bubble, et cetera. And of course, my view is most things are kind of like there's truth in between and some of the extreme parts of the extreme probably correct. But, you know, the reality is that it's very hard to get mission critical use cases in agentic systems where agents are talking to agents. to a level of accuracy that is necessary to accomplish a goal. And one of the main issues is that a one document, like think about the problem of even understanding a document.

Like a document that reads the exact same words in company A will have a different meaning and importance in company B. So how do you have a system that knows that? So this has all got to be built. So if you're going to make good decisions. This is a good segue to this question that, as always, on people's minds when they look at companies like yours and the other folks in the space. It's just, how long do we need people to be doing this? Like, at what point, well, AI be smart enough to do it themselves?

I know your incentives are to say we will never run out of people because it's aligned with your growth. But just how should we think about just like, why do we need people? I don't know, in 10 years. Like, how long do we need these experts telling AI things it doesn't know? First off, the history of data labeling is a history of new beginnings, right? Like, the autonomous vehicles do not need as much data labeling as they did in the past. So the company, I mean, like scale is a company that believes that data will always be important. At the point of which you don't need external data, human data in models, I think we've gotten to a level of advancement in the world that is almost like unfathomable.

Because you're effectively saying that like no new human skill and no new human knowledge is important enough to put into these models. That feels like pretty far out there. And so, you know, for a business like ours, we're constantly looking at how do you build operations that can constantly find the new needs and then work with the contributor network. We call the experts contributors to unearth that data, to unearth that information. And sometimes as new people, sometimes within our existing base, we find that existing people have expertise we didn't know about that maybe wasn't useful to a model a year ago, but now is useful. So, you know, these, you know, this is, this is, this is, this is a constant progression of getting more and more data into these models. Yes, we are financially incentivized to believe that humans will always be in the loop, but that's not just a business belief. It is a personal belief.

Like, these systems need to work for us. And if these systems work for us, then we will need to be on the loop or in the loop on any of the decisions that these systems make. As to the broader point around labor, which I think comes up around. white-collar apocalypse and these things that kind of come up. I'm definitely on the on the more maybe practical side of this, possibly just because of my nature, possibly because I see what's going on on the ground actually in these customers where supposedly this transformation is going to happen in the next one to two years. And I just think that like it might happen. The space is moving super fast, but I don't think it's going to happen. It's definitely not going to happen the next year.

The idea that it happens in the next two years, I think is like very far-fetched, but nothing is impossible. here and long term, I think that if you go back through, I don't know, like pessimist archive or whatever these like, you know, accounts that post the radio was invented and then, you know, like all of this will be eliminated. There will be change. But the change, I think humans are very good at adapting. So I think what we're underestimating in all of the doom and gloom is we believe in human adaptability. We as a company are highly adaptable. And I think the history of technology has shown that people are adaptable. I really like that takeaway. I'm an optimist as well. So my way, always looking for reasons to be optimistic.

I want to follow that thread. Before I get there, something very tactical. I want to ask about is e-vals seems to be coming up a lot, especially with companies in your space. I'm still learning a lot about just what this all is, especially in your market. How much of what you are experts are providing are e-vals versus other types of data? Yeah, a lot of it's evils.

And within enterprise customers and government customers, it's mostly evils. because somebody's got to establish the benchmark for like what good looks like. That's the simple way to think about e-vails. What does good look like? And you have a comprehensive set of evals so that the system knows what good looks like. It's as simple as that. So in the case, maybe of the health care example you shared,

essentially this doctor would be sitting there looking at all these reports, creating evals that are like this is what this should be discovering in this report and this record. Is that a way to think about it? Yeah, yeah. That's a very big part of it, which is what does good look like? Awesome. Okay. I have to reduce things down to simple terms. It's interesting to say good versus correct. Is that a specific term you like to use good versus just this is the correct answer? I didn't intentionally use that word, but these are probabilistic systems. And so, you know, depending upon, yeah.

So I can get in some nuance here about the right types of problems that AI is good at solving. So if you have a human process that is like 10 or 20% accurate or 10 or 20% liked, AI is awesome because it can get you, if you get to 50, 60, 70, 80% accurate, you're in the money. Like you're in the green. Everybody's happy. Now the system then has to know, hey, for the remainder, how do I make sure that like humans are involved for the remainder of the decision making?

But from a net value at standpoint, the humans are pumped in that scenario. If you have a human process, a workflow that is 98% accurate and you expect an AI system to get you the remaining 2%, not totally there yet. And so when I say, what does good look like? A lot of the processes and a lot of the things that people are asking these systems to do and systems for us to build are making judgments on their behalf. And so just like we would ask a human being, hey, what do you think we should do in this scenario? You know, like what you're looking for is you're looking for the best recommendation or course of action given the current information. To you, this is so obvious and to people in your market that I think a lot of people think about AI being trained on just, here's a bunch of data, check it out, learn everything you can from all of human history and all of written record. But what's wild is basically people are sitting around teaching AI things that doesn't know, filling gaps.

Like that's how AI is getting smarter now. There's no more real data for it to feed on. It's just like, here's what I don't know. Okay. Or here's what an expert found. You're wrong. I'm going to teach you this. And the fact that it scales and that's what's keeping models improving is so mind-boggling.

Yes. No, I, yeah, I agree. I mean, like with any of these major tech revolutions, you know, the headlines tell one story and then on the ground. You know, laying broadband means you need to dig up every single road in America to lay it. Like, like, there is the like, yeah, it's as simple as that. Someone's got to take up the road or someone's got to like run the undersea cable. Like there's always some operational chiseling that's going on in all of these industries. I mean, if you think about how magical these models are, I mean, they're remarkable that like if you've been in technology long enough, it's like it blows my mind even today that they get the punctuation right consistently.

I mean, that sounds like almost daft to say like at this point in the market. But if you were to go back three years and think about that from a technology. a logical standpoint, like, a lot of things that we think are trivial now are very sophisticated. And it's a combination of it. I mean, like the real answer is it's a combination of computational power, model, improvement, and data. And all three are getting better at once. Let's follow that thread.

You've been at scale for a long time, CEO, for you set 13 months. I feel like you see a lot more about where things are heading because you work with labs on things they haven't even announced yet. You see more than most people. And I know there's only so much you can share about what. models, what companies are doing. But just, is there anything you think people don't truly grasp or understand about where AI, AI models are going to be in the next two, three years?

Look, there's so much talk. I think it depends on how much X or news you consume. So I think it's like what sort of our perspective. The general trend right now is going from models knowing things to models doing things. And, you know, we're pushing the boundaries of knowledge, like the benchmarks that we put out and that others put out, are showing that the knowledge, you know, the knowledge that these models have is getting, it's quite robust. And then the next question becomes, well, what can it do for me? And as soon as you get into that world, that's where the, like, the environments we were talking about start to come into play.

How do you navigate a Salesforce instance? How do you navigate a healthcare system? How do you navigate even like a weather app on your phone, you know, and how does the agent make decisions for you? we're just getting into the beginning of that. It'll be very interesting to see how quickly that happens. And I think that's where a lot of the speculation has a wide variance. Because because we're at the beginning of it, people take different trajectories on like how that's going to improve. And so if you take a trajectory of like the most aggressive trajectory,

which is like, oh, it's actually going to be quite easy to train on these things. And then it's just a change management exercise in the economy, which by the way, change management exercises are not to be underestimated. Like, you know, there's still people in the world without an email address. And so the adoption curve then becomes like a human and policy issue, not a technological issue. We're not there from the technology standpoint. But I do think in the next two to three years, if I, you know, take the bait and like have to make a guess, is the technology will get to a point where it will push the change management and policy makers to say like, ooh, what do we do with this? because it's getting pretty close.

That's probably two or three years away. There's been a lot of talk these days about AI not delivering on the promise that we hear, especially at enterprises. There's this MIT study that just showed that there's all these pilots that people are excited about and then they don't work and companies aren't adopting these tools. There's data showing engineers are not actually as productive with tools like it actually slows them down sometimes. You work with a ton of companies implementing all kinds of AI.

What are you seeing on the ground? What kind of gains are you seeing? Do you feel like it's overhyped, underhyped? There's a lot of hype out there. And our job is to actually build products that work that deliver value for our customers and figure out where the rubber hits the road. And to get a sophisticated, you know, my health care example is one. We do other sophisticated workflows, claims management for insurance companies, right?

This is a financial decision that's happening. But it's an automatable process. But basically what happens is the POCs get to like, like 60 or 70% of the way there and the human mind goes, oh, the rest is no big deal. But it's kind of like uptime and data centers where like every nine is like, you know, an order of magnitude investment, you know, in terms of like reliability, backups, et cetera. You know, one nine is like basically, you know, a web server in a dorm room like we had at UCLA. You know, and then five nines is like this crazy like high bar, but it just seems like a very small

movement. So you kind of have a similar dynamic going on here where you have a bunch of people, one of the reasons why the PFCs have failed, one, there's a denominator effect because it's so easy to do, hey, I spun up a project, I spun up a project, I spun up a project. So like, you know, it's, it's really easy for people to try. So I don't necessarily know that like the 95% number, I think, is a bit of like clickbait in a way. It tells the right story, but it is a little bit hyperbolic because if you take the efforts that happen in the company where they actually get a, get a, you know, get a quality partner like we are. If you get, you get, you get, you know, you know, or if you do it yourself, if you have engineers who have worked with models before,

and they put in the time. And I'm talking about like months, not like minutes like you see in these videos, to actually get legal approval, policy approval, regulatory approval, change management, like an accuracy that everybody's comfortable with. If you actually do that, you know, these things take six to 12 months to get them truly, you know, robust enough where like an important process can be automated. So I think that's where like the hype is right that when you do it, the impact is like, whoa. Like I never would have figured that out myself.

And I'm one of the most educated doctors in the world as an example. But the time to get there is just longer than what people are selling. It's such a good point that it's not only is it easy to try these things. It's just like everyone's doing it. So everyone's feeling formal. Like I got to try these things. I got to try all these prototyping tools, cursor, all these things just because everyone's doing it. And then you just rush into it and it doesn't actually work.

out. Yeah, easy to learn, hard to master. That's, like, that's my summary. Yeah. This episode is brought to you by Mercury. I've been banking with Mercury for years. And honestly, I can't imagine banking any other way at this point. I switched from Chase and holy molly, what a difference. Sending wires, tracking spend, giving people on my team access to move money around. So freaking easy. Where most traditional banking websites and apps are clunky and hard to use, Mercury is meticulously designed to be an intuitive and simple experience. And Mercury brings all the ways that you use money into a single product, including credit cards, invoicing, bill pay, reimbursements for your teammates, and capital.

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Banking services provided through Mercury's FDIC-insured partner banks. For more details, check out the show notes. Okay, let's move on from AI, if this could be an endless discussion about AI, but you've got a lot more lessons to teach us. you've helped build Uber eats. You've had a couple startups in the past. We talked about Scour for a bit. I've talked to a bunch of people that worked with you over the years,

and I got a lot of really interesting insights into the stuff that you're extremely good at. So I'm just going to kind of go through a bunch of these. One is your obsession of being close to customers, talking to customers. And I love this topic because it's something everybody thinks they are great at. And they feel like they completely understand how this is important, why this is important. and they all feel like I'm doing this. Don't even, don't worry about everyone else is not doing this, but I am. Talk about just what you think maybe people miss about how this looks when you're doing it well and just why this is so important.

I mean, I probably fall in the category of what you just described, which is maybe, you know, maybe part of the hubris you need to start anything new. But, yeah, I mean, my, I don't think it's like a clean process. I think my process is I'm constantly questioning every single thing that I'm hearing at the beginning of anything. I don't take what a customer says, like literally. And there's been a lot talked about on this topic from like a product management standpoint in terms of like, oh, don't do what they say, do what they mean, and look at the real problems and all the things.

I think the way that I look at it that might be additive to the discussion is I look at the underlying incentives of the customer. and the underlying incentives of customers are not always financial. Sometimes it's ego. Sometimes it's career growth, right? If you're selling enterprise software to someone, there's an executive sponsor as an example. That person needs to trust that you're going to do a good job for them. How do you get them to jump with you on this big project?

Well, that's part of the journey of like not just the product, but what did they need to hear from us? What do we need to supply them? What do we need to do to actually unlock the opportunity? to implement the product. So I think there's like an incentives alignment baseline. Like I'm a big believer that like, you know, you know, it's cliche, but you know, show me the incentive and I'll show you the outcome. I think that's absolutely true. And even when customers will tell you things, like I'll give you an example. I've been out of the game for a while so I can be open about it. Uber Eats. So when we launched Uber Eats, I looked at the business, you know, we, you know,

in terms of being close to the customer, we actually couldn't get a restaurant tour. I need nothing about this industry. So at Uber, my job was to figure out what other businesses we should get into. And so we looked at a billion businesses and Uber eats, you know, like food delivery was the one that we thought was most interesting, which turned out to be right. So good for us. Very right. And, you know, we couldn't get a restaurant tour to help us understand their unit economics. And, you know, they'd say like, oh, it'd be this percentage or that percentage or why do you want to know? And then we go to a different restaurant tour and they, and they would kind of explain it, but they were a little suspicious of like, why are these Uber guys talking to me about, you know,

like how much my ham costs? And so, what? What? we did is we ordered just a bunch of food from these places and then we got us, you know, a restaurant supplier to give us like a base catalog and we just matched up like, how much does the ham way, how much is the cheese way, how much does the bread way, how many pieces of lettuce around there? And we tried to actually just compose our own independent view of like, what's the ingredients cost versus what's the labor cost? And then and then we sort of triangulated like what was our ground truth and then what are we being told by restaurant tours? And then what is like the site guy's telling us about restaurant economics. And if those things like all overlap, then we're like,

okay, we have an insight about what to do here. And how does this relate to Uber Eats? Well, what we found as part of this is that roughly a restaurant pays 20 to 30 percent of every meal to ingredients. And they pay roughly 20 percent, 20 or 30 percent to labor. And they pay roughly 10 percent to real estate and a bunch of other. So kind of goes on the chain. But the important parts is what's the value of incrementality? And so we came in and we said, we're going to charge you 30 percent of the bill. And they were like, oh, my God, is this Group on all over again? This is way too high. Oh, my gosh. And we explained the economics to them. And they were like, okay, we'll give it a try, but this is way too high. And they were right. The real number, like the real clearing prices

are on 25 or some, but we weren't that far off. And so when you go to find like product market fit or, you know, be close to the customers, it's a combination of like what's the most valuable thing? Well, like in a restaurant tour's case, give me incremental. demand because if you were to take a restaurant location and triple demand based on the same labor, the same ingredients, excuse me, the same labor, but you're just scaling ingredients, you've got a 70 to 80% incremental gross margin product. Restaurants would hate what we would say this because it doesn't work out exactly like that in reality.

But like because we had that insight, we had confidence that we could go to market with, we need to charge you this so that the delivery fee can be that. And then if the delivery fee is that and we charge you this, then we think the consumers will adopt. And that's what you need to get your incremental lambs. And then we can pay the driver this. And so you kind of fit this whole puzzle together without totally satisfying any, in the case of a marketplace, you're not totally satisfying any individuals like 100% of their needs. What you're satisfying is, is like you're getting a clearing rate for them to participate in the market in the case of a marketplace. So that's like one example. Yeah, I love this example as you

almost, you figure out how to help them with something they don't even fully themselves know yet. So it's you think through their goals for them, like as if you were them, break down the economics and then here's the solution versus, hey, what can we do for you guys? Yeah. Yeah. I mean, if you walked into a restaurant, they would tell you a bunch of things. They would say, oh, labor schedule is like an issue. They would say, my rent is an issue. They would say all these, you know, my ingredients prices are an issue. That's 20 or 30 percent. If you could shave off 3% of that, that would be huge. You might then take that and go, I'm going to go build a business that's going to save you 10% in your ingredients cost. Well, but that doesn't actually get into their head on

what's truly important day to day. That might be important for them on an annual basis, but on a daily basis, what are they doing? They're looking at their numbers. They're looking to people show up. Did I make money yesterday? Am I going to make money tomorrow? So like the urgency, I think the biggest thing people miss when they're building new products is the urgency of the buy are part of it. You can build something that provides a lot of value, but if it's not the top thing that the customer is thinking about in their busy days, then you're just going to have a long road to a small town. This touches on just the theme I heard a lot about you, this idea of independent thinking and how much you value that. And this feels like a really good example of that.

Is there anything else along those lines of just like why this way of thinking is so critical? I think as a founder's job, and I mean, I stretched that term because at Uber, we had all of the benefits of Uber. So I wasn't really a founder. I just sort of started the business there, but there are some elements of founding there, is you're looking for alpha in the market. Like, when we started our first company in 97, it wasn't that cool. Like, it might have been cool in Silicon Valley, but it was definitely not cool in LA. Now it's super cool to start a business. So as a result, everyone's kind of trying everything. So how do you get alpha on that market? You know, if your research is highly influenced by what the

world is saying around you, you're not going to have an independent insight. Like, you kind of have to go off and do your own thing. And this is why from an entrepreneurship standpoint, like, I, like, I have a very, very strong feelings about, like, what the approach to founding a company should be. And it's probably very particular to me. But it truly is about what insight do I have because, like, why am I so lucky to have this insight? Why in a world of like a million entrepreneurs who are thinking, we're smart, who are trying everything. Why am I in the position where I likely have an insight that others do not? And then why am I the one to do it? And like, the answer might be, I'm in this narrow, far-flung place. The other answer might be like, I am inherently a contrarian

personality type. So I'm just constantly looking for the, you know, the, you know, the thing that's true that people don't believe is true, which sometimes worked. But then the second part of that's super important, which is like, why do I want to work on this problem for five to 10 years? And And like people get this wrong all the time. They go and talk to a customer and they go, they have a problem. I'm going to go solve it. And it's just like not a great way to like start a business. Like you really have to have this burning desire to constantly be questioning yourself.

The other thing about independent thinking is is that you can't fall in love with your ideas. And I do not proclaim to be the world's greatest independent thinker for what it's worth. These are this is this is what you've been told. But is just like part of that is basically throwing away who you are, who you've been, all your ideas for the mission that you're on, which is like trying to accomplish something for a customer. This is great. I'm glad you went here. This touches on the other theme I heard often about you is just how high of a bar you set for new businesses. And I think this advice is useful both for founders, as you said, and also people starting companies within companies,

new business lines. So you've talked about this a bit already, but is there anything more there of just how high that bar needs to be for it to likely work out when you're starting something new. Look, if you want to give yourself the best chance, and this isn't always how it works, but if you're like in my position, 25 plus years in their career, if you want to give yourself you have the best chance, I think there's two ways that companies end up working out. And the first way, which is probably the most important, quite frankly, is that the founder is just a force of nature over a long duration of time. Because you're going to have to pivot. You have to have that energy to pivot. You have to go years and years and years with it being hard. And that's

probably the most important thing. But the second most important thing is that you can easily educate yourself on like, what are good business models? What are bad business models? What are good markets? What are bad markets? And even if you're this force of nature, having the knowledge, if you're going to go into a bad market with all your energy, you should at least know, maybe ignorance is bliss because you just throw yourself into it and it just kind of works out with time. but like that's not how I would operate, which is marketplaces are good businesses. SaaS, at least historically, we'll see how this changes, but like SaaS historically, great businesses, recurring revenue businesses, sticky businesses, network effect businesses.

And if you look at what the top BCs invest in, yes, there is a lot of like portfolio building, but there are similarities in terms of the types of business models that they believe could be worth tens of billions of dollars. And they have network effects. They have lock-in. They are more valuable at scale than a big scale than low scale. So if you just take a filter on a new business, you know, this is what I did at Uber, which is like if you just have a filtering mechanism on a new business, it doesn't take that long to eliminate the bad ideas. And then like of what's left, you can pick, oh, I'm very passionate about this, even though it might have more problems than this other thing that on paper looks better.

And then you have to have passion about it. But yeah, like I think people just miss like a basic understanding of like what business is. even have a chance of being worth $100 billion. So you launched your reads. You figured out this is the place to go and bet. As an outsider feels obvious. Of course, this is going to be a massive success. Of course, food delivery.

Such a good idea. I know you looked at a ton of ideas in that process. Can you just talk about what you explored and why you ended up picking your breeds? I am definitely not the smartest person in the room when it comes to like figuring these things out. And so I keep a very, very wide aperture on ideas for as long as I can. until I'm like, okay, everything is coalescing. And I think there's a bunch of reasons why you have to keep an open aperture on considering ideas that might seem bad at the start, but you just keep digging and see if you're

right that they're bad or you're wrong. So just as a general philosophical principle, I'll start there. We looked at, we did some crazy stuff. We put, you know, like I went walking around San Francisco one day and I looked down Market Street and there was like a CVS, a 7-Eleven, a CVS, a Walgreens, a 7-Eleven. And I'm like, how many skews could possibly be? inside one of these things that people want. And couldn't you just put that into a van?

And like, you know, you hit the button on the van and the van comes around and you get whatever convenience items you have. And they're convenience items. So like, why would that be a problem? And we launched that in D.C. We put like 10 of these trucks on the road. We put like 250 skews in them. And I mean, crickets is an understatement of how bad it was.

I mean, we didn't get an order to save our lives. And what we realized was that. that we hadn't really done the research on what convenience stores really were. It was, you know, if you didn't have cigarettes, you didn't have beer, you didn't have slurpees, you didn't have these things. Like, for example, like you didn't bring people in to sell all the other things. So we didn't know anything about retail. We were clueless. So that's like one idea. We looked at grocery, but honestly the union economics just terrified me of like all the pickpacking and everything like that. I think Instacart did a remarkably

good job at getting the union economics to a good spot in like probably the hardest operational problem you could tackle. We did generalize delivery, like point to point delivery. what's now, I forget what Uber's part is called, but like Uber Direct, I think it's called, where you have something and needs to go point to point in the city. That was kind of a flop from the beginning, because the truth is, is like how consumers don't really have this needs, business sort of have this need. And in 2014, when we were doing this, no one had this need. So, but like we tried like 15 versions of all these things before we eventually just said,

okay, the food delivery thing is just popping off on all signals. And we can make the union economics work. people seem to want it. It's a super cool problem because we can like enable independent restaurants with like all these tools and allow them to compete with the big guys. We can take the real estate out of the equation. So you can have a real estate location that's non-prime. But if you have prime food, then you get to compete. So we're like, oh, this is a very interesting problem and we can really help local economies. And this ended up being, if I remember correctly, this basically saved Uber during COVID. Lyft didn't have something like this. And how big is this business at this point? And anything? Anything. you share about just how important this turned out to be for Uber. Yeah, of course. Well, we launched it in December of 2015 in Toronto, and within like two hours, we had done like $20,000 for the sales. It was crazy how quickly we saw that it was the right idea. And the unit economics were good. And then four and a half years later, I was at Uber for about six years, but it took us about a year and a half to figure this out. Four and a half years later, it was about $20 billion. So it was zero to $20 billion

in four and a half years, which is pretty good. Uber was very good at scaling things. But competitive market, you know. Others did well. We beat a lot of people. Some people beat us. And then now I think it's pushing 80 billion. And that's been for another four and a half years since I left. I think COVID turned it from 20. I left right before COVID. Total coincidence. 20 to 50 in like a year. So yeah, I mean, ride sharing went this and, you know, food delivery just went like to Pluto. What luck. Well done. Luck is part of the game. That's the other thing that's important to realize. Luck is part of the game. So do not, do not begrudge people for luck.

Like, this industry is hard. All these things we're doing are really, really hard. Luck is just part of the game. Maybe speaking that, maybe not. One of your colleague, Stephen Chow, who I'm an investor in his new company, he worked with you at Uber Eats for a long time. He told me to ask you about the McDonald's story. I imagine that was just a big milestone, a big moment enough for you guys.

So why did you decide put McDonald's in Uber Eats? And there's apparently a story of how you won that deal. Yeah. So it was kind of interesting. And this just goes to maybe like where sometimes ignorance leads you to accidentally the right answer. So we had launched Uber Eats and Uber had a global footprint. And we were the only food delivery network with a global footprint, excluding China.

And so Uber was everything at Uber needed to be launched globally. That was a very big part of the culture, et cetera. So which is a lot of work and you can spread yourself too thin and cause other problems. But in this way it was good. And so my vision was, okay. Let's help the little guy, like, compete with all these chains. You know, they have these systematized food systems and, like, food is what makes a city amazing.

And no one talks about the chain restaurant that they visited in Paris. You know, they talk about the local place that they found. And, like, let's be part of that. That's who we want to be. And so McDonald's actually approached us. And they said, hey, we'd love to do food delivery with you. And I said, no. And they're like, hold on a second.

Like, we have, like, 80 million consumers a day. Like, you don't, we don't want to do this together? I'm like, it's not really like our vibe right now. And so I pushed them off for like four or five months until my team is like, you're insane. Like, these people are going to put marketing behind it. They really want to do this. They want to lean in. So we actually had a way because of that, I think, I think it's hard to correlate these things.

Like we ended up with this exclusive relationship with them, got an insane number of customers. Chains at this point actually weren't really on food delivery networks because everybody was so worried about the unit economics because they're so sensitive to the basket size. And my approach was like, eh, figure it out, right? Which is a very Uber culture thing. Like, okay, the basket's $17. It's our job to make that work. Reduce the radius on the delivery, figure out the economics, maybe you mark up some of the

food someplace. You know, like there's always a way to figure it out. So we did it. And then, you know, three months later, the business just like started hockey sticking again at like a different level. And my team is just like, dude, you are so like, you were so stubborn on this point, but I think it actually ended up being in that benefit

because we got a great deal with them. So the fact that you pushed him out helped you get a better deal is what I mean. That's amazing. Yeah, I think that's the story he would be referencing. And then the onboarding of it was crazy because we basically went global with them in like six months.

And at this point, the business was less than two years old. So, you know, activating this, you know, I don't even know, an 80-year-old company that expects processes to be in place. And we have like two of our office managers in New York. managing it.

It's just mayhem. I'm still set in and out. It's still not on any of these apps. Yeah, me too. I remember someone was hacking it. There's all these ways people found a way around and they're like, no, no, okay, your postmates, we know we're not going to give you any food. Yes, love in and out.

You've touched on this idea of gross margins and margins, how obsessed you are with this. I wanted to spend a little time on here. I think I've heard just you're obsessed with understanding gross margins before going in on anything. Most founders have no idea what they're doing here. What have you learned about just what people should be paying attention to, what there might be forgetting when they think about just the feasibility of a business? Yeah, look, it's one filter like many filters. There are certainly businesses that have low gross margins that are great businesses.

Costco, Walmart, et cetera. Amazon talks about this all the time of like there's companies that increase prices and there's companies that lower prices. But I would say that by and large, high gross margins combined with healthy churn curves are a very healthy sign for the business. I mean, think about it. Like, if I were to sell you something and I can't mark it up a lot,

how much value am I adding beyond what's in my hand? And if I'm not adding that much value, then what am I in the business of doing? And I'm in business of adding value. And it's not quite that simple, right? This is just a litmus test of like when someone comes to me and they go, especially in a new business, and we deal with this,

I dealt with this at Uber, I've dealt with it everywhere. Someone comes up with an idea and they go, we can get into this business, and I think we can charge this and it will get us to a 40% gross margin. And then my next question is, started a 60% gross margin. Why does that not work? And they go, oh, well, the customer, and immediately you short circuit to like what the real problem is. Oh, the customer has an alternative. Oh, okay.

Well, who's the alternative? Oh, it's some offshoring company. Well, what's their gross margin? Oh, we don't know. You go find out, it's like 20%. And they've been around for a long time. and they have scaled operations. And you're like, okay, so like your gross margin is going to go from 40 to 20 quicker

than you think. And you're going to be in a world like a world of hurt unless you do something to differentiate. So I take gross margin as just like a very coarse instrument, not a perfect instrument, to think about am I adding enough value? Am I differentiated? It's not perfect, but it's like a very quick short circuit filter to like, even to see if someone's pitching you an idea, have they thought through this dynamic? Because if the response is, yeah, gross margin super.

low right now, but here's the dynamic I'm going after. And then you're like, oh, okay. And sometimes it's like, we'll just make it up with volume and then the gross margin will go negative for a while. And you're like, wait, this doesn't work. So what I love about this is this is just a lens into, is my idea good enough? If studying, can I keep a high gross margin? Is there a reason why people in the space haven't been able to have a higher margin? Yeah, exactly. And, and, and like I said, it's, it's meant to disqualify, like, just, like, like, you know, you're doing these large or larger companies and everybody has ideas. And so you just, it's like, like, it's a way to cut through. Like, do you understand like the machine that is going to need to be in place in two or three years? Like, you might have a 70% gross margin now because, because the next question is, is why can't someone else do this? And if you have an answer of like, well, they can now, but they can't in two years, if we run really fast, okay, we might have something. if they can now and they will be able to in two years, you're going to have margin compression.

Along these lines, I was just listening to a, I think it was the AC16Z podcast. Alex Rompel, I think was sharing this story about Costco, how, as you said, there are strategies actually to keep margins very, very low because all their revenue comes from their membership. So they have something like 50 million members, which are paying $100 a month.

And that's their entire business. And so they don't plan. and they don't want to make money off the products. Yeah, that's right. I mean, they're playing a slightly different game, not an expert on Costco, have spent some time with the company, but they use price as a way to get to scale.

Right? And so they're basically saying, if we discount, same with Walmart, right? Like, we will get so much volume that we will just take the air out of the room for all of our competition. And so then the question of, okay, so if you have a low gross margin today,

in two or three years, once you land one of these centers in a market, like, why won't your margins get eroded? The answer is, because we will have already absorbed, like, all of the demand. Like, you try to go to 8% versus 10% gross margin, which I roughly think is what their gross margin is. Like, that's going to be a really hard business. If you already have a habit with a customer, they have already built their weekly

trips around you. You already have relationships with suppliers. You already have general managers that, like, know how to stock inventory. That's not a straightforward exercise. So they are, like, first to scale and then good luck competing with them. Okay. Just a couple more questions. One is there's this term that I've heard that you often say and believe in is this idea of not losing as a precursor to winning.

Yes, yes. Talk about that. Tech is a culture where portfolios are built by investors. And a lot of the narrative is controlled by investors, frankly. Founders obviously participate. But this idea that you should just go for it is consensus. Just go for. Who cares?

Well, I don't know if it's my life and I only have one moment every, you know, to like take a shot. I might want to just not just go for it. Like I might want to think for a little bit. And, and I think the best entrepreneurs, I have no data to back this up, but just these are my friend. This is my friend group. I think the best entrepreneurs and the best business owners look at the risk profile of the decisions that they're making and they try to make asymmetrically positive decisions. all along the way. And so oftentimes I feel like we forget about the risk of a decision. And there's more to unpack there because I actually think taking highly risky decisions and

then having it work out is a weird cultural thing too because then how do you train people to do that? Because it's a very hard thing to take high risk decisions on me right enough because it creates a lot of volatility. But it goes back to my comment about like the most important thing in founders, which is just this ability to persevere through, right? Survival is just part of the game. and most people just give up before they could get their timing right, before they get the right inside with the customer, before they get the right product in the market. And life can change quickly in tech.

You can go from being a dog to being a hero in like a very short period of time, but you're on this very, very long journey, but you have to survive for that condition to be met. And so then the question is, when you're in a hype cycle, I would argue that we are right now, everyone wants to go for it and then go for it more and then go for it more and go for it more

and go for it more, and you don't realize, like, guys, all of our customers are going to be around in five years. Like, they just want us to solve their problems. Like, we have to be around to solve their problem for them. And so survival is a precursor to that. So let's not put ourselves in position that could potentially, like, compromise the enterprise along the way. It doesn't mean don't take risk, but think about how you calculate.

I love how clear it is that this lesson, and many of the lessons along these lines have come from just failure and things not working out and things breaking, which is the best kind of lessons. Yeah, you ever get on the other side of a high reward, high risk decision? It is so painful because you are just cooked. You are done. And often there's no way out. Is there a story along those lines that comes to mine or an example of that? Well, this is where, I mean, you know, this is where it's together on like why I try to be so like, I think you can spend a little bit of time thinking up front to save yourself a lot of pain downstream. I had this business not worth detailing it, but after the bubble verse in 2001, I'm like, I'm going to self-fund a business. I'm going to build

a profitable business. I want to prove that I can do this. And we had started Scour, which had all the things we talked about. And so what I did is I'm like, I was a golfer. And frankly, there was nothing to do in tech. So I started selling used golf clubs on the internet. And I was making real money. And I might have learned more from this business than any other because I started on eBay. And like I was 22 and I didn't really understand that like my margins would come down because anyone can do this. But I was one of the first ones to do it. So I was making a ton of money and then I built this business. And then I just failed to recognize I had a lot of hubris.

I was like, oh, if I could just buy all the used golf clubs in America, I can be the market maker for for prices. And don't people do that. That's great. Yeah. And it's just like it's madness to actually think about the practicality of that. And so I just didn't spend the time thinking. and then I ended up in this business. The business was profitable.

It got to a couple million of revenue, whatever, paid me a dividend for a while, but it was painful the entire way. I love the spectrum of experiences you've had. You've sold golf clubs. You're helping achieve AGI, I could say. There's also a whole part of your career we haven't talked about where you built tasers

and body cams and drones and all these things. Also pure, pure, pure file sharing before anyone else. final topic I just want to spend a little time on based on this experience is hiring and building teams. Something that I know you have a really strong take on that I've been hearing a lot on this podcast recently is this idea of it's more important to build the right team than find the most optimal top talent. Talk about that. Why that's so interesting and important. As of late, I've developed a more nuanced view of this, which is for certain roles, you absolutely need the right experience in this current market. You know, you see this with researchers, right?

Because the market's moving so fast, you don't have time to train up some people. So you actually have to go find people either who have the right relationships with customers that you want to get or you have to, you know, who might not check other boxes, but like, you know, are awesome at that, like, might not check the classic boxes that I think you're referencing of like, they're a problem solver. They can grow with the company. They have a high trajectory, et cetera. I would see that that's like 5% of the roles in the company, but like very important

whenever speed to market is important. And then for interviewing, I just interviewed. for three things, and I have to interview across all kinds of like, expertise, which is hard. You know, I can't be an expert in everything. And so I reduce it down to just three things, which is like, are you a curious problem solver? And can you articulate that verbally? Can you work across people? Like, are you humble enough to work across? And are you a good leader? And if you just do those three things, you know, I think you have a pretty high chance of success, at least in an organization that I'm running.

Because the world's changing, right? So you do need people that are adaptable. So all the experience is not necessarily like one-to-one relevant. And then the working across to your team point, this actually came up at Uber Eats. So like when I was building the Uber Eats management team, I'm not sure if this was mentioned to you from that group. But like whenever I would hire people, I was trying to compose almost like an organism of strengths and then like minimize the conflicts. that management team for the most part, outside of some of the operations side, but like for the most part that management team

was the same management team from day one when we had nothing to $20 billion. And I just believed that the team knowing each other's strengths and weaknesses and being able to compensate for each other was more important than the classic advice you get around like, well, that person hasn't seen this much scale. And you're like, well, yeah, but can they learn it? Like I learned it.

Like, so you do have to kind of believe in people a little bit, which is my job, not necessarily their job. And so, you know, I mean, these are people systems. They're not straightforward rules-based things you can apply. And I especially love this advice because there's all this talk about what skills will matter in this world of AI doing all our jobs. And it feels like these three buckets are maybe the same thing. Just are they good at solving problems?

Are they good leaders? Can they collaborate well with other people? Yeah. I don't think that the core, like, rise of humanity, it will change. And I think that these things are pretty core to like how humans have been successful for a long time. Speaking of that, I'm going to take us to a recurring segment on this podcast that I call AI Corner, where I ask folks this question, what's some way that you've found a use for

AI in your day-to-day life, in your work that makes you more effective, get more done, get better stuff done? Honestly, like, when I came into scale, you know, so my history was a consumer and I'd done some application-level stuff with government, and this space is moving so quickly, AI is my, you know, I use it as a tutor. You know, as these new concepts come up, you know, I have a lot of people in the company who can educate me on the nuances of the technicals of like all of, excuse me, like the technical nature of like the data and the products. But they only have so much time. And honestly, like there's new concepts coming up all the time and I need to stay on top of it.

So I like it might sound crazy, but, you know, a large percentage of my job is not dealing with. the engineering issues related to AI. I'm managing an organization, but I love understanding it. It's like one of the most enjoyable, rewarding parts of my job is to learn from all these AI researchers, but they don't always have the time to do it. So I use it as a tutor.

Like I turn on voice mode and talk to it on my way into work. So I think that's probably like the most impactful thing that I use it for. It's also relevant to this topic. I do exactly the same thing, especially when I'm prepping for this podcast, like what exactly is this? I think about when you say this, I did an interview with the founders of perplexity a few years ago

asking about how they work at perplexity. And the founders said that before, they were ruled before they asked a question of anyone on the team. They have to ask AI first. And I was just like, that's crazy. Like now it's so obvious. But back then I was like, that's an insane way of working. I've never heard of this before.

Just a sign of how ahead of the curve they were. Yeah, I think number two would be, I'll take internal documents and I'll ask what's the most important thing in this document. And I'm shocked. And then I'll read it and just double check. But I'm shocked at how good it is, it's just pulling out. There's so much in organizations that is like, I don't know what you want me to say and I don't know what I need to know. But like we each have our own agendas.

And so this matching of, and so then there's like this huge broadcast problem where it's like of all of the information you might want to receive. like what's actually important to you. And so I use it a lot for that too. Amazing. That's a really good tip. I use it for legal documents. Just like, what should I know about

what they're trying to do here for me? Or against me. Jason, is there anything else you wanted to share or leave listeners with, maybe double down on a point before we get to a very exciting lightning round? Yeah, yeah, absolutely. I mean, I think they're really important,

the reason why I'm doing this, the reason why, you know, want to spend time here outside of wanting to be on the show for a while and, you know, being a long-term listener, or long-time listener, excuse me, is, you know, there's a lot of amazing work going on a scale. The teams are working super hard. We're delivering a ton of value for our customers. The public narrative has not represented the work that the people here are doing and the work that our customers are doing with what we're doing for them. And I just think that

deserves the respect and reward that all those people are putting in. And, you know, we, you know, we'd like people to know that. I appreciate you saying all that. With that, we've reached our very exciting lightning round. I've got five questions for you. You ready? Yeah, let's go for it. What are two or three books that you find yourself recommending most to other people? Something's going to sign interesting. The Selfish Gene is like one of my favorite books. I love that book. I don't know if anyone's ever mentioned. It was one of the most influential books for me too. So sorry, keep going. Yes, I think Selfish Gene. Road Less Travel that I've read more than once. I mean, it's just a like one of the classic human psychology book. And then I think in business,

I think, uh, uh, like good to great. It's, it's not the like, it's not the read that you're going to be most excited to, you know, enjoy on a vacation. But like, it's pretty much right. And I think we should take advice from people who have analyzed these business problems before because not a lot to change, but we keep acting like everything's changed. What's crazy about that book, you look at all the companies they talk about, I haven't read in a while, but just like the whole book is about, companies that last, I believe, or maybe that's the other break, I don't know. But anyway, all the companies that they talk about, I don't know if they're still around. It's like so hard for a business to last a long, long time.

I would also recommend thinking slow and fast, right? That's the, yes. Thinking fast and slow. Excuse me. Sorry, it's been like a decade since I read it. Just in terms of point there being like human biases are very important, understand. What's really crazy to me about that book and Catam in general? Someone asked them just, how has your life been impacted by learning all these biases

humans have, he's like not much. Like I have the same biases. Knowing them doesn't really help me avoid them. See, I find myself checking myself. Whenever I get super convicted on something now, I will be like, okay, what is the list of things that I'm like inclined to do? To try to like catch myself.

Because, you know, I think we're most inclined to have these bad decisions impulsively, which is which is what I think the book is largely about. I mean, it's a long book. So long. Oh my God. It feels like that's where AI could help us in the future, just like, hey, Jason, have you sure this isn't a framing effect or whatever? Yes. Okay.

Next question. Do you have a favorite recent movie or a TV show that you've really enjoyed? Most of the movies I watch are with my kids. So I wish I had something deep and profound. Now, kids' content also is very acceptable. Yeah, the Formula One movie, I thought was really good. I mean, you know, it's a classic, you know, classic action movie. don't think it informs anything in AI or business, but it's good to check out from the craziness

of tech once in a while. Is there a product you recently discovered that you really love? Could be an app, could be clothing, could be a kitchen gadget, anything along those lines? V-O-3, right? Not totally new, but when I was in high school, I wanted to be a screenwriter. I actually grew up in the Bay Area and everybody was an engineer, but like I wanted to be a screenwriter. And so I went back and I got the first page of one of my old scripts.

which not good scripts. But like, you know, I got the first page. I took a picture of the script and I fed it to V-O-3. And I said, make this scene. And it got it right. Wow. I was shocked. I was just like absolutely shocked that you could just take a picture of a script.

And so now I'm thinking about that for like, you know, how do I use these tools for like family videos? Like, you know, some of the grot tools now with like, you know, live, you know, making live images. more active, I think are like really interesting. Like I think they need one more step of iteration. But I think those are going to be really like emotionally life changing for people. Because just like a little bit of movement in an image from a grandparent or a relative or whatever you haven't seen in a while. It really does make a big emotional impact on you. I love that you play with these tools.

You probably can think about, oh, here's like the people that help train this thing. Here's the people that help them. Yeah. I was actually talking to someone who is who is, who is. working on V-O-3 and I told them the script thing and he goes, oh, actually scripts. Yeah, no, like the way the data is formatted in the script, that would actually be very good. Because, you know, they start with like, you know, set looks dark, interior, this character says it in this raspy voice. And so it gives you all the instructions in the script.

Oh, man. Just unlocked the whole new business, you know, right there. Yeah. Okay, two more questions. One is, do you have a favorite life motto that you often think about find useful in work or in life? Yeah. The end is not. ever the end. That's like my favorite, like internal saying. And it goes to the comments before about survival being a precursor, surviving being a precursor to thriving, you know, you got to survive before you thrive, which is your brain tells you, and along these entrepreneurial journeys, I think this is most applicable. I mean, this is the hardest journey anyone can go on. Like if you go on this journey for five years, like you are mentally harder than like 99.9% of the population. Like people don't understand

the Chinese water torture of like having self-down. out and like having things go wrong, et cetera. And so, um, you know, more tactically, you get this when you're working out and, you know, like, like in a day like, oh, I'm too tired. Like, I need to stop. But the truth is, is you can keep going. And the world's going to keep spinning. So I find in the moments where it's just like the hardest or you have this hard decision that seems impassable and your body, you're having this visceral reaction to like, this is not, this is impossible. Just to remind yourself that like, I'm going to wake up tomorrow. Like, this isn't the end. There's another end somewhere. I just find that to unlock me to be like, okay, there might not be a

perfect solution. There might be like an imperfect solution, but it's a solution, so let's just keep going. Final question. You helped create a breets. I imagine you're still a power user of rubriots. You have a fair restaurant and a breederates that maybe people should know about maybe that you order most from. I order a shocking amount of McDonald's actually. Despite my like, like original story, it's sort of the family treat in the house. I would say that that's probably the tough thing that we order. Oh, man. I'm worried for your health, but I love, I haven't had McDonald's so long.

This is like, maybe I should give it a note. I mean, more practically, we will order like mixed greens or tender greens or something like that, like on a day-to-day basis. But, like, you know, I think that like the more notable surprising thing is that despite my initial aversion to working with a global. chain, like, it's a good treat once in a while. You just shouldn't have it all the time. Jason, this was incredible. I really appreciate making time for this. I really honored to be the first chat you've had since taking over at scale. Where can folks find you online if they want to maybe reach out, learn more about what you're, I don't know, maybe look for maybe a join scale. Where do you want to point people to? And how can listeners be useful to you? Yeah, absolutely.

I'm at J. Drogey, J-D-R-O-E-G-E-E-E at, you know, on X. That's probably the easiest way to follow me, keep up with things and you know you can shoot me a DM if you like and so I think that's how you would keep in touch and sorry what was your other questions uh if you're hiring I don't know where should people go check it out if you are and then also yes yeah yeah absolutely just go to scale dot com go to our careers page and we have 250 open roles uh to the point about you know we're in business and we're growing uh you're hiring a ton of people um our applications business business you know our data business is growing our applications and services business is growing like crazy. And so we're going to need a lot of people to help us on that journey.

Can you guys just sign some insanely large contracts with the government I was reading? Two $100 million contracts. One hundred million dollar contracts. Yeah, we didn't sign just one. We signed two in one month. So yes. No, our, our federal business is doing well. Our enterprise business is doing well. Our international government's business is doing well. There's a lot of demand out there. Some salespeople are getting some great commissions. Good job. Jason, Thank you so much for being here. Yeah, thank you. Yeah, yeah.

Honor to be a guest here. You know, super excited to be with you, you know, be with you especially so early in the journey, or at least my journey here, leading to scale. I appreciate it. Thanks for coming. Thanks for joining us. Bye, everyone. Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcast, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app.

Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review, as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lenniespodcast.com. See you in the next episode.