Lenny's Podcast: Product | Career | Growth - Inside Google's AI turnaround: The rise of AI Mode, strategy behind AI Overviews, and their vision for AI-powered search | Robby Stein (VP of Product, Google Search)

Episode Date: October 10, 2025

Robby Stein is VP of Product at Google, where he oversees the core products of Google Search—including the new AI Overviews, AI Mode, search ranking, Google Lens, and more. Previously, he led consumer products at Instagram, where he and his teams built Stories, Reels, Close Friends, and other key features now used by billions.—What you’ll learn:Why Google’s AI products are suddenly taking off after years of perceived stagnation How AI is expanding Search rather than replacing it, contrary to what many predicted The three core product principles that have helped Robby build multiple billion-user products Inside Instagram’s decision to build its own version of Snapchat Stories His mantra of “relentless improvement” How Google developed AI Mode from concept to launch in just one year Why most teams give up too early on potentially transformative products —Brought to you by:Vanta—Automate compliance. Simplify security: https://vanta.com/lennyJira Product Discovery—Confidence to build the right thing: https://atlassian.com/lenny/?utm_source=lennypodcast&utm_medium=paid-audio&utm_campaign=fy24q1-jpd-imcOrkes—The enterprise platform for reliable applications and agentic workflows: https://www.orkes.io/—Transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-google-built-ai-mode-in-under-a-year—My biggest takeaways (for paid newsletter subscribers): ⁠https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/i/175041217/my-biggest-takeaways-from-this-conversation⁠—Where to find Robby Stein:• X: https://x.com/rmstein• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/robbystein/—Referenced:• Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/app• Nano Banana: https://aistudio.google.com/models/gemini-2-5-flash-image• Chat GPT: https://chatgpt.com/• Perplexity: https://www.perplexity.ai/• Google Lens: https://lens.google/• AI Google search: https://www.google.com/ai• Why ChatGPT will be the next big growth channel (and how to capitalize on it) | Brian Balfour (Reforge): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/why-chatgpt-will-be-the-next-big-growth-channel-brian-balfour• Alex Rampell on X: https://x.com/arampell• A 4-step framework for building delightful products | Nesrine Changuel (Spotify, Google, Skype): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/a-4-step-framework-for-building-delightful-products• Look broader, look closer, think younger: Tony Fadell speaks at TED2015: https://blog.ted.com/look-broader-look-closer-think-younger-tony-fadell-speaks-at-ted2015/• Jobs to Be Done: https://www.christenseninstitute.org/theory/jobs-to-be-done/• The ultimate guide to JTBD | Bob Moesta (co-creator of the framework): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/the-ultimate-guide-to-jtbd-bob-moesta• Rinstagram or Finstagram? The curious duality of the modern Instagram user: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/26/rinstagram-finstagram-instagram-accounts• V03: https://v03ai.com/• Pirate GPT: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/silentmeditation/pirate-gpt/• The Bear on Hulu: https://www.hulu.com/series/the-bear-05eb6a8e-90ed-4947-8c0b-e6536cbddd5f• Dune on HBO Max: https://www.hbomax.com/movies/dune/e7dc7b3a-a494-4ef1-8107-f4308aa6bbf7• Top Gun: Maverick: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1745960/• Purple pillows: https://purple.com/pillows• Avocado pillow: https://www.avocadogreenmattress.com/products/green-pillow• Justin Bieber’s website: https://www.justinbiebermusic.com/• Scooter Braun’s website: https://scooterbraun.com/—Recommended books:• Competing Against Luck: The Story of Innovation and Customer Choice: https://www.amazon.com/Competing-Against-Luck-Innovation-Customer/dp/0062435612• The Design of Everyday Things: https://www.amazon.com/Design-Everyday-Things-Revised-Expanded/dp/0465050654• Aurora: https://www.amazon.com/Aurora-High-Stakes-Survival-Navigate-Darkness/dp/0062916475• Project Hail Mary: https://www.amazon.com/Project-Hail-Mary-Andy-Weir/dp/0593135202—Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email [e-mail].—Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed. To hear more, visit www.lennysnewsletter.com

It feels like something has changed internally at Google. Just last week, Google Gemini hit the number one app in the app store. I feel like nobody saw this coming. Google's mission around have any information be universally accessible. This is a very enduring, very motivating thing. And it feels like with the AI moment, we can actually achieve that more than ever before. What I'm feeling now is just an incredible sense of focus and urgency. Things have hit a tipping point where these models are now truly able to deliver for consumers.

As Chachabit B.T emerged over the past couple of years as perplexity emerged, A lot of people were just like Google is dead. Nobody wants to sit through search results and click links. The core Google search isn't really changing, in my opinion, not seeing that. People come to search for just ridiculously wide set of things. They want specific phone number. They want a price for something. They want to get directions. I think the vastness of that is underappreciated by many people. AI is expansionary. There's actually just more and more questions being asked and curiosity that can be fulfilled now with AI. You've built a lot of very successful products. You use this phrase, embodying relentless improvement. You need to be.

the physical manifestation of two pieces of things. One is just relentlessness, like just complete effort that is always exerted in a direction of positive productivity. And the second is make things better. You have to always make things better. You're never content. You build and launch stories at Instagram. Back in the day, it's quite controversial because it basically took what Snapchat was doing

really well. And then like, hey, let's bring it to Instagram. Not every great thing is going to be invented by you. Facebook probably created the modern feed, but there's a feed for every single product. At the end of the day, you're kind of just robbing your user. base of an opportunity to have a better product. Today my guest is Robbie Stein, Robbie's VP of product for Google Search, and is responsible for essentially the entire Google search experience, including the new AI overviews, AI mode, multimodal

AI experiences like Google Lens, the ranking algorithm, and a lot more. He's at the forefront of one of the biggest shifts in Google's history and has already made a massive dent in Google's trajectory. He's also made a massive dent in the trajectory of Instagram, where he was head of product and led the launch of Instagram stories and reels and close friends, and through that grew Instagram to half a billion daily active users. He's also on the founding team of Artifact, with Mike Krieger and Kevin Sistram, started two companies of his own.

Very few people have had this level of impact on two global consumer products at this scale, and Robbie shares all of the biggest lessons that he's learned about building great and successful consumer products, along with a bunch of insights into where Google is headed in the world of AI. A huge thank you to Bart Stein for suggesting topics for this conversation. If you enjoy this podcast, don't forget to subscribe and follow it in your favorite podcasting app or YouTube. It helps tremendously.

And if you become an annual subscriber of my newsletter, you get a year free of 15 incredible products, including lovable, replet, bolt, N-A-Ninear, linear superhuman, Descript, whisperflow, gamma, perplexity, warped, granola, magic patterns, raycast, chat, PRD, and Mobbin. Head on over to Lenny's newsletter.com and click Product Pass. With that, I bring you Robbie Stein. My podcast guests and I love talking about craft and taste and agency and product market fit. You know what we don't love talking about? Sock 2. That's where Vanta comes in.

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and are three times more productive. Establishing trust isn't optional. Vanta makes it automatic. Get $1,000 off at vanta.com slash lenin. This episode is brought to you by Girov. Product Discovery. The hardest part of building products isn't actually building products. It's everything else. It's proving that the work matters, managing stakeholders, trying to plan ahead. Most teams spend more time reacting than learning, chasing updates, justifying roadmaps,

and constantly unblocking work to keep things moving. Jira product discovery puts you back in control. With Jira product discovery, you can capture insights and prioritize high-impact ideas. It's flexible, so it adapts to the way your team works, and helps you build a roadmap. that drives alignment, not questions. And because it's built on Jira, you can track ideas from strategy to delivery, all in one place. Less chasing, more time to think, learn,

and build the right thing. Get Jira product discovery for free at Atlassian.com slash Lenny. That's atlassian.com slash Lenny. Robbie, thank you so much for being here and welcome to the podcast. Thanks so much for having me. This is such a cool week to be recording this podcast.

So just last week, Gemini, Google Gemini, hit the number one app in the app store. I have it right here. It's still number one in the app store. It's above Chatchipiti. I feel like nobody saw this coming. I feel like everyone's always like Google, what have you guys been doing? You guys build all this amazing tech. And why didn't you have anything working in consumer?

Why is JetGPTT? Why are all these amazing companies doing better than Google? So first of all, let me just say, congrats. I know this isn't all you. I imagine you had some part in this. So just congrats. Many, many more people. Yes.

It feels like something has changed internally at Google. It feels like things are starting to really work, especially on the AI consumer side. So in terms of the growth, is nanobanana, a source of a lot of this recent growth? People are really excited about nanobanana, to be clear, very much so. But I think also people are recognizing that there's just so many cool things that you can do across the Google set of products. And they've become quite powerful. And so I'm always shocked even for things in search. people, like we think they're very obvious because they sit right in the core search experience.

And then on X, I'll go look and like, oh, I just found out about this AI thing. And it seems very obvious. But I think a lot of people are just discovering quite how powerful these tools are now. Yeah. So to go one level deeper, to your point, there's been all this incredible tech. You guys wrote the original Transformers paper that have powered so much of the innovation. And it's just like, where has Google been? And actually, why are they building the thing that's winning?

What has changed? Is it just like, okay, we need a, is there been like major reorgs? Is there been new leaders put in place? Is there just like a new philosophy in the past couple years that have led to this moment where Gemini is now the top app in the world? Yeah, I mean, look, I've been at Google now. This is, you know, my second time at Google. So I started at Google in 2007, done a bunch of things in between and I've been back at Google now.

So I can't speak to that whole period, you know, for many, many years back to today. But what I can tell you about what I'm feeling now is just an incredible sense of focus and urgency to deliver great products quickly. And I think that that is, in part, leadership for sure. I think the people who are, we work very closely with our partners at DeepMind, Google DeepMind. We work very closely, obviously, across the organization. And there's just an incredible group of people and also an incredible group of, you know, researchers and technical thinkers who've been thinking about this for a while.

And so when you have that energy and I think the product teams and the tech, the research groups are working really closely together, we're able to move and we're getting a lot done. And so I don't think there's anything like one thing that has happened. I think that a lot of times people ascribe a lot of momentum to a one-time change or a single person. I find a lot of this is actually this compounding effect. You think about just every month ruthlessly improving the product or the models and just in every day getting better. And then it kind of just hits this tipping point where people just like it. They use it more.

They enjoy it. And that's more of the feeling that I've had is just, you know, we've had kind of, I think, the right investment and focus. And then it just hit a moment where people are seeing the effect. of that now. As chatchabit emerged over the past couple years, as perplexity emerged and all these other chatbots, a lot of people were just like Google is dead. Nobody wants to sit through search results and click links. Why not just get your answer right there? And it feels like that's not all happening. It feels like you guys are doing just fine. What can you share by just the, I don't know,

the state of Google search specifically? And then we'll talk about AI mode. Just like, how is traffic going? How is search going? Considering all these things are out there. just what are you seeing in the data since the launch of Satchat GBT? Yeah. Well, what's interesting is people come to search for just ridiculously wide set of things, like all kinds of things. They want specific phone number. They want a price for something.

They want to get directions. They want to find a, you know, payment web page for their taxes. Like every possible thing you can imagine. I think the vastness of that is underappreciated by many people. What we see is that that doesn't, it's not changing. Like, AI hasn't really changed those foundational needs in many ways. And what we're finding is that AI is expansionary. And so there's actually just more and more questions being asked and curiosity that can be fulfilled now with AI.

And so that's where you get the growth. And so the core Google search isn't really changing, in my opinion. We're not seeing that. But you're getting this expansion moment. And so what we're seeing as a few examples is you can now take a picture of something and ask about anything you see. And Google lens, one of the fastest growing products out there, it's growing 70% year-over-year increase in visual searches, which is already at like a massive scale. It's like billions and billions and billions of searching in that way. But you can take a picture of your shoes.

Say, where can I buy this? Or take a picture of your homework. Say I am stuck on question two. And then just take a picture of your bookshelf and say, what are the books I should get based on these books? And AI can help you with those things now. It's just an example of I think why there's so much growth left and why we're so excited. Okay. So you're not seeing the death of search.

No. And along the same lines, you guys recently launched AI mode, which I don't think enough people are talking about. I think you get there at Google.com. slash AI. Is that the right URL? Okay, cool. So I've been playing with it as we were prepping for this conversation. It's really incredible. I asked it, what is the best newsletter on product and growth? And it's very smart. So Lenny's newsletter. So that's my e-val. Fantastic. Okay. One of one, perfect e-val. It's perfect. Also, just if you go to it, there's these recommendations for things to ask it that are just like, wait, how did you know I care

about this stuff? So it's like, help me switch to product management. Just like, on the front page. I'm like, how did you know? And it tells you that it's based on your Google activity. Talk about just what people should know about AI mode, maybe what they don't really understand about the power of this thing. I can tell you, there's kind of three big components to how we can think about AI search and kind of the next generation of search experiences. One is obviously AI overviews, which are the quick and fast AI you get at the top of the page many people have seen. And that's obviously been something growing very, very quickly. This is when you ask a natural question, you just put it into Google. You get this AI now.

that's really helpful for people. The second is around multimodals. This is visual search and lens. That's the other big piece. You go to the camera and the Google app and that's seeing a bunch of growth. And then really with AI mode, it really brings it all together. It creates an end-to-end frontier search experience on state-of-the-art models to really truly let you ask anything of Google search. You can go back and forth. You can have a conversation and it taps into and is specially designed for search. So what does that mean? And one of the cool things that I think it does is it's able to understand all of this incredibly rich information that's within Google. So there's 50 billion products in the Google Shopping Graph, for instance. They're updated two billion times an hour by

merchants with live prices. You have 250 million places and maps. You have all of the finance information. And not to mention, you have the entire context of the web and how to connect to it so that you can get context, but then go deeper. And you kind of like put all of that into this brain that is effectively this way to talk to Google and get at this knowledge. And that's really what you can do now. And so you can ask anything on your mind and it will use all of this information

to hopefully give you super high quality and informed information as best as we can. And you can use it directly at this, Google.com slash AI, but it's also been integrated into our core experiences too. So, you know, we announce you can get to it really easily. You know, if you actually, you can ask follow up questions of AI overviews

right into AI mode now. Same for the lens. stuff, take a picture, takes you to AI modes. You can have this back. You can ask follow-up questions and go there, too. So it's increasingly integrated experience into the core part of the product. I imagine much of this is wait and see how people use it. But what's the vision of how all these things connect? Is the idea, continue having this AI mode on the side, AI overrears at the top, and then this multimodal experience? Or is there a vision of somehow pushing these together even more over time? I think there's an opportunity for these to come closer together. I think that's what

AI mode represents, at least for the core AI experiences. But I think of them is very complementary to the core search product. And so you should be able to not have to think about where you're asking a question. Ultimately, you just go to Google. And today, if you put in whatever you want, we're actually starting to use much of the power behind AI mode, write in AI overviews. So you can just ask really hard. You could put a five-sentence question right into Google search.

You can try it. And then it should trigger AI at the top. It's a preview. And then you can go deeper into AI mode and have to be. this back and forth. So that's how these things connect. Same for your camera. So if you take a picture of something, what's this plant or how do I buy these shoes? It should take you to an AI little preview. And then if you go deeper, again, it's powered by AI mode. You can have that back and forth. So you shouldn't have to like think about that. It should feel like a consistent

simple product experience ultimately. But obviously, this is a new thing for us. And so we wanted to start it in a way that people could use and give us feedback, you know, with something like a direct entry point like Google.com slash AI. I recently had Brian Balfour in the podcast. and he showed this quote that's really stuck with me that I think about as you talk about all this. It was by Alex Rampel, this idea that startups is a game of getting distribution before incumbents can innovate fast enough. And it feels like you guys are finally there where it's like, oh, man, now here comes Google. I don't know if I have a question here, but it just feels like this has, there's been all this time for people to find distribution. And now it's like, okay, now Google is coming.

What we found is that people are asking these questions in Google. Like, they're trying to get this out of Google. And so if you can just have an AI that's powerful enough to answer a really hard calculation, someone's trying to figure out or like take a picture of like multiple choice homework question for a chemistry question, people are doing this. And so now that you have this really sophisticated AI that's based on our frontier models, we can just handle increasingly more and more stuff for people. And so hopefully that's like the more natural on ramp here.

And then we're just going to make it easy enough for people to use because these are new products. And people are used to using Google in a specific way. They type in keywords. We call it sometimes keyword ease. But you can actually use natural language in Google. That's the biggest shift we're seeing, people asking real long, hard, complex questions. Because you just don't think, I can go to Google and type in, like, what's a great place for a date night? I already went to these four restaurants.

I'm looking for outdoor dining. And my friend has this allergy. You could put that into Google. And I think that's the kind of thing that we're excited to continue to make easy for people. It's interesting. And we've come around to back in the day there was Ask Jeeves, which was this whole, just ask a question as if you're asking a human. and then it'll give you a really good answer. And then we moved into Google.

Just type the thing you want and figure out how Google likes it. And now we're back to, okay, just ask your question and it'll give you a really good answer. Yeah, Steve's was surprisingly prescient on that, huh? It's like, they like had something, like way before it's time that we have to think books that rallied around now. Oh, man. What's your take on this whole rise of AEO, GEO, which is kind of this evolution of SEO. I'm guessing your answer is going to be just create awesome stuff and don't worry about it. But there's a whole skill of getting to show up in these answers.

Thoughts on what people should be thinking about here. Sure. I mean, I can give you a little bit of under the hood like how this stuff works, because I do think that helps people understand what to do. But, you know, when our AI constructs a response, it's actually trying to, it does something called query fan out where the model uses Google search as a tool to find, to do other querying. So maybe you're asking about specific shoes.

It'll add and append all of these other queries, like maybe dozens of queries and start Start searching, basically, in the background. And it will make requests to our data kind of backends. If it needs real-time information, I'll go do that. And so at the end of the day, actually, something's searching. It's not a person, but there's searches happening, and then each search is paired with content. And so if for a given search, your webpage is designed to be extremely helpful.

And you can look up, you know, Google's Human Rader guidelines and read, you know, it's a very long document that's been thoughtfully crafted for decades now, around, you know, what makes great information? This is something Google has studied more than anyone. And it's like, do you satisfy the user intent of what they're trying to get? Do you have sources? Do you cite your information? Like, is it original or is it repeating things that have been repeated 500 times?

And there's these best practices that I think still do largely apply because it's going to ultimately come down to an AI is doing research and finding information. And a lot of the core signals, is this a good piece of information for the question? They're still valid. They're still extremely valid and extremely useful, and that will produce a response for you're more likely to show up in those experiences now. I think the only thing I would give advice to would be think about what people are using AI for. I mentioned this as an expansionary moment, right? It seems to be that people are asking a lot more questions now, particularly around things like advice or how to or more complex needs versus maybe, you know, more simple things.

And so if I were a creator, I would be thinking what kind of content is someone using AI for? and then how can my content be the best for that given set of needs now? And I think that's a really tangible way of thinking about it. It's interesting your point about how it goes and searches. When you use it, it's like searching a thousand pages or something like that. Is that just a different core mechanic to how other popular chatbots work? Because the others don't go search a bunch of websites as you're asking. Yeah, this is something that we've done uniquely for our AI.

It obviously has the ability to use parametric memory and thinking and reasoning and all the things a model does. But one of the things that makes it unique for designing it specifically for informational tasks. We wanted to be the best at informational needs, right? So Google's all about. And so how does it find information? How does it know if information is right? How does it check its work? These are all things that we built into the model.

And so there is a unique access to Google. Obviously, it's part of Google search. So it's Google search signals, everything from spam. like what's content that could be spam and we don't want to probably use in a response all the way to wow, this is like the most authoritative, helpful piece of information. We're going to link to it and we're going to explain, hey, according to this website, you know, check out that information and then you're going to go, you know, probably go see that yourself. So that's how we've thought about designing this. You've worked on a lot of AI products at this point. It wasn't, it's not just Google

or artifact and Instagram. You did a lot of AI stuff. What's something you've learned about building AI products that you find maybe people don't truly understand, maybe something that surprised you by building successful AI products. I think the most recent one, and this is true, something even within the last week or two, is that it's so obvious how human-like the interface is becoming with how you can communicate and steer AI. I think it used to be even just months back that you had to do a lot of work to get the AI to do the thing you're trying to get it to do.

You had to do these incantations. You had to prompt in a really specific way. Like people would have all these hacks like, hey, act like you're a coach and you do these things. And you have to really push it or to use a tool, you know, more on the technical side, you had to do post-training. Like you had to take this foundational model and you had to show it data. You had to train it and actually update its weights to do more sophisticated things. Because it's just, you tell it, hey, here's like documentation for an API. If you ever have a problem, you know, ping this API.

here's the data, like, as if it's like an engineer that you had that you could talk to. And it would have no idea what to do with that. Or it would have some idea. I wouldn't really, really do it. But increasingly, you can just use language to like almost if you were to write up in order. You know, you could be like, wow. Like, here's a, I'm a new startup. Here's my data internally.

Here are the APIs to it. Here's the schema and the URL. Here's when to use it. By the way, make sure that if you get this kind of a question, you really make sure to get it right. And like that'll end up doing a lot in the model. Like the model's been now encoded to be able to say, okay, I'm going to like use more reasoning or thinking budget for that kind of a question or I'm going to use tools or code, to code use, code execution in order to connect to this API I'm told about.

And that's a relatively new thing. So I think it's going to open up a lot of this democratization of accessing these models and building incredible things because you don't even need to do a lot to get the most sophisticated outcomes increasingly. I don't think you need to do a lot of this heavy-duty fine-tuning. It makes me think about it. I have this recent guest, Nasreen Schengel on the podcast. She was a PM at Google.

She worked on Google Meet. She was a delight PM working on and making products more delightful. And she talked about the reason Google Meet did so well and now feels like it's killing Zoom is they compared the experience of Google Meet to a human meeting versus making it the best possible video conference. Let's make this as good as a human experience. And that's interesting what you're talking about, how that's almost. What's the goal here with AI is just make it feel like you're just talking about a person? Exactly.

Might be obvious, but it's, think about that. Okay. Let me, uh, let me zoom out and talk about just, and let's talk about just broader lessons you've learned over the course of your career. You've built a lot of very successful products, which I've shared in the intro at this point. Many, many, not, um, also on the other side of the spectrum, we got the whole portfolio. Okay. Perfect.

We'll talk about some of that. So I asked you as we were getting ready for this conversation, what's one thing you wanted to get across in this conversation with something you think would be really helpful for product builders to hear to help them build more successful products. And he used this phrase embodying relentless improvement. Can you just talk about that? What does that mean? Why is this so important? Of course. I mean, I think that you need to be the physical manifestation of two pieces of things. One is just relentlessness, like just complete effort but is always exerted in a direction of positive productivity. And then the second is make things better. You have to always make

things better. You're never content. And I think this actually came out of a story, a little bit of a funny story where I was at Instagram at the time doing a big, you know, all team meeting on my first. And they had this icebreaker. It's like, what's one word to describe yourself? And so in the backstage area, like texted my wife really quick. Like, hey, just one word to describe me. First thing that comes to your mind. And she just wrote back, dissatisfied. And I was kind of chuckling in the, in the back room. Because I was first of like kind of offended because I was like, it's not like loving, caring. like something good. And then I saw like her little bubble thing.

Like she's like, okay, there's more. And then she wrote me this like really thoughtful thing that was like, you know, it's not that you're just unhappy. It's like you want the world to be better. You're driven out of a deep desire. It's that you feel the sense of dissatisfaction with what the world gives you. You want to make it better. And you're pushed and motivated to do that.

And I thought about that after. And it wasn't until we built a bunch of, you know, products, you know, some that didn't do well. some that have had a lot of really large success now billions of people use them, where it felt like one of the big differences, obviously a lot of it is just the conditions of the product and the, you know, a little bit of luck here and there too. But for the things that went well, there was always the spirit of just we're going to get it eventually if we just make two more moves to make it to make it better. And then eventually, I talked about before earlier on a conversation, you get this tipping point where it just kind of tips over into being net useful to people because of just that amount of

compounding effort that you put into something because you're just always so, you're the whole, you're the harshest critic and the most dissatisfied person in the room about your own work, basically. And I think that's really meaningful. And there's this other other incredible story that Tony Fidel told on a TED talk like 10 years ago. You can look it up. I think it's something around think younger as a title. And he talks about what it means that as we grow up and age and become grownups. I have two little kids. So that's something I think about a lot. We habituate to everything. Like we accept and we tolerate what the world gives us everywhere. And we just go, oh, that kind of sucks.

Oh, well, we shrug our shoulders and we move on. But if you don't do that and you ask, why? Like, this sucks. Like, why am I, like, tolerating this? And how do I make it better? He has this incredible story about going grocery shopping. And he goes on for like 10 minutes about this story almost. It felt like where he talks about getting a piece of fruit, like a plum or a peach,

and how it has that sticker on it. You know, it's got that sticker. and who put that sticker there? And then when you get home, you take your fruit out of your bag, you're ready to eat it, you're all excited, you stick your thumb under the sticker,

it punctures the flesh. He goes into just incredible detail about how it punctures the flesh of the fruit. The sticker comes off. Now the fruit's bleeding. Then you like flick the sticker. The sticker like misses the garbage. You like bend over and pick it up.

You like put the sticker back in. And I was like, wow, like that is embodying this mentality, right? Of like just why is this here? How can this be better? And I think the best product people, the best thinkers in the space, that's how they think, in my opinion. I imagine there are many examples of you doing this in the many products you've worked on. Is there one that comes to mind as a good example of this inaction of this actually working really well and delivering something really huge? I mean, honestly, like a big thing is working on AI mode.

Like, I think a lot of it was, you know, we, we saw in AI overviews that people were trying to ask harder questions and we weren't able to answer a bunch of them or AI overviews just didn't show up. And so, you know, a bunch of us sat around. We're like, why can't you just do this for everything? Like, like, why can't we use, you know, instead of saying, oh, we don't need to solve for that or, you know, that's not something that's like in the most addressable next thing. It's like we actually saw people in the query stream putting the words AI. at the end of their queries because they're trying to like get the AI to like do the thing. And so we would look at that and just like this is ridiculous. We need to build something here.

And that was a big motive. That was one of the big motivations was actually identifying that like user problem being very disgruntled on behalf of the user. Like we're just failing the user every day. We are not helping them actually get their thing like kind of better understood. And we're going to go build a whole thing because of it because that's hard to do. by the way, to build all of that. But it just was so obvious that that's what we needed to do. There's kind of two buckets of people, let's say, hypothetically. One bucket is just make things better, make amazing experiences you're going to do great. There's another bucket that's like

drive metrics, drive goals, hit our KPIs. I know what you're not saying is just work, like work on things making, just make things better, relentlessly make things better. How do you just think about, I guess, that overlap of, okay, makes things better, but also here's what we really, here's the strategy, here's the vision. Yeah, I don't think of them as an or. I think they have to be intersected. Because basically the way to think about it is you actually start with a problem or the inverse of that, which is a vision.

But they're connected. It's like people, most great companies, most great products come out of a problem. But out of the problem becomes like, here's a better way. What if instead of this crappy thing or way of living or thing that we all tolerate and accept, you know, some entrepreneur comes up and says, what if we did this other thing? And then it comes out of this dissatisfaction and this sense of better that you need to make things better. But then you're going to build. And at the end of the day, you need your instrumentation to know if you're on the right track.

And that's where you bring tools like, okay, you build your first version of the product. Do people like it? It's like, and then each product goes through its journey. So the way you understand that people like it is you scrutinize typically. You talk to people. But you also add some analytical tools there. You might look at something like a j-cur. So this is the retention, the percentage of people still using the product, day seven, day 30, day 90, and does it flatten? Or do people just drip out of there? Like, overtime, it's just not exciting people. And that would go to zero. If on a long enough timeline, no one's going to use it. You don't get past that. You're toast, right? Then, okay, some people are doing it. Okay, great. We need more people to do it. And it needs to be good enough that people talk about it. And then it grows. And so that's another gate. And then there's another one, which,

is like, well, how big can this get, actually? Is it a small thing? Is it a medium thing? And I think most companies, like, you have like an aspiration of being big, but you can't start big. Everyone's got to go through that journey. No product has started big. Even ones that get big really quickly, even after, even like a week quickly, they had something. And that even internally, they started small. They started small with 100, 200 people. And so you have to be metrics focused, I think, in order to know if you're doing the right thing. And then the other thing is on the other side of the spectrum, you're running a big thing. And there you need metrics to be your guide. Like, If your product, let's say, okay, let's say our core metrics down 5% this week.

It's like, well, what's going on? Right? And so you need to be really close to root cause analysis there and say, well, actually it turns out that it's an issue. Is it in a region? Is it on a device? Is it in a demographic? Is it in a use case?

Where is my problem lie? And then when you get to it, you understand the problem. And then you can, this improvement thing comes back or it's like, okay, I'm going to make that, I'm going to fix that thing. I'm going to, what's the treatment for that, that disease? And then you're back to growth again. And so you kind of need this. You always are looking at what's the system that I'm working on?

And what are my instruments? I'm a pilot to know if this thing is going and flying correctly. But then it doesn't tell you exactly what to do. You have to think for yourself how to make it better. I can just show you a little bit of the way. I love that you just gave a masterclass on just how to prioritize and pick what's work on. I want to go on a quick tangent. Speaking of products that have done really well and become really big stories,

you build and launch stories at Instagram. It's quite an infamous product launch back in the day. It's quite controversial because it basically took what Snapchat was doing really well. And then like, hey, let's bring it to Instagram. And it was not great for Snapchat. Now that it was so long ago and just so far in the past, I'm so curious just to hear about that time reflecting on just that decision, what you guys talked about, how you decided to go ahead with that

and anything just, I don't know, you think about looking back at that. I think there's a couple of really important lessons from that launch. And I mean, we went on afterwards to launch reels, a bunch of updates to direct messaging, we had feed ranking. I mean, there was this a huge era there when I was there between, you know, 2016 and 2021 or so, where just so many new products got built. And I think an interesting lesson in all of those, and particularly in stories, was you have to really understand why someone uses your product and know when something.

thing is actually an existential question because there's just a better format or a different way of doing something that has worked and works and you need to figure out what that might mean for you. Because not every great thing is going to be invented by you. But I think that a lot of these things are, you know, they can become formats that you can make your own and you need to learn from the world and what's happening out there in order for your product to always give the best thing to its users. And so for stories, you know, we looked at Instagram like, what's the point of Instagram? It is sharing your life and connecting with people ultimately.

And if there's a way to do that, that lowers the pressure because it doesn't have likes or it's just a femoral format. And it's optimized well for mobile because it's this full screen experience. Like it's a really great format. And kudos to Snapchat for inventing it. You know, we didn't think of that as like a deterrent that we had to go make like Instagram photo, clock. And actually, there were early versions of this idea where you try to take the core Instagram feed and make it ephemeral. And whenever you try to mix a core product that's very cemented in someone's mind and physically looks a specific way and you're trying to contort it

to do something new, it's usually a bad recipe. And so we knew we needed to something new. And then it was so clearly it was critical to the core essence of what the product could do, it could fit in naturally. But the question was, how do we make it our own? And how do we build on this. And so if you think there were a bunch of things that we did that made it Instagram. And so, for example, it had different creative tools and it had things like neon drawing and these like really sophisticated filters that people loved. You know, we also looked at this talk about being dissatisfied. Like people took a lot of times they would, they want their main camera to take a picture of something and then they want to upload it to Instagram because they want to save it and they want

to be in a very high quality, high resolution photo because it's a memory. And Snapchat at the time didn't allow you to upload photos. It was like, you have to use a snap camera. And so we made a bunch of decisions like that where why don't you just let people upload their camera their photo like what like why like this is the despite point like that's frustrating you know or there's another example where you couldn't pause um if you like were consuming a story you couldn't pause it it just would like go through and be done because it was like this ephemeral thing and you wanted to create safety like why can't you just pause like it's it goes by too fast so we added this pause it's such a small thing but you put your finger down to pause the story now and so there were a

A whole set of those things that were shipped that made stories feel Instagram wasn't like you just had some other thing. And then it turns out that worked incredibly well. And so much to the fact that someone on the team mentioned that they always felt like at the time, they didn't realize it, but it was almost like it was missing the story size the holes at the top of the page. And it like completed the product in some weird way for them. And so that was, I think, an important lesson.

Instagram definitely got a lot of hate for that moment from a lot of founders. It was just like, hey, you guys just stole this idea and that sucks. How did you guys just deal with that internally? It was just this is, you know, we got to do this. We got to focus on our shellholders and grow this thing. And that's how it goes sometimes. I mean, I think it's more that we're focused on our users and the people who are loving Instagram. And it's denying them the opportunity to have an easy way to just share a photo and like have the thing go away.

You know, I mean, that's ultimately what we were trying to add. At the end of the day, that is a format that people adopt in the same way that think about feeds. You know, I think we talked about this at the time too when we shipped it. Like, you know, Facebook probably created the modern feed, but there's a feed for every single product, right? And there's a LinkedIn feed and there's a feed for DoorDash. You know, it's not like, like these things become core primitives quickly and formats. And then at the end of the day, you're kind of just robbing your user base of the opportunity to have a better product. If you're not making the best possible product for your use cases and for Instagram was used differently.

Like people use Instagram differently than they use other products. And it turns out that there were these experiences in WhatsApp and in Messenger and in many other social products over time. And they all were used differently, actually, which is fascinating. So something else I want to talk about is you came into two products that were already doing really well, Instagram and Google. And on the Instagram side, transformative growth and improvement, Google is happening. We're in the middle of the improvement and growth you're driving. Not a lot of people get to do this where they go into an existing product, make it grow significantly. A lot of people want to do this.

They have a product that's been around for a long time. Hey, how do we make this grow and be more successful? Is there anything specifically that you've learned about just coming into an existing product, figuring out where the big opportunities are and then just like hockey sticking growth? Because this is what everyone wants to do. There's a couple lessons here. And I think, by the way, the first lesson is to be humble always because it's extremely incredible we'll work on products that have such impact on people.

and I view product like golf, like you're always one stroke away from shanking. And like as soon as you think you're good, you're not. Like you don't know anything. Like the world changes quickly. You have to always be a servant to your user base and the people that are out there and learn from them. And so the first thing I always do and think about is you get in touch in terms of like, why are people using this product and where are the areas of growth? And so usually even in a big product or a mature in a complex system, there's a part of it that's growing.

as a part of it that's mature. There could be a part of it that's declining or isn't growing as much. You know, certainly in Instagram, there's been a big shift over the years of sharing into public, very large broadcast posts and feed into these more lightweight formats like stories and DM, actually private sharing as well. And so you have to observe that because every month, every year, the world changes. People's needs change. And so first thing you do is you kind of get a sense of what do people want out of this product?

What's its true essence? I think a lot about this jobs to be done framework, which is one of the things that I'm a big fan of. And Clayton Christensen's book on competing against luck is one of my favorite books on this topic where you have to really be a student of causation. Why is someone using this product? What are they doing with it? And what are they trying to get done with it? And that usually leads you to kind of bigger next stage ideas. and it removes this belief that you need to solve the problem with the current tools.

So in the Instagram version, it was like you have to make a square photo do more for people, right? Like that would be like how you increment the product. Or in Google's example, there's like something very specific with the course search experience that needs to change. It's like a subtle tweak. You know, you have to kind of think, well, what's the big thing someone's trying to ask a really hard question out of Google? Like, what's the best way to do that for them? And so it makes you think more first principled. And that's the first basis of this.

And then once from first principles, you're like, oh, this newer thing, and it could be a shift, it could be a new, in many ways, the AI version of Google and stories and reals, they're all kind of similar in that there are new formats in the world that people are expecting and wanting more of. And by adding them, it becomes complementary, not replacement. And in both cases, like stories didn't replace Instagram. It became, it expanded in the same way we're seeing for AI. And so what's interesting is then you think, well, how do I bring that into my world, right?

You have this big, mature product. And the best way I've seen is by making it complimentary, having it be a core part of the experience, but clearly defined as a distinctive thing that has its own attributes associated with it. People think spatially. So if you have a feed and you have holes with pictures, they expect those holes to do things. And so if you'd make one of those holes with a little clock and that one goes away the next day or you can't like it or it operates differently than the other parts of your feed, it's something to be super confusing for people. It sucks.

And so you have to add product carefully, but it needs to feel coherent, but different. So stories, you know, it has similar aesthetic. It obviously uses your camera roll in the same way. It works. You can share it in DM. It works in the system. But it has a different primitive in the same way Google AI, you know, it's a full page experience that you can pop out now.

You can have follow up conversation with it, right? People have a set of expectations you need to snap to for those use cases. And then you are constantly learning how to best make these new. products work within your world. And you never just want to snap in something that's working. You have to make it work for your users, your expectations, and what people are trying to do with your product. It's actually one of the things that see people fail on the most is they assume something

working for one system will work in your world. But someone else's system is on totally, like the types of users they have, the consumer expectation of that product that's totally different set of expectations. So you have to kind of respect that. and say, what can we learn from that and bring it here? So I guess you were to talk about the kind of the method that I've seen now twice, I guess. It's kind of how these products have developed. I love this topic.

It makes me think about just this balance. People always try to find between optimizing something they've already got versus trying to take a big bet on something. And you've had so many examples where you've taken a big bet on something totally new and it's worked out incredibly well. You have kind of just a heuristic and how you structure teams and prioritize across. Okay, we have amazing Googles or experience today

what percentage resources go into improving that versus trying something totally new. That's one where I actually do feel like the more analytical, like systematic thinking helps a lot because you kind of, if you're trying to produce value in the world, you want to quantify it some way. And so if you're seeing this growth curve and you're trying to understand,

wow, people are using it more and more alike in this product. And when products are young, they grow. And then eventually things mature. And you can break out product suites and different features of products all along the same way, certain features that are going fast, other features that are not. And you get to these points of just diminishing marginal return in every system

where it feels like you could put 50 people on this project. It's just not going to dramatically move the needle. And so part of it is this bottoms up thing with your own team being really thoughtful about what is the expected value of that investment and knowing when it's starting to approach zero, like diminishing marginal return. And then when that happens, These are these moments that usually coincide with something fundamental changing.

Either people's expectations externally, market saturation, there's something happening where you need to adjust. And you then find your next growth driver or set of drivers. And that's where you need to go more first principled and try these new things more. And then when you land a new thing, that creates this new little growth engine. And then you put people on it and you optimize it because you get, you're getting big, like each change is like 10% wind. 20% win, 4% win, and it's clearly, like, still has so much value and headroom and to make it

better for people. And you can see that in the data. And so it's becoming, again, I talk about this instrumentation. It becomes your guide for, for knowing if you're making good calls. Otherwise, if you don't know where you're headed and you don't have a goal of where you're trying to do it more quantitatively, it's really hard to know if the thing you're doing is, is mattering to anyone. Because you'll just, I think I made the product better, but like, does anyone using it? Does anyone care? or are we just congratulating ourselves? Ultimately, you want to have impact on people, and that's what matters. So it's essentially tracking S-curves on every product and understanding if you're in the plateau

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to deliver smarter outcomes faster. Whether modernizing legacy systems or scaling next-gen AI-driven apps, Orcus accelerates your journey from idea to production. Learn more and start building at orcis.io-lis-lis-lennie. That's ork-es.orgas.com. Maybe it would be helpful to talk about the journey of AI mode, just like how it emerged in the steps that you took to now.

It's just such a big part of the Google search experience. When did this start? How did you decide this is worth betting on? And then what kind of the steps to get it further and further rolled out? I mean, I think it probably started earlier on with AI overviews, actually, which was the first way we brought kind of generative AI to search. And in that world, we noticed that people are asking these questions. And many people were actually trying to put natural language questions into search.

And so how can you provide helpful context, links to go deeper, and make an AI that made sense for Google? And so that was our first version of these models that could do this for people. And then by building into that and seeing kind of this observation around people wanting more of it, direct access to it, and then being able to ask follow-up questions, like you kind of need a new modality. Like it's not, it's going to be really hard to build all of that within the construct of the core search experience. And so that led us to form a small team of folks, a few people that were like technical leaders, a couple designers, very small to just prove out like what if there was on almost like blanks, Like delete like like make a little like like a fresh doc with a blinker like what if there's a new a new page and You can ask the question you can ask every one of it you can tap right into the AI that you know was originally powering

Powering you know this top of the experience in search but we invested in making it much more More powerful in the ways I described before it was in it could it could search for you it had reasoning as a part of its model capability It had multi-turn context so if you had a conversation with it could keep track of that context. So it had some unique pieces to it. And what would happen if we tried that quickly? And we basically got, I mean, this was probably like five to ten people worth of people originally. And how long ago was this team formed? This was probably over the last year, like last summer. Oh wow. So about a year ago. Yeah, maybe about a year ago. It was where maybe it started. And we were really kind of plugging away on it. And then we kind of saw this little version of it emerge that wasn't very good. But

It had this moments of brilliance. And it's actually, again, it's kind of like golf where like you hit the perfect shot. And you're like, oh my God, like you get that feeling where it's just everything worked. And I asked it a question about, I forget, I was like, I was doing something with my daughter. And I was planning an experience. And it found all this like incredibly useful information about park information. It had links to like go to the site and confirm a bunch of things. It had Google Maps information that like for my daughter, you could, you know, walk up.

It had like, it was walkable. Like there was early examples like this where it was just it blew me away what it could do what it could find and how helpful it was and so it gave us conviction that we should go and and go go further and obviously there's lots of people involved in this type of a decision tons of support from leaders across the organization. But it just has like a little working team that that initially you got to build something and then you have to feel it yourself and is a very entrepreneurial in that way. And then when you see it, You're like, we need, like, what's, what's a version of that that's good? And that could work. And that gave you, gave you hope. And so then we, we basically built it out and built the first version that launched in labs, basically. So the, the first big milestone was, this is working. It was just a qualitative experience of like, oh, wow, this has really interesting. This, there's magic here. Yes, it's working. And then we did bring it before labs actually to actually to trusted tester group. There were maybe like 500 people externally that we added on to it. And we had pings with them. Some of them were, we actually had friends and family. We tried to treat. a little more like a startup where we feel like you got to have people test it that tell you the truth and tell you when it sucks because it probably does and then they'd message you so i had a friend who was loving it but also hating it for lots of good reasons and would just be messaging me all the time screenshots this broke this broke this makes no sense and so we kind of had that for a while and then we got to a point where it was feeling good you know the trusted testers were liking it reporting good

stuff and then we brought it to this labs moment where anyone could turn it on and then we used that to make it better with real query data. Like we could actually see what people were using it for in more scale. And so that could tune it to make it better. And then we launched it IO to everyone, at least in the US. And then we've now been on this journey to expand it to all countries and languages and having more people be able to access it. It's incredible that Google went roughly in a year from idea to a significant change

to the search experience that's AI powered. I think this is not what people imagine Google is like. and it feels like things are different and things have changed in how you guys operate. What has allowed this to happen so quickly? What's changed? Is it just like top-down leadership? We need to get shit done or is there something more? No, I mean, I think it's interesting how organizations change.

I think when you feel like there is a moment in time that is clearly critical to deliver for people. People are trying to get information from Google. We are not able to answer certain things or help people in certain ways. And there's this technology that can do it. That creates urgency. And obviously there's lots of people building lots of things. And the market's crazy. And there's lots of things shipping all the time.

And so there's a really exciting and healthy moment for us to build and build quickly. And I think it's just exciting to be able to capture that opportunity. Because I think people believe, and I certainly believe, that the next year or so a product is going to kind of establish how people use the next wave of products for many years. And so at least, I can only speak for myself. Like, I feel this obligation to our users to give them the best version of Google that's powered by AI and that gives them the full knowledge of everything Google knows about the world and information to people and accessible with AI. So that's driving a lot of the excitement. Yeah, it's such a good point that people are building your new habits. Like, it's wild how many people just now rely on chat GPT and how quickly that happened.

and I could see Google being worried that, oh, shit, everyone's changing their habit from searching Google to searching Chat ChaptuPT. And the fact that now Gemini is number one, I was actually looking at the list of top. So in the top 15 apps, Google is, I think, five of them. A third. It's out of control. Killing it.

When people look at AI mode versus chat GPT or Cloud or, let's even say perplexity, what's the way you think about the positioning of AI mode versus these other tools? Is it like trying to be a direct competitor? Is it just like, no, it's actually? pretty different and here's what it's for yeah i mean AI mode is a way to ask search anything you want it's for it's designed and specially created for information and so really it's it's it should give incredible helpful responses for the things that people come to google for so think about you're planning

a trip you're trying to buy something you're working through a question for uh research project like it needs information and then that's really it's it's less focused on things like creativity although there's things that can do that are nice there. It can help you with just like any kind of core AI product. Like you can ask it to rewrite something for you. It'll do that. But we are less focused on, you know, creativity, productivity, like upload a spreadsheet and like output graphs for me.

Like we're not focused on that. Like we're really focused on what people use Google for and making an AI for that. So that you can come to Google, ask whatever you want and get effortless information about that and context and links. And then also verify, dig in and go to the authoritative sources ultimately. people want and when we hear from people. So those are ends up becoming the distinct qualities of this product versus you know more of like a chatbot. Maybe you would talk to it like you maybe even have like a bit of like a hey, how are you doing today with that chat bot that?

You know, we have some of that. We see that a little bit. But people are usually coming for information. They're trying to learn something. And we've focused our product on that. Got it. Okay. AI mode is not your therapist. Maybe zooming out again a little bit and reflecting on all the amazing products you've worked on, all the places you worked, if you had to pick two or three just core product principles or philosophies that have helped you build such amazing and successful products, what would those be? What comes to mind? I mean, there's typically three things I think about. Like, if I were to write a book about like how to build great products. There'd be like three chapters.

I mean, there'd probably more than that, but three chapters. I love that. I love the hashtag that would be. That's the ideal book. The first, I mean, I thought about these three areas now for a while. It's like they're always consistently the three things. The first is deeply understand people. And I think we talked about this a little bit with the jobs to be done point. And Clayton Christensen's book, which I loved around competing against luck, it really helps you and be a student of why someone ends up, in his words, hiring a product. Like, don't think of users as using your product.

Think of users as hiring you to do something for them. You know, there's this famous quote, I think it's, Theodore Levitt had, you know, People don't want a quarter, people don't want a quarter inch drill. They want a quarter inch hole. So what are someone trying to do? You have to understand that deeply. And then you can build an amazing product. And also, by the way, how do you, when you go back, like, why someone not using your product, right?

Like, and so it focuses on these techniques to extract causation. So he actually talks a lot about this interview. He calls it like an interrogation where you talk to a user like, hey, why do you use my product? where were you? Were you in bed? Were you like at work? What were you doing? Oh, I was talking to my, you know, wife in the morning. Okay, well, what brought it up? Well, I guess I was reading the newspaper. Okay, well, why? And then you have this like aha moment. Like that, when they first decide to use your product, he calls the big hire. That is information that you obtain ends up becoming the most critical because that is what caused someone to use your product. And if you can study that and understand it, you will be much more on your way than just building things that sound cool. And so that's the first chapter is like deep to understand people. Second, It's really around analytical rigor and understanding your problems. You have to understand your problems. And this got, this is a little bit of what we're talking about, about root cause analysis and understanding, okay, the metrics are dropping.

Like, why? If someone's not using your product, why? And really being able to dissect that to get to true root causes. It's like, well, they went all the way to the end and then bailed. And you talked to it. And then you understand what it turns out that it was most, we actually learned about this. And there's a story in close friends at Instagram where, it just totally failed at first in a bunch of just when we shipped it.

And it turned out that we looked at the data and people were only adding one close friend to their list because it was mistranslated as best friend in many markets. So people just put one person and then the probability that person saw it and wrote back to you was like zero. It's a product was just broken. So it's like you got to understand your problems. And then the third one's around really designing for clarity instead of cleverness. Like a lot of people are like, oh, we're going to differentiate the design.

And we talked about this a little bit with stories. Like we're going to make a new version of something. But if something's a standard and people understand it, if you lean into it, you're going to get so much leverage. And if you reinvent it, and you have to be really thoughtful around when you reinvent and where you don't. And I think on this one, there's this great Don Norman's book. Obviously, Design of Everyday Things is a big one. But he has this incredible chapter in there about doors and how why is it that after all of these years, you walk up to a door and based on how they're designed at times, people still don't know if you should

pull or push that door. Because if you try to build the most beautiful symmetric two handles on each side on a glass door, it doesn't communicate in for any information to you. And there's lots of, I've seen all the time we've designed new icons when we could have used global icons like, oh, wouldn't it be so cool if we used, you know, like a camera that's like kind of a camera but is mostly an AI looking thing and then has the dots in it that connects it to this other product and you're like, people just, it's a camera, just put the camera in. Maybe you could add like a little thing to it. And that's how you get people to use your products. And if you do those three things, I think you typically can do well. And then, sorry, the fourth one

which is me more of the coda is be humble, like constantly and always question yourself, listen to others, listen to users and be open to being wrong. I love these. On that third point, I feel like AI mode as the name is such a good example of clarity. what is this? This is AI mode. We talked about it internally. If you look at it in the tab, it's like everyone knows, it's like you see it and you'll know what it is.

Or we could call it something like random, but then what is that? You know, and now you're working against yourself. So if I were to reflect back these three pieces of basically this is the book you would write to help people build more successful products. It's understand the problem you're solving for people deeply. What's the job they're hiring you to do?

I love the, I love the, it's like lowercase jobs to be done. It's not like the rigorous whole thing that, you know, ever. Lowercase for sure. Okay. This is just like, why are people hiring your product to solve a problem for them? What problem are they solving? So it's like basically figure out why they, what problem they're having.

Then very through data understand the problem and whether you are solving it. And then it's just keep it really simple. Like clarity over cleverness, essentially. Exactly. Yes. and be humble. And be humble. Yeah, it's okay.

Important. Is there an example that we haven't talked about that shows this in action of just like, cool, here's the problem we found. Here's how we figured out this is the solution. And if we're succeeding, and then here's a very simple way of solving it. I mean, honestly, this close friends example, I can give you more from Instagram days, was really wild. It took two or three years to get close friends to work.

And I think people, it totally failed originally. This is the product that lets you add a private list of people. and then you can post your story and then only those people see it. It's like this very exclusive private space so you can feel really comfortable sharing. Green circle. Green circles, yes. It's one of the most popular, at least when I was there, one of the most popular features of stories and did really well. But it totally failed.

And I think what we found out was that you actually used a bunch of these techniques here. So one was we first thought about it as an overall system problem. problem and you could add a close friends post for anything so you could do a feed post or a stories post and you also had a close friend's profile so you could see like like if Lenny went to Robbie's page we were close friends you would just be like oh you get to see extra stuff from me on my profile too so we shipped it we thought it'd be great this is the be humble part wasn't great um had a bunch of it was just super confusing like you see this really beautiful photo and then in the feed right after it this blurry very vulnerable moment someone's

trying to share with their friends just felt so so out of place and weird for the, you know, the reason people use feed. And then it was just confusing because you didn't, it had like an extra little green thing on it, but it was like, that got a green thing and the stories one didn't. If you open the story, it had a green thing inside the story. And people were just so confused. And they had this other issue with the list where you're like, okay, the list doesn't work because it's mistranslated and people don't get it. Because I think it was actually called originally favorites, I want to say. And that encouraged people to just do like two people on it. But then the way that it worked was so this gets to the

framework, I guess, so deeply understand people. What are people trying to do with this? What they're trying to do is share a vulnerable thing and be like, hey, I'm lonely. Hey, what's going on? Like, are people up? And it feels very much, it's like a friend group thing. And if you only have two people on it, the job that we're doing is actually connecting you to your friends. And if you don't get a DM back, it's broken. And so really what we're doing is getting you a DM. And we're getting you connection. We're getting you a sense of being connected to your close friends. That is the job. It's actually the other thing Clayton Christian talked about in the book is there are utility jobs and there are emotional jobs. People usually discount the emotional ones a lot. This was really an

emotional thing as much as it was utility one. And so products broken, right? And people don't even know that you can, it's a close friend's story. They just see the little head because you have to click on it to see the thing. And so it just people stopped using it. So we went through and we did these revs where we would like simplify it and we would update it and we would go through this change list. Okay, take this out, take this out, change the name here. And then we saw it was that it was working really well for people who added 20 to 30 people to their list. Because what would happen is you put 30 people on your list and then two of them would write back to you on DM and now you have closed the loop and you feel connected to those people. It's a winning thing.

And so we designed the whole system around that and also only worked in stories. So we were looking at the data. We were trying to understand where it was working and where it was failing. And then we updated the name to close friends. So it didn't feel like favorite. So it wasn't like three people. It's like 20 in the list. We built this list builder where we recommended a set of people based on some some cool Algo that was created by an engineer.

And then we updated the design to put the green ring on the outside of the story. So that this was kind of the design for clarity. We were being cute. Like, oh, if you, we thought, I think at the time it was like, oh, it's like a secret story or something. And if you open it, you see it. it just was not clear to people. And so we put the green ring on the outside so that users would see it in the tray and like, ooh, what's that little green guy?

And then they'd click on it and be like, oh, this is like a private story for me. That system worked and did incredibly well. And that was the process we followed from like a total flop to something that was very successful. That is an awesome example. And this took two or three years. You said this process. It took a while.

That was actually one of the longest projects we worked on. But that actually came. The reason we did it was when we asked people. to particularly understand people. Like, why don't you posting into your stories? Like, what's preventing you from doing it? And everyone had some version of, well, my ex is on it. I have a teacher on it.

Oh, a friend that kind of is judgey is on it. It was like this kind of like commonality was audience problems. Someone had an issue with people watching them. And so that gave us conviction to go this hard at it for so long because we knew that that was a core problem with the product. Was this connected to the Finsta trend also? It was. actually I think that informed us like everyone had a Finsta and there was a BINSTA.

What is a BINSTA? Best friend. BINSTA. It's like this layering of like, people have like 20 Finstas down to like your partner, PINSTA. And then it's basically like I made that up. I don't know if it's true, but I'm sure there is out there somewhere. And we're like about people clearly trying to hack Instagram basically to create these private smaller group settings. And so we should just make a product. How did you actually do this testing was it rolled out to some percentage was It rolled out like in New Zealand or whatever. Yeah, we rolled out in a few other countries, exactly.

Okay, got it. We had like a basket of countries that we tried it in. And then we would do research. I think it was Australia was one of the first ones for that one. Okay. I was going to ask if you can share the countries. So Australia. I think that was one of the earlier ones, yeah.

But it's always every time you ship something is a slightly different reason why. Oh, interesting. So it's not always Australia gets all the new stuff. No. Although it sometimes is Australia and Canada, I get a lot of stuff. just because it's easier for the teams to see feedback from them. Yeah, speak English. Yeah, exactly.

Awesome. Okay, let me go in a different direction and talk about something that you have a hot take on. There's a lot of talk these days about lean teams, small teams, just creating limited resources, not hiring at all. You kind of have an opposite perspective of you actually need a lot of resources to build really big breakthroughs. Talk about your experience there. Yeah, I mean, I think there's obviously, depends on what you're trying to build. and there's been famously small teams building big impact products. But I think there's kind of this cult of lean, scrappy, fast, throw away your product quickly,

keep moving. And I think at some level it's true for internal conviction. But to build a product that works for a lot of people that is based on a technological breakthrough, a lot of times I see teams just give up to earlier, underinvest in the product. And obviously the space matters. And if you're building, you know, like a single product that, is a way to, I don't know, do something with a digital app that's fairly straightforward. That's going to be different than building a robotics company, right?

So what your building does change. But even for software, I mean, I think for really hard technical problems, think about the amount of time and effort took for teams to build a foundational model and how many years and hundreds and hundreds of people that were needed for that to happen. And you think about these large companies that have had huge impacts on people, And I think particularly for bigger companies internally, something I've seen is it's almost like too scrappy because it never gets enough momentum. The product never gets good enough internally. And then it kind of just dies on the vine.

Whereas if you put more people on it, you have to be careful not to put too many too soon. But I see the opposite more true where people hold on to small teams too long. And then you kind of like either takes forever to get to the thing you're looking for. Like this close friends example I mentioned. This actually was a small team. One of the reasons it took us forever was it kept the team so small. all and scrappy, the loop cycle was so short. And by a startup age, you'd be dead probably.

So you can maybe do that in a bigger company, but as a startup, I don't know if you have that leisure. And so I think you need to actually think, what is the group I need to build a version that's great? And from first principles, really think about it instead of just embracing blindly, okay, we're going to be the two of us until this thing has escaped velocity and market fit, which it's not always true. It's definitely counter to the narrative we see on Twitter.

anything you can share, just like the heuristic you use to decide. Here's how long to keep it small. I know there's not going to be this step one, two, three. But just like what I'm hearing is start small to prove out the concept designer, PM engineer, maybe when do you find that makes sense to go big? Yeah, I think that it's mostly when you have, you've hit the conviction moment. Like I think there's two big milestones. There's like internal conviction.

Like for yourself, do you believe in it? And you believe in it because there's some external validation. like your friends, you put 20 friends on it. And by the way, I found out very quickly building startups that if you put 20 friends on something, they're not going to do that many favors. Like they're not going to use a product every single day because they're your friend. Like 30 days in, 60 days in, 90 days in, they're not using your product unless you're doing something that's useful to them.

And so you get like all this feedback and you're seeing people really enjoy it. You get to that moment. And then I think that's not a product that would win externally because if you were to ship it's like broken doesn't work great and then you need to I think invest enough to make the best version of it or as good a version as you can to get it out the door and to ship it and I think that that it's kind of like you want to build the right product eventually is the mentality and you can only really do that with the right with the right group I'm going to take us to a recurring segment on the podcast that I call AI Corner. Okay. What's some way that you've found a use for AI in your

work in your life that is really interesting, really helpful. Maybe other people can be inspired by. I think one of the coolest trends ever is how AI is affecting multimodal visual and inspirational needs for people. And it's, we're early in this. And I think this is something that I'm actually working on as a project as well. But right now, if you think about what AI has done, you know, in large part, it was born and grew up in this text modality as chat. And so, you know, for a long time, if you were to ask it to help you, you know, what's a cool way? to redecorate your bookshelf behind you. It's going to describe that to you in text, because that's what it knows.

But increasingly, AI is going to be liberated to help in every possible modality. And this is something that we've seen a lot with this explosive use of Google lens and our image search and image features with this deep understanding. And what I'm actually starting to use internally and some things that we're excited about more coming up that we actually announced at I.O. that we're going to be building more of was how AI can help with inspiration, how AI can help with shopping and helping you really get things done that are more in the like inspiring bucket of needs versus these like core utilities like code math homework kind of side

of things. And I'm really excited for, you know, things that are coming where you can ask it for inspirational tasks and it's starting to do really fascinating things in terms of what I'm seeing. And hopefully we'll share more on that soon. But I think the one thing I can share is, you know, there's a visual version of AI mode that basically we talked about for at I.O. And so you can reference some of those keynotes. But that's in the process of being rolled out. And so you're going to be able to now ask like, you know, what's a mid-century modern, beautiful office design with dark themes?

It'll be able to produce this image board that's inspirational. And you can do multi-turn with it. And so you'll be able to go and say, actually, I want more of like a light theme, more creamy, more California, more coastal vibe. And it'll do that and it'll understand that. And it'll actually see the images and be able to turn with you in the way that text works, which is going to be really cool. So I think that's going to be one of the more exciting things that will be new to AI soon. What I'm hearing is nanobanana integrated into AI mode. Recipe for success.

A little different than nanobanah is like an image. editor. This is more like helping you find images on the web. So it's a little bit more like AI inspiration, AI image search and allowing you to then talk with two effectively like visual responses with natural language. So that's going to I think be a little bit different than, you know, edit this photo so that it changes it. Although potentially an interesting idea too, to have an ability to like take a picture of your living room. And I think I will help with that too, ultimately. Pinterest is in trouble. It feels like this is what people use Pinterest for. Here's all the inspiration. Now it's just AI doing it all. By the way, nanobanana, where does this name come from?

I don't actually, I forget that there's a story somewhere. I forget it now, honestly. But the team, I think, came from a scrappy, fun group of people building this. And yeah, they wanted to go for something fun for folks. Yeah, it feels like that's a part of the reason things have started to work. there's just like more fun and delight and random crazy stuff coming out. It does feel like it feels a little more like when I was at Google the first time through right now where you kind of just have so much stuff and then this kind of like fun curiosity happening where people want to try things and ship things. And yeah, hopefully that continues.

Yeah, it feels like V-O-3 would be even more successful if I had a wacky name. And I like that this is the opposite of your advice of clarity. Like I don't know what nanobanhas, but it worked. Yeah, there's the other thing. No advice is right universally, right? It's like, but yeah, nana banana. Robbie, is there anything else that you wanted to share anything else you want to leave listeners with as a final nugget of wisdom before we get to a very exciting lightning round? This concept, be curious.

Like I think I think of embodying everything as like, it's really about curiosity. It's about wanting to know why everything is the way it is. Why is someone doing something? Why is someone have a different opinion than I do? Why might this not be working? And the people who really have that level of intense curiosity and they chase things down. down until they know. I think you're well served by that. That doesn't be my only parting thought. Let me follow that thread actually because it's maybe the most trending term on the podcast

over the past few months is curiosity. It comes up a lot when I ask people, what are you teaching your kids and then embracing with the rise of AI and curiosity comes up all the time. Is there anything that helps you? Is it just like, I am good at this and I'm curious innately and I'm just, and this is valuable? Is there anything you can share that helps you or others around you embody that and actually be curious? Well, I mean, AI is obviously like the ultimate curiosity engine and that's what's so cool is you can now ask anything and just get information. And so I find that people just underappreciate just how much they can learn about whatever

they want. But also, I think that a lot of this also comes down to studying what you want to know about and knowing where the branches of knowledge live there. Like a lot of times I'll read like old papers and PDFs that are free online on like a statistics thing if I want to learn about that. And I think people underappreciate those as like analog old school great learning. And AI can help you discover them. I'm using AI, particularly at Google, to help discover all these cool links and things to read. But I find that that is an interesting hybrid where it's not just AI, but really going to original sources more. And I find that like

these books I mentioned on the on the chat here, I find that you need a blend of all of those things to ultimately really get to the bottom of things ultimately. Like actually reading the thing, not just reading the summary of the thing. Yes. Let me actually ask you this question. I've been asking all these people that are at the cutting edge of AI. You have kids. Is there anything you're thinking about and leaning into helping them learn, develop as

AI emerges and becomes a big part of the world? The biggest thing I'm doing, I have younger kids. So the biggest thing I'm doing is they're using live versions of AI that they just talk to now, much more. And so, you know, funny enough, we actually just launched Search Live, actually out of labs this week. And so you can talk to search in a live AI setting, which is conversational voice, voice on when you're driving. You can just talk all the knowledge I talked about, what you can do with Google? You can talk to it in a normal conversation with your voice. And I found that to be incredibly accessible for kids. And I hear all that my kids come home. I talk to Google about

something. Like, what do you need? What do you need to say? And then they go to my app, they hit the live button and they just start talking to it. They want to know about animals. They want to know about, you know, certain history things. They learn about something in school. And it's so natural to learn in that way that I think that that's helping them become much more AI native than any other thing I'm doing. Life as a parent is going to be way too easy now whenever kids have questions. Just go talk to the, go talk to the AI. But I don't think that's bad. So this is within the Google search app. There's a live. How do you access this? Yeah, that's exactly. Exactly right. You go to Google app. So there's one of the apps in the apps already mentioned. You open Google and there's a button now that's live on it right on the home screen. And if you tap on it, it's a live version of AI mode that you can just talk to. It's a full screen experience and we'll say like start talking. In the show notes, I'm going to link to this project that somebody built Eric Antenow, which I love. It's, it basically shows you how to put a little speaker into a little stuff animal and you connect the speaker to it could be Google Live or it could be Jachapit.

whatever you like in voice mode. And you put on your shoulder, you get a little magnet that attaches. And your kids could talk to this parrot, for example. And you could tell it talking to pirate voice. And so they're talking to this pirate. Oh, that's really funny. Okay, that's really cute. It takes like 15 minutes.

You could like get an exact knife and sew it and stuff. And it's kind of fun. I made one for my nephew. And he was looking for treasure with this parrot. That's really adorable. I'm definitely going to look into that. Robbie, with that, we reached our very exciting lightning round. I've got five questions for you.

Are you ready? All right. I'm ready. What are two or three books that you find yourself recommending most to other people? I mean, definitely the two I mentioned here, Clayton Christensen, competing against luck, Don Norman, design of everyday things. But I also really love this for fiction, Aurora, which is this book David Cope wrote. It's about, it's like electromagnetic pulse in the sun that knocks out.

It's like fiction for just fun. And it was like a really fun beach read. And apparently it was going to be made into a Netflix show. It didn't work out. I don't know. I was sad to see that fall apart. but so it's a really fun book. There's a book along those lines that I love.

They're making a movie of it right now called Hail Mary. Oh, I'm in the middle of reading that right now. Okay. Yes. We're the same mind. Yeah, they're making a movie of it. How about that? In the middle of reading it, it's getting wacky where I am right now,

but I'm excited to see where good. It's wackier. The ending is extra wacky. Prepare yourself. Okay. What is a recent movie or TV show you've really enjoyed? I love The Bear. I think that's just absolutely awesome show.

Dune, of course. And I thought the new Top Gun is a little old now, but I think the new Top Gun was so fun and awesome. Is there a product you recently discovered that you really love? It cannot be AI mode. I'm going to use a non-digital product. Perfect. I'm super into this new pillow that I got called Purple Pillow.

And I've been recommending it to everyone. Like at work, we're on like a pillow chat now. It's like a thing that's like, you talk about like what pillows we're getting. But it's this really cool thing where it's got this like, new technology of like this honeycomb polymer that's inside. And so it like supports you and it has these little micro holes so it doesn't get hot. It's really cool. Big fan.

Strongly recommend purple pillow. I have never heard of this thing. I am excited. I recently got an avocado pillow focusing on low toxins. Oh, those are good. I've heard good things about those too. Yeah. Okay.

I got to join this pillow. Pillow talk is a great thing for you. I didn't know you're into pillows too. That's great. Huge. I love bedding. Yeah, right. But I did upgrade my pillow.

This is not Mr. Pillar, whatever that guy is, right? It's that guy that like, there's like a controversial pillow guy. Okay. No, no. Purple Pillow. I'm going to ask AI mode. Yeah, you should. Definitely.

Next question. Do you have a favorite life motto that you find yourself coming back to in work or in life? And this is be curious. I think I almost named a company curious. I just think it's a really awesome. There's one thing in life. It's that in terms of. of getting things done in terms of understanding the world, people, your kids, your family.

Like, you always just want to know more and question things outside yourself, not feel like you have all the answers. I think it's really important. I love that. Final question. Okay. So speaking of startups, you started a company called Stamped back in the day. It got acquired by Yahoo. I hear there's a story where you got Justin Bieber on your app and that was a big deal and a big inflection in the success of the app. Can you just tell that story? Yeah, it's kind of a wild story. So I was just a like scene set a little bit. It was 25 right after Google being an ICPM in New York with some Google friends building this company. So very early on and maybe in a good way and no idea what I was doing. But basically we decided that the concept of stamp

was to put your stamp on your favorite things, get recommendations from friends and from people that you trust. And so you think of like a Twitter feed, but it's all stuff that people think is cool. It's books, restaurants, food products, exactly. Pillows possibly. Billows could be on there. I would totally stamp this billow and then you could discover it. And, you know, one of the Cold Star problems was obviously, like, you want a group of people that are on it, that are already using it that could have some, like, tastemaker type folks. And so we had a bunch of people that were like chefs and we had, you know, people who were like kind of literary folks.

And then we wanted to get a couple people that were more musicians, artists and these kind of influential folks. And so my co-founder and I just basically got the contact of Scooter Braun, who's Justin's manager. And we just sent on an email. We were like, hey, we're going to, we were in New York. Like, we're going to be in L.A. tomorrow. I think we said something. I don't remember all the details, but it was something like tomorrow. And you were not going to be in L.A. tomorrow?

No, no. Okay. Do you happen to be there? And he just, like, wrote back some one line thing, like, meet me at this hotel, like, for breakfast at some thing. And we were like, oh, okay. So we literally went immediately to the airport. I just remember, like, just basically going straight to the airport, flying to L.A.,

meeting with him, we gave him the whole pitch, we showed him the product. And then he was like, okay, I think this would be super cool. We can be involved and maybe you can help be an advisor. And we ended up going back and meeting with Justin and showing him the product and even filming some little clips with him. It was actually really funny. And it was a really fun moment. And he obviously like, he was using it to stamp his favorite stuff. And so people go, oh, Justin's into this song or he's into this stuff and would post that. And there's one of the ways that we got lots of people to try out and see what we were doing. So that's a little extra scrappy moment in time. But I think it embodies a good lesson, just like do it now, be scrappy, be immediate, like intense urgency usually wins

over thinking about it for a long time. And that certainly proved to be true on that one. Incredible story. Thank you for sharing that. So many lessons to take away. Two final questions. Where can folks fighting online if they want to reach out, maybe learn more about what you're doing? And how can listeners be useful to you? Yeah. I think on X at RM Stein is probably probably the best single place. And then to be helpful, send me feedback. DM me, just mention me, ping me. Let me know problems with Google products,

with AI in general, but also just anything. As I said before, you have to always listen to people and understand their experiences. So ping me ideas and feedback. That's the best way to be helpful. Wow. What an onslaught you're about to receive

of feedback on the search experience. Yes, please do. Robbie, why is this link second? Why is my site not at the top? I can only imagine the kind of stuff people complain about. Robbie, thank you so much for being here. Thank you.

It was great. It was great. Bye, everyone. Take care. Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review, as that really helps other

listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lenniespodcast.com. See you in the next episode.