Let's Find Out - Binary Stars in 1836 | Geography of the Heavens: Part 2 | ASMR soft spoken

Episode Date: December 2, 2020

These podcasts are just the audio from my Youtube videos. If you'd like to see visuals too, visit my channel, Let's Find Out: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7FOVZ1xTzKav7TVTATIcxQ Let's find out what's hiding in the Big Dipper. I want to especially thank everyone for their support (whether its over the years on patreon, a one-time donation on paypal, or just an email saying your thoughts about the channel). Every bit encourages me to pursue the next video and hopefully get slightly better (although sometimes not, I'm sure). I recently partnered with Manta Sleep because I use their sleep mask EVERY. SINGLE. NIGHT. Try out a Manta Sleep mask: https://mantasleep.com/?rfsn=4702629.f18ea0 *Use checkout code LETSFINDOUTASMR for 10% off until 12/15/2020. "A very popular error- having the courage of one's own convictions; rather, it is a matter of having the courage for an attack upon one's own convictions" - Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ ►Support for the channel... ▸Shop on Amazon here (kick-backs at no cost to you): https://amzn.to/2LnNXd6 ▸PayPal ......... https://www.paypal.me/LetsFindOutASMR ......... [e-mail] ▸Patreon ........ https://www.patreon.com/LetsFindOutASMR ▸📩 Wishlist (for the channel): http://a.co/9vUJ8eF ▸📪 If you'd like to mail me something: Let's Find Out ASMR (Rich) P.O. Box 1582 Palm City, FL 34991 ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ ►socials... ▸📧 Discord.................https://discord.com/invite/PyUfaN7 (* I'm not very active here yet) ▸📧 Email................... [e-mail] ▸📧 Instagram........... https://www.instagram.com/lets_find_out_asmr/. @lets_find_out_asmr ▸📧 Twitter................. https://twitter.com/letsfindoutasmr @LetsFindOutasmr The podcast (audio versions) of my content: ▸🎧 Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2u11T58 ▸🎧 iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/letsfindoutasmrs-podcast/id1448116527?mt=2 ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ "Let's Find Out ASMR" Introduction: song: Boards of Canada - 5d video: https://pixabay.com/videos/id-10339/ Equipment used: (mic) Rode NT1-A https://amzn.to/2Da4CBa (other mic) Blue Yeti https://amzn.to/33jNrYA (USB interface) Scarlette 2i2 https://amzn.to/316c7kG (computer) MacBook Pro 16" https://amzn.to/3jXRuzT (camera) iPhone 11 (1080p, sometime use 60 fps) https://amzn.to/2PjT2pz (mic mount) Desk-mounted mic boom https://amzn.to/33kMK1s (mouse) silent-click mouse https://amzn.to/3jZMrit ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ ►my ASMR playlists... ▸Space: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVojBLpecXuXY66IZixixYf8aE-FOozO1 ▸History: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVojBLpecXuV3POreugMZyg9XTgxUZgGx ▸Science: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVojBLpecXuU3-fEgM4V1T5P8U6l2_p2D ▸Philosophy: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVojBLpecXuU5kJPgNLyObyNQwyjmxOgy

Hey everyone, this is Rich. I'm just editing the podcast, the audio version of Binary Stars. And just chilling next to Ernie on the couch here. He looks peacefully, peacefully asleep, which actually looks pretty appealing. I think I might do that right after this. I just want to suggest if you guys are running out of gift ideas, I'm going to push the we have to sleep masks on you one more time. Sorry if you're sick of it, but I use it.

And I just really like it. I like the companies. I think my code still might be working. Let's find out all one word. If it does, it should work until December 15th, 2020, 2020, and the unlikely circumstance you're listening to this next year or something. but yeah I don't know I personally recommend it for anyone looking for

you know an affordable useful practical relaxing probably if the person knows what a seat mask is very well received gift if not they might think you're crazy but believe me once they're alone they'll give it a try and they'll probably like it I was

I was pretty impressed and I use mine night if I hadn't said that a million times already but I really do so I don't know I just like it code word is gonna be let's find out all one word and you get 10% off until December 15th that is so just figured I'd recommend that if you guys are still shopping around right now I uh I uh I hope everyone enjoys the video and more importantly, I hope you guys have a really warm holiday season. Merry Christmas to everybody and we'll see you on the next video, which may or may not be before the end of the year. But I wish everybody well and me and Ernie are going to bed now. Bye.

One of the most ancient constellations in the night sky is Ursa Major, or the Great Be. bear. And the tail of this great bear is called the big dipper. And of the seven stars that make up the big dipper, the one that makes up the bend of the handle is particularly interesting. Because if we take a closer look, we see that one star becomes two. And if we take an even closer look, we see that one of these stars themselves become two. So are there more? Let's find out. Guys, we're back with part two out of our 200-year-old astronomy book here, Geography of the heavens. Give you guys a nice, close look at the spine there. Nicely aged.

So, anyways, tonight, part two out of four parts, part one was supernova and variable stars, two-parter. Part two tonight is aptly binary stars, and part three is three and four. might get to actually. We might actually get to. It's going to be clusters, star clusters, stellar clusters, and nebulae, of which we briefly touched upon in the last video that many were, many of what we know today as galaxies are included. So at least we're going to try to work through binaries in geography.

of the heavens. It's 1836 book 1884 years old as of 2020 by Elijah H. Burr. By the way I've noticed a slight uptick in the number of supporters for the channel lately on Patreon and PayPal. I just want to thank you guys that's it's huge it's really generous I don't want you guys to ever think any of it is ever taken for granted so a huge thank you I'm not really sure where it came from for any, maybe from any particular video. But yeah, just thanks. It means a lot to me.

So I appreciate you. You like what I do. Let's now let's begin. Okay, so last time we did variable and double stars, or just variable in supernovae. Binary, aka double stars. Some interesting surprises, as we'll find out. On examining the stars with telescopes of considerable power, many of them are found to be composed of two or more stars,

place contiguous to each other, or of which the distance subtends very minute, and subtending just means. Subten is just a term that astronomers use. use when speaking of distances between the space a sphere night sky from horizon north to south or you know west to east subtends an angle of 180 degrees that's zero that's 180 generally when you have two stars just like the ancients used to think every star was on the same celestial sphere, same distance from the earth in the sky. So I suppose maybe that's a carryover, but sub 10 just means the angle. Fers to an angle between two objects that we can see, and we divide the sky into 180 degrees.

each of those degrees turns into a minute. So maybe up here. One degree equals 60 arc minutes, 60 arc seconds. 60 dash is like a quotation. Subtender, subtender, sub meaning under tender, meaning to stretch, extend, control F. Subtend, surely. And surely it's on this page. If not, yikes.

Types of different sections of the electromagnetic spectrum that we straight to the minute and second of arc. Here it says these units, the arc second, the arc and the divisions by 60 generally, originated in Babylonian astronomy. as sexagessimal, meaning 60 number system, sexagessimal, originated with ancient Sumerians in the third millennium BC, 5,000 years ago. That's so amazing. For measuring time angles and geographic coordinates. So it's used in the optometry, optics, navigation, land, surveying, marksmanship, snipers. astronomy for our case.

But anything less than an arc second is just from there, if we're not converting into radiance, which is a different form using pi, essentially. It's a unit of angular measurement like arc seconds, but instead of degrees with a hexagessimal, system space 60 system it references pi is 57 degrees 57.296 degrees so 180 degrees divided into 1 degree equaling 60 arc minutes you can put it like write the units as the word or that apostrophe and each arc minute is divided in the further 60 arc minutes

units call an arc seconds. Easy to remember because they're just like time. And then from there we just do milly or micro depending on how much further we want to divide the seconds. But yeah radians and 60 degree circle. So that equals about 57 because pi is a never ending never repeating number. At least its decimal places, so 57.296 degrees. Radians are essentially just used as a mathematical convenience for physics. Right, so essentially he was saying that

just by looking in the sky, very basic concept. We notice some stars with very large telescopes of considerable power. We can see as we zoom in one point of light. We notice one point of light becomes two. And sometimes even back then they could see what he thought was three or trinary star systems sometimes. This appearance is probably in many cases owing solely to the optical effect of their position relative to the spectator. This appearance is probably in many cases owing solely to the optical effect of their position relative to the spectator.

For it's evident that two stars will appear contiguous if they are placed nearly in the same line of vision, although the real distance may be immeasurably great. See here we have a great example of Earth's. perspective of the Orion Nebula, the main stars, or constellation rather, that the nebula it sits within in the sword of that constellation. You can see that. Constellation only appears like that because we, again, from our perspective, it looks as though all the stars are on a fixed sphere, a fixed, a fixed distance away. The two stars varies very, very, in such a manner as to indicate a revolution about each other, about a common.

In this case, they are said to be a form. In this case, they are said to form a binary system. Not it, I forgot that. He actually used to each other in the office of sun and planet, and are connected together by laws of gravitation, like those of which prevail in our solar system. So the recent observations of Sir John Herschel and Sir James South have established the truth of this significant fact, beyond a doubt. Beyond a doubt.

Motions have been detected so rapid as to become measurable within very short periods of time. And at certain epics, the satellite or feebler star, satellite being the general term for something, that is a secondary unit of a system. Or satellite stores I used to work at. So I actually used to work at an high school boat dealership that had its main store in Fort Lauderdale. So my secondary store, known as a satellite store. I noticed that they were able to actually detect

optically visually through a telescope by measuring very meticulously the, the difference in the angle. So if we blow this picture up, detect stars getting closer and closer, and maybe even culting or eclipsing distances, even if it's as far or as close as the Earth.

The Earth takes an entire year to orbit. So you can imagine how fast. that must be going around each other. We see two stars within, even within one human lifetime. That's still really rapid. Goes through phases as this guy is orbiting, you know, maybe we see it from Earth like this. And so the orbit is so far relative to us.

We don't even notice any change in distance, even over, you know, distances of millions and even billions of miles, light years even. We only at the scale of, you know, galaxies and very, very, very fast rotating stars and systems, we can then start to detect a redshift in which the actual wavelength of the light itself is stretched or compressed based on it coming the object that emits the light like a star or maybe even a galaxy coming towards us or away from us especially at near even 10% speed of light would be significant for us to be able to detect that red shift that's a whole other story though with the actual fabric of space stretching and expanding

so that it appears as though galaxies are moving through space, but really the space between galaxies itself is stretching, which I don't even understand that concept. ...bar in a small stone. Relative to us, if we are Earth, museums of light years away, hemisphere here, maybe we see it like this, simply just are looking directly at the plane,

so if we happen to just be looking, the stars orbiting, say on this piece of paper here, complicity's sake, if we just pretend that the one star is much more massive this guy in the middle, so he doesn't move much. And then this one out here is much smaller. So it's orbiting, and that's its plane of orbit. We happen to be looking at it from here, even if it's billions of light years away, what we're going to see is... keeping in the same plane.

We're just gonna see it's the angle it's uptends. We're not gonna see any orbital distance. And if it's directly, you know, sometimes it might be at an angle like that close to the plane, but not exactly on the plane. Sometimes it's directly on the plane, in which case nowadays with our technology, we can even see planets that are

directly on the plane if they pass in front of their star and they're relatively nearby. We're able to see the planets pass in front of their star, if not directly, indirectly by noticing the brightness dipping in the star. So yeah, as this planet orbits around, you know, You can see it's pretty cool that it must either be really close together or orbiting at incredible velocities for us to be able to detect them visually over even, again, a lifetime, even 70 years. Sometimes these things take hundreds and hundreds and maybe even thousands of years to orbit one another, depending on their distance and velocity and size. and the gravitational pull that amounts from those characteristics. But here we have an elaboration on that.

That's how they know that the stars are gravitationally bound because they can see them actually moving with very, very close attention. And when we're dealing with distances of light years, distances of trillions of miles. It's amazing that we can detect motion at all, especially back then without any advanced electronics technology. Binary systems detected by John Herschel and James South have established the truth of the singular fact beyond a doubt.

Motions have been detected so rapid as to become measurable within very short periods of time. And at certain epics, the satellite of feebler stars has even been observed to disappear, which is when it eclipses, either passing behind or before, meaning in front of the primary star, or approaching so near to it that its light

essentially becomes absorbed in that of the other. The most remarkable instance of a regular revolution of this sort is that of Mizar. So we're going back to Ursa Major. In the Great Bear, the Great Bear, in the tail of the Great Bear. So that's the Big Dipper. So if we, just the tail part, the Big Dipper, this guy right here. You can see the diagram here. It shows you the...

the binary companion, which is actually, it's gravitationally bound, but it's so far away that you're going to see a, you're not going to see much motion, much motion at all, really. The most remarkable instance of a regular revolution of the sword is that of Mizar, in which the angular motion is six degrees in 24 minutes of a, of a, great circle annually annually so six degrees that's 30th 160th 160th of a circle so that's the angle that it subtends which interestingly enough is roughly probably about what that is if that's this is 90 degrees from straight up to the zenith, to the horizon right there.

It's probably about six degrees right there, maybe. Which is amazing. So every year we notice a motion of six degrees, about 360 degrees. So that, that would be if it was six degrees of the orbit, orbital arc, I guess. We could say that would be about 360 years. but it's six degrees from our perspective. So whatever that the actual large distances in which the angular motion is 6 degrees and 24 circle.

So that means 6 degrees orbit of a 360 degree orbit. So if that is 6 degrees out of 360 degree orbit, that's what he means by the Great Circle. Then that means that whatever we have to multiply that by, whatever percent of the entire 360 degrees that that is, will be about roughly the number of years it's going to take from us to orbit the star in our years. So we have, that would just mean

you know 360 degrees divided by six degrees per year not 60 it's going to be about 60 degrees if you're dividing by a fraction I always made the equation to be multiplying by the inverse of this 360 times one year per six six units of degrees cancel out that's only number one so we just keep the units and we have 360 divided by six is 60 is six times six is 36 out of zero in there and we are left with 60 60 year orbit seems really fast for me unless the stars are really really close to one another 58 and a quarter years yeah so that the two stars complete a revolution about one another in the space of 58 and a quarter.

1112ths of a complete circuit have been already described since its discovery in 1781. The same year, in fact, that the planet Uranus, he calls it Herschel here. Is it Uranus or Neptune? Herschel is Uranus. Initially it was discovered by Herschel, so before they decided to, maintain the Roman god theme amongst the planets other than Earth we we call it Herschel apparently for a few years or a few decades actually because this book was written in 1833 this version is from 1836 but I'm sure he hasn't rewrote that so that would be about

roughly 50 48 years So that lines up with 11 twelfths of a complete circuit. Already finished. So let's see what we found out about Mr. Mazar here. And this is a... This guy right here. It's a well-known naked eye double star with the fainter star Alco. Alcor.

And is itself... Is itself a quadru? Gruple star system. How cool is that? So the whole system lies about 83 light years away from the sun. As we can see in this graph here, D3 light years. So galactically speaking, it's pretty close. It's pretty close to us.

So as measured by the Hipparchus Astronomy Astronometry satellite. It's part of the Ursa Major moving group. Here's an example where we could see Al Gore and Mizar separately if you have good seeing, good visibility, and good eyesight, but we could see that Mizar itself is four stars that make up a single naked eye star. I understand how it doesn't get excessively chaotic. Three is, so Mizar is a visual double with a separation of

14.4 arc seconds, each of which is a spectroscopic by the two components. And this is kind of like the star we ended on, algal. This is Algo A with its Algo B, has its own binary too. You have A, A, A, and A, B. 1.4 arc seconds, each of which is a spectroscopic binary, So you have the spectroscopic binary, meaning they're only able to be detected spectroscopically, which is... Let's look that up. The only evidence of a binary star comes from the Doppler effect on its emitted light.

So this is what we're talking about, where you have the wavelength of the actual emitted light. If it's yellow, for instance, it's going to shift and become... more red if it's going away from us. The wavelength will stretch. Red is a longer wavelength than blue at the other end of the visible spectrum. So if it's coming towards us, it'll shift slightly, very, very, very slightly. It'll shift to blue. And you might wonder how we can actually measure that shift. If it's just a changing quality of color, you know, but that's what's interesting about Newton's great discovery, well, not discovery, but science of optics that was built off of Newton's realization that white light separated

into all the colors of the rainbow and the visible spectrum in which was it him when after Newton's work on optics. So in the last few hundred years, we were able to determine that The reason light is split through a spectrum. Colors, individual colors of the white light, become separated after passing through that medium of the prism, is that the actual wavelengths of the light before it passed through their white light, they were, would you say, superimposed, I guess, on one another.

They were all meshed together. The spectrum forced them to exhibit their characteristics of longer and shorter wavelengths, going from red to orange and yellow, and then green and purple, ultimately, blue purple, being the shorter ones. And so the deflection of light was greater or less, depending on the wavelength.

And therefore, as it went through the medium, it's separated. And with the spectroscopic lines, the spectral lines that we talked about at the end of our, at the end of part one here, you can see, you can see a very subtle shift or emission lines, depending on what it is. So you have all these lines. And essentially what it, the best way to describe it is that it's a pattern of lines. each elements, each atoms, because they have a different number of nucleons, nuclear particles,

they react to light differently. Absorbing it, absorbing different wavelengths of it, can recognize what type of elements they are based on their pattern. So the way spectral Doppler shifts work is that elements have patterns, and groups of elements have groups of patterns, of emission lines. So a star, a known star, I can see here, an example of a pattern of emission lines. And they're very recognizable, just like a fingerprint, except they're not unique to each star because there's only a finite set of elements that are very common in stars. So there's a lot oftentimes repeating patterns. So what we can do is look at a known nearby star

that has roughly the same elemental composition, chemical composition. If it's close enough, we can maybe use parallax to determine its distance. And especially again, being close, oftentimes we actually have sophisticated instrumentation that we're able to use to determine its velocity. So by comparing a known object of a known luminosity and velocity,

its known elemental composition based on its emission spectra or absorption spectra, depending on whether it's a cloud or a nebula or a star, we can compare further away spectra. And we can see, for instance, the galaxy here in this example. We can see that its spectra is shifting towards the blue because the separation between the individual lines is all the same. So it's the same pattern, almost like a barcode. But the whole code itself is shifted left, a little more blue.

And so if the template, just for example, I'm not really reading. I don't know what they're trying to convey here, but we just pretend the, I guess if we, if we pretend that this star is the baseline, I guess, I was originally looking up here, so let's pretend the star is the baseline. In that case, all of these other objects, the large galaxy, maybe a nebula, a small galaxy, and then like a tiny, tiny, tiny, very distant, galaxy. Yeah, and that's what they are. A nearby medium and very, very distant galaxy. Maybe one of those ones that we see in Hubble's deep field, famous deep field image.

You can see that all of these are shifted to the red end of the spectrum. They all share the same pattern, but the barcodes are shifted. So, like this image. Appear shows if an object if we're on this side of the objects in relative to its direction of motion its velocity the wavelengths are going to be shortened if it's moving away from us they'll be lengthened and that same correlation maps on to the the emission spectra so It's super cool that they were able to analyze and observe the star in non-visible wavelengths and to be able to detect more faint, more subtle electromagnetic radiation.

Here, this one's in the H-band, the infrared. So this isn't visible. This is data gathered in infrared light. says sometimes the only evidence comes from Stopler effect. In these cases, the binary consists of a pair of stars where the spectral lines

and the light emitted from each star shifts towards the blue at first and then towards the red. I visualize that as the actual orbit as we see here. So if we pretend it's coming towards us now and we now going away and now coming towards

as it comes towards it will get blue and away is red. So they notice a very subtle shift depending on what side approaching or receding of the orbit it's on. And then it also remarks on the size of the system. In these systems,

the separation between the stars is usually very small because they're gravitationally bound. in the orbital, at least for the ones that we can detect, because obviously most detectable ones are going to be the quickest moving ones. Humans are really good at detecting movement, like most animals. And so these systems that we're most likely to observe are going to be the most dynamic ones, the ones moving the fastest.

So the orbital, that means the orbital velocity. the rate at which they orbit each other is very high, unless the plane of the orbit happens to be perpendicular to the line of sight, the orbital velocities will have components in the line of sight and the observed radial velocity of the system will vary periodically. And since radial velocity,

verify radial velocity, the rate of change of the distance between the object point along its radius. You have a roughly draw kind of oval shape here. The from here to here let's say as it orbits the radial distance the direct A to B line from star to star the radius is going to shorten a little bit so that might be R, and this might be R minus one astronomical unit, for instance. So the radial velocity is as it goes around how much its radius changes. How about this one?

Yeah, that's actually a pretty good visualization right there, I guess, of, you know, it's basic, but yeah, it shows you roughly the stretching as it recedes and compression of the the wavelength so yeah they even telescopes with the highest resolving power even today can't make out a lot of these binaries as visual binaries so they rely on that that very subtle shift of spectral lines and it doesn't it's It takes many days in years of measurement sometimes to be able to detect the shift. The shift, shift, shift, shift, shift,

tells us that MISAR is a quadru. How do you say that? There's four stars in the Mizar system. Visual stars, and each of those visual stars has its own detectable spectroscopic binary. The two components of Mizar A are both about 35 times as bright as the sun and revolve around each other in about 20 days and 12 hours, in 55 minutes, if you want to be exact. It says in 1908, Mizar B was also found to be a spectroscopic binary.

Its components completing an orbital period every six. These stars have to be very, very close to one another. 96, about almost 100, 107 years after their discovery, the components of Mizarre binary system were imaged in an extremely high resolution using the Navy prototype optical infarometer. the Big Dipper another picture. And we have a video from my star... What's it called? I forget the name of the program.

Offhand, but I'll put it in, maybe. You can see when you zoom into it, it's pretty cool. And it shows you alcohol. Alcor is pretty far away. And Mizar A and B have their respective binary. so they call it a quad system. Here they're referencing Alcor, Alcor, as Mizar's companion star, it's binary companions.

But little did he know that the Mizar itself was resolved not only into Mizar A and B, but also each of those components themselves, were again resolved into binaries. Very, very interesting. It's amazing how populated the universe really seems, once we peer into it deep enough. It gives me a lot of optimism for just the amount of exoplanets

that we're finding a lot recently. just really what the possibility of life is out there. I get really excited when I think about it. So a double star in Ophicus, Ophiakus now presents a similar phenomenon, and the satellite has a motion in its orbit still more rapid, still more rapid. Caster and the twins, Gamma Virginia, Zeta in the crab, Z-Buddis, and Delta Serpentis. And our featured star for this paragraph is

that remarkable double star 61, Cygni, together with several others amounting to 40 in number, exhibit the same evidence of a revolution about each other as about a common center. but it is to be remembered that these are not the revolutions of bodies of a planetary nature around the solar center but but rather sun around sun each perhaps accompanied by its own train of planets in their satellites their moons closely shrouded from our view by the splendor of their respective sun

and then crowded into a space bearing hardly a greater proportion, space bearing hardly a greater proportion to the enormous interval which separates them than the distances of the satellites of our planets from their primaries bear to their distances from the sun itself. Signee first attracted the attention of astronomers when its large proper motion.

I'll define that below. was first demonstrated by Giuseppe Piazza in 1804. And in 1838, Frederick Bessel, measured its distance from Earth at about 10.4 light years very close to the actual value of about 11.4 light years, now known. This was the first distance estimated for any star other than the sun. and first star to have its stellar parallax measured. Again, meaning the motion, we have the system.

We got Mercury, Venus, and we have Earth. It goes around every six months. The Earth is on the opposite side of the sun. And when you think about the Earth's orbit being about, It's one AU, the definition of which is astronomical unit is about 93 million miles. So that distance right there. Earth the Sun will call miles. When you double that being from one side all the way around, that's double.

You get about 186 million miles. And that's important because when you have nearby stars, grossly drawn grossly out of proportion here due to my corporeal small corporeal existence

earthly existence we have a bunch of much more distant stars in the background here so we have our view this star and we can see

from this point of our orbit the star the star way in the distance maybe let's say 20,000 light years we'll pretend that's the middle of the center of the Milky Way it's gonna be to the left from our perspective from our perspective it's going to be to the left of this star and then from the other side of the orbit that creates the parallax because now we can determine that from this side six months later of Earth's orbit we've gone almost 200 million miles

in space relative to this star so we travel just a little distance and when you pretend if you just hold your finger out at arm's length and close one eye and just alternate back and forth, the finger looks like it's doing this relative to the further background. And as we change sides in our orbit, that's exactly what it looks like is happening to this star. This star is our finger and it's moving. It's moving from in January the 20,000 light-year distant stars. If we pretend this is, you know, 10 light years away. These 20,000 light-year stars from this line of sight look like they're to the left.

And then from this line of sight in June or July, 200 million miles away from where we were initially looking at this star, 10 light years away. Now these 20,000 light-year distance stars seem to be. And it's cool, you know, I've repeated this in multiple videos because, mostly because I'm... a little too ignorant to go into anything in much more detail about astronomy. But it's a simple concept. I understand it. And I know you guys can too. It's easy to draw.

It's fun to explain because it's such a foundational part of our understanding. Because we use actual parallax from stars, you know, tens of light years away. Maybe, maybe more distant than that. It might be up to a thousand light years or something. I have to verify that. Don't quote me on that. But that's how we actually measure what's called standard candles. And we talked about Cepheid Variable Stars in the last video,

supernovae and Variable Stars, being a what's called a standard candle because they have a very predictable and very consistent, variation between their luminosity and the brightness with which that brightness varies over time. So if that's time and this down here, or up here rather, this brightness, during the star and it fluctuates. It gets really dim and then hits its peak of brightness back to its valleys. and we measure spots in between

and we draw trend lines and we recognize that after measuring enough of them I mean thousands you know astronomers are very very astute and very patient and very detail-oriented observers and they measure thousands of them and then notice a correlation that well the nearby ones we can tell

how close they are through parallax we do is measure the angle we know that this is essentially so far away these ones. We know that these ones are essentially infinitely far away for all practical purposes, because they don't change with respect to any other background stars. They remain consistent with most of the other stars. So only the nearby stars are the only ones that we noticed a slight wobble.

If we have two patterns of stars, we'll do this. And then over years, we come back. We'll pretend that's a little area of the sky. And we come back. Now looks like this. Well, we know that that star has shifted very slightly to the left. And so what that means is if we look at it from, this perspective. If these stars, if it looks like this one shifted from to the left, but

relative to all the other stars, these four stayed in a square-ish rectangular formation. That means they didn't shift. It was really this one that has shifted, which means that it looks like all these have shifted to the right, to the right. And based on our little pattern here, on a little drawing. If it shifted to the right, it goes from left, this star, the closest. So that means we've shifted. So it'll look to us if our earth has moved to, you know, to the right, I guess. We can say it'll look like the close star has moved to the left. Offset. because the background stars are going to stay the same. Cepheid variables, we know their distance through parallax.

We've measured enough of the close ones to determine that regardless of distance, they actually seem to have the same correlation between brightness or luminosity and speed at which they reach a certain brightness. So you might have getting brighter and dimmer quicker relative to less bright ones. So these are Siffy and forgive the handwriting. It's hard to write on an awkwardly held piece of paper. but these are

Cepheid variables here So so so You can only figure out where I got off on that tangent from 61 Cygne Was the first to be measured by Parallax in 1838 by Friedrich Bessel Friedrich Bessel

Friedrich Bessel And measured its distance from Earth to be about So it's roughly 11 light years away. This was the first distance estimated for any other star than the sun, which is, again, how we measured the sun's distance as well. I believe probably would have had to do that during an eclipse so we could see some stars in the background.

Among all other all stars or stellar systems listed in the modern Hemparkas catalog, 61 Cygney has the seventh highest proper motion in the highest among all visible stars in the system so very quickly we can see this little diagram here is the proper motion is the so proper motion is essentially the apparent motion from Earth as we see it pretty much what subtending an angle is so because we don't know all these distances you know we see constellations and to us these constellations all look like they're on the same sphere the same transparent crystal sphere the same distance away from us

You know, if we didn't know any better, back in the day before we had methods of rationally, logically deducing, and really, you know, having telescopes and things, and being able to determine that, based on certain characteristics, the stars had to, you know, be different distances away from us. It looks, it appears, and that's what proper motion is, that the object, simply move along that same equidistant away from us celestial sphere. It looks like it's moving along that plane, that two-dimensional plane, way, way in the heavens. This proper motion is an angle at subtenes, but in reality what it is is the, see here, the radial velocity, like we talked about earlier, which is I guess in terms of us measuring it through a telescope and through our other spectrum metric instruments,

we look at radial velocity as the component of motion that is either directly towards us or directly away from us. And that component adds with the transverse velocity, which is that motion perpendicular to the radial component of really self-conscious about it. Velocity of stars. So if this, again in a really proportional view, this is Earth and we're, you know, looking out through a telescope,

the star's general motion, it looks like it's kind of looks like it's doing this. And this right here would be the angle. be the angle subtenes. I guess they call that meu, the Greek letter, mu. So it's motion, in reality though, that's just it's kind of apparent motion, it's proper motion. To me that, I guess it's maybe, uh, sometimes in physics they keep names that are, uh, whose etymology

is, whose origin is, it predates the, more contemporary understanding of the thing that the name is trying to characterize, so, or label. And so, to me, that's a counterintuitive name. It's, the improper motion really is what it should be. But, um, unless I'm misunderstanding it, in which case, if, uh, if you'd like to, please call me out in the common section. But, um, the real velocity, as opposed to the apparent, or kind of proper motion is the components,

the addition of the components of radial velocity and transverse. And in physics, a general reoccurring concept is that you take two components, add 90 degrees to one another, and you add them together. The transverse velocity will just, diagrammatically just for purposes of understanding this we map this onto the head of the end of the radial velocity vector the line that kind of tells us

the direction and magnitude of this component of motion radial the transverse velocity adds to that and you make this resultant vector well I shouldn't go beyond it if we're going to maintain the analogy but yeah the way they teach you in you know freshman in physics because I never took it in high school is you add the two vectors and you get a result in vector by a squared Pythagorean theorem plus C squared so a is the square root of these square of these the addition of the squares of the two components and that's the the resultant vector is the space velocity the proper motion explaining all that is it's just what we see from

earth kind of the the motion away or from or towards other objects On that celestial background. 61 Cygney is a binary star system in the constellation from which it gets its name, Cygnus, consisting of a pair of K-type dwarf stars that orbit each other in a period of about 659 years. So to me that's a much more realistic, or I guess, normal paced orbit. It seems a 700-year orbit. It's much, much more mild, mild-mannered,

mild-mannered than a 50-year orbit, which just seems incredibly fast. Features of 61 Signy is that over the course of the 1900s, 20th century, several different astronomers reported evidence a massive planet orbiting one of the two stars but recent oh of course they got them let us out let us down with a but recent high precision radial velocity observations have shown that all such claims are unfounded leave this awesome look at this diagram right here proper motion of the binary

system so 2012 to 11 to November of so a seven-year period there is a kind of an aside about sir William Herschel the the elder elder Herschel of the two famous astronomers I guess I think John Herschel mentioned before looking at the existence of binaries was was his son the examination of the first oh no I lied was that his son will okay William Herschel was the elder Uranus and he was the discoverer of Uranus very cool so William is the elder John is the younger and I guess William was the the John no so we talked about John but John that himself was a polymath and great astronomer.

This excerpt says, says the examination of double stars was undertaken by the late Sir William Herschel died in 1822. I guess John was still alive at the time of this writing, which is so

I keep forgetting how old this book really is. With a view to the question of parallax, his attention was, however, soon arrested by the new and unexpected phenomena which these bodies presenting. Sir William observed them all in all of them in all 2400. Sir James South and Herschel have given a catalog of 380. The Transactions of the Royal Society for 1824 and South added another

458 in 1826. John Hurst. show his son, in addition to the above, published an account of a thousand before he left England for the Cape of Good Hope, where he is at this time, at the time of this writing, pushing his discoveries in the southern hemisphere with great perseverance and success. Professor Professor Struve with the great doorpad telescope has given a catalog of a catalog of 3,0363 of the most remarkable of these stars. The objects of these, the object of these catalogs is not merely to fix the place of the star

within the search limits as will enable us to easily discover it at any future time, but also to record a description of the appearance, position, and mutual distances of the individual stars composing the system. in order that subsequent observers may, of course, have the means of detecting their connected motions or any changes which they may exhibit. Professor Struve has also taken notice of 52 triple stars, among which number 11 of the unicorn

Zeta of Cancer and Z of the balance, like an actual balance scale, appear to be turnary systems in motion. Ternary. So I guess that's... Quadruple and even quintuple stars have likewise been observed, which also appear to revolve around a common center of gravity.

In short, every region of the heavens furnishes examples of these curious phenomena. So the section on binary stars here, double stars, ends with a subsection on the color of the stars, which is, as we know, after talking about the spectra and all the other electromagnetic portions of the spectrum, all the other portions of the EM spectrum that we've observed stars

through, we know that the color of stars is very, very important. Of course, a lot of them in this, this book were obscured by the atmosphere itself. Earth's fairly thick atmosphere. It says many of the double stars exhibit the curious and beautiful phenomenon of contrasted colors, complementary tints. In such instances, the large star is usually of a ruddy or orange hue, while the smaller one appears blue or green. Probably the virtue, probably in virtue of that general law of opposite.

which provides that when the retina is under the influence of excitement by any bright colored light, the feebler light, which seen alone would produce no sensation but that of whiteness maybe, shall for a time appear colored with a tint complementary to that of the brighter. Thus a yellow color predominating in the light of the brighter star. Oh, I, you're supposed to read that as. as if the word given is in front there. So thus, given that a yellow color predominating is predominating in the light of the brighter star,

that of the less bright one in the same field of view will appear blue. While if the tint of the brighter star verged to a crimson, that of the other one will exhibit a tendency to green, or even appear a vivid green. The former contrast is beautifully exhibited in Iota, in Cancer, and the latter in Almac, in Andromeda. Both fine double stars.

I looked up Iota in Almac. We could see here pretty awesome, a very, very cool picture. So he said the former is beautifully exhibited, a former contrast. Being a yellow color will make the less bright one appear blue. And you can see that's exactly, exactly what we see here. It's pretty amazing. Canceri, canceri, is a double star in the constellation of cancer. Although no orbit has been derived, the two stars show a large, common proper motion. So they're assumed to be gravitationally related. The brighter star, Canceri A, Ida Iota Cancery A,

is a yellow G-type star with an apparent magnitude of plus 4.02. It's a mild barium star, slightly ionized barium detected. Meaning, so that's a great example of a star being, you know, having a very prominent element and therefore a prominent associated emission spectrum or absorption, or, absorption spectrum that goes along with it and we can look at the pattern of barium as we know it with uh with this star's pattern we can see it's determine things about its radial motion whether it's going away or towards us and at what speed by noticing the shift in that spectral lines of barium in this star over a period of time over how quickly

will the spectra shift. So this, I really thought this part was very cool. So it's a mild barym star, slightly ionized, meaning it's stripped, it's not a neutrally charged barium array, I guess. It's defined by a more charged, whether negative or leaning to positive, having more electrons or less.

that's what it's characterized as, but it's thought to be formed by mass transfer of enriched material from an a-assimotic giant branch star onto an less evolved companion. They haven't detected anything yet. No such donor has been detected in the Iota cancer system, but the astronomers assume that there is an uncertainty. seen white dwarf. So what they're able to detect from it is a telltale of a actual gravitational suction, a stripping of the iota cancery, the yellow star, stripping of it by a white dwarf, a much more dense, compact, gravitationally dominant maybe white dwarf. And then, And in the fainer of the two visible stars, Iota Cancery B is a white A-type main sequence

dwarf with an apparent magnitude of quite a lot of dimmer of 6.57 relative to the yellow's 4.02 apparent magnitude. Cancery B, small blue component star, companion star, is a shell star. surrounded by material expelled by its rapid rotation. And then the second one, the example of the first one there in Ayura, we saw the yellow being the predominant, more brighter 4.0 magnitude star, 4.02, making the normally just a white, dimmer star by contrast appear blue. The second one in Allmac is going to make brighter, the red crimson hue of the brighter star is going to make the smaller one appear green.

Find this one? That's right, so I was confused because Allmac turns out to be not only a binary system, it's actually a coronary system where the second of the apparent binary style, The smaller star is itself, itself orbited by a binary system. So you have A and what they call C now, or I guess B ends up being the, yeah, okay, so you have A, and what we thought was just a singular second star, B. B ends up having, being a binary system itself. So we have A, the main red crimson one, alpha, or rather a gamma-indromeda.

So it's the gamma we can see here. We pull up the gamma of the constellation Andromeda there. It's at the very top near the border of Cassiopia to the top. This one, the top right, the Andromeda Nebula, the M-31 galaxy. The system originally looked like it was two stars. The real crimson one is an individual star, but it's orbited by three stars we originally thought was one. So B gamma-andromity turns into B-A and B-B,

and then that itself is orbiting a third star C, gamma-indromedy. So the part where the crimson star makes the other one look by the principle of complementary tints, contrasted colors, look green. I found one picture where it does when it's right next to it. If you kind of squint, you could see how it's going to make it look green. But the, let's see, zoom into the gamma. I'm getting my name is mixed up. This is much more high-resolution image is of Allmac, which the whole system was initially considered to be Allmac, but 1778 Johann Tobias Mayer discovered that Gamma-Andromity was actually a double-star system. So about 40 years or no, 50, 50, 50 years before this book.

was written. Yeah, we knew it was a binary system at least, but when we looked further into it, the red one, it's confusing because they alternately call it gamma gamma-endromity a, or they use a number system and call it one. If we just stick with a, the ABC system, the crimson A was originally just thought to be orbited by the B, in Dromedy B, B turns out to be, of course, itself a triple star system, a binary orbiting a

much more, as we can see here, a yellow and orange binary group, orbiting in much more blue, which I guess ends up being the more dominant color of the gamma C. So what looked initially like a single star, then through a crude telescope, a double, a binary, ends up being a quadruple star system.

Get more and more information. We realize the life, maybe not life in this example, but we realize the universe is much more rich and complex. So if, however, the colored star be much less bright of the two, it won't materially affect the other. So, for instance, at a Cassiopia, which we're about to look at, exhibits the beautiful combination of a large white star and a much small

in a small one of a ruddy, rich purple. I quite believe that's purple, but you can imagine how when you're looking through the atmosphere and through a non-mechanically polished lens it definitely might take on that appearance. And again, it's very interesting how our perception changes based on the environment. So our perception isn't always a good judge of objective, you know, facts,

objective features of external objects a lot of times. I found out that, so Etta Cassiopia is a binary system in the northern circumpolar constellation of Cassiopia. Its binary nature was first discovered by the elder William. Herschel in 1779 and based upon parallax measurements the distance to this is now known to be about 20 light years from the sun the two components are designated at a Caciopia a officially named aacherd the traditional name of the system we could see it aida or sorry Ada Ada Ada Ada Ada Ada Ada

The N with a long tail is a... The Greek letter, Ada. You can see it right there between alpha, gamma. ...orograph here, guys. Coming to our conclusion of binary, and it looks like this will end up being a four-part series. That took a lot longer than I thought. But that's okay.

We want to take our time, especially in this... Especially in this ancient, he ends up saying, it's not easy to conceive what variety of illumination two suns, a red and a green, or a yellow and a blue, must afford to a planet revolving around either. And it's, to me, that's amazing to God, it's cool on two levels, because primarily what he's saying is,

is just a thing of beauty. It really is that almost like Luke Skywalker on tattooing looking at two suns even though his were fairly basic compared to what we're talking about here the color contrast.

His was just was, you know, Luke's was just white and kind of red but that was also because it was at sunset so sun's set but I love that this guy makes it, he saturates his writing and it's meant for a general audience,

so it's very, it's very poetic, it's very, it kind of grips the reader with a sense of awe and inspires us to not just absorb dry facts in numbers and patterns, but to look, you know, look for the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, Look at the dynamic, like what it actually means in reality that there might even be planets revolving around these binary systems in which they have two suns and their sky must be lit up in a different hue than ours. It must be casting a dark, dark crimson red even at midday. or it's a beautifully, you know, bright blue, white, maybe. And then maybe even being next to it, if you have two suns in the sky, it might be a juxtaposition of that complementary type of colors,

where you might see one of the suns looking purple or green, you know, How amazing would that be? And then on a, you know, a meta level, just, it's amazing that this guy was thinking so science, you know, so poetically and so, I want to say like science fiction oriented, but he was just thinking so imaginatively. And I love this writing. I love that he sparked wonder. and this was 200 years ago and it's still something that captures our imagination.

It's timeless, in other words. I love it. I love learning that our interests overlap, share passions and motivations and things that things exist which inspire humans across centuries.

and for being real across millennia in tens and even hundreds of thousands of years, that feeling of a possibility that arises within us when we look to the heavens and think, what could we become if we ever could we achieve? How could we get there? What would it take? I wonder if it inspired us in some small way, maybe, to look forward and think optimistically about our future. And so we continue, what charming contrasts and grateful vicissitudes, a red and a green day, for instance, if they're alternating, alternating with white, and with darkness might arise from the presence of or absence of one or the other or both above the horizon.

Insulated stars of a red color, almost as deep as that of blood, occur in many parts of the heavens, but no green or blue star of any decided hue, as we believe ever been noticed, unassociated with a companion brighter than itself Star System Section Geography of the Heavens by Logeriburit Part 1 of 4 or Part 2 of 4 I will finish this one because

to me it's so interesting I just I cannot get enough of this book so much fun I'll let you guys go I hope you enjoyed this thank you seriously for all of you who went out of your way to support me on Patreon or, you know, send me support through PayPal.

And just thank you for watching, really. I look forward to your comments and criticisms. That's how I grow. That's how I grow. Take care of guys. We'll see you next time.