Letters from an American - Resting on the Rule of Law

Episode Date: July 3, 2026

July 2, 2026On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress passed a Resolution for Independence, They declared that the Colonies were free and independent states, and that all political connection between them and Great Britain was and ought to be totally dissolved, Known as the Lee Resolution, it was the final break between the king and the 13 colonies, After the French and Indian War, the colonies were proud to be members of the British Empire but after Britain passed taxes, the colonists were shocked, and raised the question of whether the king could be checked by the people, The colonies demanded equality in the British Empire, tensions spread, and the British were determined to end the rebellion, After the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress created a Continental Army to be led by George Washington, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense spread the idea that the law is king in a free country, an idea that spread through the colonies, By April 1776, declarations of independence were being written in states, and on June 7, the Lee Resolution was drafted by Congress, and it passed on July 2, John Adams declared the Second Day of July 1776 as the most memorable in the history of America, It advanced the idea that a nation should rest not on the arbitrary rule of a single man and his hand-picked advisors, but on the rule of law.Watch today's recording here: https://www.youtube.com/live/g9TUa1Rwd6U?si=T8_KKcHQZElhpnZ-Get full, free access to Letters from an American here: https://heathercoxrichardson.substack.com/subscribeYou can also find me:Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/hcrichardson.bsky.socialInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/heathercoxrichardson/?hl=enFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/heathercoxrichardson/YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@heathercoxrichardson Get full access to Letters from an American at heathercoxrichardson.substack.com/subscribe

July 2nd, 26. On July 2nd, 1776, the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution for independence, declaring that these united colonies are, and of right, ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is and ought to be totally desolate. Also known as the Lee Resolution, after Virginia Delegate Richard Henry Lee, who had proposed it, the resolution was the final break between the King and the 13 colonies on the North American continent that would later become the United States of America. The path to independence had been neither obvious nor easy. In 1763, at the end of what was known in the colonies as the French and Indian War, the war, there was little indication that the colonies were about to start their own nation. The war had brought an economic boom to the colonies,

and with the French giving up control of land to the West, Euro-American colonists were giddy at the prospect of moving across the Appalachian Mountains. Impressed that the king had been willing to expend such effort to protect the colonies, they were proud of their identity as members of the British Empire. That enthusiasm soon waned. To guard against another expensive war between the colonists and indigenous Americans, the King's ministers and parliament prohibited colonists from crossing the Appalachians. Then, to replenish the Treasury after the last war, they passed a number of revenue laws.

In 1765, they enacted the Stamp Act, which placed attacks on printed material in the colonies, everything from legal documents and newspapers to play. cards. The Stamp Act shocked colonists who saw in it a central political struggle that had been going on in England for more than a century. Could the King be checked by the people? Columnists were not directly represented in Parliament and believed they were losing their fundamental liberty as Englishmen to have a say in their government. They responded to the Stamp Act with widespread protests. In 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but linked that repeal to the Declaratory Act, which claimed for Parliament full power and authority to make laws and statutes to bind the colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever.

This act echoed the 1719 Irish Declaratory Act, which asserted that Ireland was subordinate to the British King and Parliament. It also imposed new taxes. As soon as news of the declaratory act and the new taxes reached Boston in 1767, the Massachusetts legislature circulated a letter to the other colonies, standing firm on the right to equality in the British Empire. Local groups boycotted taxed goods and broke into warehouses whose owners they thought were breaking the boycott. In 1768, British official, sent troops to Boston to restore order.

Events began to move faster and faster. In March 1770, British soldiers in Boston shot into a crowd of men and boys harassing them, killing five and wounding six others. Tensions calmed when Parliament in 1772 removed all but one of the new taxes, the tax on tea. But then in May 1773, it tried to bail out the failing,

India Company by giving it a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies. The result would be cheaper tea in the colonies, convincing people to buy it and thus establishing Parliament's right to impose the tax. Ships carrying the East India tea sailed for the colonies in fall 1773, but mass protests convinced the ships headed to every city but Boston to return to England. In Boston, the Royal Governor was determined to land the cargo. On December 16th, 1773, men dressed as indigenous Americans boarded the Dartmouth tied to a wharf in Boston Harbor and tossed the tea overboard. Parliament promptly

closed the port of Boston, strangling its economy. In fall 1774, worried colonial delegates met as the first Continental Congress in Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia to figure out how to stand to against tyranny. In Massachusetts, a provincial Congress stockpiled weapons and supplies in Concord and called for towns to create companies of men who could be ready to fight on a minute's notice. British officials were determined to end the rebellion once and for all. They ordered General Thomas Gage to arrest Boston leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who were rumored to be in Lexington, and to seize the supplies in Concord. On the night of April 18th, 1775, the soldiers set out.

The next morning, on the Lexington Town Green, the British regulars found several dozen minute men waiting for them. The locals began to disperse when ordered to, but then a shot cracked through the darkness. The regulars opened fire. Eight locals were killed, another dozen wounded. The regulars marched on to Concord, where they found that most of the supplies had been removed. Then, when they turned to march back to Boston, they found their retreat cut off by minute men firing from behind boulders, trees, and farmhouses.

73 regular soldiers were killed, another 174 were wounded, and 26 were missing. There were 96 colonial casualties, 49 killed, 41 wounded. and five missing. Before disbanding the year before, the First Continental Congress had agreed to meet again if circumstances seem to require it. After the events at Lexington and Concord, the delegates regrouped in Philadelphia in late spring 1775, down the street from Carpenter's Hall, in the Pennsylvania State House, a building that we now know as Independence Hall. The Second Continental Congress agreed to pull the military units around Boston into a continental army and put George Washington of Virginia in charge of it.

But delegates also wrote directly to the king, emphasizing that they were Your Majesty's faithful subjects. They blamed the trouble between him and the colonies on many of Your Majesty's ministers who had dealt out delusive presences, fruitless terrors and unavailing severities, and force the colonists to arm themselves in self-defense. They begged the king to use his power to restore harmony with the colonies. By the time the Olive Branch petition made it to England in fall 1775, the king had already declared the colonies to be in rebellion. In January 1776, a 47-page pamphlet, a 47-page pamphlet,

published in Philadelphia by newly arrived immigrant Thomas Payne provided the spark that inspired his new countrymen to make the leap from blaming the king's ministers for their troubles to blaming the king himself. In the following pages, I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense, Payne wrote. Payne rejected the idea that any man could be born to rule others, and he ridiculed the idea that an island should try to govern a continent. Where is the king of America? Payne asked in common sense. I'll tell you, friend, so far as we approve of monarchy, in America, the law is king. For as in absolute governments, the king is law, so in free countries, the law ought to be king, and there ought to be no other.

A government of our own is our natural right, and when a man seriously reflects on the precariousness of human affairs, he will become convinced that it is infinitely wiser and safer to form a constitution of our own in a cool, deliberate manner, while we have it in our power, than to trust such an interesting event to time and chance. If we omit it now, some dictator may hereafter arise, who, laying hold of popular disquietudes, may collect together the desperate and the discontented, and by assuming to themselves the powers of government, may sweep away the liberties of the continent like a deluge. We have it in our power, Payne wrote, to begin the world over again. As common sense swept the colonies, people echoed Payne's call for American independence. By April 1776, states were writing their own declarations of independence, and a Virginia convention asked the Second Continental Congress to consider declaring the United Colonies' free and

independent states absolved from all allegiance to or dependence upon the crown, or Parliament of Great Britain. On June 7th, Lee put the resolution forward. Four days later, the Congress appointed a committee to draft such a declaration. Congress left time for reluctant delegates to come around to the resolution, so it was not until July 2nd that the measure passed. The second day of July 1770, will be the most memorable epocha in the history of America,

Massachusetts Delegate John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail. While we celebrate Congress's approval of the final form of the Declaration of Independence two days later, the adoption of the Lee Resolution marked the delegate's ultimate conviction that a nation should not rest on the arbitrary rule of a single man and his hand-picked advisors, but on the rule of law. Letters from an American was written and read by Heather Cox Richardson. It was produced at Soundscape Productions, Dead in Massachusetts, recorded with music composed by Michael Moss.