Lex Fridman Podcast - #334 – Abbas Amanat: Iran Protests, Mahsa Amini, History, CIA & Nuclear Weapons

Episode Date: November 2, 2022

Abbas Amanat is a historian at Yale specializing in the modern history of Iran. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Henson Shaving: https://hensonshaving.com/lex and use code LEX to get 100 free blades with your razor - InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex to get 20% off - Onnit: https://lexfridman.com/onnit to get up to 10% off - ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod to get 3 months free EPISODE LINKS: Abbas's Website: https://history.yale.edu/people/abbas-amanat Abbas's Books: 1. Iran: https://amzn.to/3zzLWVA 2. Apocalyptic Islam and Iranian Shi'ism: https://amzn.to/3h66fU0 PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: - Check out the sponsors above, it's the best way to support this podcast - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here's the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) - Introduction (06:18) - Mahsa Amini protests in Iran (24:35) - Propaganda (42:13) - Iranian culture (59:02) - Violent suppression of protests (1:20:31) - Islamic Revolution (1:38:14) - CIA in Iran (1:54:30) - Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini (2:25:26) - Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei (2:33:21) - Nuclear weapons (2:41:38) - Israel (2:56:18) - Putin (3:03:50) - Future of Iran

The following is a conversation with Abbas Aminat, a historian at Yale University specializing in the modern history of Iran. My love and my heart goes out to the Iranian people in their current struggle for freedom. I hope that this conversation helps folks who listen, understand the nature and the importance of this struggle. And now a quick few second mention of eSponsor. Check them out in the description. It's the best way to support this podcast. We got Henson shaving for a great razor and shave, inside tracker for biomodetoring, on it for supplements and express VPN for privacy. Choose wisely

my friends. And now onto the full lad reads. As always, no ads in the middle. I try to make this interesting, but if you skip them, please still check out our sponsors. I enjoy their stuff, maybe you will too. This show is brought to you by Hansen, shaving a family-owned aerospace manufacturer

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is ExpressVPN, big, sexy button, you press, and it just works. You set the location that you want your computer to emulate, and bam, and the connection is super fast, plus it's stable, everything's very intuitive, works on any operating system, including my favorite one, which is Linux, but obviously on mobile devices too, iPhone, all the Android devices. I have so many Android devices now that I feel like I'm like a

sheep herder and those are my sheep. But instead of being sheep, they're actually super computers. Although you can argue that a sheep too is a supercomputer. Anyway, go to expressvpm.com slash likes pod for next year, three months free. This is the Lex Readman podcast to support it. Please check out our sponsors in the description. And now, dear friends, here's Abbas, Aminat. Let's start with the current situation in Iran. On September 16, protests broke out in Tehran and quickly spread over the death of a 22-year-old Maksa Amini. I witnesses saw her beaten to death by the morality police. This is a heavy topic, puts a really important topic. What can you explain what happened? The protests are now in the

happened. The protests are now in their sixth week, the death of that young woman, occurred who was visiting Tehran as a tourist. It sparked something very deep that particularly concerned the younger generations, that is what you would call the equivalent of the Z generation in this country. They call themselves the Heyeh-Hash-Tur-D in Persian because Iran follows the solar calendar of its own as an ancient solar calendar. And the time that they were born they were in the 1380s, that's what they call themselves Hachstod, the 80s, Hachstod for the 80s. And the, well, the circumstances that surrounds the unfortunate death of this young beautiful Kurdish woman is really tragic. She was arrested by what is referred to as the morality police, morality patrol called

Gashte Ershad, a guidance police, that is. Presumably there were two women fully clad that this officer is serving on that force and two men. And nobody exactly knows what had happened. She had been beaten up. And apparently there was no sign of any wrongdoing on her side. She was fully covered. doing on her side, she was fully covered. It seems that there was some altercation in the process. And the outcome was that she was unconscious, not necessarily when she was arrested, but in the course of the detention, when they take them to a center, presumably to re-educate

them. And she apparently collapsed, and maybe my sense is that she must have had some kind of a problem because of the skull being broken or something had happened. And she died in the hospital the next day. And that through the social media was widely spread throughout Iran. And almost the next day, surprisingly, you could see this outburst of sympathy for her. People are in the street whipping because she was seen as a Chinese innocent young woman, 22 years old, and the family, the mother and the father, also mourning for her. And being a Kurt visiting Tehran, this all added up to really turn her into some kind of a martyr of this cause.

And that's what it is. And her picture, graphics that were artistically produced based on her portrait, has now dominates basically as the symbol of this protest movement. And the protest movement goes on, everybody was thinking, or at least the authorities were thinking, that is going to die out in a matter of a few days. But it became more intense, first in the streets of Tehran

by young women, mostly probably between, I would say, 17, 18 teenagers to 22, 23, or thereabouts, and then to university campuses, all around the country, and then even to high schools. And that also made it a very remarkable protest movement, because first of all, it involves the youth and not necessarily the older generations. You see them around, but not as many. Also you see men and women together, young, girls and boys. And they are adamant, they are desperate in a sense of the tone of their process.

And they are extremely courageous because they stand against the security forces that were immediately versed off to the streets. So, and in full gear, that is. So what are the currents of pain, emotion, what is this turmoil that rose to the surface that resulted in these big protests? What are the different feelings, ideas that came to the surface here that resulted in such quick scaling of this protest? Well, if you listen to the main slogan, which is the message of this movement, it's called women, life, freedom, zan, zende, ye, a zade, which is a translation of actually the Kurdish equivalent, which is close to Persian being in the European language.

And it's apparently initiated first in the Syrian Kurdistan, where they were fighting against the Islamic Dias forces, because they were attacking the Yazidis there and the women being enslaved. But the message as it moved, or historians are interested in this kind of trends. So it's just moved to call the stand-and-from-call the stand now being the message of this movement. Reflects pretty much sums up what this movement is all about. Women and the forefront because of all the, what might say, discriminations, the treatment, the humiliation that this young generation feels, well, not only the young generation, but most of the Iranian secular middle classes since 1979, basically, for the past 40 years.

And they would think that these all basically symbolized, or represented by the wearing the mandatory wearing of the head job, which is at the core of this protest. You see the young women, if you look at many of these clips that come through in the past six weeks, women in streets take off their mandatory scarves, which is a young child, or some kind of a head covering that's all. And they throw it into the bonfire in the middle of this street and they dance around it and slogans. So there is a sense of complete rejection of what this regime for 43 years have been imposing on women. It's not as it's sometimes been portrayed a movement against her job through and through,

but it's basically says there has to be a choice for those who want to bear her job and those want to remain without a job. Yeah, the hijab is a symbol of something much deeper. Much deeper. And actually, before we get into that, it's interesting to note that in many of the demonstrations you see in the university campuses or in the streets, you see women with a job, young women with a job, or next to those have to remove their head job and they're together basically protesting. That's the most interesting feature

of these demonstrations, and then men and women together against the segregation that the regime has imposed upon them all these years. Now, in terms of what it represents, as I pointed out, one is the question of the whole series of, one, I say, civil and legal discriminations against women. You are considered as a kind of a second class citizen.

You depend on your men. There's a kind of a patriarchy that has been institutionalized in the Islamic Republic in a very profound fashion. And that means that probably in matters of divorce, marriage and divorce, in matters of custody of your children, in matter of inheritance, in matter of freedom of movement, you depend on your husband, your father, your brother,

a male member of your family, your child, your son, could be the case. And because of that, obviously, a young age generation who is so well informed through social media, knows about the world as much as an American kid. There's probably sometimes more. They're very, very curious. It's from what I hear, or sometimes

that I met a few of them outside Iran. You'll see that how this new generation is completely different from what the Islamic Republic wanted to create in its social engineering. It's basically the failure of 43 years of the Islamic Republic's act of imposition of a certain so-called Islamic values on women. Then this matter of education, you would see that there is segregation in the schools.

One of the issues that now, right now, is at the heart of this demonstration, is that self-services in many of the campuses of Iranian universities are segregated, male and female to different rooms, to different halls. Now they are breaking through the walls, virtually everywhere, and sit together in order to basically resist the authorities who want to impose segregation. In matters of appearance in the public, of course, it may seem to us as kind of trivial and secondary, but appearance is important. Clothing is important. How you would imagine yourself is important. They don't want to be seen in the way that the authorities would like to impose upon them

as this kind of an idea of a chased Islamic woman who is fully covered and is fully protected. The idea of a male member of the family protects the female. That is what you would say at the heart of this rebellion. And of course, that goes with everything else. The second part of this message, the idea of life basically means if you like to use the American equivalent of this, the pursuit of the happiness, that's what they want. They want fun.

They want music. They want dancing. They want to be pursuit of the happiness. That's what they want. They want fun. They want music. They want dancing. They want to be free in this street. They want to have gayer boyfriends and live freely and don't be constantly looked by the big brother to tell them what to do and not to do or not to do. So that is, that they share with the entire Iranian society as of all. Although the older generations, that's a big puzzle. But you would see that the older generation don't so far at least don't take part as extensively as one might imagine. And this is a variety of reasons,

perhaps you can get to that later on, if you like. But as far as this you engage in generation, they don't care, they don't listen even as much to their parents as the older generations did. So one might say even the nature of the relationship between the parents and the youth has changed, it's not the concept of, again, a patriarchy that a father or even a mother would tell the daughter or son what to do.

Basically, they have to negotiate. It's fundamentally a rejection of the power of authority. Parents, government, that every person can decide their own fate and there's no lessening of value of the wisdom of old age and old institutions. Precisely that's what it is. And they are surprisingly aware that where they are as a generation. So it's a sense of pride as we are different from the older generation, from your parents to compromise and lived with the restrictions that actually involved in the revolution of

79, the parents which were the middle generation, and these are the third generation of the revolution of 1979, and therefore they differentiate themselves in terms of their identity from the older generation. So that's the life part of it. I mean, we can go more and more, they want to access and they see on social media what happens in the rest of the world. Well, they're much better digitally skilled than my generation, for instance. And they know about all the personalities, they know about all the celebrities, they know about all the celebrities,

they know about all the trends that goes outside Iran. So that's a second part of this message. And then of course the third part is the word Azaadi, meaning freedom or liberty, which is this long standing demand of the Iranians, I would say for the whole century ever since the constitutional revolution of 1906. Iran has witnessed this problem of authorities that usually emerged at the end revolution to basically impose its own image on the population on the youth and create authoritarian regimes of which over the course of time, I would say that the Islamic Republic is the worst.

The sense that it's intrusion is not only in the political sense, in, for instance, banning the freedom of speech, meddling with the elections, banning political parties, all kinds of that things, which are the political or civil freedoms, but it's intrusion into the personal life of the individual, which is the worst kind, in a sense, as you would see that there is always an authority that basically dominates your life or monitors your life.

So, they do it in a kind of a very consistent fashion, which makes this idea of freedom so important as part of the message of this new movement. You would see that in today's Iran, there are no independent political parties. There is very little, probably, freedom of the press. I wouldn't say that it's entirely gone, but it's fairly limited. There's enormous amount of propaganda machine, which dominates the entire radio and TV system in Iran, completely in the hands of the government. And of course, you would see this variety of other tools for trying to indoctrinate Iranian population across the board. So that's another sign of this kind of a sense of being

a totally left out, you're not belonging to what's going on in terms of power, empowerment and disempowerment. So that's the situation as far as the idea of a freedom of speech concept. And there's three, somewhat miraculously and perhaps unintentionally, the three parts of this message complement each other, because perhaps for the first time we see that women are in the forefront of a movement. I hesitate to say revolution because I'm not particularly happy with revolutions. Revolutions worldwide, Dini Rar Iran have always been so miserable in terms of

their outcome that we have to be careful not to use the word revolution. So that's where it stands now. And the regime was thinking that well these are kids, they're going to go away and then of course they're completely Conspiratorial in their thinking They constantly think that these are all the instigations and provocations of foreign powers these are the great Satan United States. This is Israel or These are the I actually the supreme the the Steves and so many words. He's only response so far that he had in the past six weeks with regard to this demonstration is that these are the children of the Savak, Savak being the security forces of

the Shastine. That's 43 years later, he claims that the children, 16, 17 years, 20 years old, kids in the street are the grandchildren or children of some imaginary survival of the child security. So there's the idea is that these protests are internal and external sub-tours, so people trying to sabotage the government. Yes. And they are misled. Misled. As far as they can go. And then there's the great state in the United States and other places are controlling sort of either controlling the narrative, feeding propaganda or literally sending people to the end. I don't think that they have,

I don't think even they have that kind of imagination precisely to say what you have said. That they would say that they're controlling the narrative. They basically say, no, these are agents of the foreign powers. And their families are all sold out and they are basically lost their loyalities to the great Islamic Republic. And therefore, they can be treated so brutally. They can be suppressed or brutally.

Which I haven't actually said what they are doing, because I thought perhaps first we should talk about who these kids are in the streets, before we move on about the response of the government, but one major factor which seems to add to the anxiety of, well, the regime is extremely anxious now because they are in a position. This shows that they don't have the lack of confidence in a sense, that they would see them reacting in a very forceful way, because basically they don't seem to have that kind of confidence

to allow this message or the movement to air to be aired. But the one element which corresponds to that is that there is an expatriate population of Iranians worldwide. They are probably now, according to some estimates, close to four million, even more. Iranians are abroad. And they're all over the world from Australia and New Zealand,

Japan, Western Europe, Turkey and United States, Canada. So just to give you one example, last Saturday, there was a mass demonstrations in Berlin by the Iranians from Germany and all over Europe, Western Europe. And it was at least, I think, probably the conservative estimate was about 100,000. So, 100,000 Iranians showed up in Berlin demonstrating against the treatment of the women in Iran or the movement in Iran. The government thinks obviously this must have been some instigation by foreign powers and they want to destroy this lovely republic. And not only that, but the propaganda is kind of ridiculous, because I listened actually to how they portrayed it in the newspapers.

I listened to the Iranian news. That's officially controlled, government controlled news. And in the papers, there's much of the papers that are in the control of the government. One of them, or actually the major news program portrayed the demonstrations that 10,000 people showed up in Berlin and protested against the rising prices, rising rates for gas and oil in Germany. So that's how they mislead. In a very rather stupid fashion,

because probably 95% or even 100% of the Iranians are listening to Persian-speaking media outside Iran. So it's a BBC passion. There is Iranian international, there are at least five or six of them. That's probably really important to highlight that Iran is a very modern and tech savvy nation. Not just young people. Probably more than I feel sometimes when I compare myself to what they are doing. It's this 1979, the earlier years, for a decade or two,

they tried in a very crude fashion to restrict access to media outside Iran. Because these are all through dishes, okay? And satellite dishes are everywhere, you know, if you look at the buildings of small towns and villages in Iran, there is always a dish. And they watch all kinds of things through this. And particularly because of what's happening now, they listened to all the news broadcasts from all these media and they are extremely active.

There are probably some of them even 24 hours or close, very extensive coverage of every clip that comes through. So what the government is doing now, the Islamic Republic, is that they restrict the entire internet. They shut the internet, but they cannot afford shutting that internet because much of the business, much of the everyday life, much of the government, at first, depends on the internet, like everywhere else. And Iran is extremely, if I hear from many of the colleagues and friends, you know, it's like in certain districts, it's like Sweden, where you go there, there's no more currency and for a very good reason, because there's so much inflation that the bank notes

are worthless in essence. So everything is through you know sweeping your card and that the entire system is in a standstill because people cannot buy food. You go to the supermarket that's how you would do it. You order food to come to your house, which Iranian is at least a middle class, the more prosperous middle class is doing all the time. So they deliver everything. And because of the COVID, it became even more. And they have to pay all through the system.

So what happens is that now they're estimating that every day $50 million, the Iranian government, or the Iranian economy is losing because of slowing the internet. Plus the frustration is growing because you can't order food. Among God's feet. Right.

I mean, they are in touch with, I mean, what's, they are in touch with me. I mean, WhatsApp, every Iranian, virtually every Iranian. It has education and education in the sense that has gone through the high schools and universities. It knows how to use the WhatsApp. So, there's a big middle class, like you said, secular middle class in Iran. And there, there's a lot of at least capacity for, if not revolutioned, and political,

ideological turmoil. And a huge amount of hatred. So the hatred has grown. Yes, hatred of the policies of the regime, of isolation. That's a huge point that you hear a great deal about. We don't want to be isolated. We don't want to be humiliated. Iran is not about this miserable regime that is ruling over us.

We have a great culture. So there is a sense of pride in their own culture, some of it, you know, Islamic, some of it, pre-Islamic. So there is a huge sense of pride in that. And they see that they cannot communicate with the outside world. They want to travel abroad, which they do. I mean, for wanting the Iranian regime never actually, for majority of the population, never put restrictions.

It's not like Soviet Union, where you have to have a, you used to have a permission to move from one place to another. And then of course, the Islamic regime since 1979 basically chased away or destroyed the old middle class. That's my generation, basically. My parents here, these are the secular middle class of the Pahlavi era. In the hope that they can do this social engineering and create this Islamic society of their own, the bad news for them was that that didn't happen and that memory persisted and the middle class that was created since past 40 years

is much larger in size than what it was, because it was, of course, the demographic revolution. There's a very foundation of it. It's the demographic revolution. Population in Iran, I've written an article about it actually. Population in Iran since the turn of the century, last century, the 20th century. Population of Iran was about nine million or so. It's now 83 million. And that is since 1979, the population was 35 million between the past 40 years. It's basically doubled. So it's 83 million. Although one of the great successes, I don't want to bore you with the details about the democracy, but it's important, you know.

Please. Demographics is not important. You can see that the birth rate was very high. Otherwise, you wouldn't have doubled your population in matter of four decades. But Iranians, because of the urban shift to an urban population, because of the growth of the middle class, because of the education,

they basically, the pattern of growth, population growth changed. Iran used to be 2.8% or 3% birth rate in around 1980s, I would say 1970s, 1980s. Now it is 1.1. And this is probably the most successful country in the Middle East in terms of the population control. Despite the government, a consistent attempt to try to encourage people to have more kids. Middle class refuses to do that.

And this is not only in the capital, but this is when it's smaller towns and cities, places that used to be villages. Now you look at them, they have a decent population, 50,000, 100,000, and they live an urban life, and they don't want to be subjected to that old pattern of agrarian society when you have 10 children or 8 children. And of course, it's much more advanced in terms of health and medicine. So you don't lose children as they used to. The antibiotics, there's always of kids to survive. And therefore, if you have 10 kids, you're sick with 10 kids.

You don't end up with four as it used to be in the past. Six of them would have died after the age of five, actually. But now, because of that, you see that this urban population in the cities have completely different demands. And of course, the education is important. That's another area of how the social engineering of the Islamic Republic went array because they were thinking that, you know, the growth of the population, the growth of the educated, higher educated, middle classes in their benefit, or they could not even control it, in a sense. Now Iran in my time probably had in the 1970s probably by the time after Revolution

had 1012 universities. Though it has 56 universities all across the country and there is something referred to as the free university or Z, which has campuses all over the country. It has 324 campuses all around Iran. What does that mean? In many respects, this youth that are brought up in these families, even in a small town in very traditional families, in families that belong to that kind of a more religious

loyal to the clergy or to the clerical classes. Their children can now move on, which particularly women, because in my times it would have been unheard of that you would have a young woman of 18 or 17, 18, 19, from a traditional city such as, for instance, Yazd or in a sortist and Iran to move on elsewhere for education as you do in this country. Now, it's completely accepted that a woman wears her job because it's forced to wear her job to go to a university completely on the other side of the country. And this movement of the population, not only

because of the universities, but in general, if you now visit Iran, you hear accents, local accents, provincial accents all over the country. That is a azar by a journey Turkish accent from the north west of the country, you can hear it in the first province of the South. And vice versa. So, and Kurdish, for instance, or even more marginal regions, such as the Stan province in the Southeast of Iran, which has been the subject of this recent massacre

when they actually attacked the population when they were straighting and killed a fair number at least 60 people. So this movement of the population, this creation of a larger middle class, the better educated middle class, much better educated. Iran has 86% literacy which I think probably I haven't checked that but probably is better than Turkey even, is probably better than anywhere else in the Middle East. And it sounds like there's that's quickly increasing because of the movement because of the growth of the education system that's precisely. This is nicely. Iran has 1 million school teachers, which may not seem as much if you are in the United States, but it's a fairly big number actually.

Can you linger on the massacre? What happened there? Well, the system province is a Baluch ethnicity of Baluch ethnicity. Baluch is a particular ethnic group in Saudi Iran which is so nearer than she majority. And we should say that most of Iran is she and those are, that's a branch of Islam. She is them, yes. Let's maybe just briefly linger she is and Sunni what just let's not get into it. Let's do let's do one set in summary and that maybe which which is what most of Iran is.

Majority of the population of the Muslim world are Sunnis that are these are mainstream if you like to call them. Actually Sonna means that kind of a mainstream. Can you actually linger on the Sunnis? She amis a party. Means those that belongs to a party of Ali which goes back to the Ali Islamic history of seven century. I mean, I'm almost lingering into the silly notion of pronunciation and stuff like that. So, ah, ah means part, like what, what is the extra I, the end of you?

Yeah. She means belonging to the she community. She am is a person of a she, yeah If you say, are you a sheer? Yes, I'm a sheer. And she is the community. And in English, when it was anglicized, it becomes sheite. So if you say sheite in today, it's perfectly acceptable. And of course, I myself in my writings, I always switchached between one and the other. One of my books is always Shiite, the other books are always Shi. And that hasn't been settled.

But the Shi population is the smaller compared to the Sunni population in the world. In the world. But in the Rana, the opposite. The Iran and Iraq, and possibly in our world, but in Iran is the opposite. The Iran and Iraq and possibly in our Lebanon are the free countries who barely, Iraq and Lebanon have barely majority, she population, whereas Iran is a large

she population due to its history of conversion to she is in that by itself is another story. But in the sense that the way that historically it evolved, the center became more she and the peripheries remained suddenly. So you have communities of the Baluch in the South East. You have the Kurds, a large portion of the Kurds, are Sunnis. They have Shi'as as well. And they have the indigenous religion of their own annual, it's called Ahleak, which is the religion of indigenous to Kurdistan.

There are Turkamans in the north east of Iran who are also Sunnis, there are other communities that are in the peripheries of Afghanistan, there are also Sunnis, and you have some Arab population, Arab speaking population in the Huzas-Tan province, in the south west of Iran, which is also or across the Persian Gulf. Is there a lot of conflict between these regions? And also, if I blindfolded you and dropped you off in one of the regions, would you quickly recognize the region, like by the food, by the music, by the accents, by it's on? Yeah, the answer to your lovely question, which I think I hope it would have happened to me, is that yes, you would see different cultures. But different food, most important different accents,

or different languages. So they have dialects, there's a balance, different language altogether. But so for that matter, Kurdish, which is closer to Persian, because they are in the European languages. But Turkish, other, it's probably closer to the Turkish of Turkey, or to the Republic of Azerbaijan in the north. They are the same, basically.

Actually, if you would have looked as a fascinating picture, if you have looked at the, let's say, even 19th century, early 20th century linguistic map of Iran, it would have been amazed in the number of dialects, the number of languages that have survived. This is an ancient country, it's an ancient land, and it's a lot of mountains all around it or big deserts. So there's a sense of isolation. So you would say here and there you see a different community that speaks differently.

All ancient traditions and languages. And because of the great number of invasions that Iran witnessed over more than 2 and 1 half millennia, of course, all kinds of cultures were introduced into Iran. The all ethnicities were introduced to Iran, mostly coming from the north east of Iran, from the lowlands of Central Asia and beyond, and continued into Iran proper. So, but now, what has happened, that's what my point that I've wanted to make,

century of modernization has produced a national culture of great strength, in a sense. I would say, I ended my book, the book on Iran, Iran, the modern history, basically saying that despite everything else that has created so much trouble for today's Iran, there is a sense of a cultural identity that is very strong. And I think I can say with some confidence that despite this regional identities that are still there and they are great and they should be celebrated.

Today if you go to Kurdistan or if you go to Sistan, they all can speak Persian. They all have an education in Persian. So they all basically are becoming part of whether they like it, whether they like their regime in power or not. They have a sense of belonging to a culture and an identity with the center. And of course, the idea of a center versus periphery in Iran is very old. It goes back to ancient times because even the name of the country was the guarded domains of Iran. This is the official name Mahmoud-Likhi Mahmoud Sayyidah. Namely that it was recognized that this is not just one entity, but it's a collection

of entities like the United States of America. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. But the United States of America, in a sense, you can say that it was a very successful, well, it remains to be seen how successful. To be continued. To be, that was basically invented, created, that you would have this sense of it.

In the case of an old nation, which has been on the map of the world for 3,000 years, 2,500 years, this is not an exaggeration. I am not a nationalist per se, but I mean, if you look per shot on the map of the world in ancient times, it's still there as it is today. Very few countries in the world are like that, that they would have that kind of a

continuity over a course of time. And that's not without a reason, because there was this sense of center versus periphery that had found some, there is a huge amount of tension, but there is also a sense of belonging to something, and state is very much at the center of it. I mean, that's why the concept of a state matters for the creation, for the shaping of this culture. What happened is, therefore, you can see that today in answer to your point about traveling blind for that. Travelling blind folded is that you would be surprised to see how much people share. And in terms of I just give you one anecdote. In 1968, I believe must have been.

I traveled to Azerbaijan. I used to travel and actually photograph. Not flying forward. Mostly. Well, yeah, not flying forward. No, not flying forward. So I went to a bazaar in the city of Khoy, which is in the north-western Iran, on the border with what is today the Republic of Turkey. And I went to the Bozar and I was interested in the kind of a leather work that they produced. So I tried to buy some stuff and I was surprised to see that how few people knew Persia. So they could not communicate in person with you. Either they have to ask somebody from

some other store to come and translate for you. This is 1968. So even though the official language was Persian. Of the country, they still, yeah, so what are the they teaching school so it doesn't matter. It was pressure but this guy doesn't go to school. He hasn't been to the school or it was not fully exposed to it and but ours usually are very conservative places. So it stuck in my mind. Now in recently in 2004 I was traveling to the same area not to the same city but to the same area, not to the same city, but to the same area. And I was amazed to see how the youth, as soon as they would know that you're coming from somewhere else, you see. Opening conversation with you,

talking about the latest movies that was produced in the West, and it's not only Hollywood, of course, there's a huge amount of fascination with Hollywood and Western cinema. Cinema is a major thing. Filmmaking is a major thing. So this kid in the city of Ahar,

we're asking me, we're having lunch. We're asking me, okay, then, what do you think about this producer, not producer, this director or that actor? American. American, European as or that actor. American. American European as well, but mostly American. Were they speaking Persian or the complete Persian that I would converse with them. Did they speak English too? Yes, actually you would be surprised to see what percentage of the Iranian youth at least in big cities are fascinated with learning language. And for the reason,

because they think that's the way to get access either on social media or eventually leave Iran, unfortunately. And because they don't see a future for themselves in the country, either you have to be part of this regime. Or if you hate them and you don't like the way of their life, you look up outside. I was having drivers to drive me around the country in the cities around Iran. And the guy was a young, extremely well-educated, well-dressed. And we would have looked at him.

We could have found him in any street in any country in the Western world. And his major concern, knowing that I'm from Arthur, major concern is tell me which would be a better place for me to go. So what's wrong with the place that you are in right now? You are in your own country, you speak your own like, this is no good. I have to have a better future. This is no future for me. Well, it's really interesting because the thing I feel about the protests right now is there's a large number of people that instead of giving into cynicism about, you know, this government is no good. They're actually getting this

like energy, this desire to, for revolution in the sort of non-violent, sort in the democratic sense of that. Let's actually find the idea. Let's build a great nation here. This is a great nation. This is my nation, let's build something great here. Well, that's my hope. Well, that's what I'm hoping for. I share your aspiration, but I'm fearing that I hope it's not a wishful thinking. Certainly that's what they want.

Certainly that's what they want. Certainly that's what they want to create. But the historian always tells you from where they start, where they finish, there is going to be a huge kind of a change. And in this particular case, I wouldn't be, I would very much hope that it's not going to be a revolution like the 1979 Islamic revolution. And I have my hopes in that. For one thing, this is a revolution that doesn't have a leader, okay. And it seems that you're comfortable with that, at least so far, because we are well, the sixth week of this movement. And I hope it's not going to be actually a revolution, as week of this movement and I hope it's not going to be actually a revolution as I pointed out before. I hope it's going to be more of a sense of trying to come to some compromise and gradually

move to a change rather than collapse of this regime and replacement with what? So the anxiety of the regime, you hope will turn into a kind of realization that you have to modernize, you have to make progress, you actually have to make certain compromises, or constitutional changes, all those kinds of stuff. So the basic process of government and law making. The problem is that they say we have it all. You know, we have our parliament, we have our constitution, we have our elections,

which is all been, of course, fake. But they claim they have all of that. But the problem for them is that they try to superimpose a certain ideology, like all other ideological autocracies or autarchies, as in this case that tend to dominate all these institution buildings that they have, the constantly claim, we have this, we have that. And of course, there's a generational thing. The upper echelons of this regime are mostly all the people, the tabern, the clergy, that are afraid of the fact that they may lose their control

over their whole system, that they were sophisticated, huge system of government. And they rely on certain tools of control which is the revolutionary guards and other institutions that are loyal to this state and they spend enormous amount of funds that is available to them at this before the sanctions, but even during the sanctions they still have enough funds to do so. And in order to remain in power and they are extremely ruthless in that regard. This is not a nice Islamic, fatherily regime. This is a regime that I would see easily in it. Clear signs of fascism.

Clear signs of the state control and pay any price to stay in power. So even violence, extreme violence. To return to the massacre, what were the uses of violence to suppress protests? Well, yes, it was actually quite remarkable to see that from the first or the second day of the protest, you see out in the streets this riot police, okay, which comes out in large numbers, out in large numbers, fully geared up their appearance or their terrifying, like any other right police, probably more than any other right police. They're violent. They stand in the streets when the students are demonstrating, given in smaller number. Because before I go to that, I should point this point,

this ought to you as well. That these demonstrations are not large ones in one place. You don't see 100,000 people in one place. But you see in every neighborhood, a couple of thousands of kids are demonstrating all over Iran, all over Iran, now all over the world in different parts. Yes, yes, yes. Actually, during the demonstrations three weeks ago, they, as I said, they had people in

Sydney, Australia, New Zealand, Tokyo, all over the world. All protesting high gas prices. It's funny everywhere. Everywhere. To the extent that they could be ignored, nothing but if they could not be ignored. And it's actually quite remarkable that this is very embarrassing to them. But somehow they think that this propaganda machine of them is working. I say you think they don't have a good even sense. I mean, so there's an incompetence within the

propaganda machine. Yes, it is. There is an incompetence across the board. I mean, despite all of this massive government, I'd be distraught of whatever you would call it, all these various components of it, there is a sense of there is a sense of inefficiency and incompetence that is associated with in every action that you see, even in their suppression of this street movement. But in answer to that question, you would see that this riot police, quite obvious that they were trained for the purpose. So there are appearance to everything. These are not just regular army forces or soldiers, or conscripts, they are professional forces.

And they come not only on foot, number, but they come on motorbikes. So you would see that any of these demonstrations are 10, 12, 15, 20 motorbikes with two passengers, one in front, riding, one in the back, fully equipped with the button with paint guns, with pallet guns, and with bullets. So they are very fully equipped, and they are terrifying. They go through the demonstrations that hit and beat people. And then the arrests. And then you see behind the first line of these right police, you would see all these latest

models of these special armoured trucks for moving to the demonstrations and to the demonstrations and arresting people throwing them into this. And then behind that, water cannons. You see, and I was looking at that, I was like, OK, this is Tehran, probably they have this. But then you look at the smallest cities, they still have the same thing. So all over the country, one thing that they had managed to produce extensively,

it is expected of the fact that whether they are effective or not, but you see them everywhere. So, it should show that how afraid this regime is. But that also shows that there is an infrastructure that can implement violence at scale. Yes, very much so. And it's probably part and parcel of this regime. From day one, the number of prisons that they have, according to perhaps an exaggerated version, they said that about 12,000 or so arrested,

that are in jails today since past six weeks. They were 230 or 40 people per killed including children, I under 18, they are they beat up women in the street, which is extremely, actually, disturbing when you see these scenes. So there's a lot of this as on video too, right? Everything is on video. Everybody has a camera. And everybody sends to major news outlets outside Iran. And they immediately showed every night,

if you look at BBC Persia, or Iranian international, or if you are, I think it's the sixth of them actually. All over the earth, in England, they are in Deutscheweller in Germany, which has a particular interest in the Iranian. BBC World Service Center so forth in London. And most of America's people here in this country, there is another one, Radio Faddo, which is also funded by the American government, also fully covers all of these events. So there is no way that these people can, that Iraq can miss what's going

on in the streets of these demonstrations and the scenes of beating up women, which in Iranian culture, as I presume in most cultures in the world, there is a certain sanctity that you don't attack women. There is a certain sanctity that you don't attack women. What they do, and this is an Islamic regime that supposedly have to have a certain sense of concern and protection. Well, like a deep respect for women grounded in a tradition of protecting them, but instead this kind of idea that was instilled in law has turned into a deep disrespect to women. Exactly. Or fear that these women are not any longer the girls that we thought we are bringing up

in this society. The source of you losing your power will be these women. That's the fear. Yeah. And you see, of course, this government do have a support base. I mean, it would be totally wrong to think that the Islamic Republic has not created its own power base.

It does. But it's probably if there's no way there no statistics that we can, or I'm not aware of, any statistics that I can give you in numbers, what's the percentage of support for the regime in Iran? But quite frankly, I don't think it's more than probably 10% of the population. I would be surprised if it's that low. I will say, so if my

understanding, because I've been very deeply paying attention to the war in Ukraine, to Ukraine, to Russia, and to support in Russia for Putin, I think without knowing the details, without even considering the effects of propaganda and stuff like that, is there's probably a large number of people in Iran that don't see this as a battle of human rights, but see it as a battle of conservatism, like tradition versus modernization and they value tradition that what they fear from the throwing away of the hijab is not the loss of power and like the women getting human rights What they fear is it's the same stuff you fear when you're sitting on a porch and saying kids these days have no respect basically that they there's a large number of Iranians that probably value tradition and the beauty

of the culture. And they fear that kids with their internet and their videos and their revolution will throw away everything that made this country hold together for millennia. Right? Yes, I know. I agree with you in the sense that probably like everywhere else in the world this is the the generational thing you know every generation things differently but the young generation no doubt

and in iran is the same but they there is another factor here is involved those that that we would consider as traditional, no longer seem to have the loyalty to this regime, that's powerful. Meaning that the consider as a brutal regime that is prepared to kill children in the streets. And does a lot of things wrong? Of course, it tries to take care of the its own power base. There's a very strong sense of if you start here, there's a very strong sense in this regime that there are people that is theirs and there are others which are not theirs. theirs and their others which are not theirs. There's a word for it even in person. They call it hoddi one of us, okay? So it's a well it's very that's very fascistic it's like yes yes it's all for that matter I suppose Soviet Union

would have if you were a member of the party and your children would have received this special kind of treatment yourself. This sense of us versus them for a while worked because the younger people coming from the countryside to the cities, certain fact, certain sector of them would have found protection and support from the government. They wanted to belong to something and the mosques and the morning associations in the neighborhoods and so forth would have given them. There is actually a term for it. It's called Bacigi. Those have been recruited by the state. This is the youth vigilante, if you like,

that you can see them also in these demonstrations. Sometimes thugs, they're called civil cloth. So the people that comes to these demonstrations that start beating up these young people and they are not in in security police uniforms, but they are just regular clothes. And these people, yes, they still support and they still benefit because they get jobs, they get privileges and these are very important for a state that basically monopolizes most of the resources. You see even during the sanction, let alone before the sanction, the oil revenue of Iran, which is the major source of the state government, was the monopoly of the state. It was monopoly of the state during the Pahal Avira from the start, basically. So what does that mean?

That means that the regime in power is not no longer as particularly accountable to the majority population, because it extracts wealth from underground. And it uses its own purposes in order to make it more powerful in order to make it more repressive than what it is the regime today. So it feeds a small, I wouldn't say, but a fair number of its own supporters.

I mean, the revolutionary guards in Iran is probably about 350,000 or something like that is a very big force and this is not the regular army that revolutionary guards are Independent from the from the evolution guard is armed forces controlled by the state Yes, the same as the army, but these are more ideologically tied up with the state and they're also logically tied up with the state and they're also In facing internal facing was there purpose? What's their stated? What's the stated purpose of the revolution? Well from day one when the revolution succeeded the regime in power the Islamic regime in power

Was vulnerable to all kinds of forces of opposition? Within Iran itself. You mentioned earlier. For the revolution. Yeah, that's the revolutionary guards. And the job was to try to make sure that the regime stays in power. And of course, over the course of 40 years, they became more powerful, more organized, better funded, better trained.

Well, at least we think they're better trained, but we don't know because the level of incompetence perhaps can be seen through the rank and file as well. But you know, they developed their own military industry. I mean, those drones that you see not those drones that you see not put in regime are throwing on Ukrainians, full Ukrainians. Those are all built by the revolutionary guards, by the military industry under the control after the revolutionary guards. And like similar regimes in the Middle East at least,

these are military industrial complexes. You can find them in Egypt, of course, which is very powerful, very traditionally. Has been in power and still is in power. You find them in Pakistan, which is extremely powerful, and they can change the prime ministers as they did in the case of the last one, you can find them probably in Myanmar is the same phenomenon.

And if you look around, you can find quite an number of them. And the revolutionary guards is equivalent of that. This is a powerful establishment force which militarily is powerful, industrially is powerful. And since the start of the revolution, they have been given projects. So we want to be dams, which they did a major disaster, environmental disaster. They built hundreds and something dams all across the country. This is the revolutionary regard to does it. So they have all kinds of tentacles all around the country controlling various things. And because it's their job and they have power, their prestige, there's a huge incentive to join them. To join them and to stay so like they, you know, when they're having dinner at home with their families,

there's not an incentive to join the protests sort of. Well, that is the point. I think I'm a revolutionary, guys, maybe an extreme. But many of the people who depend on this state for their support, now the young generation are telling their parents, you are wrong. You don't provide for us this society, this state does not provide what we want. So there is a dissent within the family, it seems to me. I hope it's not a wishful thinking.

You know, there is a kind of a joke going around, you see this a tabled guy is the clergy, bearded, traditional clerical appearance. When you see them talking about women, they are very, of course, politically incorrect. They are very looking down towards women. As I said, they have to be inside, they have to be protected, they have not to be seen and so forth. But if they have a young person, young daughter in their family, you see that their discourse changes. They no longer seem to be referring to women as second class, it is that. So that's very important. That's precisely that point that when you have this younger generation, no matter how privileged they are and many of them are privileged. You know,

and there is also the regime has created its own uh privileged class that are not necessarily privileged class that are not necessarily directly paid by the regime, but they benefit from contractors, certain professions that benefit from what the state provides for them. And Iran is a, I mean the past 40 years, you can see Iran has developed in terms of material culture. Remarkably, Iran has good communication, has roads, all over the place. It's not like a... It's more like, I don't know whether you have ever visited Turkey, for instance. In certain respects, even more advanced than Turkey, but it's closer to that, rather than if you travel,

I don't want to bring particular names in North Africa or parts of the Middle East or other parts of the Islamic world, it's much, much different. So in this respect, you would see certain contrasts or paradoxes here. On the certain respect, there is growth, there is urbanization, there is modern economy. On the other hand, you see this superimposed ideological, doctrinal aspect that has driven the regime over all these years. And they cannot get rid of it. They cannot, in this respect, they cannot modernize themselves.

They think that they are already perfect in ideological sense. This is the best solution for the world, not only for Iran, but for the Muslim world and for the world as a whole. We are anti-imperialist. We have managed to survive either under sanctions. This is all parts of the rhetoric. But of course, at the huge expense, the huge expense for their own population. And the point that we have raised is the fact that we now witness there is a, not only a generation gap between the youth and their parents, but there is a break in a sense from the or their generations. And they are very distinctly the youth that has a different view of the world.

And it does not want to compromise. Whether they would be able to succeed or not remains to be seen. Whether this regime is going to suppress it, maybe. But it actually brought to surface many of aspects of the weaknesses of this regime in power. Well, I hear from a lot of people that are in these protests now, and so my love goes to them and stay strong because it's inspiring to see people fighting for those things the Women life and freedom especially freedom

Because that can only lead to a good thing in the long-term at least and if possible to avoid a violent revolution Of course that is something that we all want to see Before we return to the present let's jump around let's go to the past Of course that is something that we all want to see. Before we return to the present, let's jump around, let's go to the past. We mentioned 1979. What happened in 1979, Iran? Well, in 1979 there was a revolution that eventually came to be known as the Islamic Revolution. revolution that eventually came to be known as the Islamic Revolution, and even up to this day many of the observers or those who have strong views that would not like to

refer to it as the Islamic Revolution or even a revolution. Because the nature of it, in the earlier stages of it, started really probably around 1977, it took two years. It was much more all-embracing. It was not Islamic in a particular fashion or at all, in a sense. It started with a kind of a very liberal, democratic agenda, which demanded mostly by people who were the veterans of the older generations of Iranian liberal nationalists that were left out in the Palavis period, is a period of the Shah, became increasingly authoritarian, increasingly suppressive, and therefore basically living no space, no political space, open for any kind of a give and take, any kind of a conversation or participation. 2017-70s., any kind of a conversation or participation.

That was in the 1970s. 1970s, particularly in the 1970s. Can we actually even just do a world-wind review from 1906 to 1979? Okay, sure. In 1906, there was a period actually, as you might know, the first decade or so of the 20th century witnessed numerous what referred to as constitutional revolutions, including Russia 1905, the first revolution, including the Chinese revolutions in 1990, constitutional revolution in 1910, the Young text revolution in 1908, and the Iranian revolution in 1990, Krasnoy Chalabrushan in 1910, the Young Tax Level, in 1908, and the Iranian

Revolution in 1906. Do you understand why the synchronicity of all of it, why in so many different places, very different cultures, very different governments? Very different cultures, but all of them, in a sense, were coming out of the regimes that became progressively powerful without having any kind of legal system that would protect the individual vis-à-vis the state. So the idea of law and the Constitution, according to which there should be a certain protection or certain civil society. We can be very common.

But I wonder where that, because that's been that way for a very long time. And so I wonder, you know, it's funny, certain ideas, just their time comes. Exactly. It's like 1848, when you would see that there's a whole range of revolutions across Europe. Yeah. Or you would see, for instance, the Arab Spring. You see all these revolutions in the Arab world, which unfortunately, nearly all of them failed. So yes, these are very contagious ideas that move across frontiers from one culture to another. And I presume we can add to that there are two elements, which one can say there is a greater communication,

there is a greater sense of a world economy. And the turn of the century witnessed the first decade of the century witnessed a period of volatility, particularly in currency. So many of the countries of the world, particularly in non-West, suffered in and particularly the businesses suffered. And not surprisingly, the business class, where in the forefront of many of these constitutional movements, requiring the state to give the kind of a created the right kind of institutions to listen to their voices,

to their concerns, and the creation of a democratic system, parliamentary and system in which there would be a representation, popular representation, proper elections and so forth, and constitutions. And this very much is a kind of a French idea of the constitution going back all the way, perhaps, to 1789, revolution. Montesquieu, all these kind of philosophies were greatly appreciated, particularly the bright system.

So over the ideas in the 1906 Iranian Constitution? They precisely the same. They were demanding a creation of a legal system with division of power between the three executive, legislative and the judiciary, not to unlike the American system. And they requested basically a certain public space to be created between the two sources of power. The state, which had this kind of a control over the, if you like, the secular aspect of life in the society,

and the religious establishment that had a full control over the religious aspects, and both of them from the perspective of the constitution and this considered as repressive and therefore there has to be a new space open between these two and that was the idea of a constitutional revolution. But it's very nature it was an idea of modernity. They wanted the modern society. They wanted a better material life. They wanted the modern society. They wanted the better material life. They wanted the more representation and so forth.

The Constitution revolution, as I always would say, is much more of a innocent revolution. It's a revolution that did not particularly have much violence in it, contrary to many other revolutions. I did not have a centralized leadership per se. That's why actually I'm getting, I'm beside the practices. I'm getting a lot of requests for interviews to compare what's happening now with the revolution of 1906, 1909. Are there any echoes? Yes, yes, there are. There are. Because that was a movement that started without a centralized leadership. What actually various voices that emerged in various among the merchants or the businessmen in the economic community, among the representatives who came to the first parliament, the press, the new generation of the privileged aristocracy who were educated and believed in the constitutional values,

all of these voices emerged at the same time. And somehow they managed to coexist in the first and the second polymants that were created between 1906 and 1910 or 1911. But they all faced huge problems in the sense that Iran was in a dire economic situation. This is before the days of the discovery of oil, which actually coincides with the discovery. There are two important coincidences. One is that the oil was discovered in the south in 1909 is that the oil was discovered in the south in 1909 during the course of the Consulate Revolution. The second is that in 1907, the two great powers of the time, the Russian Empire and the British Empire, who always honored Iran as being a buffer state between

them, because they didn't want to get too close to one another. Basically came to an agreement facing the fear of the rise of the German Empire. So this is the period of on-town as you might know in European history. Where by the French, the British and the Russians all create a alliance that ultimately leads to the First World War against Germany. And at the same time, the discovery of oil that the oil industry being a very powerful defining factor of the 20th century for Iran. Exactly. A lot of money. A lot of money, but not all of it in the hands of the Iranians, only one fifty feet by way of royalties came to Iran. The much of it went to the Anglo-Persian oil company, which they actually discovered the oil in the province,

who's the Stan Provis in the southwest of Iran, raised the major oil industries today right now. And this is an extremely profitable enterprise for that company and for the British government, actually purchased by the British government, Churchill purchased Anglo-Iranian or company for the British government. So it was not any more a private company. It was a British interest as a matter of it. And in the course of the 20th century, although it helped the modernization in Iran, but it also helped the creation of a more authoritarian, very, a more strong state, if you like to call it,

that it does that 90th century Iran never had that kind of a power I never had that kind of a power. I never had that kind of resources. Is it 20th century, even that one fifth of the income that reached the Iranian state gave it a greater power? That's another coincidence. So yes, yes, you could say the oil was one of the catalysts for absolute power. But the tourney in century saw quite a few countries have dictators with power on like anything else in human history. Yes. That's weird too.

Precisely. And you know, you can name them from the beginning of the century with people like, don't know Lenin or Stalin of course Hitler even Mao of course you can name them and probably as I would say is the last of them is Chomene in that century that you would see this strong man with a sense of even an artificial or real or a sense of a so-called charisma, and with this total power over the regime that they create. Some of them do not have much of an oil resources in Egypt, but he was also one of these strong men in the 20th century, loved by some hated by others. So it necessarily does not tie up to resource, economic resources underground, but in the Iranian case, unfortunately it did. And it was a more than,

it created more than one issue for Iran. It's created a strong state, which is the Pahlevi state from 1921 onward. Because in 1921, at the end of the First World War, Iran was in almost a state of total bankruptcy. for Iran was in almost a state of total bankruptcy. And the British had a desire to try to bring Iran to the system that they created in the Middle East in the post-war era, the mandate system, Palestine,

Iraq, and then of course, French mandate of Lebanon and Syria, all of this. And Iran was separate because Iran was an independent country. It wasn't part of the Ottoman Empire that collapsed. So they had to somehow handle it. And what they tried to do didn't work. As a result, partly domestic, partly international issues wrote about a regime which is

headed by the founder of the Palavid dynasty, Reza Shah. Okay, the first military officer called Reza Khan, actually a military officer of the Kozak forces. And the Kozak forces was the force that was created in the 19th century in the model of the Russian Kozaks, when the ruler in the 19th century model of the Russian Cosax, when the ruler in the 19th century visited Russia as in a royal tour, and the Tazar showed the great

Cosax forces that I liked this. And he created one for himself with Russian officers, actually. So the Russian officers served in Iran from Iran in 1880s up to the revolution of 1917. The collapse of the Israeli's regime. So many revolutions. So many revolutions. And Reza Shah was an officer in that Reza Khan,

was an officer in that force. And he created a new one, I think for reasons that we need that to go to, and this called the Palavir regime. Palavir regime was a modernizing regime. That brought a, in effect, fulfilled many of the ambitions of the constitution, many of the aspirations of the constitution,

better communication, better secular education, centralize the state, centralize the army, better contact with the outside world, greater urbanization, that's what modern state is all about. And in that regard, in a sense, for the first 20 years, up to the Second World War, was successful. Despite, and more significant of all, it managed to keep the European powers, which was always interfering in the local affairs of Iran in an arm length. So they were there

local affairs of Iran in an arm length. So they were there in an arm length, but they were also respecting the power of the state, power of the Palavista. During the Second World War, the same phenomenon as earlier interference led to the occupation of Iran by the Allied forces. The British from the South, the Russians from the North, the Red Army. They took over Iran and of course they said that the Commonwealth were...

Yes, from 1941 up to 1945. And of course when the Red Army refused to withdraw from Iranian Azerbaijan and with some thought of possible annexation of that province, there was a big issue in the post-war Iran. So after 1945? Yes. 1945-1946. There was a big Soviet Union getting greedy. Yes, but eventually they agreed. Eventually Stalin agreed to leave the Azerbaijan province in the hope that it would get some concessions from Iran, which in the oil of the from Iran, which in the oil of the Caspian era, area, which didn't work, and it's a different story altogether.

But what happened is that in the post-war era, between 1944, 1945 and 1953, is a period of greater democratization, because that result shows dictatorship basically disappeared. And this is where you would see political parties, free press, a lot of chaotic really, as democracies of an R. So something like, was it officially a democracy? Yes, it was a democracy. Was there elections? There were elections. Yes, of course. Yes, of course. And there were very diverse political tendencies came to the picture, including the two the party of Iran, which is Communist Party of Iran. This Communist Party of Iran is probably the biggest Communist Party of the whole of the Middle East.

And one of the biggest in the world, actually, at that time. Did the Soviet Union have a significant influence on the... Of course. They were basically following orders from the Soviets. Although they deny it, but they in reality that's the case. But what happened, they were seen by the Americans during the Cold War as a threat, and Iran was going through a period of demanding nationalization of its oil resources. That's a very important episode with Mossadir, whom you might have heard about his name.

Dr. Mohammad Mossadir, who was the prime minister and the National Charismatic Leader from 1951 to 1953, prior to that, he was a famous parliamentarian. But this period was a prime minister of Iran. And he nationalized Iranian oil industry and the British didn't like it at all. And eventually it resulted in a famous coup, which at least partly was supported by the funding

and by the moral support of the British and the Americans, particularly by the Americans. It was always seen as one of the earliest and the most successful CIA operations during the Cold War. So CIA had something to do? Yes, of course. That's one of the earliest operations of the CIA. Wait a minute. What was, yes, of course. What was the CIA doing? CIA. This is the time and the post for era. In the 50s. In the 50s, 40s and the 50s. The British Empire, which was really the major superpower of the region, after the collapse of the Tazajist Empire, gradually took the second seat to the Americans where the newcomers and the great powers and

the victors of the Second World War. And the Americans viewed Iran as an important country since it has the largest common borders with the Soviet Union. And it was, I did the south, was the Persian Gulf, which at the time was the greatest supplier of oil to the outside world. And therefore the Americans had a particular interest in Iran. And in the earlier stages, their interest was in the interest of the Iranian government, because they wanted to get rid of both the Soviet Union

which made the return in the post-war era. And of course, the British that were gradually withdrawing from Iran. But they had a full control over the Iranian or company. They changed the name to the Iranian or company. When the name of the country officially changed from Persia to Iran, in the West, the name of the company changed. And they got into a huge dispute with the,

was that their government that eventually led to the coup of 1953, which eventually created it very, very, this stressful memory in the minds of many of the Iranian nationalists that this was the betray betrayal of the great powers, the British and Americans. Yes, CIA played a part because CIA feared contrary to the British that they were afraid of their own oil in Iran. The CIA was afraid of the Soviet penetration in the South and particularly because there was a very powerful very powerful communist party in the two-day party of Iran. So they gradually shifted between

the Truman administration and Eisenhower administration. These are early days of the CIA. And then they actually did participate to set their agents. There's a long story to that. And it eventually resulted in a successful coup that removed Mossadeh from power. What's the United States interest here? Why are they using CIA? Are they trying to make sure there's not too much centralization of power in this region? They were afraid of the fact that the, that of the Soviet Union and during the Cold War, that was the concept.

So they actually almost want to protect Iran and its own sovereign processes from influence of the Soviet. Because they were afraid of the fact if Iran, or at least this is part of the, I'm simplifying a very complex picture, but the Americans basically were thinking that if Iran is going to be lost, true Soviet influence, then eventually basically all resources in the Persian Gulf are going to be threatened. And this would basically is the national security of the United States and all of the Western Allies, European Allies. So in a sense, this was the long arm of the CIA to try to make sure that that's not going to happen.

And then of course they were persuaded by the British, British were the old hand which were in Iran since the beginning of the 19th century, they always had relations with Iran and so forth. So they gradually replaced and of course I don't want to give them this kind of a satanic view that the Americans was a bad influence because they had also some very good influences in Iraq. But this particular episode somehow shed a dark light on the American presence and was used that abused time and again, particularly the revolution in 1979, which was this great Satan idea that Komenik created.

It was basically based on the fact that in 1953, you were responsible for the downfall of a national government in Iran, which as a matter of fact, he had no respect for it. He had no respect for the national secular, national liberals, including Muhammad Musa there. What he was using it as a rhetorical tool for his own purposes. But what happened is that after 1953, we see gain the rise of authoritarian Muhammad Rizshar's power. And then he is, that's the Shah. That's the Shah. That's Bino-Ash Shah. This is the son of Rizshar.

And technically, what is Shah? Is he? The Shah is an old term in Persian that comes from a pre-Islamic Persian of ancient times. To the context of democracy should it be seen as a supreme leader king, is the head of the executive power according to the Constitution of 1906? Oh, that's in the Constitution. The actual term of Shah. Of course, he has a place in the Constitution.

But the actual term of Shah, okay, interesting. But the Constitution. But the actual term, okay, interesting. But the Shah is a very old term, as I said. Yeah, it's almost like a monarchy term, like a king. Yeah, it is actually is a term peculiar to Iran. I've written about it somewhere. But because the term that the Western word in the ancient times has been rex for royalty and the king. In the Eastern world in India is Raj,

it's the same origin, the same root. Iran never shared that, they had the idea of, because Rex and Raj, I don't want to get into too much of a etiology, but this is an interesting one. Rex and Raj both means the one that opens the road for basically enforcer of religion. Okay. In enforcer of the right religion

because Rex and Raj both have the theological origin of right. You see, and right means the right religion, basically. By the way, there's so much beautiful language here. I'm just looking at the Persian Constitution in 1906. And it says it's the Constitution of the sublime state of Persia, Pajar Iran. I mean, just the extra adjectives on top

of this stuff is beautiful. I mean, yeah. Because thatives on top of the stuff is beautiful. Yeah, because that was actually the change that came about, I don't want to go too much into it, but it was called, as I pointed out before, the guarded domains of Iran, yes, they changed that to the sublime state of Iran during the constitution revolution. Because they wanted to give a greater sense of centrality of this state. Yeah. And sublime was the term with views.

But also, what permeates all of this is a poetic. I mean, there is a history of poetry. Of course, very strong. To the culture. Very fascinating. So I mean, of course, I don't speak the language, but even in Russian, there's also a music to the soul of the people that represents itself, that presents itself in the form of poetry and literature, in the way that it doesn't in the English-speaking world.

I don't know what that is. There's a romantic side. Romantic side. Romantic side. Romantic side. I agree with you. In Iran, of course, there's a time of the constitution. The vision is a time of great poetry.

This kind of patriotic sentiments that comes through poetry plays a very important part. Of course, these days poetry has kind of declined. And instead you see the visual image that is at the center, that's why cinema is so important. Because these days, whether take dark. Yeah, let me finish this about this period of biomathism as a show.

He built up because he received a greater income from the old revenue and he built up a very strong state with a strong security force, a security apparatus which is a acronym in the security organization. And he, of course, unfortunately, in the 1960s and 70s, particularly in the 1970s, basically suppressed the voices of or a possibility of any kind of a mass participation in the political process. It became very much an authoritarian regime with its own technocrats. Very much

a modernist vision of Iran's future, and almost kind of mccianic that he was hoping that Iran in a decade would become the fifth most powerful estate in in the world and the riches as he would have said the gates of the great civilization very much in the mind had this image of ancient Iran of the akhemiah the empire and we want to go back to that greatest of the akhemiah the empire. Somewhat rather naive and very nationalistic in crude fashion. And what happened is that as a result, there was built up some kind of a resistance from the intellectuals, from the left,

eventually resulting in a kind of a protest movement, as I said, by 1977, that's what it is. Then of course, the question that comes to mind, and they probably, you would like to know, but is the fact that why it becomes religious, why it becomes Islamic? If it's the popular, you know, nationalist liberal tendency of opening up

the political space and allowing greater participation, going back to the Constitution of 1967, why it's all of a sudden it becomes a remain where they come from. The reason for that at least in a concise fashion is the fact that on one area, that after the greater suppression of all the other voices, remained open was religion. Masks, the molas on the pulpit and the message that gradually shifted from the old traditional message of the Sharia of Islam, I mean all the rules and regulations of how one has to live into something very political and not only political but also radical political.

So, in the whole period from the Constitutional Revolution to the Revolution of 1979, basically the religious establishment gradually was pushed to the opposition. They were not originally very conservative, supported us of state as the the Catholic Church for instance, was supported of majority of the authoritarian governments around the world. But the politicization was the result of isolation, because they were left out of the system.

out of the system. And while in isolation they did not, they were not successful in trying to reform themselves, to try to become, to try to find answers to many of the questions of modern times, what happens to women, what happens to civil rights? What happens to a civil society? How modern law and individual freedoms have to be defined in Islamic terms? How to separate religion and state? Or how to separate the religion and state? These issues were never addressed. address. What happened is that there was this bypass through political Islam and revolutionary Islam as it gradually learned, you know, that this is the bypass, bypass to power basically to become again a voice in the society and eventually a prominent voice and eventually a monolithic voice in the society. That's the process that led into the revolution of 1979, basically this period, greater

attention was paid to religion, even among the secular middle classes, who were alienated for a very long time because of this extensive modernization of the Pahla we period, they didn't have a sense of that old molas with their terbans, but they became, they hadn't called it a aura in this period. Yes, they are those who remain not corrupted. They are the people who basically went against the suppression of the Pahlebi regime and remained became a leader, a symbol of that. Nobody ever thought

in the earlier stages. Among these very excited multitudes that came to the streets of the Iranians cities in 1979 or 1978 actually. I thought that this old Molinid 70s, that all of a sudden has appeared from the Najaf through Paris to Tehran, is going to take over and create an autocracy, religious autocracy. We have to back up for just a second. Who is Hommani? You just mentioned a few disparate facts about the man. Yes. He was the person that took power in 1979, the Supreme Leader of Iran. Yes. You mentioned something about Paris, something about being in the 70s. Yes

What should we know about the guy? I told a chameleon who eventually was known as a mom chameleon He was kind of promoted to a even more sublime position. Okay. Okay. Okay. We I'm just a million tensions I told her in mom what did these terms mean? Well, I told her means the sign of God. In the course of the 19th century or early 20th century, as the religious establishment gradually lost its greater presence in the society and its prominent places in the society, they had some kind of inflation in titles. So they gave themselves more grand titles. More adjectives. More adjectives,

more grand titles such as Ayatollah that became a kind of a highest rank of the religious hierarchy. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not.

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But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. But it's not. was eventually recognized as an ayatollah. He was in the first ayatollah? No, no, not at all. The ayatollahs were before him ever since the beginning of the century.

But he was eventually recognized as an ayatollah. And if I want to start it this way, ayatollah Khomeini was born in 1900. And in a sense sense all this tremendous change that Iran witnessed in the course of the 20th century was in a sense materializing this person. He become a Mullah of a lower rank, went to the traditional madrasas, to the traditional centers for the education of the seminarians, never had a secular education, had a very complex Islamic education, and this one-hand jurisprudence, and the other hand,

probably a little bit of Islamic philosophy and mysticism which is unusual for the jurisprudence for the for the fakir as they call them, these religious scholars or legal scholars of Islam. And then he, in the 1960s, when he was residing in Tehran and gradually becoming more important, he became a voice of opposition against the Shah. And the reason for opposition in the 1960s was the fact that the Shah carried through a series of extensive modernization policies of which the most important was the land reform. So in effect, the land distribution that took place in the early 60s, removed or weakened greatly that class of landowners from the 19th century. And he, Homanie, saw himself as a voice of that old class,

that actually declared that this land redistribution is on Islamic according to the Islamic law. Properties, property is honored and you cannot just no matter how much and how large are these states that the land on the class has, the government has no right to redistribute it, even among the peasants, among the people who were tilling the land. So that was a major issue. Shah also gave the right of vote to women and that also he objected. So is the woman should not have a right? Can we just linger on the Islamic law? How firm and clear is the Islamic law that he was representing and embodying?

Is this codified? Is the Islamic law that he was representing and embodying it is this codified codified yes, it's a good term. Yeah, yeah, that's another issue not only the highlight he was unofficial in formal but also Islamic law particularly shi ilo did not have any the Shiailou did not have any codified system because this religious authorities always resisted becoming under an umbrella of a more codified system of Islamic law because they were outside this state in a sense. Civil law was in the hand of the religious establishment. They had their own courts independent of the state. But other matters of legal matters was in the hand of the government. There was a kind of a

fact to division between these two institutions, state versus the religious establishment. two institutions, state versus the religious establishment. Therefore it was not codified. So he could declare that this is unofficial, or sorry, illegal according to the Islamic law, that you would distribute land to the present. And another much tired or another religious authority would say no, no, it's perfectly fine because he would have a different reading of the law. So that being in mind, that adds to the complexity of the picture. He in the 1963, there was a period of uprising of the supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini.

That was a turning point in a sense to try to politicize the religious supporters of Ayatollah Duhber, lawyer to Ayatollah Khomeini, and in a sense, all the community of more religiously orientated against the secular policies of the Shah and against, of course, the dictatorship of the Shah. So that's where the religious movement became a political party. In 1963 is the first moment, it's a huge uprising. And the government suppressed it. But then the suppression would start to build.

Of course. And he was sent to exile. He went to Najaf, which is this great center in southern. So became a martyr on top of this? At martyr, he was probably even forgotten, to some extent. But not, it was forgotten for the secular middle class, but not to those supporters of his who were paying him their dues, because in Islam, you would pay dues to religious leaders. You know, there's religious dues and arms

that you put paid to the clerical authorities, and they redistribute them among their own students and so forth. So they built actually a network of loyalty based on these donations. And these donations that's received by Etoulo Chomein, he was very effectively through his network, was distributed, even if he was in exile, Artsadira. So the 1977-1978, when the situation changed, and there was a little bit of opening in the political climate, then you saw that Ayatollah Homan started sending a cassette messages that

was his mean of communication. Sending cassettes and cassettes were sent through the country by his network. So all declarations and saying first that we would like to see a greater democratization and the Shah has to abide by the constitution of 1907. This is a constitution, this is a democratic system and so forth. Was he charismatic? Well, it depends who would call,

what do you call charismatic? It was the long beard. It was kind of a man in Turban and the gown, which was a very unusual leadership for people who were much more accustomed to this civilian clothing or to the equipment of the Shah's military uniforms that he used to wear. But I also mean like he is a man that was able to take power to become popular sufficiently popular. So like I would like is it the ideas? Is it an accident or is it the man himself, the charisma, or

something about the man that led to this particular person basically changing the tide of history in this part of the world, in a way that's unexpected. All the above that you mentioned? Or was it just the beard? No, I think, though, it's beyond the appearance. The appearance is greatly helps as you know Yeah, you know in the 20th century appearances helpful. Yeah, pictures from propaganda from us. Yeah that's an important factor and he was a kind of a adamant and

very severe adamant and very severe in his own positions, he could appear very uncompromising. And he had a sense of confidence, self-confidence that virtually everybody else lacked. that virtually everybody else lacked. And he was a man of opportunity. As soon as he would see that a chance and opportunity would open up, he would jump on it.

And that's what he did, basically. As more the political space opened, the weaknesses of the Shah's government became more evident. His indecision became more evident. His lack of confidence became more evident. Chomene managed to move further into the center of the movement because he was the only authority that had this network of support through the masks, through the people who paid homage to him, who followed him because

there's a sense of following of the religious leader in Shiza. You are a follower of this authority, your follower of that authority. And he's basically created an environment in which people looked upon him as a kind of a messianic figure that came to save Iran from what they considered at the time the problems of dictatorship under the show So there's not a suspicion about Islamic law being the primary law of the land. Not at all People had very little sense that what Islamic law is all about because the secular education has left that into the old religious

schools. This is not something that ordinary educated Iranian who goes to the university is going to learn. Therefore, there is a sense of idealization that there is something great there that is going. And there were quite a number of intellectuals who also viewed this kind of an idea of David referred to as West Toxication, that is this civilization of the West that has brought with it all the modernity that we see around ourselves has enormous sinister features into it. And it has taken away from us our authenticity. That was the thing, that there is something authentic that should be protected. And therefore, a man, and that's kind of a garb and appearance seemed as a source for return to this originality

of their own culture, authenticity of their own culture. And he perfectly took advantage of that. That's his chomene. Took advantage of it and the secularity. At the expense of everybody else, which he managed in the course of 1979 to 1989, which he passed away died in the 10 years during this period, managed to basically transform the Iranian society

to create institutions of the Islamic Republic and to acquire himself the position of the Guardian jurists. That was something completely new that it ever existed before. As a matter of fact, as you might know, the model of government that a religious establishment takes over the states is unprecedented throughout the course of Iranian history, throughout the course of the Islamic history, I would say. This is the first example and probably the only example of a regime that religious establishment that has always in the course of Iranian history, ever since I would say probably at the 16th century,

if not earlier, has been always separate from the state and always kind of collaborating with this state, with a certain tensions in between the two of them. There were two, basically, as they would call themselves the two pillars of stability in the society. That situation changed. For the first time, the religious establishment took over the power of the state. And that's at the core of what we see today as a major issue for Iranian society, because these are basically that old balance between the religion and the state, which was kind of a de facto separation of the authorities of the two has been violated.

And now you have in power a fiorcracy in effect, which of course only in its appearance is fiorcracy deep down. It's a, in my opinion, it's a brutal fascist regime that stays in power, but it has the appearance of religion into it. So this is really the story of the revolution. And as a result of that, the Iranian middle class has greatly suffered. It's not without a reason that you see four million Iranians abroad, because basically the emergence of this new power gradually isolated or marginalized the secular middle class who could not survive under that regime. And gradually moved out

in the course of perhaps 30, 40 years up to now Iran has the largest, I think I'm right to say so, has the largest brain drain in any country in the world. So, population. So fascinating that how much of a weird cork of history is histories that religion would take hold in a country. Is it have to do with the individual? It seems like if we ran the 20th century a thousand times, we would get the 79 revolution resulting in Islamic law, like less than, you know, 1% of the time. It feels like, or no, which percentage would you put? Well, I think it has something to do with the very complex nature of how Iran evolved

over a long period of time, since the 16th century. That's why, if I would, for a moment, talk about what I have written, I have written a book that's called Iran a modern history, and it does not start in the 20th century. It starts in the 16th century. Yeah. Because that's what I've argued that this complex process, that at the end of today resulted in what we see around us today, is something that was in making for a very long time. And religion was a big part of it. Yeah. She and the Messiah complex, the longing for this great vision of a great nation that somehow is

the sublime nation that can only be fully sublime through religion. Or at the time it was thought that is truly religion. Ever since then, it's this illusionment with that image, or at least a process of this illusionment, the outcome of it is what we see today. Basically, that process of 40 years is a process of adjusting to the realities of the world. That great moment of romantic success of a revolution, like most revolutions, of course, that great moment of romantic success of a revolution,

like most revolutions, of course, that is going to change Iran and bring this kind of a moment of greatest led into this greatest appointment. So it's a movement of the greatest appointment in this sense. Like most Messianic movements, by the way, Messianic movements, a general, are always leading into greatest appointments. But what I have here that perhaps should be added to it, that yes, it was a peculiarity of Iran as a society that had to experience this eventual encounter between religion and state.

That's something to do with the nature of shiza. That's just one point that should be pointed out. Most of Sunni Islam don't have that kind of a, I say most because there is something there. But Sunni Islam in general does not have that kind of an aspiration for the coming of a mishianic leader She's am does

She's amin is very shaping Particularly the way that it was set up in Iran Was a religion that has always this element of expectation to it for the coming of this Messianic leader. Of course, I mean, between practices, all societies look for Messianic leaders and just look around us. But some societies more than others. There's certain culture. It might have to do with the romantic poetry that we mentioned over there. I mean, surely, I mean, not to draw to me a parallel, but the Soviet Union,

there is romanticism too. And I mean, I don't know. There it does maybe idealism. It's sense of a savior? Yeah. Who would bring you out of the misery that you are in? And always looking for a third party to solve your issues. That's why probably this movement has a particular significance because

it probably doesn't look for a Messiah. Although I was talking to my brother with the historian also and he was saying perhaps the Messiah of this movement is that Messiah, I'm in the 22-year-old girl that was killed. So a martyred Messiah who is now leading a movement which the Nolangir has that charismatic leadership with it. But yes, I would say that Iran has been the birthplace, if I might say, that of Messianic aspirations. Going back to Elchent, Zorathrenism, which is really the whole system that you see in major religions, at least the so-called Western religions, so Abrahamic religions, is parallel or perhaps influenced by the Rasfeinism in which there is an idea of this world and the other world there is a hereafter. There is an idea of a judgment at the end of the time and there is a concept that there

is a moment of justice that is going to come with the rise of a religious or a charismatic fear. So it's a very old phenomenon in Iran, very old. And it's time and again repeated itself in the course of its history. But never as powerfully as it happened in 1979. And never in the form of authority from within the religious establishment.

It was always the descent movements that were kind of anti-Nomian, they were against the authority of the religious establishment. That changed in the 20th century. But the revolution in 1979, that change is still with us today. What, can we just linger on, are there some practical games of power that occurred, you know, in the way that Stalin took power and held power in the early days Is there something like this in terms of the establishment of the revolutionary guard and all those kinds of stuff? Yes, so it's the the man's saiyanic figure that has some support from the people, but

Does he have to crush his enemies in competition? It certainly did probably not, certainly not as brutal in terms of the victims, as you would see in Soviet Union under Stalin, who the bloodshed or the destruction of the population was far greater than what you would find in Iran of the Islamic Republic, it's uncomfortable. Perhaps I would find a greater parallel with Mata Dung and particularly because China has a very strong

Messianic tradition since the ancient times. So they have something and Mao appears as the kind of a Messianic fear. There I can see there is a parallel but also you can see with any other authoritarian regime with a Messianic fear at the head of it that it destroys all the other forces. So during course of the first ten years of the Islamic Revolution, it destroyed the liberal nationalist secular, it destroyed the guerilla movements, some of them Islamic, some of them Marxists, who turned into political parties or tendencies in the course of the post-revolution 1979,

they were completely destroyed and in a very brutal fashion. And their opposition even within the religious establishment, because it wasn't a uniform, there were many different tendencies, those that were opposed to the authority of Ayatollah Khomeini or Imam Khomeini, meaning almost a sacred religious figure above the level of a religious authority. He is a saint, kind of a figure. He says, she is a, has this idea of imams. There were 11 of them, the 12th is hidden and would

come back at the end of the time. This is a messianic figure. So the title that was always used for them only in she is a never used for any other person. He is the first person in the revolution of 1979. First, we referred to as deputy of Imam, but the term deputy gradually disappeared and he became Imam Khomeini. That's his official title. I love human being so much. It's so beautiful. This titles that we give each other. it's marvelous to observe. You love it because you haven't been under that system. No, I love it in a way. I love it in a very dark, dark fashion, kind of way. It caricatures itself. It's it's almost funny and it's absurdity, if not for the evil that it has led to in human history.

But also the fact that it's a man, it's an effect, fulfillment in a kind of completely unintended fashion. It's a fulfillment of that idea of a Messiah that they've been fading for. This Imam, which is in a heda for a thousand years, is here and not here. And therefore, Homanic would have in effect fulfilled those anticipations. But beyond that, I just give you one example, I know that you may have other concerns. But when I say elimination, at the end of the Iran-Iraq war, by the direct order of Ayatollah Khomeini, a fatwa that of them, the Marxist left and the religious left.

In a matter of a few weeks, or perhaps a few months, I'm not actually quite sure about the time span, in a series of, these were people who have already been tried and they were given sentences. They were brought back before the summary trials of three judges or more three, four of them. One of them is now the new president of the Islamic Republic, Raici, and they've given a quick summary sentences which meant execution. So something between probably six to eight thousand were executed in matter of a month or two months, something like that, mostly in Tehran, but also in provinces.

And that remained an extraordinary trauma for the families, for those who had these kids, they're all young, all young. So this remains very much a kind of original scene of the Islamic Republic that cannot get rid of. And it's in people's memories. They didn't allow them even the families to go and mourn their dead in an official symmetry,

which they created for them. Now, the latest thing is that they put a huge concrete wall around it, so nobody will be able to get into it. So, these all part of this extraordinary level of atrocity, brutality, that you see that the regime who claimed that it comes with the morality of religion and Islam to bring back the justice and be more in a sense kind to people, ended up with what it is in the memory of many of the people in Iran. So developing his fascistic tendencies.

Very much so. Destroying minorities, Bahá'í is one of them. Hundreds of Bahá'í without any reason, without any involvement, were picked up and executed, the properties were taken over, the rights were taken away from them, even up to this day. This is the largest, by the very religious minority in Iraq. So you would see that in many areas, this is a acts very much as a beyond authority, it's a kind of really fascistic regime.

So, how many held power for 10 years? And then took power the next supreme leader who is still the leader today for over 30 years. Who is he? Well, he was one of the, this is Ali Hamanei. I told her. Oh, yeah, Tullah Ali Hamanei. Imam one day perhaps? No, well, they hesitated to use the term Imam for him. But in any of the respect he was given all of that adulation that they did to Hamanei,

he is the guardian jurist. That's what's important because the guardian jury in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic is an authority that is above this state. He is not elected quote unquote because this is a divine authority although he has been designated by the group of the tabernet, more or less like himself, and he has the full power over all institutions of the state, the army, the media, the economy, every aspect of the acts that you show. He acts like this authority and authority. Did that gradually develop?

Was that very early on? Well, that's part of the constitution of the Islamic Republic. The first constitution, the first draft of the constitution did not have the authority of the Guardian Julius, but then it was added by Chomene anti supporters. Are there actual in the constitution any limits to his power? Yes, there is a council of the experts, so to say, that would remove him from power, I think theoretically. But there is so much restrictions to that that I don't think it would have ever happened

in reality, in his case, at least. But in terms of executive to make decisions and all that kind of stuff, does he need to check with anybody? No. Oh boy. He does check with his own advisors, but he doesn't have any constitutional obligation to check on the decisions that is making. So that's the supreme leader, but there's been presidents.

Yes. And what's the role of the president? The president, in a sense, is the executive power under the Islamic Republic. There are three heads of powers. There is the president that presumably has the executive power. There is the head of the judiciary, and there is the head of the speaker of the parliament, Majlis, Islamic Majlis, which is the legislative. So there's a legislative,

judiciary and executive. The EC with not a president is the head of the executive. Above them is the Supreme Leader or the Guardian Jurist. Can you give me some insight because I especially, I'm not exactly sure why, but the President Ahmadinejad is somebody as an American really familiar with. why is that exactly? But why was the president, the public facing person to the world versus the supreme leader? Is that just an accident of a particular human's involved or is this by design?

No, because the supreme leader tries to keep himself out of issues of everyday politics, supposedly. But therefore he is not coming to your United Nations to give a speech during the session. But Mr. Ahmadinejo, to at the time was the president, would come and make outrageous statements. That's why you probably know something about it. So all of them make public statements, but he had a precliven for outrageous statements. He does all kinds of things. He makes all kinds of statements,

but he is somewhat above the everyday politics in theory. But of course, he is pulling above the everyday politics in theory, but of course he's pulling all the strings without doubt in every respect. And it seems that you were asked, I thought you were going to ask me this question, almost without an exception since the inception of the Islamic Republic in 1979, up to the last of the presidents of the Islamic Republic Rouhani before the guy that is last year or year and a half ago was in a phony election, got into the position of the president all of them on the long list all of them eventually fell out with the regime. So there is no

president except perhaps to some extent Rouhani but we'll wait and see what's going to happen to him but prior to him all of, including Ahmadinejad, fell out with the regime, with the current regime in Iraq. Who's Ruhan? He was officially president for eight years. Yeah, prior to Raici. Ibrahim Raici, the 21, what you're saying is a phony election.

Yes, there's a phony election. What happened? What's the election? What happened? Because the process of actually candidacy for presidency is completely controlled by a council that is under the control of the Supreme Leader. So they have to approve who is going to be the candidate. So everybody can enter and say, I would like to be a candidate. So did Rouhani fall out of favor?

You're saying there's something? Well, he is kind of out of favor now because he was more moderate than this most recent regime. But the point is that if you look, this is something almost institutional, constitutional to the regime. This is a regime that rejects all of the executive powers because the division between the Supreme Authority as a place of a Supreme Authority,

versus the presidency has problematic. It is as if there would be a Supreme Leader in the United States above all these three sources of power. That's the kind of an view that we can see in today's Iran. And of course, he is at the focus of all the criticism that he receives from the demonstrators in today's Iran. So on top of all this, recently, and throughout the last several years,

US and Iran are in the midst of nuclear deal negotiations. This is another part of the story of Iran is the development of nuclear weapons, the nuclear program. They're looking to restore the nuclear deal known as the joint comprehensive plan of action, JCPOA. What is the history, the present and the future of these negotiations over nuclear weapons? What is interesting to you in this full context from the 16th century of the messianic journey. What's interesting to you here? You can argue that in a sense. I think the bottom line of all the negotiations as everything else is that Iran of the Islamic Republic had the tendency of

having its own nuclear weapon. The reason for that is that Iran was subject of nearly nine years, eight and a half years of Iran-Iraq war, when not only Iran faced an aggressor Iraq that actually attacked Iran at a very critical time at the very beginning of the Iranian revolution. But the fact that Iran felt kind of a helpless in the course of this war and has to make great sacrifices actually which supported the Islamic regime, a consolidated Islamic regime because of this war. And most of the time,

their support of the United States was behind Iraq, vis-à-vis Iran. And Iran felt that it's been isolated and has to protect itself. So there regime to try to develop a nuclear power. And therefore, the rest of the world, particularly in this region, be very worried that if Iran would get access to a nuclear weapon, then the entire region of the Persian Gulf might, particularly Saudi Arabia, possibly Turkey, possibly Egypt, all of them may require, may demand to have also nuclear weapon, given the fact that Pakistan and India has already have it. So there was a determined attempt, as you might know, on the side of the Western communities or now gradually world communities to try to,

as much as possible, to control Iran from getting access to a nuclear capability, or actually limit Iran's nuclear capabilities to what was defined usually in a euphemism as a peaceful fashion. That being said, there was also Israel which viewed the Islamic Republic as arch arch enemy. And some of it might be due to the Israeli's own exaggeration of Iran's threat. And some of it this attempt to try to prevent Iran from ever getting access to nuclear weapons, which resulted, as you might know, in these massive sanctions that were imposed upon Iran ever since the beginning of the revolution in 1979 and of course more

intensively since 2015, 2016, even prior to that probably a little bit earlier. This agreement, the nuclear agreement was supposed to control or monitor Iranian nuclear industry or nuclear setup in exchange for removing the sanctions. What this never worked in a matter of fact in a very successful satisfactory way for the Iranians or for the Americans, particularly under Trump administration, which I think foolishly decided to scrap the agreement that was wished under President Obama. Like many other policies that was implemented under Trump administration, this created a major problem.

That is how to under Biden, how to try to come up with a new nuclear agreement with Iran. In this process, since 2016, where the United States withdrew from the agreement, Iran felt comfortable to try to go and do whatever they want without any kind of being monitored by the international community. And that's the situation now. We don't know whether Iran is really sincere under the present regime to negotiate a deal. We don't know that it will United States willing to do so. And it seems that now what is happening in terms of the protests in the Iranian streets makes it even harder in public eye to try to negotiate a deal with Iran. means in the minds of many and with some justification that if the nuclear agreement would result in the removal of many of these sanctions, millions, billions as the result of the removal

of the sanctions and Iran's ability to sell it, it's oil in the international market without any restrictions, means that the Iranian government is going to become even more powerful, more financially secure in order to suppress its own people. So that's the agreement that goes against coming to terms with Iran. But the problem is that there is no clear alternative, even I'm not particularly personally available for this agreement to be ratified. But the alternative is very difficult. There's no way to try to see what can be done. Geopolitics where every alternative is terrible.

Let me ask you about one of the most complex geopolitical situations in history. One aspect of it is the cold war between Iran and Israel. The bigger picture of it is sometimes referred to as Israel-Palestine conflict. What are all the parties, nations involved? What are the interests that are involved? What's the rhetoric? Can you understand, make the case for each side of this conflict? The European Union, you can have worms that it takes another three hours of conversation.

Just three hours at least. But what I can tell you is this, Iran prior to 1979, viewed itself under the Shah as a kind of a, if not supporter of Israel, was in very good terms with Israel. They had an embassy in Iran or an official embassy in Iran. They had certain projects that helping with the agriculture and so forth in Iran. But since 1979, that completely reversed. Part of it is that the issue of the Palestinian plight remained very much at the heart of the revolutionary Iranians. So we would see that part of the United States is to support, part of the United States guilt. Sin is to support Israel.

Visa, it's very suppressive, very oppressive treatment of the Palestinians, completely illegal taking over of the territories which is not theirs since 1967. And therefore, it is upon the Iranian regime, Iranian Islamic Republic to support the cause of the Palestinians. This came about at the time when the rest of the support for the Palestinians, including Arab Nationalism, basically reached the stage of bankruptcy. I mean, much of the regimes of the Arab world either are now coming to terms with Israel or in one way or another because of their own contingencies because of their own concerns and interests are willy-nilly accepting Israel in the region. Now that old task of rhetorically supporting the Palestinians falls upon the Islamic Republic. That sees itself as the champion of the Palestinians now.

Without, as a matter of fact, having either the support of the Iranian people behind him, if you ask, if tomorrow there would be a poll or a referendum, I would doubt that 80% of the Iranian people would approve of the policies of the Islamic Republic vis-à-vis the issue of Palestine. Nor the Palestinians themselves, because the Islamic Republic is only supporting those factions within the Palestinian movement,

which are Islamic, quote unquote. And even within that date, there is problems with Hamas, for instance. But nevertheless, it's for the Islamic Republic, some kind of a propaganda tool, the Islamic Republic, some kind of a propaganda tool to be able to use it for its own sake and claim that we are the champions of the Palestinian people. Whether they have a solution, if you look at the rhetoric, if you listen to the rhetoric, it's the destruction of the state of Israel. And that, it seems to me, creates a certain anxiety in the minds of the Israelis, Israeli population, and Israeli government, particularly those who are now in power, Natania, who did lequid, and more kind of a right-wing politics of today's Israel.

That being said, I think also the Israelis try to get an extra mileage out of threat of Iran, quote unquote, in order to present themselves and rightful to for terms of security and whatever else. The way that they're treating the Palestinians, which I think is extremely unjust, I think it's extremely unwise for Israel to carry on with these policies as they did since 67 at least and not to try to come to tell you this. Of course, there's a huge amount of, I'm not denying that at all, the huge amount of failures, mistakes, and stupidity on the side of the Palestinian leadership in various stages, not to try to make a deal or try to come to terms in some fashion.

But it's a very complex picture, and it's rather unfair to the Palestinians to accuse them for not coming to terms with Israel under a very uneven circumstances when they are not in a position to try to make a fair deal in terms of the territories or in terms of their security in future vis-à-vis rear. So I think there is, as you probably know, quite a lot of people that would have a different perspective than you just stated in terms of, you know, taking the perspective of Israel and characterizing the situation, can you steal man that their side? Can you steal man Israel's side?

That they're trying to be a sovereign nation, trying to protect themselves against threats, ultimately wanting to create a place of safety, a place where people can pursue all the things that you want to pursue in life, including for most happiness. I tend to agree with you, and I have all the respect for the fact that Israel would like to create security and happiness for its own people. But there are two arguments. One is a moral argument. To my mind as a historian, Jews across around the world for all through their history suffered. And this is a history of

suffering, the history of memory of suffering. And I find it enormously difficult to believe have something. And I find it enormously difficult to believe that a nation, there's a product of so much sacrifice, suffering, loss of life, and a variety of holocaust above all, would find itself in a position not to give the proper justice to a people who could be their neighbors and that is a moral argument which I cannot believe under any circumstances can be accepted. Second, in real terms, what do you want to commit to genocide? Do you have a population there that you have to come to terms with it? And you cannot just postpone as they did since 67, they are postponing and hoping that it goes away somehow. I don't think it's going to go away and it's going to get worse

right and better. It's a long nuanced discussion and I look forward to having it. So we'll just leave it there for the moment. But it is a stressful place in the world where the rhetoric is existential. Or Iran makes claims that it wants to wipe a country off the face. There is just the level of intensity of rhetoric is unlike anywhere else in the world. Yes. And extremely dangerous in both directions. So one, the real danger of rhetoric actually being acted upon and then the extreme political parties using the rhetoric to justify even a greater escalation.

So if Iran is saying that this is saying that they want to wipe Israel off the face of the earth, that justifies any response. On the other side. On the other side. Of course, I tend to agree with you fully. And unfortunately, this is a very critical situation that this region is facing Iran in particular. I would say that I hope that in the minds of the people of Israel, there is enough or common sense to realize that probably escalation on the Israeli side is not in the favor of anybody. And try to let the Iranians to go on with their empty rhetoric as they do so far.

But at the same time, I cannot deny the fact that there is a danger on the side of this regime and what it says, it cannot be denied, nobody can justify that. Particularly because the Iranian population is not behind this regime, certainly in the case of the Palestinians. Or for that matter, it's not Palestine. It's the Islamic Republic's involvement in Lebanon with Hezbollah, Islamic Republic's involvement in Syria with Bashar Assad,

it's involvement in other parts of the world, perhaps even Yemen, that all of them creates extraterritorial responsibilities or interventions, unnecessary interventions that ultimately is not in favor of best interests of the Iranian people or Iran as a country. Iran has never been involved in this kind of politics before of the Islamic Republic. So in a sense, the Iranian regime, it seems to me by going to the extreme try to create for itself a space that it did not have or did not deserve to have within the politics of the region. In other words, that has become part of the tool, kind of an instrument,

for if you like to call it some kind of an expanionism of the regime. In parts of the world where it can see there is a possibility for its presence, for its expansion. Of course, historically speaking, Iran ever since 15th century, I think that's the earliest example I can see. In early modern times, has always a tendency

of moving in the direction of not only what is today the state of Iraq, but further into the eastern coast of Meitrenia. So that's a long-term ambition that has been in the cards as far as Iran as a strategic unit is cancer. But by no means justified and by no means could be a reasonable, could be a sane policy of a nation state as today's Iran. But the second point is that also regimes are always victims of their own rhetoric. So once you keep repeating something

Then you become more and more committed to it and it cannot remain anymore in the level of a rhetoric You have to do something about it. So it's something compelling pressure to try to materialize what you've been saying in your rhetoric, and that is even extremely more dangerous, as far as Iran is concerned, and it brings it to some unholy alliances that today we are witnessing Iran is getting involved, even more dangerous than this rhetoric in terms of the vis-a-vis Israel is its involvement with Russia and to some extent with China, which we can't talk about. What do you think about the meeting between Hamani and Vladimir Putin in July?

What's that alliance? What's that partnership? Is it surface level geopolitics? Is there a deep growing connection? I cannot see the difference between geopolitics and this deep connections. I see this one on the same. Why?

Because I think the experience of 40 years of distancing from the West in terms of the Islamic Republic. And the fact that there is a shelf life to imperial presence for any empire anywhere in the world. So after the terrible experience of the United States in Iraq and in Afghanistan, it's pretty much like the British Empire that after the Suez experience in 56 decided to withdraw from east of Suez, maybe there is a moment here that we are witnessing or it may come that a great power like the United States sees in this benefit, not to get too much involved into nitty-gritty things in other parts of the world, that it's not its immediate concern. And I think that is part of the reason, not the entire reason. Part of the reason why we see the emergence of a new geopolitical environment in this part of the world, of which China,

Russia, possibly Iran, possibly Turkey, possibly both of them are going to be part. Perhaps Saudis also, but I doubt that the Saudis under the presence of the commissaries although we have witnessed some remarkable issue in the course of the past few weeks, where the Saudis giving assurances to American administration and then shifting and getting along with Putin in terms of the oil production, I think it's more than that, you know. And it's not only them, but also the Emirates are doing the same thing.

So what does that just tell us? And that's another many our conversation about the world industry in Iran and the whole region. In emerging, this kind of a world which was perhaps even 10 years ago unimaginable that you see now a great power, China that it's going to remain from what we see around us as a great power. And Russia, adventurous, foolish, but nevertheless would remain criminal, I would say, as far as the its behavior in Ukraine, but actually it's a rogue nation that attracts another another organization. So Iran finds itself now in a greater place of security in alliance with Russia in the hope that this would give Iran a greater security in this part of the world.

Whether this is realistic or illusion, I think remains to be seen. I think Iran, China, relation makes more sense. Although, if you ask ordinary Iranians, they don't like it. They would tell, why should we be tied up with China as the only trade party with America because of the foolish isolations that you have created for us because of all the sanctions that you have created for us, the Islamic Republic. So in a sense, it's a very difficult question to answer. Probably Iranians also like to be more on the other camp.

But what happens is that in real term, what surprises me most is not this alliance with China, but it's kind of becoming a lucky or subservient to put in regime in Russia. Since if you look at it, Iran ever since at least the 19th century, not going further back, the beginning of the 19th century, always viewed Russia as the greatest threat strategically,

because it was sitting right at the top of Iran, was, it was infinitely more powerful than Iran, as ever been, and Iran fought two rounds of war at the beginning of the century, lost the entire Caucasus to Russia and led its lesson that you have to be mindful of Russia and you have to keep it as an arms-led and that's what was the Iran's policy throughout the course of the 20th century, 19th and 20th century, up to what we see weapons from Iran, which was unheard of, and means that there is a new balance is emerging, a new relationship is emerging.

Perhaps remains to be seen, but if you look at the historical precedence, it would have been enormously unwise to be an ally of Russia, given its long history of aggression in Iraq. See, Russians, part of the reason why it's actually Iran allied itself with British Empire, was the fact that it was so much afraid of the Russian expansion. And as such, I don't know what's going to be the future of this relationship. There is a big disconnect between governments and the people. And I think ultimately, I have faith that there's a love across the different cultures, across the different religions amongst the people. And the governments are the source of the division and the conflict and the wars and all

the geopolitics that is in part grounded in the battle for resources and all that kind of stuff. Nevertheless, this is the world we live in. So you looked at the modern history of Iran the past few centuries. If you look into the future of this region, now you kind of implied that historian has a bit of a cynical view of protests and things like this that are fuel, at least in the minds of young people with hope. If you were to just for a while have a bit of hope in your heart and your mind, what is a hopeful future for the next 10, 20, 30 years of Iran? I'm not cynical. Yes. I'm trying to be realistic. And I actually may be critical, but I have great hopes in Iran's future for a variety of reasons. I actually did write an article only if the last version of it is going to go out today. In which the title of it is

the Time of Fear and Women of Hope, which in a sense is this whole coverage, but what this movement means that we see today. It may be a fizzle in a few weeks time, or it may just go on and create a new dynamics in Iranian society that would hopefully result in a peaceful process of greater accommodation and greater tolerance within the Iranian society and with the outside world. And I think majority of the Iranian people don't want tension. Don't want confrontation. Don't want crisis. They, if 40 years they have suffered from a regime that have dictated an ideology that it's regressive and impractical, they want to go back to a life in which they don't really create trouble for their neighbors or for the world.

And therefore, I would see a better future for Iran. That's for one reason. A strategically or geopolitically, maybe in Iran's advantage in a peaceful fashion to negotiate as it's the fate of all the nations, rather than commit itself or sworn to a particular course of policy. So this is a give and take as the nature of politics is art of possible as it been said. So probably Iran is going to be hopefully moving that direction. I think there is a generational thing, that's the third reason. No matter how much the Islamic Republic tried to islamicize the Iranian society in its own image of

kind of radical ideological indoctrination. It has failed. It has failed up to what we see today in the Iranian streets and the Iranian population said no to it. And I think if they would have been and they very much hope there will be a possibility for a more open environment,

more open space where they would be able to speak them, their views out. Iranians are not on the side of moving in the extreme directions. They are in the side of greater accommodation and the greater interest in the outside world. And if you look at every aspect of today's, decide the government, every aspect of life in today's Iran, you can see that from the way that people dress, to the way that they try to leave their lives, to the way that they're educating themselves

or they're educated in the institutions, do you see a desire and intention to move forward? And I'm optimistic. Well, in that struggle for freedom, like I told you offline, one of my close childhood friends is Iranian. Just a beautiful person, his family is a wonderful family. And on a personal level is one of the deeper windows into the Iranian spirit and soul that I've gotten. She has the witness, so I really appreciate it. But in the recent times, I've gotten to hear from a lot of people that are currently living

in Iran that are currently have that burning hope for the future of the country. And so my love goes out to them and the struggle for freedom. I have to say. It's so nice of you to say so. And I very much hope so. There are moments of spare and there are moments that you would think that there is no hope. But then again something triggers and you see But then again something triggers and you see 100,000 people in this streets of Berlin That are hoping for a better future for you and I very much hope it eventually emerges even I'm hoping at the same time that it's not going to be a

very strongly Leadership as it was the case in the past We started with hope we we ended with hope. This was a real honor, this is an incredible conversation. Thank you for giving such a deep and wide story of this great nation, one of the great nations in history. Well, let's say kind of if you say so. And thank you for sitting down today. Well, and history that, as I've said in the start of my book,

I say it's a history of a nation which has learned a huge amount from the outside or by force of esgeography. It was always located somewhere that people would invade or come for trade or something happened to it that this defused culture continued to and they were not afraid of learning or adopting as they do right now today. This is a very different society. Never a boring moment in its history as you write about. Thank you so much. This is all. Thank you. Thanks for listening to this conversation with Abbas Aminat. To support this podcast, please check out

our sponsors in the description. And now let me leave you with a few words from Martin Luther King, From every mountainside, let freedom ring. Thank you for listening, and hope to see you next time. you