LPRC - CrimeScience – The Weekly Review – Episode 106 with Dr. Read Hayes, Tom Meehan & Tony D’Onofrio

Episode Date: June 9, 2022

LPRC Research Keeps Growing! Supply Chain Issues Strike Again! In this week’s episode, our co-hosts discuss the various different projects the LPRC team are working on, Data privacy from the apps you are downloading, a summary of just published report on active shootings in the United States from the FBI, the forecast from the NRF chief economist for this year and next for the USA economy, and a look at the record number of data breaches in 2021. Listen in to stay updated on hot topics in the industry and more! The post CrimeScience – The Weekly Review – Episode 106 with Dr. Read Hayes, Tom Meehan & Tony D’Onofrio appeared first on Loss Prevention Research Council.

Hi, everyone, and welcome to Crime Science. In this podcast, we explore the science of crime and the practical application of this science for loss prevention and asset protection practitioners, as well as other professionals. We would like to thank Bosch for making this episode possible. Take advantage of the advanced video capabilities offered by Bosch to help reduce your shrink risk. Integrate video recordings with point-of-s sale data for visual verification of transactions and exception reporting. Use video analytics for immediate notification of important AP related events and leverage analytics metadata for fast forensic searches for evidence and to

improve merchandising and operations. Learn more about extending your video system beyond simple surveillance in zones one through four of LPRC's zones of influence by visiting Bosch online at boschsecurity.com. Welcome everybody to another episode of Crime Science, the podcast from the LPRC. This is the latest in our weekly update series. Today, we're joined by our regular team members, Tom Ian, Tony D'Onofrio, and our producer Diego Rodriguez. We're going to take a very quick trip around the world and talk about some of the sell-in issues. Mine will be especially quick just due to an unusually positive but crush of meetings and calls right now. But what I'll do is just on the front, as far as dealing with the COVID situation, incredibly high infection rates, it looks like, but hospitalization and fatality rates just don't

seem to come close to matching that. And it looks like this is an Omicron versus Omicron variants versus variants battle that Delta and some of these that were more serious created much more serious disease. It clearly appear to be right now, according to the data I'm looking at, beyond the Wayne, and that it's these variants. The variants are much, much, much more transmissible, just one person infecting another or infecting a lot of others, just one person infecting another or infecting a lot of others, but not necessarily creating serious disease. Again, there are hypotheses that it's one part and a big part that the variant has learned and evolved so that it doesn't kill the patient, that it doesn't create too much serious disease so that the host, us, the human, can get out there and spread the virus and keep it going. us, the human, can get out there and spread the virus and keep it going. Another part, of course,

is such a large saturation of natural infection and vaccination in the United States with literally, you know, hundreds of millions, you know, well over a quarter billion now, roughly Americans being vaccinated more than once, many, many boosted. And then, of course, you know, anywhere from 100 to 200 million Americans evidently have had one or more bouts of a coronavirus, the COVID-19 disease. So we'll stay tuned to all that. There's still emerging data that those individuals that have been boosted in addition to their initial one or two dose series in the United States tend to be right now seem to be outpacing those that were not boosted, but maybe vaccinated as far as testing positive, but again, not very serious illness. So it's interesting and it goes back to what we've talked about now for way too long,

that the idea of this vaccine was just to dramatically reduce serious disease and particularly fatalities in humans and us, not to reduce the rate of infection or the infectiousness or how viremic one of us might be that's been vaccinated, in this case boosted. It doesn't stop us from getting infected via particles, but just reduces the seriousness of the illness. So we'll stay tuned on that. Over the LPRC front, we're really excited. We're way farther along than we've ever been with the 2022 version of the LPRC Impact Conference. Again, that first week in October, October 3rd through 5th, we'd encourage you to go onto the LPRC website, register there. You can send a message to operations at lpresearch.org to get involved.

You're going to see an amazing array of content, some super cool tours and social events. It should be a who's who, again, in Gainesville of top loss prevention asset protection leaders at the different strata, as well as the top solution partners, including a lot of really high-tech people from Lenovo, from NVIDIA, from Intel, from Bosch and Axis and Eversine and on and on. More surprises to come there too, by the way, is one reason I'm so busy. You'll see too that we've got a supply chain protection summit coming up here. You should look for those dates. They're on the website being sent out via the LPRC Connect e-newsletter. Again, you can subscribe to that at lpresearch.org. You'll also see that we're moving the Violent Crime

Working Group, it looks like their summit to the first week in November and then Philadelphia for a host of reasons. We want to move away from anybody else's conference, for a host of reasons. We want to move away from anybody else's conference, de-conflict there, if you will. But you're also going to see at impact a lot of great data and information coming out from some of the studies that have been underway. We've got several continuous or ongoing studies here. ARCS project that Dr. Corey Lowe on the team, our senior research scientist instituted. More and more retailers participating. We're filling out this super interesting and highly impactful, I think, map that is interactive. Also, it's going to allow retailers, the more that participate,

those can then go in and at no charge get access and get an idea of what all is going on, not just tapping into local law enforcement information, which can be very good to very bad, depending on the area and the timing, but also tap into all the data that are being submitted by other retailers. It's amazing when you look at the map that Corey and James and others on the team have put together. The National Retail Federation has carried on the National Retail Security Survey, started by myself and Dr. Weitz and then Dr. Hollinger at the University of Florida back in the early 90s. That study does continue, but now NRF and the LPRC are working together on that study. But now NRF and the LPRC are working together on that study. We've already got we're on a pace to surpass the last three years average responses. And it's early. We're way past where we've been in the past. Corey's done some things to enhance the instrument, the questionnaire to get some a little more complete information so that you all,

the decision makers, whether you're a solution partner, of course, an LPAP or other practitioner, to have better data. So, we're really excited about how the NRSS is going, the National Retail Security Survey. We're conducting focus groups. One is on body-worn cameras. We're looking, we've got four solution partner members here that have top-notch body-worn camera solutions solutions we're coordinating with our LPRC retailer members in Australia in New Zealand and in the UK in addition to lining up some in the United States here to go through in depth starting with a couple of focus groups around use cases logistics how do you wear them how do you attach them what do they look like how do you charge them when how do you attach them, what do they look like, how do you charge them, when should you turn them on off, and a lot of those sort of practical

issues and questions, how do you link, integrate them with other technologies, CCTV and so on, a live stream or recorded or both, a lot of interesting things there. Another focus group series that we put together, we've now got, I think it's seven retailers. We only want eight. We're waiting for a couple more to get back to us here. And this is going to be on left of contact, left of bang, left of the tragedy. And we're going to start with active assailant, active killer, active shooter scenarios. And this is all around threat assessment. What are the signals and signatures, the behavioral, the visual, the audio, the aural, as we call them, the digital signatures that we might pick up on out in zone five, things that they're doing, they're saying, and things like

that. There's a series of messages that we want to pick up on. We want to better connect the dots. We want to get better definition and, of course, quicker dissemination to pick up on. We want to better connect the dots. We want to get better definition and, of course, quicker dissemination to the right people. So what can we do in zones five, four, three, two, one? One is where there's now right at the target and there is contact all the way up to the last split second before a trigger is pulled or a knife is wielded or some other tragedy. What can we know? How can we know it? How do we connect the dots?

How do we terminate the threat to safeguard vulnerable people? So we've got a handful of really top-notch retailers that have been working long and hard on threat assessment, detection, surveillance, connection, collaboration, and dissemination. And so, stay tuned on what's going on in that realm. But we are aligned and ready to support, and we have been doing active shooter-killer-assailant research over the last several years now. We're stepping up our efforts in that area. And another benefit of this type of research in the series of research projects, many projects, if you will, in this area, just like you heard with body-worn cameras and a host of other issues, is that we can use these for threat detection on armed

robberies, on commercial burglaries, on ORC booster groups. You could go on and on there, but taking a look in that. And by working these typologies, what are active assailant types and why specific places? That's the center of interest for us at the LPRC. Why did they come to that place and commit that horror? So what's going on about that? And then type one we're looking at is the threat works there. That is an insider threat that's been activated, energized, radicalized, whatever it might be, to harm people in that place. What all can we and should we, are we able to better define that might have let us know that could be coming up again in 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. So 5 being beyond our parking lot, 4 in the parking lot.

And the approach, the building approach, if it's an interior threat, we know tragically too many of these, in this case, active shooters have started in the parking lot somewhat recently. But what can we learn as they enter? What can we know? Is there in the building in zone three, we call it? Is there in the approximate area where their target is? That's two, zone two. And then, of course, the actual target. And what are things we could do to intervene would be the next step that we'll go to. The next type of threat, first is insider threat. The second is an insider. but that insider is not necessarily the the threat the attacker or part of the attackers but rather the magnet the attractor for the threat

what again can we know through zone one five four three two one the third type is an outsider but they're coming to that specific place to harm that place or individuals or an individual in that place that's a non-relative. It's not necessarily the individual there is a target or the attractor, the magnet, if you will, but rather it's something about the dynamics there, the experiences there, they're furthering a cause and so on. So we also have come up with four different themes that we've been able to pull out of the literature out there. So the fourth type is it's unknown or it's just maybe a random person. And we're using use cases also, by the way, to illustrate these. And in one, there was an incident where the supermarket chain in Louisville, Kentucky, individual's wife announced that she's going to leave him. She goes to her church to a meeting. That individual gets a firearm, goes to the church to harm her, and they see him in time. They detect him. They lock up. He can't get in there, so he walks across the street to a major supermarket, chain store location, and then starts to kill people in the parking lot and inside. So that's the kind of

thing where that's got to be the toughest for us, but all of us working together. But that's giving you an idea when we at the LPRC in science at the University of Florida or any place where you've got modified research, you're going to see frameworks, typology stood up based on initial evidence, review of the literature. Then you use those frameworks to more systematically collect information about what utterances, what behaviors, movements, and space and time can we pick up on through the journey to harm, and in this case, by four different types of events. So, stay tuned on that, and you'll see the same methodology being applied to other use cases here, working on an armed robbery use case. We've got a lot of data. After nine robbery events, the individual has now been caught. You'll see at the NRF coming up, PROTECT, we'll be talking about what we've learned,

why does it look like the individual, actually in this case, the crew, went to one chain and never hit other stores. It may look like they might have been more convenient, more vulnerable, maybe even more attractive for other reasons, but they went here. So it's always a why, why not? So a lot of research going on, but we want you all to know that it's embedded in frameworks and then involves evidence or observations, data collection. So let me, with no further ado, turn it over to Tony D'Onofrio. Tony, if you can take it away. Thank you, Reid. Let me start this week with the latest FBI report on active shootings in the United States, published a couple of weeks ago, and this covers the entire year 2021.

The FBI defines an active shooter as one or more individuals actively engaging in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area. Implicit in this definition is the shooter's use of a firearm. For 2021, the FBI has designated 61 shootings as active shooter incidents. What does that mean versus private year? Well, as you would guess, there is a trend going up in terms of these taking place. The number of active shooter incidents identified in 2021 represents a 52.5% increase from 2020 and an astonishing 96.8% increase from 2017. In the 61 incidents tracked by the FBI, 243 people were the human casualties in 2021 with 103 killed and 140 wounded. This compares with 164 casualties in 2020 with 38 killed and 126 wounded. December had the fewest number of incidents and similar to 2020, June had the highest number of incidents and when

compared to 2020, April had the biggest increase in incidents. The total casualty count for 2021 is below average for the period 2017 to 2020, but exceeded casualties in 2020 with a 48% increase. The 2021 numbers represent the third highest total casualty count over the last five years. 32 of the active shooter, of the 61 active shooter incidents occurred in areas of commerce, 28 incidents occurred in business environment open to pedestrian traffic. If you look at other data from other sources, 2022 is not looking any safer. According to another recent article from the Washington Post, there already have been 232 mass shootings this year in the United States as of June 6, 2022.

Mass shooting as defined by the Gun Violence Archive, where four or more people, not including the shooter or injured or killed, have averaged more than one per day so far this year. Not a single week in 2022 has passed without at least three mass shootings. Mass shootings have been on the rise in recent years. In 2021, almost 700 such incidents occurred, a jump from 611 in 2020 and 417 in 2019. Before that, incidents had not topped 400 annually since the Gun Violence Archive started tracking this in 2014. This year is on pace where last year's when comparing the same period, mass shootings have killed 256 people and injured over a thousand through the end of May. I'm covering this in a lot of detail this week because this is an area that's important to the LPRC and we encourage both solution providers and retailers who keep finding ways to make us all safer.

Let me switch now to a second topic, and this one is for the visual capitalist, and it's in support of Tom and the great summaries that he provides. And it provides a summarized view on the top 50 data breaches from 2004 to 2021. A data breach is an incidence in which sensitive or confidential information is copied, transmitted, or stolen by an unauthorized entity. This can occur as a result of a malware attack, payment card fraud, insider leak, or unattended consequences. In 2021, a new record was sacked with more than 5.9 billion user records stolen. The largest data breach recorded occurred in 2013 when all 3 billion Yahoo accounts had their information compromised. In that cyber attack, the hackers were able to gather their personal information and pass it on to users. While the full extent

of the Yahoo breaches is still not realized, software and cyber crimes across the globe have been linked to the stolen information. By sector, the top three places where breaches occur the most are the web, with 9.9 billion records stolen, finance at 2 billion lost, and tech at 1.6 billion records lost. Retail ranked sixth, with 594 million records lost. Retail ranked sixth with 594 million records lost. A 2021 IBM Securities Report estimated that on average, the cost per data breach for companies in 2020 was $4.2 million, which represents a 10% increase from 2019. That increase is mainly attributed to the added security risk associated with having more people working closely remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It's a good idea to listen to this podcast and to Tom for ideas on how to prevent you

from being a victim of data breaches. And finally, let me end on some good news, and this is news from the National Retail Federation, or NRF, on the state of the U.S. economy as published in Chain Storage. As the article said, although the Federal Reserve faces a tricky job in addressing inflation, continued growth in employment wages and consumer spending make it unlikely the effort will backfire into a major setback for the economy, according to the NRF chief economist. Though many people fear an extreme cooling off of the economy, there is not an overwhelming amount of evidence to support such prediction, said the chief economist. In general, the data suggests that we remain in ongoing expansion.

GDP growth in the U.S. is projected to climb 2.6% in 2022 and another 2.1% in 2022, and another 2.1% in 2023. While the rate of inflation expected by consumers in the near term has moved up, expectations for the long term are subdued. I personally, if I read through reading this and paying a lot of attention to this, I do have some concerns for the balance of 2022 and really, frankly, into 2023 as uncertainties remain, including the Ukraine war and where that ends up. Let's hope the NRF chief economist is right and we all come out of this inflation cycle with continued growth. And with that, let me turn it over to Tom. Well good morning everybody and thank you Reed and thank you Tony. Always great information. Let's see you just touch on a couple news stories and things that are in the news that you may have seen or you may have heard of but the first one is there

are several news outlets. I'll specifically quote some things from the Wall Street Journal where Russia is weaponizing food supplies in Ukraine and Europe. So this is the Ukraine and Russia war that has been going on or incident that's occurring continues to go on. And I think there's a lot of different news stories out there. We are somewhat removed to it in some cases but now we're starting to see reports of weaponizing of food basically restricting food to other areas and making it more difficult as a sign of pressure and also to really in cases, put certain parts of the country in a very, very challenging scenario. This also, from a political standpoint, helps influence other European countries to either feel like they have to work with Russia or they're in a difficult position. I'm sure that some listeners saw some of the decisions made about oil and gas in Europe.

Oil in Europe is much different than oil in the U.S. from Russia. I think in Germany, more than half of the oil was coming from Russia. So there's a very significant impact, where in the United States, I believe it was less than 17%. So certainly a much, much stronger hold. than 17 percent so certainly a much much stronger hold there are some blockades of stopping food from moving along so this is not only putting people in danger but it's also significantly significantly driving the cost of grain and others up there's also also Russian blockades in the Black Sea and the port of Odessa where there are several, you know, freighters full of grain that can't move. And there also are several mines and bombs in the ocean there. Again, not actually attacking the food, but stopping the path of the food. So definitely, you know, something that is going on and that could

and probably will have a longstanding effect here in the States. So we'll continue to monitor it. I think one of the things with all that's going on in the world, it's very, very hard with a global economy. And you have COVID, you have monkeypox, you have the Ukraine, you have organized retail crime, you have so many really important matters that are occurring, active shooters, that it's very challenging sometimes to keep up with some of the things that are occurring. So we'll do our best here to kind of talk about them. And I'm not going to get too far into the economics here, but there was a report about Target and Target mentioning that their profits will drop because there's too

much inventory. And I think that, you know, anecdotally, I'd like to just talk through some of the supply chain challenges that we spoke about several months back. And there were several articles, again, I'll point to the Wall Street Journal article where it really talks about the inventory being up, you know, more than 40% in some areas. And specifically talking about electronics, outdoor furniture, and some other consumer goods. A lot of this stems from supply chain challenges before, the elongated delays. It's very, very difficult to predict consumer behavior. Buyers are buying things months in advance.

And with COVID, the supply chain was drastically, drastically delayed. In some cases, you had folks that were waiting seven to nine months or longer to get product from a manufacturer to the actual consumer. And so when you take those into consideration, there are significant impacts. And we're still seeing extended supply chain challenges. And I'm not sure, you know, I'm very involved in the supply chain world because of my full-time job. We are a manufacturer,

and I do own the product and solution portfolio, so I do this every day. I'm not sure that there is an end in sight. I think that the cycle continues to be challenging, and it's exasperated by the things that are occurring using the Russia and Ukraine conflict. You now have planes that have to fly around versus over, which adds fuel costs, adds time. And then you have ports and the amount of ships that are rerouted. So I think this supply chain issue is here to stay for at least the foreseeable

future. That doesn't mean that it's doom and gloom and that it's not going to go away. I definitely see it still occurring. And also on the silicon side of things where chips are being made, we continue to see that challenge of backlog and delays that are really unprecedented. And I think they all have to do with that domino effect of supply chain. When you when you look at the supply chain for a tip manufacturer not be able to get raw materials, not being able to get things in a timely fashion really plays the whole entire process and then when you add a layer of complexity and with war with disease and sickness like covet and lockdowns occurring still in china we see a big challenge speaking of lockdowns up until a couple weeks ago you had total lockdowns

in parts of china and you know i have actual personal friends that were in Shanghai that were in their apartment for more than 80 days. And these are Western folks that are working there. Mostly the people I know personally are from Europe. And we're literally in an apartment, one for 81 days, with extremely difficult conditions to get out even after that. So we'll continue to watch that. We'll continue to talk about it. While a lot of times what I report on is risk related and sometimes feels very much like there's no end in sight, I would caution everybody and listeners that there is an end to this. There

is a new kind of beginning to the supply chain piece. We're just trying to work through what is occurring today and how it will be in the future. Now switching kind of gears to the IT front, and we'll just talk a little bit. I always like to talk about privacy and consumer privacy. And so Google paid $100 million to Illinois residents around a face grouping feature. So I know we've spoken before about facial recognition technologies. And Illinois is one of the states that has some privacy laws around it or regulatory laws. And this is dated back a little bit of time. So this first came up in April, I think, was when it hit the news. But this is dated back several years. And what it is talking about is that Google, from May of 2015 to April of 2022, was grouping facing photos by faces. It's important to note that this was a feature that you would have at some point opted in to agree to, meaning that this wasn't done behind the scenes.

This wasn't done secretively. This was done as a feature that allowed you to group friends and family members if you and things of that nature. So when you when you're thinking through and you go on and it asks you in your Google photos or Facebook, do you know who this person is? That is exactly the feature that we're referring to. It is a feature that that shows customer customers, consumers, you know, who your family members are. It helps you group them. So if you upload hundreds or thousands or even hundreds of thousands of pictures today, it allows you to group by people.

A lot of the services that are available today do this. This is not a new thing. This is something that occurred for many, many years. And I think it's it's important to note that other services like Facebook and even Apple have similar features I think what you'll see is there is a great and heightened on making sure that that information is available for customers and people understand what is being done so this is just one of the many kind of social media

slash privacy things that we're seeing come out in the news and then government or legal matters being taken into consideration to either fine or stop some of this activity. This is not something that's gonna go away. I think every week we're seeing some level of fine, whether it be in the news, if it through a class action lawsuit,

or just through kind of talking amongst ourselves. So definitely something to keep an eye on, definitely something that we'll continue to talk through. And it just continues to show the need for regulation and consistency around facial recognition technology, regardless of how it's used. So I think it's an important one. One other thing that I want to talk about is we talked about one of the zero-day vulnerabilities last week that affected Outlook. It was a really interesting one because it executed via email and

attachment like a doc file. There's been a lot of chatter about it. It is one of the more concerning bugs that are out there or zero days that are out there because even if you didn't open the file in some cases it allows for that remote exploit so i continue to say patch and correct this one i do not believe there's been a patch as of the as of today's recording um there is a fix but i don't believe there was a patch for it so we'll continue to watch that and talk through that together um and we'll continue to cover on it because I think it's an important one. Apple blocked 1.6 million apps from defrauding users in 2021.

So I think we talked about this in other contexts, not specific to Apple, but the company has, in addition to stopping that fraud, blocked about 34,000 apps. stopping that fraud blocked about 34,000 apps. So this is one of those things that I continue to want to kind of bring up and talk about because as we're using more app-based things, whether you're an iOS, Apple user, or an Android user, there's an inherent risk if you're downloading apps and not reading, one, the terms of services or understanding what's going on in the background the best thing to to do is to just take a few minutes to see what the app is doing both android and apple have done a really good job of of allowing apps to do things but also allowing users to pick and choose at a very granular level what the app has access to, whether it be your

contact information, your photos, and so on and so forth. And just as a real example, you know, Tim Horton's coffee app was actually something that's been in the news for the last few weeks on some privacy concerns. And I'm not going to get too far into it, but basically what occurred is the app had asked for permission to track users to get better promotions and to basically get information to them when they were there. But in the background, the app was also, even when the app was closed, was tracking location-based data. It's important to note that there was a thorough investigation,

and while there was privacy violations in the sense that more than 2,700 times there was location data that was captured without the user's permission or know-how, it was important to know that tim horton anonymized this information the app was not just taking that information and tracking tom mian per se where they were they were anonymizing it this what makes this one a little bit different is that this was not like some of the other apps in the terms of services. There are still questions of whether it was intentional or unintentional. But the bottom line here is that they've corrected the issue and they've made a statement that they won't do it going forward. The app still today, if you're using it, has some location tracking, but it's only to identify at least of the way I understand it, when someone's close to it. Why am I talking about this?

This is just another one of the things when we talk about apps and social media. As everybody knows, I think all of us here on the podcast, Tony and myself, we are heavy social media users. We're app users because we have to be because of what we do for a living. And I think it just kind of reminds us all of when we're using an application on a smartphone, we take just the extra few minutes to identify what the app is doing. In this case, I think even if you did that, you might not see that behind the scenes. But I think it's also important to note that a lot of these reports while they when we're talking about them or reading on the news it may seem nefarious

a lot of times it's not there's no there are no ill intentions and there are mistakes that are made that cause things to occur i'm certainly not here to judge with this particular instance one way or another the facts are that the app was collecting data and doing things with data that it didn't have the rights to do. What I will say is that this isn't the first time and I'm sure it won't be the last. I think it's important to kind of put a wrap around this that when you are using an app for coupons or for things, it's important to take the time to just peruse the terms of services. And one of the key indicators that you are having some availability be tracked is if you have an app, let's say it's a gas station or a coffee app that does not need Bluetooth and is asking to use your Bluetooth, there's a high likelihood that they're collecting that data for location based searching.

And there's also also high likelihood that that would be anonymized but it's and still in fact is trying to track where our user is and there are data services today that are out there that buy that data and then use it for advertising and i think if you're in an app uh terms of services they're very long and laborious, you might see a statement like, at times we share your data with trusted users to provide more targeted marketing. I think when you see those things, that trusted user is a trusted user for them. And a lot of times it'll say anonymized data. So just serves as a reminder of that nothing is free. We continuously say that if you're using these apps or using social media, usually you are the content. You are what's driving the value.

And with that, I will turn it back over to Tony and read. All right. Thanks so much, Tony and Tom. Thank you for our producer, Diego Rodriguez, and all your hard work. Thank you for our producer, Diego Rodriguez, and all your hard work. But mostly, of course, we thank you all the listener. And please stay tuned to what we're up to. Tap into what we're up to. Get involved. Operations at lpresearch. all their divisions at this point, and continuing to grow. We're at about just about 90 solution partners and continue to grow. This is a big, growing community. And with the neat manufacturers like P&G, Procter & Gamble, almost all the major retail associations are part of the community. The LP Foundation, the LP Magazine, Retail Council of Canada and beyond. So get involved and stay in touch. Everybody stay safe. Thanks for listening to the Crime Science Podcast presented by the Loss Prevention Research Council

and sponsored by Bosch Security. If you enjoyed today's episode, you can find more crime science episodes and valuable information at lpresearch.org. The content provided in the Crime Science Podcast is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for legal, financial, or other advice. Views expressed by guests of the Crime Science Podcast are those of the authors and do not reflect the opinions or positions of the Loss Prevention Research Council.