LPRC - CrimeScience – The Weekly Review – Episode 95 with Dr. Read Hayes, Tom Meehan & Tony D’Onofrio

Episode Date: March 17, 2022

LPRC visits Advance Auto Parts team in Raleigh! Retailer investment numbers are analyzed! In this week’s episode, our co-hosts discuss a new ransomware attack with unique demands, LPRC plans member visits, Social media spreads false information about war in Ukraine, and the censoring of social media in Russia gets a new twist. Listen in to stay updated on hot topics in the industry and more! The post CrimeScience – The Weekly Review – Episode 95 with Dr. Read Hayes, Tom Meehan & Tony D’Onofrio appeared first on Loss Prevention Research Council.

Hi, everyone, and welcome to Crime Science. In this podcast, we explore the science of crime and the practical application of this science for loss prevention and asset protection practitioners, as well as other professionals. We would like to thank Bosch for making this episode possible. Take advantage of the advanced video capabilities offered by Bosch to help reduce your shrink risk. Integrate video recordings with point-of-s sale data for visual verification of transactions and exception reporting. Use video analytics for immediate notification of important AP related events and leverage analytics metadata for fast forensic searches for evidence and to

improve merchandising and operations. Learn more about extending your video system beyond simple surveillance in zones one through four of LPRC's zones of influence by visiting Bosch online at boschsecurity.com. Welcome everybody to our weekly update series, joined by friends and colleagues, Tony D'Onofrio and Tom Ian and our producer, Diego Rodriguez. And we're just going to take a quick trip around the world. We haven't mentioned the last two episodes, but certainly want to and will talk about the Ukraine and the absolute and total nightmare that the people of Ukraine that are there are going through and the impending horror that's going to happen around them and really eventually around the world, all that what's happening. And then I think a lot of the Russian people that have either no idea or totally non-supportive. In fact, even I saw today a brave young woman, a newscaster in Russia, live on the air, did a protest and she's now disappeared. So here we are incredibly in the 21st, dealing with the same thing. But I

guess if we look back, it's what we deal with in crime. You know, the same guy, Putin, involved in what he did in Georgia and the Crimea, in poisoning a couple of people, trying to kill them are in the UK, former agents that had turned on the former Soviet Union. We saw what he what he did and his people in Syria. And each time, I think, in his mind, he got away with it. We talk about the erosion of consequences. And when you've got somebody that's that that's that wired that way, you can have real problems. Now we see just the horror of what's happening. So turning over to the pandemic for a minute here, looking at some of the data, we see that the BA.2 variant seems to continue to rise. They look at wastewater.

I know here at the University of Florida, they do the same thing. They monitor the wastewater. They learned how to do that at the very, very beginning of the pandemic back in 2020 as to places all around the United States and the world. So you're seeing a dramatic switch. Hopefully, there is a signal, a pretty strong signal, that this variant is on the rise. People that have never been infected are getting it. People that have been infected are getting it. And so just stay tuned. It doesn't seem, hopefully, the data look like that serious.

Other than it could be very lethal for the non-vaccinated or non-prior and who had also not had prior infection. In other words, their immune systems were naive still to this virus. And so in Hong Kong and some other places where there was lower vaccination rates and in some areas, lower infection rates, there those people whose systems were naive, there seems to be particularly lethal. So, you know, we're still in this pandemic and all of us just need to be alert, aware, act accordingly and keep moving on. On the on the vaccine front now, over five billion humans have been vaccinated.

Just an incredible effort in such a short period of time. The United States, over a quarter billion now now 255 million Americans have been vaccinated. So we continue progress there as far as, you know, making sure our systems are not immune to this type of a virus. The upcoming 75 preclinical additional vaccine candidates we talk about, this is going to be the way out of here down the road, are still in study and more being added almost weekly, the process in phase two trials. Phase C trials, 50 more vaccine candidates in final large-scale trials. Again, 19 with emergency use authorization and now 12 vaccines that have full approval based on multiple randomized controlled double-blind trials. randomized controlled double-blind trials, showing a tremendous efficacy and safety compared to the individuals that had randomly been assigned not to get the actual vaccine, but instead a placebo dose or doses, depending on the protocol. Looking on the therapy front,

right now there's still 700 COVID or coronavirus-type therapies that are being planned, 475 therapy candidates in trials. There are 15 therapies with emergency use authorization and really amazingly, incredibly just one with full FDA approval. So people are working away on this on every front on how to monitor, how to test, how to vaccinate, how to treat this incredible virus that's so persistent. I know right now spring break is a big thing in the United States for college students. Right now, spring break is a big thing in the United States for college students. So it'll be another interesting natural test to see what happens with infection rates, because it's almost fatal or to be determined, ingested fentanyl, a very strong, powerful, powerful opiate derivative. So, stand by on that. But what we'll do now is turn over to the LPRC front. And a few things we are getting out and about as well as others coming here. We've got live view technologies actually in our lab starting this morning.

companies, our members coming in for tours and for strategy meetings, planning and so forth. Last week, I had the opportunity to go to Raleigh, North Carolina, spend the day with the advanced auto parts asset protection team, just over 60 professionals and just an amazing time, a great crew that deal with everything that we all know happens out there. A lot of their stores are in areas that present some particular challenges. But it was really a neat opportunity to go through and talk about the framework that we've worked on for 20 years here at the LPRC, the idea of using situational crime preventions, increasing the effort that a would-be offender would have to go through to be successful, increasing the perceived risk the offender might perceive if they progress on a crime event, and then also reducing the potential

benefit or reward for a criminal offender. Those are just three of our techniques, our tactics, what we call the action modes. And so in this case, we worked on those and then how to market those so that the would-be bad guy, the offender, knows about them, that recognizes them, and then believes in them that they're noticeable, recognizable, incredible, see, get, fear. And then finally, how to deploy those against what you're dealing with, those pathways to crime, that red guy's journey to crime through five zones. And so we went through the exercise, talked about it, and then they broke up into five teams. And we went through a real world armed robbery crew that they are dealing with right now. Nine out of 24 South Florida stores have been hit with armed robberies. So using mapping and video evidence and other data, going through and trying to understand why, why not? Why are some stores and not others? Why this brand and not other brands? What tactics are they using and not others? What are they doing? Are

they evolving? Are they progressing geospatially? Are they moving north to south? Do they seem to be related to certain roadway systems or off-ramps? Are they co-located with others? What's going on? Why are they not hitting other places and times? Is there somebody on the inside or the outside? How is this what's this look like are they progressing with the tactics they use once they get on the property so it's amazing exercise they went through to a solve go back storm and come back okay what are ways that we could better prevent this type of very dangerous very traumatic crime event from occurring armed robbery is one of the most dangerous things that can happen in our stores type of very dangerous, very traumatic crime event from occurring.

Armed robbery is one of the most dangerous things that can happen in our stores, as we know. So we're excited about it. We have the opportunity coming up to go to Toronto and work with Loblaw, an amazing group of retail chains, a corporation up in Canada. So their senior VP, Dean Henrico, and I've been playing this, and I'm really excited to get up there and work with Dean and his team up there north of the border. So stay tuned for more of that type of engagement out there. on a couple of research projects we're involved in at RELA, Retail Industry Leaders Association, at their annual asset protection conference coming up in Orlando. The day after that conference, we've also got an open house, and we've got people that are signing up that want to come

on to Gainesville from Orlando or as part of their trip to and from Orlando for RILA and spend some time with us, whether it's an hour or a day, and go through tours and things like that. So if you're interested, reach out to Diego, D-I-E-G-O, Diego at LPResearch.org. If you're a member and you want to come in here and spend some time with LPRC and our five labs, our lab complex, and with our team. Love to see you. Love to interact with you in a safe manner. So I think that's probably it from my standpoint. I'm going to update in much more detail on our SOC lab, our fusion net, some of the initiatives that are going on in violent crime um what we're doing with human activity and retail environments the hair program arcs program and some of the other amazing research projects that are underway right now with many more to come with our growing team so without further ado if i might tony i'll switch it over to you. Thank you very much, Reid. And again, very good update. And I echo what you said, that really said what is happening in Ukraine and

really not just for Ukraine, but the world in terms of the impact that it's having on all of us. So I hope that we get to a better place because I'm European, so I've studied the history and it's sad to see that we're repeating some of the same mistakes of the past. But let me switch to some technology updates. One of my favorite studies actually just got published this past week is from RIS News, and it talks about the state of retail technology deployments and the investments that are being made in retail. It's called the Store Experience Study, and the 22 edition, which was just published this past week, was subtitled Moving Beyond the Chaos. So, we are moving beyond the chaos. A few highlights this year year retail sales in u.s um when comparing q4 2020

to q4 2021 grew an amazing 15.4 uh revenue growth for this coming years for for this year uh again before all this chaos that's going on around us uh was projected to be a respectable 6.9 percent was projected to be a respectable 6.9%. By channel, mobile commerce is expected to grow 9%. Desktop e-commerce grow 8%. And store sales, so in-store, people walking in the store, is expected to grow a respectable 5.7%, or nearly 6%. For the first time in the past decade, store count growth is not expected

to exceed 3.2% and store remodel growth is expected to exceed store count growth. So we're remodeling more stores. This is doing part of the advancement and adoption of the customer, digital customer journeys that were popular during the pandemic, such as buy online, pick up at store, curbside, click and collect, as well as a more in use of self-checkout. Investment in stores tend to pay big dividends, and those retailers planning to increase in-store count for 2022

are expecting their enterprise and store IT spend to be 24% and 39% higher than those who do not plan an increase. Likewise, the expectation for annual sales growth in 2022 are 8.7% higher for those who are not planning store footprint increase. Industry from the studies is what's in the mind of the retail industry leaders. These are the ones that are doing well. So this study defines an industry leader,

any retailer that claimed a year-on-year 10% increase in sales or more. Leaders really shine when it comes to optimizing these new customer journeys that evolved out of the pandemic. For traditional online transactions, leaders' processes were 41% more optimized than all other retailers, and that's important because all these new services actually take a lot of margin away. Again, these are the buy online, pick up in stores and curbside, so you need to spend time and money to optimize them. And really, that's what the leaders are doing. The numbers for buy online, pick up in stores and ship from store and local delivery from stores were also impressive and exceeded all the other groups.

For technology that is currently in use, leaders were 2.1 to 2 times more likely, as likely to have updated their point-of-sale software and hardware as all the other retailers. Further, they were more likely to have mobile for their managers, mobile for their associates. And also, leaders plan to increase micro-fulfillment and robotics in inventory operation by an amazing 600%. So, more robots are coming to stores, especially for industry leaders. Nearly half of leaders expect to have 5G deployed in their stores in the next two years, which will reflect a growth of 852%. Finally, over the next two years, leaders are expected at program, personalizing the shopper experience, and inventory visibility. The top three emerging technologies for 2022 are bigger wide area networks with 16% currently using it and another 17% deploying it in the next 12 months. RFID number two, which again shows a continuous growth with 14% currently using it and another 9% deploying in the next 12 months. And then microservices with 14% currently in use and 8% planning deployments in the next 12 months.

Early adopters of the wider, the bigger pipe or the bigger wide area networks are reaping the benefits and are experiencing 39% higher profitability than those who did not invest in those bigger pipe. What that means is you're shoving a lot more data, you're doing better in analysis, and based on that analysis, you're doing faster and decisions that actually improve profitabilities. Those that have deployed RFID are placing a higher priority on inventory visibility, 10% higher are optimizing the digital journey for stock fulfillment, again, 10% higher, and personalizing the customer experience, 35% higher. So RFID, a critical technology to actually optimize stores.

And finally, from microservices, tier one retailers are leading that adoption with 55% already having this technology in place. So that's a really good study. I encourage you to look at it in the latest edition of RIS News. It talks about where the technology spend is going forward. And let me end on a couple other quick, interesting sets of data from Statista. Where are we at with 5G overall, not just in retail, so worldwide? So China leads the world with 29% of the technology deployed already as a share of total mobile connections, excluding IoT on the Internet of Things. total mobile connections, excluding IoT on the Internet of Things. By 2025, the adoption rate in China for 5G will rise to 52%. North America is second with deployments in 2021 at 13%, and by

2025, it will reach 44%. Really surprised that Europe is only at 4% deployment of 5G right now in 2021, but it's going to reach 44% by 2025. And finally, one of the big drivers of all this is smartphones. So where are we in global deployments of smartphone? And I bring this one up because to me, the smartphone was the third megatrend that changed retail and understanding where the smartphone goes will keep digital acceleration going in retail and again the data from statista china leads the world in 2021 with 954 million smartphone in use india second with 493 million, and USA third with 274 million smartphones in use. And all this data this week in terms of all these technologies, again, as a reminder for all of us that we really need to get engaged with LPRC. It's a great place to test and experiment and figure out which technologies do lead to that greater profitability for the store.

So with that, let me turn it over to Tom. Well, thank you, Tony. And thank you, Reid. And as I stated last week, I was actually in Europe and Central and Western Europe and had an opportunity to talk to a lot of different people. had an opportunity to talk to a lot of different people and it's very sombering to hear people that live in that region talking about what is going on in Ukraine and really the unknowns that are faced with it. So I'm going to go through kind of my normal risk piece here and I'll start with the cybersecurity side and then move to some Ukraine things and then some geopolitical pieces. But just starting with cybersecurity, we often talk about ransomware, but there was a really

interesting ransomware attack on NVIDIA recently. And actually, this was unusual because the demand was not to get Bitcoin, but was to actually change the hardware profile. was to actually change the hardware profile. So what NVIDIA did was, in the past, GPUs were used to crypto mine, not in the past, currently. And so people were buying video cards and using the GPU power to actually mine cryptocurrency. So NVIDIA created a market and made cards specifically.

NVIDIA normally makes video GPUs. They're kind of bread and butter they made specifically gpu rated cards to use for mining and other gpu intensive processes and not video or gaming which is what kind of was the staple for them and then they went ahead and realized that their core market that was being challenged this is not only due to the chip shortage but the reality was people were buying up all of the gpu and so gamers and people that use traditional video cards they weren't available so nvidia went ahead and locked down their video cards so they couldn't

be modified to use for crypto mining so this ransomware attack that happened and it's been very public um they the ransomware encrypted and and also and this is kind of why I often talk about ransomware and the cyber incident and things molding together. Not only was the files encrypted, but this group has access to files and publicly said, hey, we don't want money. We want you to reverse the software and your hardware to allow us to use your video cards to mine crypto. That was the demand. Why this is so interesting is because this is a really different methodology. When we talk about ransomware, traditionally ransomware has been to gather funds and to use Bitcoin to generate money.

And one of the things that we've talked about in this podcast is how prolific it is. But as governments and organizations react to the financial demand, there is this whole subset of basically someone holding you hostage to do what you want to do. And this is a very, very interesting one. But it's also going to be very interesting in what happens. So the folks that are responsible this attack gave a ultimatum and basically said you have till friday um to meet our demands or else and friday has come and gone and nvidia did not meet their demands

so we still don't absolutely know what is next we don't know what will come if they'll release files it's always an unknown of what they actually have but nevertheless this is puts a constraint on you know the business that nvidia is in but it also opens up a door of is this the new era of ransomware where we see things where people have ip and you know try to. In the past, we have seen ransomware attacks and cyber instances where the breaches where people blackmailed, you know, on information, but it was almost always related to, I'll do this if you don't pay me. This is a very, very interesting turn of events. And regardless of the outcome, which it doesn't sound like Nvidia is going to give in to the demands, I don't see that they would. But regardless of the outcome, which it doesn't sound like NVIDIA is going to give in to the demands. I don't see that they would. But regardless of the outcome, it opens up a door to change, you know, the way

criminals think and what their demands will be in the future. Once, you know, this is a fairly large, very public event. If this was done privately and they did it behind the scenes, would there be a different outcome? That's a really big question. A lot of times with ransomware, we don't hear about it until much later on. And I know one of the very large unions, one of the largest unions in the country was a victim of ransomware many years ago. And to this date, you don't know exactly what happened. It came out much later what they actually gave. So if gave up, paid did. But I think this is a good example of where cybersecurity and cyber challenges are going, that this is not just about a financial

gain, but sometimes it's about changing the direction of the business. So we'll follow that space and we'll continue to follow the risk space and kind of wanted to give everybody here in listening base an update of what's going on and how it's different. I thought that that was a really interesting one to share. And I think there's more to come with it. Now, still on the risk front, but a little bit kind of changing over to the unfortunate and horrific events in the Ukraine, is you have major cybersecurity companies, Avast being one of them, who are changing their profile. Not only are they eliminating Russia from a country where they'll support, meaning they're blocking IPs and no longer selling,

but they're also offering their services for free for Ukrainians to protect themselves from some cyber incidents and cyber attacks. This is something that in some cases is very, very corporate responsibility doing the right thing. And in other cases, it's just something that would be done automatically and no one's really talking about it. So a lot of these cybersecurity and protection communities are eliminating their licensing or ending their contracts with Russia and then actually giving free services to Ukraine. And it's somewhat behind the scenes,

but the Avast one was a Wall Street Journal article that really talks about a major cybersecurity player. Really, it's an antivirus and anti-malware software, but there are a lot of folks that are going, hey, how can we help support this from a digital standpoint and talk through it? So let's talk a little bit about the Ukraine from a technology standpoint, some of the things that we're seeing. One piece is related to TikTok. TikTok is struggling really to find its footing in wartime, is what the Wall Street Journal said. And when we talked

about censorship and big tech in the past, you know, there was this challenge of Facebook and Twitter, whether it be around the election, making decisions on, you know, how do they handle misinformation or information that can potentially damaging. We see it with COVID where, you know, social media entities are really trying to figure out, hey, how do we not censor people, protect free speech, keeping in mind that there's no, these are private companies, they don't have to protect free speech, they don't have to put anything on, but how do they're, they're these huge companies in the middle. TikTok, which is growing exponentially, has really struggled with this and, they're going to deal with censorship and misinformation.

And I did speak about this a couple of weeks ago on the podcast about how important it was to monitor if you are using social media as an open source intelligence tool to do the best you can to vet it, a tremendous amount of, you know, false flag or false narrative events, videos being shown that are either not from that timeframe, a different region, or just completely inaccurate posts. And what this can do, and we know this from social media, especially with a big platform like that, is it can create hysteria. It can give a news agency misinformation, and it could actually influence a political decision. We've seen that here globally. We know that that happened. We know that the Russians meddled in the election. We know that there's science. There's there's people that are taking fact and scientific data to show like human behavior is being changed by social media. by social media. So this is a really tough balancing act. And with that, Twitter and Instagram and Facebook has not publicly come out and said they've kind of loosened up some of their

guidelines to allow people to, you know, use it as a communication portal. And I think that, you know, when you're in this event, the misinformation, the very small percentage of misinformation being let out is more important to make sure people have an avenue to express what's going on, to talk, to communicate with loved ones. in the Ukraine and Russia that are using services like Instagram and Facebook who do have end-to-end encrypted messaging, that they're talking to friends, relatives, family members, and the calls are either being stopped in the middle or they're being blocked. So there is some cyber cyber-estimation and some cyber events that the government, and you know, this is somewhat speculative because there's no real evidence to support it, but it makes sense that these folks are making phone calls using those services and end encryption, and then their accounts are blocked or disappear, and their loved

ones can't get in touch with them. So that's something that we are seeing and we are hearing, which leads me to the next piece is I talk about the dark web a lot and talk about that the dark web is not all nefarious and that much like anything else, it started off with the best intentions. And unfortunately, the criminal element took advantage of it. It's really about anonymity. And it was a government project at the beginning. Well, here's a great example of why when I say 50% of the dark web is good is Twitter has actually activated their services on Tor, which is the service, the onion

router that allows you to use the dark web to allow people in the Ukraine and Russia to anonymously get on Twitter and be able to post. And if you went onto the dark web today, you would find roughly 10 to 20, maybe even 20% at this point of the traffic is related to things that are happening in that, in that region. And it's forms about how do I get out? Where do I get help? How do I communicate with my loved ones? And this is one of the things about the dark web that I think is often over shadowed by the bad things on the dark web. So I've often said, and there's a whole bunch of studies that come out every few years to support that more than half of activity on the dark web is really just people

wanting to anonymously communicate or research. And this is a place where the dark web really shines. There are obviously ways the government can block it and utilize it, but this is a method that people can get around proxies. And I'm sure we've all read stories about Elon Musk activating Starlink for free over the Ukraine. This is just another leg of traditional internet service. Now, I was as close as 500 miles from the border. And what I heard was, however horrific it was, people were still able to communicate. I was asking people that had friends and relatives. They were able to still communicate at this point, get out. And I think, you know, Reid mentioned the news reporter who disappeared, who on, you know, live news went out with a sign and protest. Well, social media allowed that to have global reach within, you know, a very short period of time. You cannot stifle that. And back even 10 years ago, it would be very easy for a government to stifle that. And back even 10 years ago, it would be very easy for a government to stifle that.

And what happened was that video was cut very short. Actually, during the broadcast, this lady comes out with the sign and she's protesting and then they cut the video to something else. Well, that video is all over the world right now and being shown in major news networks, using the power of social media to drive a good message just as much as a bad message. And then I want to just talk a little bit about the geopolitical climate and some things that I think it's hard to not talk about and understand. But we understand, and I'm not going to get into the economics of it, but the supply chain challenges that I continuously bring up. And I think we're starting to see oil prices rise, airspace limitations, which means planes have to fly longer and around airspace, which inherently slows the process down and

drives the cost up. So only about 15% of the GDP in Russia is related to imports to the U.S. It's a very, very small outside of oil products that come to the U.S. from Russia. But there are a tremendous amount of products that drive by rail or in the past would go from Asia through Russia to Europe. And that whole supply chain has been disrupted dramatically. disrupted dramatically. So I think we need to continue to keep our pulse on that in the retail industry of what will occur. The other thing here is the unknown of what will happen in the potential for war. So there's definitely something to look at. And while this is all going on, and I think Reid, Tony, and I always talk about this is, you know, we talk about COVID a lot on the podcast here. But if you've noticed, the media has really slowly transitioned away from COVID, not because it's not important, but because the Ukraine is so important. But at this very time, you have a huge lockdown in China where there are major cities. I think the number was 51 million people were in lockdown in China again. And granted, China is a huge country,

so that's a very small penetration for China's one half billion. But when you think of 330 million in the U.S., just think of that's more than 10 percent of the U.S. population is locked down right now because of an Omicron variant. And there are already ports and challenges that are occurring. So we need to be very cognizant of the potential for supply chain and not letting that get away from us. And then last but certainly not least, but I think it kind of did a missile test that they wanted everybody to really know about. And this did make international news, but it wasn't, I don't know that it was front page news with everything that's going on, but they did two recent missile launches that went into space, they're intercontinental space missiles that were able to reach further than the space station and they also the international space station so

when we're talking about you know the the brink of potential world war and all these things you have you have this challenge where north korea is testing things and you know what does that mean for us who knows what it means i mean i'm not going to be speculative but what one thing that's very clear is that they're continuing to build up their arsenal and these are not nuclear so i want to make it clear but these are extremely long-range space-driven missiles so i think they're something that's been in the news but hasn't really been fully thought through or baked in is the whole space force concept with the United States military creating a space force. And there is an actual real need for it because what is occurring now

in the Ukraine, if it did, if Russia did take an approach, and I'm not suggesting they would, to go to a nuclear war, there would definitely be space war, you know, in that space. These missiles now are designed to go above the atmosphere. And one of the things about nuclear war is an atmosphere detonation, which creates an EMP explosion. It is sometimes more devastating than a direct hit because it locks out electrical grids and causes mass devastation. So North Korea, while we're talking about the Ukraine and talking about COVID as we should be, you have these missiles being tested. So the world is still moving at a rapid pace like it always is.

We're still on this evolution front. But all very, very concerning things. We'll continue to keep everybody updated here appropriately as the information becomes available. And as I always say, in the event that there is a need to activate the fusion and that we will, I think we're continuing to modify what that looks like in the future. But as we're looking at these things, if there's a need to get information out to the membership in a more seamless fashion, we have the capability to do that and we will. So with that,

I will turn it back over to Reed. Wow. Thanks so much, Tom. A ton of information. Thanks, Tony. Amazing information from both of you all in such a wild place called the world. And we've long talked about that we all live in a dangerous neighborhood called the world. And it's just that's human nature, tragically. And that's why those of us that are in law enforcement, asset protection, loss prevention, security, as a provider, you know, of solutions and expertise as a practitioner and so on are needed to safeguard the vulnerable people all around the world from all the threats that just are nonstop, whether they are man-made or biological. So thanks to both of you, and thank you to all of you listening out there. Questions, comments, and suggestions are highly solicited here, are significant for us. We listen, we read, we want to adapt and change to provide you the best information to make the best decisions out there as part of the flow that you rely on of data.

And so we're always at operations at lpresearch.org. The website is lpresearch.org. So signing off from Gainesville. And again, a big thanks to Tom and Tony and Diego and all of you all out there listening. Be safe and stay in touch. Thanks, everybody. Thanks for listening to the Crime Science Podcast, presented by the Loss Prevention Research Council and sponsored by Bosch Security. If you enjoyed today's episode, you can find more crime science episodes and valuable information at lpresearch.org.

The content provided in the Crime Science Podcast is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for legal, financial, or other advice. Views expressed by guests of the Crime Science Podcast are those of the authors and do not reflect the opinions or positions of the Loss Prevention Research Council.