Modern Wisdom - #1073 - Gurwinder Bhogal - 19 Uncomfortable Truths About Human Nature

Episode Date: March 19, 2026

Gurwinder Bhogal is a programmer and a writer. Gurwinder is one of my favourite X follows. He’s written yet another megathread exploring human nature, cognitive biases, mental models, status games, crowd behaviour and social media. It’s fantastic, and today we go through some of my favourites. Expect to learn what the Oxytocin paradox is, why anxiety is now the most common mental-health condition in the world and why the Rumpelstiltskin Effect might be to blame, the reason why 20% and 40% of undergraduates at many elite American universities are now registered as disabled, what AI will do and make to steal our attention best, why 1% of users generate 99% of the content you see online, wether you’re the person who doesn’t know how to improve their life, or someone who doesn’t know when to stop and much more… Sponsors: See discounts for all the products I use and recommend: ⁠https://chriswillx.com/deals⁠ Get 35% off your first subscription on the best supplements from Momentous at https://livemomentous.com/modernwisdom Sign up for a one-dollar-per-month trial period from Shopify at https://shopify.com/modernwisdom Get 10% discount on all Gymshark products at https://gym.sh/modernwisdom (use code MODERNWISDOM10) Get up to $50 off the RP Hypertrophy App at https://rpstrength.com/modernwisdom Extra Stuff: Get my free reading list of 100 books to read before you die: ⁠https://chriswillx.com/books⁠ Try my productivity energy drink Neutonic: ⁠https://neutonic.com/modernwisdom⁠ Episodes You Might Enjoy: #577 - David Goggins - This Is How To Master Your Life: ⁠https://tinyurl.com/43hv6y59⁠ #712 - Dr Jordan Peterson - How To Destroy Your Negative Beliefs: ⁠https://tinyurl.com/2rtz7avf⁠ #700 - Dr Andrew Huberman - The Secret Tools To Hack Your Brain: ⁠https://tinyurl.com/3ccn5vkp⁠ - Get In Touch: Instagram: ⁠https://www.instagram.com/chriswillx⁠ Twitter: ⁠https://www.twitter.com/chriswillx⁠ YouTube: ⁠https://www.youtube.com/modernwisdompodcast⁠ Email: ⁠https://chriswillx.com/contact⁠ - Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

It's been too long, man. You write these awesome things on the internet. This is the eighth time we've done this now. For the people that haven't seen you before, you come up with some of my favorite aphorisms and insights and stuff. And we just do that. We're kind of like the bonny blue of interesting insights about the internet. We're just taking whatever we get. It's high velocity stuff. The first one that I want to get into the oxytocin paradox. This is one of yours. Oxytocin, the love hormone, can also make people spiteful. Cruelty is not simply the opposite of compassion. It's often adjacent to it. For instance, the platform most dominated by social justice activists, Blue Sky, is also the one with the highest support for assassinations.

Beware of those quick to show empathy, for they are often just as quick to show barbarity. Yeah, so this is a finding that I sort of came across quite recently, but it confirms something I've long known, which is that people who outwardly express a lot of empathy tend to also be equally capable of cruelty to that same extent. And I first learned about this from a book called Against Empathy by Paul Bloom, who's a psychologist.

And in this book, I think you've had him on the show. In this book, he basically talks about how people tend to assume that empathy is just a good thing overall, you know, that it's not, that we need more empathy, that empathy is like in short supply. But really, empathy is in-group loyalty. That's what it is. It's, you know, because we're tribal animals. And what empathy is, is when you empathize with someone, the way he describes it is, you don't empathize with everybody at the same time. You empathize with select people. And the way he describes it is that empathy is like a spotlight. So you shine it on people, you know, a small group of people at a time or just an individual at a time. But while you have empathy shined on that person,

everybody else is in darkness, which basically means that you don't have any real feelings for that person that's outside of that spotlight. So what this can mean is that if you empathize, so let's take a real world example. Let's say you're somebody who empathizes with the plight of the Palestinians. So you'll have a lot of love for those people and you'll be very, very concerned about them. But there's a kind of yin-yang effect where because you have so much concern for them, you have negative concern for Israelis. So it's not like, you know, you just have love for one group of people and then everybody else you're sort of neutral to. It can actually have a sort of almost like a zero-sum effect. The more empathy you have for one group of people, the less empathy

you have for other people. And this is, I think, a major driver of sort of cruelty and spite in the world. When you consider the people that go out there and commit political violence, what you often see is that these people empathize very strongly with one group of people. So again, if we go with a Palestinian analogy, a group like Hamas, for instance, Hamas have a lot of empathy for Palestinians, at least they do claim to. But then that equates also to hostility, corresponding of hostility proportionate to Israelis. You see it also. with, again, with the example that I gave in that piece, which is about blue sky. So blue sky obviously is where all the social justice people hang out.

You know, it's basically all the refugees from Musks X. So, you know, these are all people that you would think would be extremely compassionate, extremely sort of empathic. And they are, they are, but only to a small group of people. For example, you know, the left, when they call for empathy, they don't call for empathy for right-wingers. They call for empathy to, immigrants or towards trans people.

So their empathy is very selective. And this is why when you look at recent research, you find that the amount of support for assassinations is strongest amongst the people that you would expect to be the most compassionate, basically. Well, you saw that with Luigi Mangione, right? That he had a manifesto. He was very empathetic toward people who'd been screwed over

by healthcare services, people who'd had their healthcare denied and their claims that had been rebuked due to, you know, squirrelly manipulation behind the scenes and that resulted in him shooting a guy in the head. Yeah. Yeah, so I mean,

yeah, so I sort of met Luigi in 2024 and he seemed like a really nice guy, you know. I can't say a single bad thing about him from our conversation. He really did seem like a generally nice person. You spoke to him for a couple of hours. Right. Yeah, yeah, I had a two-hour conversation with him because he was, you know, he was a big fan of my writing. And so he became a founding member and we ended up having a two-hour video call. And yeah, he seemed like, he genuinely seemed like a really nice guy. And I just, you know, did not have any idea that he was planning this. I don't know if he was planning this at the time that I spoke to him. But I wasn't, I mean, although I was shocked, obviously, because when somebody you know is in the news for something like that, it's, of course, it's going to be shocking. But at the same time, it didn't surprise. me. From an intellectual point of you, it didn't surprise me. Because I've interacted with some extremely dangerous people. You know, early in my sort of writing career, I hung around with

Al Mahajaroon, just try and find out who they are. Al Mahjaroon is the UK's deadliest chihaddist organisation. They've been responsible for quite a lot of terrorist attacks on UK soil. And I was sort of hanging out with these people for a while just to find out how their minds work. And they were really, really friendly people. They were, because they thought I was Muslim, because I speak the same language as them. And so I was able to pretend I was one of them. And they were really, really nice to me. You know, they would, you know, they would like, if they were going to the shop, they would ask me if I wanted anything. They were just kind of like really always concerned, you know, like, and stuff. And they barely knew me. And so,

you know, I was kind of like, well, this was a bit strange. But then I'd later learn that one of them went to Syria to become a bomb maker for ISIS. He blew his arm off. Another thing he did was actually, before he did that, he stabbed a guy in the eye for apparently insulting the Prophet Muhammad. And then when he was on bail, he was able to skip bail. He fled, he went to Syria, became a bomb maker, blew his arm off, and then he got killed in a strike.

So, you know, this guy's name was Abu Rahin Aziz. He also used to go by the name Abu al-Britani. And I think he was actually allowed to leave by MI6 so that they could track him and then blow him up. But that's a whole other story. But basically, he was somebody who was really nice. But also the sort of guy that would say, hey, do you want a grenade bar? I'm going to the corner shop. Do you want some crisps or some chocolate or something?

Yeah, I mean, they were just, you know, they were always looking out for each other. and they had a lot of empathy for each other, you know, and for their fellow Muslims, they had a lot of empathy for them. But then they had no empathy for, for example, Jewish people. I witnessed a lot of anti-Semitism when I was in, in Bury Park in Luton, which is just a Muslim sort of enclave. They were very, you know, they were very anti-Semitic. They dehumanized Jews and especially Israelis, but they had all the empathy in the world for

Muslims. and you know you see this on the other side as well you know you see Israelis who have all the empathy in the world for Jews but don't have any for the Palestinians so it's you know this is not like just one side this is a common human trait you see this everywhere you see it amongst the left you see it amongst the right you even see it amongst centrists so you know when people say oh we need more empathy I think do we know I think maybe the problem is is that we have sort of selective empathy and we maybe need to sort of understand that everybody's a human being, not just the people that we empathize with. Yeah, less tribalism, not more empathy. Exactly. Interesting.

Next one. Rumpel's stilt skin effect. To name a problem is to tame it. Diagnosing one's suffering makes it feel more meaningful and thus manageable. Even if the diagnosis is wrong, major depressive disorder is easier to live with than anonymous sadness. This is one reason for the recent surgeon diagnoses of disorders like depression, autism, and ADHD. And I pulled some data. Anxiety is now the most common mental health condition in the world. So global burden of disease study, 359 million people, that's 4.4% have an anxiety disorder. 332 million, that's 4% have depressive disorders. 37 million bipolar, 23 million schizophrenia, and 16 million have eating disorders. So that's, I would guess, bringing the rumple-stilts-skinned effect.

into real life. Yeah, so the Rumpel Stiltskin effect takes its name from the fairy tale of Rumpel Stiltzkin, which most people should be familiar with from their childhood. I vaguely remember it, but what I remember is that basically Rompal Stiltskin is an imp who steals a woman's baby, and in order to get it back, she has to find out his name, and then one day she hears him dancing around a fire, singing about how, you know, nobody knows his name because his name is Rumpel Stiltsk, stillskins. He's not very bright, but, you know, after she finds out she has power over him.

So it's the idea of when you name something, you have power over it. And there's a lot of kind of evidence of this, because I've actually written about this in detail, actually. When you look at, for example, the ways in which people come to understand themselves, how they come to sort of understand their own identities, often through their elements. And this can kind of bring them a kind of a sense that they're not in control, or at least it gives them more of a sense of control over their problems. So, you know, for example, if you are, if you are shy, right, then you might consider that your shyness is a personality defect. And this can be quite hard on people, right? So it can compound the anxiety that you already feel from your shyness

by making you believe that you're worthless or that you're, you know, that you're defected in some way because it's a personality trait that you can't really, you can't really grasp. You don't know why you're shy. You know, you don't know why. And so you're just kind of, you're stuck with it. But if somebody says to you, oh, no, no, no, no, you're not shy. You have social anxiety disorder. Then suddenly you have something that you can direct all of your sort of your frustrations towards. You know, you have something concrete now. You're like, oh, okay. So now you can come to understand a little bit more about yourself by learning more about social anxiety disorder. So it helps you to sort of come to terms with your problems.

There are many incentives why you would want to labour yourself in such a way. I mean, one of the other incentives is that it kind of takes responsibility from yourself to something that you can't really do much about. So something like your neurochemistry or your genetics or something like that. So you're like, oh, okay, well, I can't do anything about it because this is social anxiety disorder, you know, but then at the same time, this can also prevent you from getting that thing treated, you know, because then you can kind of become quite resigned in a sense. I think, you know, with kind of labels like this, I think that they can be useful, right? But I think naming only helps

if it leads to a tractable next step, you know, a real tangible next step. Because if the label replaces action, then it's just an excuse. Right. And I think that's, the problem that a lot of people are facing at the moment where they're using the label as an excuse rather than as a motivation for more action. Because if you have, let's go back to the example of social anxiety disorder, but there's two ways to cope with labeling your problem as social anxiety disorder. You can either resign yourself and say, well, you know, this is a something biological or psychological that I can't really do anything about, so let's just not bother trying to fix it. That's one path. The other path is to say, oh, okay, so what are the causes of social anxiety disorder?

what are the treatments for social anxiety disorder and what's going to work best for me. Obviously, the latter is a much more healthier attitude. But I think that too many people, what they're doing is they're using the label as an excuse to prevent action. So it actually has the opposite effect. They never fix it. So while I'm not against labeling one's problems in such a way, I think that it should always serve to further action.

It should be a step towards further action. If it's a step towards inaction, then it's just an excuse, basically. I saw a clip of someone on some women's show talking about, maybe it was Oprah, talking about how obesity is a disease and OZempic is the medicine to the disease. And you wouldn't tell somebody that has diabetes that they shouldn't take their insulin because they have a disease and this is medicine for the disease. And it reminds me a little bit of concept creep, that idea that you taught me about. probably four years ago, where overtime, as racism goes down, numbers of racism, objective numbers of racism,

which I know that you've done tons of research into this in your previous life, objective racism goes down, but subjective racism goes up because the demand for racism outstrips its supply and the only way that you can keep the volume of racism going so that people who comment on it have got something to talk about and campaign against is to broaden the definition of racism until it becomes so large that basically anything could be racism or anything could be transphobia or anything could be xenophobia or anything could be.

And the same thing goes for diseases, right? If you're diagnosing some issue, you had a passage from a book, maybe he was a clinical psychologist or something and he was saying how many patients he'd ever seen in his entire career who'd come in and labeled themselves as just being sad with sadness. And it was three. Three patients across thousands had ever come in and said sadness. Everybody else was depression or anxiety or schizophrenia or imposter syndrome or whatever.

Even imposter syndrome, right? The fear that other people expect a standard of you which you can no longer meet. That, I mean, there are a million different terms for it. It could be uncertainty. It could be humility and humbleness. It could be low confidence. It could be low self-esteem. It could be low self-belief. but imposter syndrome, to put the word syndrome after something, and it's a cool term, and I think it's a useful term to name something, but the danger is of pathologization. And yeah, you're right. If you being able to put a name to imposter syndrome, and because of that, you go, well, I'm going to learn a little bit about what the research says to do with imposter's syndrome. Oh, well, actually, if I do

some positive self-appraisal and I journal a little bit, and I have a gratitude, practice, it seems that I can overcome my imposter syndrome. How wonderful. But if it is, oh, let's say we're in a different world that didn't have Ozmpic, I have obesity, it's a disease, I can't lose weight. You have outsourced all of your agency now. So yeah, you have used the naming of it as a roadblock to action as opposed to a GPS that can help you find how you should act. Exactly, yeah. And yeah, so the passage that you're talking about is from Theodore Dalrymple, who's a sort of like clinician, come sort of writer. And yeah, he's sort of talked about this quite a bit. But I mean, medicalisation is a real problem.

It's been a major problem since the 1970s. I think it's kind of like, it's something that's sweeping across pretty much all sort of fields. And the reason is because it's kind of like the alignment. of perverse incentives. So you have patients, right? Patients who want easy answers to their problems. So they are incentivized to pathologize. Then you have the medical industry, which is both financially and ideologically incentivized to sort of treat more and more things as medical problems. For obvious reasons, you know, firstly, they make money if they are treating more things. So they have a sort of incentive to sort of just creep their definitions

outwards. And then they have ideological issues as well. And this is because obviously they are not looking for signs of health. They're looking for signs of disease. That's essentially what physicians do. They don't look for signs of health. They look for signs of disease. And because of that, there's a certain sense of confirmation bias where if you're looking for something, you will tend to find it. And so it's very easy if you have that kind of mindset, the mindset of a clinician or a doctor, where you're looking for disease to see it, even if it's not there. And this is, again, this has been shown throughout history.

In the sort of, you know, in the 1980s, there was the whole thing about multiple personality disorder. It's now known as dissociative identity disorder. And this was basically from, like, you know, you can actually trace the development of this, what is essentially like a kind of moral panic. I don't believe that multiple personality disorder or dissociative identity disorder are real things.

I think that they're actually fictions because I've actually looked at the history and it really began in sort of like the late 90s, 70s where I think there was one case of somebody claiming to have multiple personalities and this case went kind of viral as things might go viral in those days, which was through newspapers.

And after this, suddenly loads of people started coming forward saying that they also had this issue. And what's interesting is that the number of alternate identities that people claim to have increased over time. So I think initially people averaged one alternative personality. And then apparently by like the 1990s, there was an average of about 17. It was absolutely ridiculous. Like just more people are just more and more, they're having more and more alternate identities.

And there's no real sort of like neurology behind it. It's just complete sort of nonsense. So, you know, this to me is a very good example. of this whole pathologization sort of pandemic, as I call it, where even it's not just that definitions increase, but whole diseases can be invented out of nothing, simply because people want to put a name on their discomfort. Trust really is everything when it comes to supplements.

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and using the code modern wisdom at checkout. That's L-I-V-E-M-O-M-O-U-S dot com slash modern wisdom and modern wisdom, a checkout. Malingering, between 20% and 40% of undergraduates at many elite American universities are now registered as disabled. In the UK, one quarter of the entire population now identifies as disabled.

The rewards for claiming a disability now outweigh the stigma. And those hurt most by all the pretenders are ultimately those with genuine disabilities. Yeah. So we're kind of living in a world now where I don't really see much stigma towards disabled people, at least not institutional stigma. I see a lot more benefits being given to people who claim to have disabilities. So in the example that I give, you know, if you look at universities, like elite universities such as Stanford, Harvard, Yale, they have like, really high percentages of disabled students, or at least students who claim to be disabled. And when you look at why this is, you see it's pretty obvious. If you are registered as disabled with one of these universities, then you get extra time on exams. That's just one of the benefits you get,

but you also get other benefits as well. But that's the main benefit, probably the most lucrative benefit. And so you get a lot of rich kids. It's weird because when you look at the people who are primarily claiming disability, it tends to be the rich kids. which is quite a quite an odd sort of correlation right and um you know and it seems to be because they are the ones who can pay doctors to essentially fabricate their disabilities uh no you know so um yeah so basically these kids now are getting extra time in exams because they're basically saying oh i have ADHD i'm on the spectrum you know i have um some problem like i have constant pain in my in my left leg it could be anything right

They'll just basically say something, you know, I'm dyslexic or whatever. And so what happens is that these kids basically get the extra time in the exams. And why this is bad, I mean, it's obviously bad for being dishonest, but it's extra bad because it essentially makes it harder for people with genuine disabilities to be believed, like when they have a disability. Because it is true that there are some people who have disabilities that are not obvious that require a physician to actually do a check on them to find out, you know, I have an aunt for example, who has osteoporosis.

And it's not, it's not obvious watching her even walk that she has osteoporosis, but she actually does have it because it's all, you know, from x-rays, you can see that her bones are basically crumbling. And so, you know, it's, it's actually quite common where somebody can have a disability, but it's not obvious. And so if you have like between 20% and 40% of everybody claiming to have a disability, then the people who actually have a disability get less attention, they get, they're not believed as much

they're treating with skepticism. So not only are we creating a victimhood culture, but we're also creating a cynical culture where the people who genuinely need help where we believed. So it's a pretty bad way. Slopaganda. More online articles are now written by AI than by humans,

and research is increasingly finding that AI is better at persuading people than people are. Who wins in a world of unlimited propaganda? Not those with the best arguments, but those with the most slop. This is similar to Mollocks bargain. When LLMs compete for votes or social media likes, they push lies and rage bait to win,

even when explicitly instructed to stay grounded and honest. If chatbots conclude that getting our attention requires lying to us, is the AI misaligned or a we? Yeah, so, you know, there's been a lot of talk about the kind of AI-driven disinformation age where basically nothing will be, nobody will be able to know what's true and everybody's going to believe lies and all this kind of stuff. And I mean, yeah, that's probably a part of it. I don't think it's like as serious as people are claiming.

I don't think the actual, the serious part of this is that people are going to believe lies. Because people have always believed lies. You know, if you go back, you know, throughout any point in history, there were a lot of sort of consensus beliefs that were ultimately proved to be wrong. So I don't actually think that people believe in falsehoods is necessarily a bad thing. I think most of what people believe, as opposed to what they know, is false. anyway, right? I think that the bigger problem is not the dissolution of truth, but the dissolution of trust. I think that's far more important because a society can survive without

truth pretty much most of the time. As long as you have very basic truths like knowing that gravity is a thing, for example, you know, as long as you have basic truths, society can survive. You don't need complex truths for society to survive. And history shows us that it's demonstrated that beyond reasonable doubt. But trust is a whole different ballgame. A society can't survive without trust because pretty much everything depends on being able to trust other people in society. If you can't, you know, if you can't trust other people, then you don't have a society. It's like literally the glue that binds a society together. And what I think is a problem is not that people will believe falsehoods. I think the problem is that the problem is that the

cost of determining what's actually true is going to become so high, it's going to require so much effort that people are essentially going to give up really valuing truth as a principle. This is one of my favorites from you. Reality apathy, when the sheer volume of conflicting information makes the effort of finding the truth costlier than the value of knowing it, people give up trying to be accurate and instead choose whatever bullshit stinks least. Slop doesn't just threaten the truth, but the very worth of truth. And it's this sort of overwhelmed. The goal of propaganda isn't to make you believe

any one narrative sometimes. It's simply to make you more pliable at not wanting to believe anything. Earlier on today, in one of the old group chats from the guys that used to work for me in Newcastle, one of the guys said is anybody else's algorithm getting peppered with all of this Epstein stuff at the moment?

These are blue-collar dudes from the northeast of the UK. Maybe they're working in London or something. This is not, Epstein is not supposed to sort of cross their threshold. And it's obviously hit a limit at a volume where they think, holy shit, like this is so much Epstein stuff. I've just seen, I'm now convinced that he's playing Fortnite in fucking Israel. I don't know what to believe anymore. And that's literally reality apathy.

And it was so funny to see that message come in and think that this is the overwhelm of information and conflicting points of view going in opposite directions, literally have. happening in front of my eyes. Yeah, and I think one of the challenges going forward is going to be trying to convince people that it's actually worth pursuing the truth. I think more than actually convincing them of any particular truth, just convincing them of the value of truth is going to be extremely important.

Because we're essentially entering a world of virtual reality. You can essentially create your own reality now. You can do it both figuratively through social media, Echachembers, but you can also do it literally by essentially just sequestering yourself in your bedroom and living your entire life through your headset or your laptop screen or whatever and just using AI to just generate whatever you want,

whatever reality you want. This is not far away. I mean, you know, there's recently been, I think it's C-Dance, this new Chinese sort of video generation tool, which is just insane. Seedance, yeah. I think it's called C-dance. is that like SORA? It's Chinese SORA.

Much, much, much better than SORA. It's like a whole generation ahead of SORA, ahead of VEO3, ahead of all the best frontier models in the West. This is something completely wild. I think China has got an edge in video generation because they don't have copyright laws, or at least they don't really care about copyright very much, whereas the West has an advantage in text-based generative AI because they don't have censorship laws. So, you know, there's this trade-off. Whichever market has the poorest protections will get the most progress. Yeah, basically, yeah.

Because that seems to me to be the bottleneck. Oh, funny. Yeah, so you can make, oh, is that who made, I saw a pretty famous, a Dragon Ball Z recreation 3D. Have you seen this? Is that made from that? Yeah, okay, I know exactly what you mean. And I saw it last night.

And I remember thinking, fucking hell. That's really good. still trying to use cell shading to make it, it's not supposed to look like people, it's supposed to look like cartoon people, but it's in 3D and it's, I mean, it's significantly better than Dragon Ball Z from a design standpoint. So yeah, I wondered what that was. Is that Sora? That seems really good. Is that fucking nano banana five? What the fuck is going on? But it was this new thing that you're talking about. Yeah, I think it's from Bytance, which is the company that created TikTok and, Capcutt. Yeah, basic Capcutt and all the rest of that stuff. Yeah.

But it's wild. So we're basically entering this kind of virtual reality age where people can essentially create their own reality. You know, whatever they want to believe, they can make it at least seem true enough by curating, you know, curating information online. So, yeah, we need to teach people to actually value truth as a species if we want to actually progress. What was that line around dead internet theory, people being worried that all of the content on the internet is just, going to be made by robots. We're worried about the fact that unthinking, replicative automotons are going to be producing most of the information that we see online. The future that we fear will come to pass has already come to pass because most people blindly just repost what they see in any case. Like, we're worried about the fact that these disembodied fucking AIs are posting stuff. Meanwhile,

someone that doesn't read an article or watch a video outside of the first 15 seconds decides to spew their half-baked opinion, which isn't theirs. You know, they're being marionetted by the few original thinkers that came before them and are now just saying the nearest close, what was it, the new hill to die on that they've just decided, they plant this flag in like this five-minute old opinion is that, the new thing that they're going to wrap their entire identity around. You're already doing, the dead internet theory has been here since social media was here.

People were unthinking in the way that they reposted and commented on stuff. They weren't being subtle and nuanced. And now all that you're worried about, it's the exact same as people being worried about self-driving cars that are significantly safer than humans are. But they've got a combination of naturalistic fallacy and some weird preference. that they'd rather die by a human driver than be saved by a robot. And it's kind of the same. Well, you know, I'd rather be lied to by an unthinking human idiot

than convinced by an unthinking robot super genius. Yeah, I mean, few people are willing to admit the similarities between humans and chatbots. You know, like there's a lot of people saying, oh, you know, well, you know, these chatbots aren't intelligent. They're just predicting the next token. But then you consider, you know, what are humans? doing. A lot of the time, they're just predicting the next token too. They're just, you know,

they're just regurgitating, you know, what they've heard and kind of just developing explanations about the world based on that. You know, going by vibes is probably how people would describe it today. So, you know, I think, yeah, one of the good things about sort of the whole AI age is it's really allowed us to understand that a lot of what we thought were unique to humans are actually just basic algorithms, you know, just ways that we organize information, the way that we generate beliefs. A lot of it is, you know, people don't really understand what they're saying. They're just kind of regurgitating what they heard. And that is essentially what a chatbot does in a sense. And so it helps us to really understand how automated so much of our belief formation is.

It's why we need to, you know, have more agency and actually, if we want to be indistinguishable, if we want to be distinguishable from chatbots, then we need to actually sort of, we need to strengthen the one thing that we have that chatbots can't replace. and that's agency, the ability to actually act independently and to actually think about what you're doing rather than simply reacting to your circumstances. 1% rule. In online communities, around 1% of users produce almost all of the content.

As such, what you see online is not representative of humanity, but merely a loud, obsessive and often narcissistic, psychopathic, and low IQ minority. Social media is literally a freak show and consuming only content that reinforces your views is intellectual incest, producing beliefs that are increasingly frail and deformed. Yeah. So, you know, when I go online on social media, I often can sometimes, well, I sometimes

feel disheartened. You know, it can, I think we've discussed this before, where, you know, you go on social media and you just see just loads of just crap on your timeline and just the most ill-informed opinions and, you know, people getting outraged over just nonsense. And it kind of can, like, destroy your faith in the human race, you know. I think Sam Harris, I think the reason why he left Twitter, I think he did describe it that way. He said that, you know, when he was on social media, it made him hate humanity. You know, and I could sympathize. Yeah, you referred to it as the most pathological type of telepathy you can imagine where all he could hear were the worst of everybody

else's thoughts. Yeah. And, you know, and sometimes, you know, it can sort of just really disheartening. I have a few friends who, you know, on social media and they, they sometimes have long breaks because they just completely just really demoralizes them when they think, oh, this is what humanity is, you know, all this noise, like all this completely irrational noise just being thrown out everywhere. But I think it's always helpful to remember that what you're seeing online is not actually representative of humanity. It's representative of the loudest and often the most obnoxious humans on the planet. And there's a lot of research to support this. There's a pretty consistent findings which find that people who are high in in certain dark tetrad traits, particularly

in narcissism and psychopathy, tend to use social media more, but also they tend to engage in online political participation a lot more as well. They tend to engage in sort of online debates and things like that a lot more. And then you also have people who are essentially close to be, you know, people who are really dramatic. Again, narcissism comes up here. Also, histrionic personality disorder. Naturally, you know, the people that are... What's histrionic personality disorder? So, histrionic is basically when you're a drama queen, basically. It's when you, you know, you just want to draw attention to yourself by playing the victim or by, you know, just catastrophizing, just making it.

out like everything's worse than it actually is. Just a theatrical behavior, basically. And so naturally, this is a good fit for social media, this kind of behavior, you know, because obviously if you want an audience and if you want to play theatrics, where else would you want to go, then a place where everybody else is freaking out and everybody's looking to be freaked out, you know? So, obviously, social media attracts the absolute worst of the human race. It attracts the most impulsive, the most theatrical, the most narcissistic, the most psychopathic, the most low IQ. These are often the worst people. I'm not saying that there aren't good people on social media, of course there are,

but when you look at it from a statistical point of view, you have over-representation of the worst elements of humankind. I also imagine even if you have somebody who is compassionate and well-meaning and delicate and thoughtful and high IQ, they're operating in an environment where they regress to the mean, and the mean is mean, oddly enough. I had one. So for the people that haven't heard us do this before, most of the stuff is me shamelessly shilling Gwinder's stuff, and then he says it back to me. But sometimes I bring stuff from home, and I've got some that I brought from home. So this one's kind of related. Recursive red pill learning. Most people get their information from the internet. The stories online which garner the most attention are the most extreme, meaning that influences unrepresentative insights are being trained on other influences unrepresentative insights leading to self-reinforcing antagonism between the sexes. This came out of a quote that I saw online, which, you

is having a boyfriend is embarrassing now, which was that variety article that came out about six months ago, has the same energy as the Kardashians made skinny go out of style in that neither is true if you just go outside. So there's some, the loudest stories, the biggest stories, the ones with the most upvotes on Reddit, by definition are the ones that are the most attention grabbing, which means that they're the most extreme or and representative. And that means if you spend most of your time learning about the world through the internet, what you see is the least representative presentation of what reality is like over and over again. And it just retrains you to expect that as normality. Yeah. And I've seen this play out

in real time because I've been on social media since around 2014. And in that time, you know, I've stuck with pretty much the same group of sort of mutuals mostly. And I've actually witnessed an interesting pattern, which is that the people who spend the most time online have become more unhinged and more extreme in their beliefs. This is something I've personally witnessed. I know that this is n equals one, but it's more compelling to me than studies because it's something I've literally witnessed happen in real time. And I think this is probably, this is also supported by research as well. Some of these, you know, I wrote this article called Dramageddon about people talking about a civil war. And this talk has been going on since around 2021, like really serious talk.

People like Elon Musk have like, you know, sort of promoted this idea that there's going to be a civil war between the left and the right in the US. And some people have said, you know, it will probably happen in Europe as well. But it's mainly, it seems to be much more in the US, because the US is a lot more politically polarized than Europe is in general. And basically this idea is that, you know, a lot of these people think there's going to be a civil war for precisely the reasons that you gave, which is that what we see is that what goes most viral are the so-called scissors statements, you know, what Scott Alexander called scissors statements, which are statements that are deliberately designed to create debates, create arguments, basically. Like, and this is, you know,

this is one of the reasons why the media now, what they seek to do is they don't seek to just tell you things that are true, they seek to actually create statements or news reports that will divide people. Because when they do that, the two sides will argue over that issue. And in so doing, they will help that thing go viral. So for example, if you are, you know, if you're the New York Times and you want to go viral, how do you go viral? You're not going to go viral by telling the truth. If you just state facts like, you know, about some sort of reporting, you're not really going to go viral most of time. But what will go viral is if you make a divisive claim, something that's going to split the internet into two. So something like, oh, you know, white people are privileged,

are too privileged, you know, if you say something like that, that's going to divide the internet and half. You'll have half of people be like, yeah, you know, oh, you know, white people are too privileged. You know, we need to do something about it. And then you have the other half people say, no, no, no, no, this is all nonsense. You know, this is based on, you know, false studies, bad studies, all this stuff, you know. And so then they'll argue over it. And in, arguing over it, they're going to make it go viral because then it's going to appear on everybody's timeline and then people are going to be writing substact about it. They're going to be making videos about it. And so this all helps the original claim to go viral. And so this is the

sort of tragic system in which we're in which just stating true things does not go viral, but dividing people, saying things that are going to divide people, does. And this is why I think so many people still believe that there's going to be a civil war in the US, even though when you look at reality, there's just no inkling of this whatsoever. You know, the polarization does exist, but the polarization exists amongst the top, like, 1% of people on social media who are most engaging politics. It doesn't really exist very much in the wider world, you know. In other news, Shopify powers 10% of all e-commerce companies in the United States.

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unhappiness are at an all-time high. One reason is that discomfort isn't an obstacle to happiness, it's the path to it, for it's only by enduring struggles that we develop the resilience necessary for lasting contentment. And you had a fucking slammer that I've been thinking about so much. Automate only the skills you're willing to lose. Those two feel like they're pretty related. Yeah. So, I mean, you know, we've been told, again, this is another sort of error that the sort

of social sciences have for a long time propagated, which is that, you know, if somebody's exposed to stress, then it's bad for their health. you know, it can cause trauma or whatever, you know, that horrible word. But I mean, when you actually look at the, not just the data, but when you just look at pretty much all of human history, right, it's clear that stress can be very beneficial. Not all stress, right, there's a certain kind of stress, and that's called use stress.

And so, you know, use stress is basically the stress that challenges you, that basically forces you to adjust, that forces you to improve, basically. It's not like the stress of, you know, being online and being constantly exposed to just, you know, horrific news from around the world. That's bad stress because you can't really do anything about that, right? If you, you know, if you're stressed because your feed is filled with horrific, you know, news stories from around the world, that's just bad stress. It's just going to stress you out. You can't do anything about it. So it's pointless.

It's pointless stress. It's pointless suffering. good stress is when you can do something about it. So it's stuff like, you know, if you've got a date, for example, right? If you have a date with a girl, that's stressful because now you've got to be your best, you've got to be the best version of you, you know, you've got to impress that girl. So you're under a lot of stress, right? But that forces you to become better.

It's a challenge and you have to meet it. And what happens is that in so trying to meet that challenge, you become a better person. It helps you both at a psychological level but also at a physiological level. It's hormetic stress. So hormetic stress is stress that sort of makes you adapt, basically. It makes your body adapt to it. And constant stress of that kind is really, really good for you. And the research is very clear on this, but also ordinary human experience is clear on this as well. Anybody who's lived on this earth knows that you need a little bit of stress now and again just to sort of, you know, push you forward and get things going. And so this whole thing that we've been told by a lot of people, which is that, you know, we need to minimize stress because then we'll live longer or whatever.

That's actually, it's not really true. It's half true. You know, bad stress is bad for you. It will reduce your lifespan, probably, you know. But we need to constantly expose ourselves to discomfort if we want to be able to be happy because, happiness is dependent on having a resilient mind. You cannot be happy unless you have a strong mind because you have to be able to weather all the slings and arrows of vicissitudes and the vicissitudes of life. They will be constantly throwing things out. Your life will constantly be, you know,

knocking you astray from your course. It will constantly be throwing, you know, just a lot of unexpected things are going to be happening. If you're only happy when things are going your way, you're not going to be happy most of the time. And so you have to cultivate the strength. And that essentially comes from exposing yourself to stress. The more stress of that, not stress, but you stress, the more you stress you expose yourself to, the more resilient your mind becomes. And the more you are able to stay happy no matter what life throws at you. What about automate only the skills you're willing to lose? Yeah, so this is basically the same principle. So stress is also a form of learning. It's how you learn, right?

you know, I always say that, you know, you can, you can rent wisdom, but you can only purchase it with pain. Right. So what I mean by that is, you know, you could tell me something. You could give me some modern wisdom, right? And I will be like, oh, okay, that's a really cool way of living. Maybe I should do that. And I'll try it a couple of days and then I'll forget it exists and I'll just carry on my life as it was. But if I learn that same lesson through hardship, if I suffer, if I, if I,

if I'm exposed to stress and I have to adopt that out of necessity, then it becomes integrated into me. And then it becomes a habit. It's something that will always remember, I'll always remember because it, you know, the sort of the pain engraved the lesson into my brain. And so stress can also be a form of learning. And one of the things with automating things is it completely reduces the friction. It reduces the stress. You no longer need to engage in any kind of discomfort because you just things done automatically for you. And so you don't learn as a result of that because the pain, the stress is a necessary component of the learning. You're not going to remember the lesson unless you really suffer or expose yourself to some kind of stress that forces your body

to internalize the lesson. Have you looked at that research, maybe Harvard, maybe MIT, about students that use LLMs to help them with learning and writing and the differential in terms of how much they can recall afterward? Yeah, yeah, I recall this study, yeah, I think. So this is basically, has found that essentially LLMs can cause brain rot, basically.

I think that was like the, one of the sort of clickbait titles that was given to the study that LLMs cause brain rot. So, yeah, I mean, it's the same principle, basically. Like when you are you know, outsourcing your abilities to an LLM, there's no incentive for your body or your brain to learn the lessons, right? You're just kind of, because it's like what Plato said, you know, in Fedris, where he was talking

about, one of his sort of concerns was he was writing at a time when sort of paper and pen, or parchment and pen were becoming common. So this was the AI of his age. And he lamented that paper was going to, or parchment was going to destroy people's memory, because if they could write things down, then they would have no incentive to remember it. And I mean, I don't know how true that is, but I think that there is a certain sort of analog with what we're seeing today, which is, you know, there's a thing called the Google effect. Now, this is, it's not a robust finding, but I think that it, it's, I think the finding does exist. I think the finding is true, but it's probably smaller than it. It's probably overstated. But the Google,

effect is this idea that, you know, if you can just kind of Google anything, then there's no need for you to remember facts, basically, because your mind has essentially been extended to your screen. So that's now functioning as your memory. Your laptop screen, your phone screen is basically your memory now. So your actual memory doesn't really feel the need, as it were, to kind of remember anything. So, I mean, you know, again, the research on this is a bit shaky. I don't want to say that this is a genuinely thing because it's contradicted by some of the studies. But some studies have found that this is the case. So I don't know with this chat GPT thing, if it really does cause brain rot in the same sense, because it's only one study. And I'm very, very sort of wary of single studies now,

because of course we've got a replication crisis. A lot of studies are not replicated now. So, but what I will say is one thing that we know for sure is if you don't use it, you lose it. This is a fact that's beyond dispute. It's true of your body. It's true of your brain, right? If you, you know, there's recent research, which early came out, I think yesterday, which found that people who are, whose brains are active in late life, so from the ages of 50 to 80, they have much, they're much less likely to develop Alzheimer's

and other forms of dementia. So if, you know, if you basically engage in things like video games, board games like chess, if you write and read a lot. If you keep your brain active in your sort of 50s, then your chances of developing dementia are much lower, apparently. And this is apparently like a pretty robust longitudinal study. So, and again, this fits, this is not just an isolated study, this fits with all the other research that has been done on this topic.

Like, the more you, the more actively you use your brain, the stronger your brain becomes. You know, although it's not technically a muscle, it functions like a muscle in that respect. And so, I mean, one of, one of, one of my big fears about AI is not that the machine is going to go conscious, it's going to become conscious. It's that it's actually going to steal our consciousness away from us by essentially just causing us to outsource all of our agency, our intelligence, you know, to it,

and causing our own brains to atrophy. So I think I had a conversation with Cal Newport, Deep Workman, last week about a lot of this. Obviously, his whole thing for 15 years, now, since he wrote so good they can't ignore you, was how can you stand out in a field of relative equals? But I think his perspective, certainly my perspective now is that the field is getting worse and worse. The bar that you need to get over is becoming ever lower. in order for you to get a partner at the moment, simply approaching somebody in person in the real world is a one in a thousand chance

as opposed to 50 years ago, that would be something that everybody was doing. And the same thing goes for, what's the quality of your writing? Well, what AI is enabling is velocity and quantity, but it's regressing to the mean with regards to quality and creativity and taste especially.

So if you can cultivate creativity, quality, work, writing, and good sense of taste, you are going to stand out even more. And you don't even need to cultivate it. You simply need to stop it from atrophying. If you can hold your level, if you can hold 2016 levels of focus and ability to write and overcome stuff. I mean, if there's somebody out there who's got sort of 2008, levels of non-distraction before Slack and before smartphones. You didn't, you don't need to be

better. You just need to not be worse. And that ability to kind of hold as the entropy, this sort of technological entropy of the system is trying to fucking compress you into dust. That to me, it kind of is hopeful. It's a hope in spite. As a civilization gets fatter, not great for the civilization. I think that it should be good that everyone's in health. But it does make for a pretty uncompetitive environment if you are someone that is able to avoid getting fatter. That's good for you in as much as civilization and the people around you are kind of a bit of a competition, which they are. But the same thing goes for being able to read. How long is it going to be before if we neuralink in, we don't actually need to have the written word anymore. We don't need to have the spoken word anymore.

And that all of these skills that will atrophy, eventually you may get into a world where that It's so redundant that you don't actually want it, that there's better ways. But at the moment, we're at a transition period where you still need to be able to have the skills from the old world in order to have a competitive advantage in the new one. So yeah, I'm increasingly thinking now about what are the things that are non-fundable? What are the things that are the things that are only human? What are the things? And that's really where most of my attention should be focused on writing without using AI

to help me with my research, on coming up with ideas, on developing taste, trying to be creative, on giving myself space, because as all of the market moves in the direction of, well, I can just publish more. If I publish more slop, because I've been enabled by the magnifier that is LLMs, that is where the entirety of the market will move because it's the path of least resistance. Okay, well, what's the opposite of that? What's the more difficult choice? Yeah, the secret, I think, to surviving the future is going to be agency. Because as I said before, that is the one truly non-fungible thing. I think everything else is downstream of agency.

I think what's going to happen in the sort of AI age is that essentially humanity is going to split in two. And I think I've made a reference to this before. I think we had a conversation in 2021 in which I spoke about this. But basically the analog I use is a novel called The Time Machine, which was written, I think, at the start of the 20th century. And it was basically the story of, in the far future, humanity has sort of evolved into two subspecies.

So you've got the Morlocks and the Eloy. And the Morlocks, basically, they do all the work. They've maintained, like, all their faculties, because they have lived lives of drudgery, and they've passed this on down to their generation, from generation to generation. And they're in charge of all of the machinery, basically. And they're constantly working

and constantly improving themselves mentally and physically. And then you have the Eloy, who were basically, they were the former aristocrats. They were the ones who had everything done for. them. And as a result of this, they have all of their faculties of atrophied so that their bodies are like really thin and frail, their minds, they've become very naive. They're like, they're basically like children. They've regressed into children. And they're completely dependent on the Morlocks who do everything for them. And in the end, basically, it turns out that the Morlocks have

been farming the Eloy in order to eat them, basically. And while they're doing this, they're just distracting the Eloy with all this like entertainment, all of, you know, basically just to keep them, placid. And I think that essentially we're going to have something probably not as horrific as that, but something similar in the sense that we'll have a class system, a new class system. Well, we'll have high agency people whose agency is going to be increased even more by AI. And then we'll have passive people whose passivity will be increased even more by AI. Because AI, the way I look at it, I don't look at it as artificial intelligence. I look at it as amplified intelligence. But as I say, you know, it can also amplify stupidity. It amplifies, essentially, it's an amplifier of everything.

So if you're lazy, it will amplify your laziness. If you are highly agentic and conscientious, it will amplify those attributes as well. So what's going to happen is the people who already have agency, they're going to use AI to increase their options. They're going to use it, you know, they're going to basically use it to do more. So they're going to become even more agentic. And the people who lack agency, they're going to use it to do things for. them. They're going to use AI to think, think for them to basically going to outsource everything to them. So they're going to get even less agency. So what we're going to see is the compounding of both agency and its opposite, which is why I think there's going to be this bifurcation of,

you know, people who are high agency and low agency. We're going to have extremely high agency people and extremely low agency people who will probably be the majority of humans in the future. Quite a scary prospect. This episode is brought to you by Jim Shark. You want to luck and feel good when you're in the gym and gym shark makes the best men's and girls gym wear on the planet. Let's face it, the more that you like your gym kit, the more likely you are to train. Their hybrid training shorts for men are the best men's shorts on the planet. Their crest hoodie and light gray mall is what I fly in every single time I want to play. The geo seamless t-shirt is a staple

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and those who don't know when to stop. But that personal Tockville paradox thing of, I have standards, those standards continue to rise as my capacity rises, and now the standard to always outstrip where I think my capacity is at. Well, if you didn't, you would never get any better. And it's kind of like hedonic adaptation,

but for your skill set, like a habituation to what your performance level is. And the Tockville paradox, which I learned from you, as living standards in a society rise, people's expectations of those standards grow more quickly than the standards can deliver them to it. So this is why, given that, you know, Louis XIV, we have technology and equality of life that he could not believe. And yet, we feel like quality of life is the worst that it could be, despite all of the material comforts and safety and medicine and access to the internet and air conditions. and fresh water and stuff that we've got. And I think the same thing happens with regards to personal growth as well. You just continue to outstrip your own standards over and over again with where you want to be. Yeah, absolutely. I always think of regret as a sign of progress.

You know, a lot of people think regret is a bad thing. I don't. I actually think regrets a good thing. Because what it shows is that you've grown, basically. Because if you're looking back and you're seeing an idiot in the past, then that's a sign that you have grown as a person. You know, you basically have you have new standards of behavior that you had when you did when you committed whatever act you are regretting. And so I think, you know, it's all, I think so many of these kinds of problems are really just base rate fantasies. You need to understand that your own standards have risen. And that's why when you look back and you think, oh, okay, you know, this, this person wasn't the person that I wanted to be. That's because you are now a new person. You wouldn't

be able to do that if you were the same person in a sense. And again, you know, like, yeah, our sort of expectations for what is, is good do always increase as we improve. And we have to, we have to manage that. We have to always account for that because if we don't, we're essentially living in some sort of weird kind of on some treadmill, basically. You know, we're basically on a hedonic treadmill. The way that I like to look at things is to try to look at objective metrics rather than, you know, whether I'm, you know, using subjective metrics, because subjective metrics are always moving around. They're always, you know, they're always, they're very malleable. And on a bad day, you might have certain expectations and then on a good day, you have different ones. So I think

looking at objective metrics are always much, much better. So for example, if you want to look at, you know, they could be really shallow ones like, you know, as a right, If you're a writer like me, it would be like, how many likes do I get on my substack post, you know? Or it could be something a bit more sort of in-depth, like, you know, looking at like where, you know, who likes the piece, you know? Is it just like sycophants who like your radical? Or is it actually other people, do people that you normally disagree with politically? Are they liking that you're writing? Because if they do, then that's a sign that you've really written something good.

you know, so there's many metrics you can use. And again, you know, if you're, if you're using subjective metrics, it's like trying to navigate by the light of the shooting star, you know, it's just, you're going to be all over the place. So you have to have fixed points. You have to fix things that you are aiming for. And that's way, that way you can objectively measure where you're going, you know, then your own standards are not really going to matter too much because you've got objective metrics fix in place. Rothbard's law, if a talent comes naturally to someone, they assume it's nothing special and instead try to improve at what seems difficult to them. As a result, people often specialize

in things that they're bad at. We've spoken about this one before. This was on the last episode we did. It just relates to these two so much, I think. It's so good. I have a friend, I think I told this story last time, Ryan Long, wonderful at doing comedy sketches and just so fantastic. But because that comes easily to him, he's decided that other art forms are more elevated because we're sort of blinded to there is this natural assumption that if something is worthwhile, it's going to be difficult. And that I wrote this essay a couple of months ago about the difference between inputs, outputs and outcomes. So inputs is sort of time spent, outputs is work done and outcomes is real world results and people love to focus on the first two

not the third one because you never have to ask the question of effectiveness but this the Rothbard's law thing actually plays a role in this too because the outcome focused assessment of your own work gets it forces you to look at your assumptions and maybe go oh actually I have a natural talent at something and this sort of strange pattern whereby I assume that I'm not supposed to achieve things without sweat and pain and discomfort and agony, maybe that's wrong. Maybe that isn't something that I should try and build my entire worldview around. Yeah, absolutely. But I think one of the problems, and that's sort of highlighted by Rothbard's law, is that often

really, the issue is that we just never try in the first place to do something that we're good at because we assume by default that we're, you know, it's just basically a pretty easy thing that anybody can do, right? So what I would say is to overcome that is to just do what you love, right? I know it sounds a bit corny, right? But ultimately, I found that that is the best heuristic for you, when you want to try and work out what you want to do, do what you love. And the reason for that is because you will even if you're not good at it, the fact that you enjoy doing it shows that you will be motivated to do it, you'll be motivated to get better at it. And obviously, because our brains are neuroplastic, if you keep doing something, you will get

better at it, you know. And so I think, you know, even like, I would rather do something that I'm bad at, but which I enjoy than do something that I'm good at, but which I don't enjoy. Because you've got to bear in mind, you're going to do this for the rest of your life, right? This is going to be your life. Like, this is going to be the thing. that essentially you get out of bed for them each morning. So if you're, if you're getting out of bed, you're like, oh, I've got to do this, you know, that's not a life because you're going to be, that most of your life is going to be that. But if you're getting out of bed, you're like, oh, right, okay, I've got a hard challenge, you know, this is a really hard challenge. I don't know

how I'm going to do it, but I'm loving the fact that I get to tackle it. That's how you want to live, because then your fun is going to be the motivation. And that is going to ensure that you will get better at that thing. And so I think that's really the way around, Rothbard's law just to do what you enjoy. Forget what you're good at. It doesn't matter. If you're young enough, or if you're, you know, if you're young enough in spirit even, you don't even have to be physically young

enough. You know, you keep doing something. And if you're determined, if you really enjoy it, you will get better at it. There's an interesting challenge, I think, that people face with believing that their accomplishments are as big as they are. You know, there's certainly some people out there who are BPD, narcissist, full of ego. whatever. I think so many people, especially in the modern world, are just chronically uncertain. Am I okay? Is what I'm doing good? How much more do I need to be until I can rest? I always think

about that scene from Avengers endgame where Thanos has done the snap and he's got this cabin on a planet that overlooks a lake and he comes and he puts his helmet down and then he sits in this seat. He sits down in this sort of rocking chair and he makes this noise and it's kind of like satisfaction, but it's much more like exhaustion. And I often think about this assumption that at some point there will come a time, the provisional life or deferred happiness syndrome or the arrival fallacy, this sense that at some point, but there's a personal growth version of this too. There's a personal growth version of at some point I can,

I will have done the growing and the learning and I will be able to rest. Well, I don't think that you're ever going to stop learning and growing. and I think that you would probably not enjoy your life if you were to do that. But also what that means is you need to enjoy some of whatever it is that you want to do now, because it will just be this. It is just going to be this convey about up until the end of time. Yeah, so Naval Ravikant has a brilliant quote about this, which is if you can't be happy with a coffee, you won't be happy with a yacht, basically.

And it's just a really great sort of quote because it sums up pretty much everything you've been describing, which is, you know, people are always looking for this moment where everything is going to be perfect. You know, they're always chasing this, this idealized version of reality where they will have attained all the skills that they want to. They will have gotten all the things that they want to and then they will finally be happy. But ultimately, as we, you know, as we spoke of before, real happiness ultimately comes from the resilience of your mind. if you can find happiness in just something as simple as a coffee, then that is enough, then that means you will be happy later on when you have even more, right? Then there needs to be this kind of baseline that you're willing to be happy at, right? So you need to be happy even if you have nothing.

Because if you're tying your happiness to something, everything is transient, everything can be broken, everything can be destroyed in this world. And if you tie your happiness, your happiness to that thing and that thing gets destroyed, you're going to lose your whole purpose of existence. So the only thing, the only thing that is going to survive all of the slings and arrows of life is to tie your happiness to just the basic fact of existence, just the fact that you

are alive and you get to live what is essentially such an improbable life. There's a crazy sort of statistic, which is that if you look at genetically the number of people that could have been born. The chances of you being born are like one in N where N is greater than the number of atoms in the universe. So it's extraordinarily like improbable for us to even be here right now talking. And you know, this is assuming that we were essentially selected randomly from the sort of genetic lottery. But like, you know, it's so improbable that we're even here. So I try to find happiness in the most basic things. Because then if you can do that, then everything else that you get is just going to be a bonus. But if you tie your happiness to something that you haven't yet

achieved, then your entire life's journey up until that point is going to be miserable. And then you can't even be sure that when you attain that thing, it's actually going to be as good as you thought it was. Because often we inflate our hopes and dreams beyond reality. So what we think is going to make us happy, when we finally get it, it doesn't actually make us happy. And this has happened to pretty much everybody. So everybody will recognize this. So you've got to, I think, if you want to be happy, you've got to be happy no matter what the external world is like. You know, you have to cultivate internal happiness. You have to have that happiness with a coffee and then you'll be happy with a yacht. Original position fallacy. Far leftists favor planned economies because they

imagine themselves as the planners, not the planned. Far rightists favor a return to feudalism because they imagine themselves as the lords, not the peasants. Many delusional worldviews stem from main character syndrome. And I had this from three or four years ago, one of our first episodes, the alpha history fantasy. Modern men who are angry at a world they feel has rejected them, mistakenly believe that they would have done better in medieval times. They are somehow adamant that the chance of them being Genghis Khan

is greater than the chance of them being cannon fodder peasant number 1,373, whose favela was sacked and destroyed. Yeah, yeah. So, yeah, so the original position fallacy is really has its origins in the work of John Rawls. John Rawls was like a liberal philosopher, basically, a political philosopher. And so his argument was that basically people, when they think of like future states, they tend to assume that they're going to be amongst the elites, basically. So, you know, and this is true whether you're on the left or on the right. You know, if you're on the left, you think you're going to be one of the planners.

If you're on the right, you think you're going to be one of the nobles, right? History, again, history has shown this to be completely false. So, for example, if you look at all the communist revolutions that occurred in the 20th century, you know, whether you're looking at Stalin, Mao, Pol Pot, Chow Chow Chescu, you know, all of these people, one of the first things that they did was to either imprison or murder the intellectuals. right so the elites basically is that because they were the ones who could have come up with ideas to reverse their proposed direction for the civilization basically yeah so if we take one of these examples so if we look at pol pot so pol pot wanted to um basically reset history to year zero

and he wanted nobody to remember anything from below before year zero like for him that was literally the beginning of time so he wanted to to completely wipe out all traces of the past beyond year zero. And one thing he knew about intellectuals was that they read books and that they wrote. And obviously, writing and reading are essentially society's memory. So if you can eliminate all the intellectuals, then you eliminate society's memory, basically. You wipe society's memory. And you can start fresh. You can create a new fresh without any bourgeoisie, without any of the capitalism, the ideas of capitalism to pollute the modern world.

Would die along with the intellectuals. Exactly. And there's an irony because there were a lot of intellectuals that were supporting Pol Pot. They were like they were some of his fiercest, you know, defenders. Like, you know, they were the guys that were advocating, like writing the propaganda for him. They were the ones who were like, you know, and this is not just with Pol Pot, this is with all the communist revolutions. Even, you know, Western intellectuals, many of them, there was one guy, I've forgotten his name, but he was a Western intellectual. He went to Pol Pot. He was like a, he was one of the biggest cheerleaders for the Khmer

and he went to basically have a meeting with Pol Pot, and he ended up getting assassinated. Nobody knows who killed him, but I mean, it was probably on Pol Pot's orders. But I mean, a lot of, you know, so the left-wing intellectuals believe that if they were to create a socialist sort of society, that they would be at the top of society,

they would be planning things, they would be, you know, everything would go according to their vision of society. And that's why it's such an intoxicating vision. That's why, you know, academics and other elites will tend to, you know, tend towards kind of these kinds of, these sort of views of

of a society. And they want either a socialist republic, if they're, you know, they're on the left or if they're on the right, they'll probably advocate for something. It could be like neo-monarchy, you know, with the, the mention of small books, Curtis Yavins, whatever, of the world, who believe that they would be, you know, I'm sure Curtis Yavin believes that if there was a right-wing revolution, that he would be at the right-hand side of,

you know, the monarch, he would be the advisor, he would be the Savangali, But I mean, again, you know, usually it's the, it's the revolutionaries who end up getting murdered themselves, you know. This is true of the French Revolution, too, too, as well. You know, the biggest advocates of the French Revolution ended up being the first people to get guillotines, you know, or at least they did eventually get guillotine. So, you know, all of this stuff, you know, so again, so this is probably going off from tangent anyway, but basically going back to the original idea. So it was originally John Rawls idea, right? I kind of adapted it to extended it to the left and right.

But his idea was just generally that people tend to benefit, they would tend to adopt whatever state that they think is going to benefit them. They will tend to advocate for whatever state is going to benefit them. And the solution that he proposed was what he called the veil of ignorance. And I think we might have covered this before. But basically, the veil of ignorance is his belief that the best way to create a society is to imagine, is to begin by imagining that you are going to be assigned at random

a position in the world that you advocate for. So if you advocate for a socialist or a communist country, you can't do that with the assumption that you are going to be the planner. You are going to be the chairman of the party or anything like that. It's got to be the assumption that you will be assigned a place within that state at random. because then this will motivate you to then hedge and ensure that every person in that state is well looked after, basically. So this is obviously coming from his left liberal perspective. To optimize for the sort of highest average life quality as opposed to your selected fortunate quality.

Yeah, exactly. Yeah. So, you know, this was his way of advocating for liberalism because that's essentially what liberalism does. liberalism is based on the idea that you know you want to ensure that everybody in society redistribution yeah redistribution but to an extent it's obviously it's not the same as a socialist country which is a socialist country would be complete redistribution or or near total whereas liberalism is a is a sort of middle ground between socialism and sort of free market capitalism like completely laissez-faire capitalism so it's basically the idea that

liberals want to maximize freedom, but they consider freedom to also be freedom from, for example, poverty or from oppression by higher classes of people. So they're similar to libertarians from the basic point in that they value liberty more than anything. It's just that liberals tend to have a slightly different definition of what liberty means. For libertarians, liberty is literal. It's literally just a freedom, freedom to do what you want. Whereas liberals, you know, depending on the specific brand of liberalism, it might be the John Stuart Mill or the John Locke, you know, kind of liberalism, where your liberty ends at the point at which it does harm to somebody else where it basically encroaches on their

liberty sort of thing. What about the coyote's law thing? Don't give the government a power you wouldn't want your political enemies to wield because one day they may well be in charge of it. Yeah. Yeah. So this is the sort of a kind of pre, a preventative to the original fallacy position. This is what I advocate for personally. I think that the best way to determine what policies to support are the ones that will, you, are the ones that will be not harmful if the government were to be taken over by somebody that you despise, basically, by the worst government that is possible in your country.

So, you know, if you're on the left, then you should advocate for policies that would not harm your interests or the interests of those you advocate for if the government would suddenly become right wing and vice versa. You know, so I think this is, it's a pretty sort of straightforward common sense rule because I think one of the problems with people is that they tend to think about the short term at the expense of the long term. This is one of the fundamental problems with human beings. And it extends to politics as well. People tend to only, they tend to imagine. that whoever they're supporting is going to be in power forever. And this is why, you know, when I see people like right wingers, for example, on Twitter, actively suppressing and censoring left wingers after advocating for free speech for so long, I just think, well, you're just shooting yourselves in the foot because this is going to be used against you.

The apparatus you're creating is going to be used against you, you know. So for example, if like, you know, if we go with, if Trump, for instance, were to, past news laws which were to make it illegal for people to criticize him. This is obviously a hypothetical situation. This is not something he's actually done. But this is a hypothetical. You would see people on the right supporting it. A lot of people on the right would support it.

They'd be like, yes, you know, you know, stick it to the left, you know. Yeah, you know, trigger the libtards and all this stuff. Yeah. And they'll be cheering. But then Trump's not going to be in power forever. And then you're going to have probably a Democrat in charge. And he's going to have now he's going to have the power to do exactly to the right what Trump was doing to the left.

So, you know, it's basically like the leopards eating your own face kind of thing, you know, where a lot of this stuff can backfire if you don't think about it on a long enough time scale. In other news, this episode is brought to you by RP Strength. This training app has made a huge impact on my gains and enjoyment in the gym over the last two years now. It's designed by Dr. Mike Isratel and comes with over 45 pre-made training programs, 250 technique videos, takes all of the guesswork out of crafting the ideal lift. routine by literally spoon feeding you a step-by-step plan for every workout. It guides you on the exact sets, reps and weight to use. Most importantly, how to perfect your form. So every rep is optimized

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And I get the sense that the tone had already been set by something that seemed to be swept under the rug. It was done by the mostly peaceful and quiet protesters that I think legitimated a degree of retribution, even if it was only sort of in the minds of people that decided that that was the way that the world works that, you know, one stupid action deserves another stupid action, that you see this too with the way that people behave, the sort of language that people use online. Well, you know, if your president gets shot at, then maybe their president can get shot at. And if you use a knife, then we can bring a knife too. And maybe we'll bring a gun and then you bring a gun and then someone brings a bazooka and you just the tit for tat sort of ever. It's kind of like, um, what's that? Isn't

there are a law, doesn't somebody have an idea? I think Elon's talked about this, where over time, because laws get instantiated and rarely repealed, eventually everything will be made illegal, that there will be a law that stops you from doing everything because you creep this forward one step at a time. Well, you shouldn't drive when it's this wet with that car, then with a different car, then with any car, then when it's a bit less wet, then when it's dry, then when it's, you know, you just end up litigating your way out of civilization. And this is kind of the same sort of thing that if you allow this behavior and then the behavior can come back in a little bit more from the other side and then the

other side and then the other side, it's this game of ever-escalating tennis. Yeah, I mean, so there is a concept which relates to this called reciprocal radicalization, which is basically where it's like a game of brinkmanship where you have one group, will advocate for something which then the other side now feels entitled to and then they'll escalate it even more and then it'll basically suck a repeating pattern you know so um it's like the left and the right almost have this symbiotic sort of relationship where you know the excesses of one group will fuel the excesses of the other group the opposing group and they're kind of in they're kind of like they're kind of like a what is known as a mizan beam which is a

a mirror when you have two mirrors facing each other and they kind of infinitely reflect each other. It's like, you know, they're constantly reinforcing each other in that sense. So it's not just with the left and right. You also see this amongst terrorists and governments as well. So what will happen is that you have terrorists who will commit an act of violence. And then the government will respond to that by having a crackdown and by tightening laws. And then the terrorists will use this as an example of the government being tyrannical. And so that would justify further action against the government. And then the government will use further action. action to justify their own further action by saying, oh, these terrorists are even more dangerous now,

so we have to enact even tighter laws. And so it's like an ever-tightening sort of situation where the excesses of one group fuel the excesses of the other group. And ultimately, the only way out of this is long-term thinking, again, you know, so this is, again, it's short-term thinking. It's when people are engaging in the sort of the satiation of their own impulses rather than actually engaging in long-term thinking about the consequences of their actions. You know, it's first order of first order thinking. They're only thinking about the immediate consequences. They're not thinking about the consequences of the consequences,

let alone the consequences of the consequences, which is what you really need to be doing when you're in the political game, you know. So, yeah. There's a, that's short-term, long-term thing. There's a similarity with Amara's law. We tend to overestimate the short-term impact of new tech and underestimate the long-term impact because hype inflates expectations and thus disappointment and thus skepticism.

As such, it's possible for AI to both be a bubble and the most transformative tech since fire. Yeah, so this is an idea that's illustrated by something called the Gartner hype cycle. So if you got on Wikipedia, it will tell you that the Gartner hype cycle is pseudoscience. It's not supported by evidence. This is nonsense.

The Gartner hype cycle is not supposed to be a scientific sort of like, you know, study of what actually happens. What it's supposed to be is a general rule of thumb. And it does fit most major technology, major technological sort of developments. One of the problems with Wikipedia is it's often straw man's ideas before discredit, or trying to discredit them. So I wouldn't pay attention to the Wikipedia article of the Gartner hype cycle. Basically, what the Gartner hype cycle states is that you have,

when you have a new technology, you have like massive surge in hype, right? where everybody's incentivized to sort of just kind of get on the hype bandwagon basically because it's a new technology and people are speculating that they're spitballing, they're speculating about where this could go and people get excited about it, people write clickbait articles about it, and so this obviously inflates people's expectations. And so then the next stage of the hype cycle is where people start to realize, hang on a second, the hype was hype, you know,

They start to sort of realize that the reality of the new technology is not quite what people were saying it was going to be. And this causes a kind of backfire effect where people temper their expectations by overcorrecting. So what they do is they assume that because where the technology is actually headed is slightly different from where the hype claimed it was headed, therefore they were wrong about the technology completely and therefore the technology is worthless. So then you get the, you get people now from the opposite side, arguing for the opposite thing, saying it was all hype. You know, this is, humans are stupid. Don't listen to humans. This technology is just going to fizz out.

It's just crap, you know. So people will naturally react very strongly by overcorrecting. That's what humans tend to do. So you get a lot of articles arguing for the opposite. But then what will happen is everybody will go, oh, okay, well, yeah, so the hype was just crap. So let's just get on with our lives and they'll forget about the technology. And then it's when they forget. about their technology. That's when the technology will start to change the world. Because even though

the technology is no longer in popular discourse, it has been adopted by the sort of people at the frontier of development, the industries where it can actually be used. And these are usually not exciting industries. They're usually things like, you know, sort of bank, sort of, you know, sort of doing financial, financial wizardry, which is not really something that interests most people, right so it will usually be it will have very limited um visibility for a long time but then the developments in those industries will gradually compound until we have something that is really really amazing and AI is a great example of this right so um for you know so one of the guys one of the main pioneers of um AI is a guy called Marvin minski he was a major figure in the development of neural

networks. I think it was in the 1970s. He said that in around seven to eight years, we will have human-level intelligence in neural networks, basically. He said something like that anyway. And obviously, this is completely absurd because, you know, by the 1980s, you know, we had really, really basic neural networks. And that continued into the 90s. And everybody had kind of by then just forgotten about the hype. Everybody was like, you know, this whole neural network stuff's crap. Nothing's going to happen, you know, it was all just hype. Everybody forgot about it, apart from a small number of researchers and a small number of people who were using, you know, convolutional neural networks to, like, do things like imaging and things like that. And this happened is suddenly

you have chatGBT, boom, you know, in like 2022. And this seemed to have come out of nowhere, but it didn't actually come out of nowhere. The technology for it, the transformer architecture was actually developed by Google Deep Mind. And this was a few years before Chach GPD sort of accommodated it and actually like, you know, began to develop it themselves. But like before that, nobody really cared. Like for 30 years, nobody really cared in the mainstream about neural networks. So this is a good example of it. But the thing is, is that the Gartner hype cycle continues.

So it's not just you have this one hype cycle and then it's over. It often repeats itself. So we're going to see it again with things like world models now, I think. What are world models? So world models are like a stepping stone towards AGI. A world model is where you have things like physics implemented into your LLM. It's not really an LLM anymore because it can do so many other things. It's more like a video model, but it's a video model that actually has real world physics.

And at the moment, Google is probably best placed for this because they have all the data. They've got the real-time data through search, they've got video data through YouTube, and then they've got spatial data as well through Google Street View. and all that kind of stuff. So they have actually got the best the world model at the moment called Genie 3. But basically, a world model is basically

when an LLM or an AI can model the world, basically, literally. That's what it's called a world model. It can model the world. So it can understand things like physics, so it can understand collisions. It can understand gravity.

It can understand the way that fluids move, like water and things like that. And we have like a kind of, we have a simulacrum of that in video generation, but video generations don't understand physics. They're just copying the physics of, you know, films and, you know, other stuff like that, whereas a world model genuinely understands the physics. And so it can, that's the first step towards creating AGI, because then you can actually activate AI in the physical reality. And this is probably going to be the next hype cycle.

It's already begun. There's been a lot of hype around GNI 3. What will probably happen is we'll have something called the trough of disillusionment, which is the next of the garden, hype cycle. And then when everybody's forgotten about world models, we'll start to see real world models emerge. Wow. There's a, I was looking at, I've spoken to a lot of, behavioral genetics guys and girls on the podcast. I've got Catherine Page Harden coming back on for her new book next week. And I'd always wondered, there's an equivalent basically with over time things changing. And the Wilson effect feels like a biological equivalent of what we're talking about with regards to the hype. So this is from you. Heritable traits like IQ and

personality become more heritable with age because as you mature, you become more independent and free to be who you really are. Many heritability studies find that nurture's influence is stronger only because they never see that nature's influence is longer. Yeah, so historically, the social sciences and the field of genetics has pretty consistently under-restricted. estimated the heritability of a lot of traits. And just to give a very recent example, I think just a couple of days ago, there was a new study published, which I retweeted onto my timeline, which basically shows. So initially, there was the belief that heritability of lifespan is between 20 and 25%. And this new study has found that it's actually closer to 50%. And this is a pretty important, you know, this is obviously a pretty important finding because this is the heritability of your lifespan, how long you're going to live. And so there's been a massive underestimation of lifespan in terms of the heritability of it. And I think this is not fully explained by the Wilson effect, but I think the Wilson effect is a contributor to this. And it's basically what it is,

because studies tend to be quite short term, genetic studies tend to be quite short term. So they will tend to, obviously, it's very hard to track a human being throughout their entire life. So usually longitudinal studies in genetics will tend to sort of follow people for a few years. You know, so usually three, three years, five years. And that's not enough time to really understand the effects of these genes because a lot of these genes only become apparent later in your life. You know, people tend to sort of, there's a kind of, what happens is that there's a masking effect. So early in your life, the effects of genes are massing. by your upbringing, by your environment.

So, for example, if you are genetically predisposed to love reading, but in your life, your parents never buy you any books, and instead they buy your PlayStation, right, you're going to spend your childhood playing PlayStation instead of reading books, which is what you really love to do. It's only when you get older that you start, that you're able to follow your own natural inclinations, which are books. And so it's only when you're older that you have the power to buy books, and therefore, it's early when you're older that your genetic predisposition to books becomes apparent.

And so this is a very simple example, but this is very common, I think, now in a lot of studies where there's a lot of reassessment that needs to be done due to these studies being so short-term. You know, we really, we really need to study people at different stages of their life. We need to study them when they're children, we need to study them when they're adults, and we need to study them when they're elderly in order to actually have a good understanding of the influence of genes versus environment. I saw there was a line from you, an Emerson one. People do not seem to realize that their opinion of the world is also a confession of their

character. And Dylan O'Sullivan, that I know we're both fucking huge fans of. Yeah, he's great, yeah. He's so good, dude. He says, nothing gives you a clearer look into someone than how they misinterpret things. Every misinterpretation is a confession. And it feels like the Emerson and. Dylan are kind of agreeing with each other here. Their opinion of the world is a confession of

their character and their misinterpretation of the world is also a confession. Yeah. So to give you another quote from Naval, I think he said something like, it's almost always possible to be both honest and optimistic. Right. So what I find is that if you are optimistic is not because you're deluded necessarily. It's often just because of your personality because you choose to see the good rather than choosing to see the bad, you know? It's often just a choice. It is literally just often a choice. You know, it's something that I've really, has really sort of become an important force in my life now, this understanding that I can actually choose how I perceive things. I can choose whether I see

things as a good or a bad thing, depending on the facts that I select and the way that I interpret them. And I'm aware that, yeah, okay, this often requires me to ignore certain things, but we're always ignoring things anyway. So it's not like I'm doing anything wrong here. You know, attention is selective. Attention is like empathy. It's a spotlight. You shine it on some things and by doing so, you cast everything else in darkness.

And so when you are pessimistic, this is not a sign that you see reality more clearly, as a lot of pessimists like to believe. It's actually a sign that you're choosing to shine your spotlight on shit rather than on diamonds, you know, to put it simply, right? You know, you have a choice where you shine your spotlight, right? And ultimately it's a case of what are you looking at? What are you perceiving? When you see something, what details are you picking out?

And this is why when I see miserable people now, I don't see realists. I just see miserable people. I see people who are unhappy inside who are essentially externalizing their unhappiness by choosing to see the absolute worst in everything. Right. And this is why, you know, I don't have much tolerance now for people who just keep complaining about things. Because to me, that's just a way to dig your whole deeper, basically.

You're just making life worse for yourself by choosing to see the worst. But there's no solutions in complaining. If you just keep complaining, all you're doing is just you're convincing yourself that the world is bad. And the world doesn't need to be bad. You don't need to lie to see the good. But surely in some situations, things are bad. Is it not fair to accurately represent that and reflect it so that maybe people try to change the thing that's bad and shouldn't be bad? No, no, you should always recognize that things can be improved always. Yeah, absolutely. But this doesn't

mean that you should focus on the bad and have the bad as the only thing, you know, to focus on. There's always two sides to the story. So the way I look at it is, yes, you should always be cognizant of problems. I'm not saying that you should not see problems. You should choose not to see problems. You should see the problems. But instead of focusing on complaining about them, you should try to focus on solutions instead. You know, what can I do rather than make this better? So this actually fits in with another of my ideas. So there's a concept called the Stockdale paradox. And the Stockdale paradox is quite an interesting one because it's sort of like, it's basically taken from a guy called James Stockdale. He was an admiral, right? And he survived nearly eight years of torture and

isolation in the Hanoi Hilton, basically, which was so called because it was one of the most brutal camps in North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He was basically a POW for quite a long time. Yeah, so for eight years. And so basically, so what he observed while he was there was that there were people who were optimists and there were people who were pessimists. And they both, both groups ended up suffering hard and many of them died very early. So the optimists would basically believe that they were going to be released from the jail by Christmas. And then when Christmas didn't come, It would be Easter and then, you know, Eastern income. So they would keep hoping.

And then eventually their hope just ran out and they just kind of gave up on life. And some of them, like, you know, they just lost the will to live because they had hoped and their hopes had been destroyed. But then on the other hand, there were the pessimists who were people who just kind of believed that their station was completely, you know, irredeemable. And there was no hope in the first place. So obviously they had no motivation to improve. But what Stockdale found was what got him through the eight years was not by, you know,

being an optimist, not by being a pessimist, but actually by practicing a kind of optimistic pessimism. And this was essentially, so what it was is that basically the key to achieving this kind of paradoxical state of mind is to accept that bad outcomes are indeed a real possibility, but rather than let that possibility crush your hopes, you can develop hope in your ability to deal with those problems by preparing for them. So by acknowledging, acknowledging and confronting the harshest potential outcomes, you make them less of a problem and less of a reason for negativity. So, so, you know, so what I'm saying is basically healthy optimism arises through a kind of practical pessimism. It's not the blind idealism that everything is always going to turn out fine, but rather the self-belief that you can deal with things no matter how they turn out. And that's essentially what confidence is. Confidence is not the belief that everything is going to be all right. Confidence is the belief that you will be a able to handle with things even if they're not okay.

Right. So you'll be able to, you'll always be able to deal with the eventualities. And the way that you do that is by acknowledging the worst case scenario, but preparing for any scenario, essentially, you know. So you don't necessarily have to be pessimistic. You don't have to be optimistic. You don't have to be optimistic.

You fuse the two. So this is obviously, this is a bit separate from the idea of seeing the beauty and things. But it's, this is obviously a very healthy attitude to have, um, with regards to just, you know,

half glass half full or glass half empty. Just understand that the glass is half, right, that's it. You don't need to, it doesn't need to be half full. It doesn't need to be half empty. It's just half. What the George's line from the agency book is some people look at the glass and see it as half full. Some look at a glass and see it as half empty. What you should do is realize that you are the tap. And that's his line around agency, which is wherever, wherever the, wherever the, is you can actually pour into it. Yeah, it's a, the stockdale thing's interesting because I can see how people preparing for the bad would quite easily cause them to tumble down the rabbit hole of ruminating

about it and worrying about it and woe is me and concept creep and now I've got pathology and I've got multiple personality disorder or, you know, that is the genesis of it. But ultimately, it comes down to... to, it ultimately comes down to how you interpret it, right? So there is, you know, yes, you could, you could just go down this rabbit hole where you're just constantly thinking of the worst case scenario. But that's only going to happen if you haven't found a solution. If you have a solution, if you have developed a solution to the worst case scenario, then it's no longer going to really dwell on your mind, you know, because you already have the solution. And that's ultimately what,

what I do. Like, if I, you know, like, if I was to say, come on this podcast, and I would have the worst case scenario where I would say something, you know, let's say I said the N word or something like that, you know what I mean? If you're somebody who is really anxious, you'd be worrying about something like that so long, you know, you'd be like, oh my God, you know, what if I say the wrong thing, you know, that would just cause you to be a nervous wreck and it would probably just mate for a very bad episode. But if you have a solution, right, if you actually have trained yourself to not engage in these kinds of intrusive thoughts that might cause you to say those words or, you know, if you have a way to sort of style it out, you know, then you don't, then it's

not going to be a problem. Do you mean? It's the same with anything. Like, anxiety is really, it's really a result of you not having a solution to the worst case scenario. But as long as you have that solution, you're not going to have the, I mean, you might still have anxiety if you're a new, you know, if you're a neurotic person. But that the thing is, you're not going to have any less if you've got a solution. And what's that line about anxiety hates a moving target? Action is the antidote to anxiety. Yeah. Yeah.

That's it. Yeah. Yep. Yep. Yeah. Look, Gwinda, dude, you're a legend. I appreciate you coming on. This always rules.

It's one of my favorite episodes. Where should people go to check out all of the stuff that you've got going on? Yeah. So main place is my blog, which is just gawinda. Dot blog. And you can also find me on Twitter at G underscore S underscore Bogle. Or just type my name into Google and I'm sure it will come up. Yeah.

Yeah. And cheers. It's a pleasure. Yeah. Thank you. It's always a good one. Keep writing because we've got more to talk about. Oh yeah, yeah. Congratulations. You made it to the end of an episode. Your brain has not been completely destroyed by the internet just yet.

Here's another one that you should watch. Go on. I get asked all the time for book suggestions. People want to get into reading fiction or nonfiction or real life stories. And that's why I made a list of 100 of the most interesting and impactful books that I've ever read. These are the most life-changing reads that I've ever found, and there's descriptions about why I like them and links to go and buy them. And it's completely free, and you can get it right now by going to chriswillex.com slash books. That's chriswillex.com slash books.