Money Crimes with Nicole Lapin - KIDNAPPING: Patty Hearst
Episode Date: November 21, 2024When Patty Hearst was kidnapped from her apartment in 1974 by a group of militant radicals, the world waited breathlessly for her safe return. But then, Patty started helping the very people who had t...aken her. Before long, she was robbing banks and running from the law. As this story of a media heiress-turned-outlaw unfolded, people wondered: was Patty Hearst a victim? Or was she an accomplice? Money Crimes is a Crime House Original. For more content, follow us on Instagram and TikTok @crimehouse. To learn more about listener data and our privacy practices visit: https://www.audacyinc.com/privacy-policy Learn more about your ad choices. Visit https://podcastchoices.com/adchoices
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This is Crime House.
You're probably familiar with the term Stockholm Syndrome, but if not, it's a psychological
phenomenon where a captive starts to like their captor.
It's sort of like the real life version
of Beauty and the Beast.
Nowadays, there's some debate
about whether Stockholm syndrome
is a real psychological condition.
And the story you're about to hear
definitely feeds into that debate.
In 1974, Patty Hearst was kidnapped
from her college apartment
by a group of left-wing
extremists.
Eventually, they told Patty she could leave.
But she said no.
In just a matter of weeks, Patty went from a clean-cut media heiress to a machine-gun-wielding
revolutionary.
Patty's story literally has everything.
Ransom demands, bank heists, political intrigue, mind control.
It's a story ripped straight from the headlines.
And it played out for all to see on the front pages of the Hearst family's newspapers.
As the saying goes, those who don't understand history are doomed to repeat it.
That's especially true when it comes to money.
If you want to make the right decisions when it comes to managing your assets, you need
to know what mistakes to avoid and how to spot a trap.
This is Money Crimes, a Crime House original.
I'm your host, Nicole Lapin.
Every Thursday, I'll be telling you a story of a famous financial crime and giving you
advice on how to avoid becoming a victim yourself.
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This episode is all about the kidnapping of Patty Hearst, an heiress to the vast Hearst
publishing empire.
In 1974, Patty was targeted by a militant group called the Symbionese Liberation Army, or SLA.
They thought that a high-profile hostage situation would help them get the money and publicity they needed to advance their cause.
But the SLA got a lot more than they bargained for.
Patty's story took the nation by storm when she pledged allegiance to the very people
who kidnapped her.
During her time with the SLA, Patty participated in multiple bank robberies and spent months
evading the police. Now, 50 years later, Patty's story still has people wondering,
was she a victim or was she an accomplice?
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In the 1960s and 70s, the Cultural Revolution was sweeping the nation and Berkeley, California,
was at the center of it.
Students from the University of California, Berkeley
took to the streets to protest the ongoing war in Vietnam
and fight for civil rights in the US.
They occupied university buildings
and marched through campus for days on end.
But not everyone in the area was as gung-ho
about fighting for change.
In February of 1974, Patricia Campbell Hurst was a 19-year-old art history major at UC
Berkeley.
She lived near campus with her fiance, a 26-year-old grad student named Steven Weed.
And neither of them were really involved in politics.
Not that Patty didn't care about it,
but she had grown up very sheltered,
focused more on getting a good education
and setting herself up for the future.
Considering who her family was,
that future would certainly be very bright.
See, Patty wasn't your run-of-the-mill college student.
Her grandfather was William Randolph Hearst,
one of the original newspaper magnates and the guy that the iconic movie Citizen Kane was based on.
William had died back in 1951, but he had left his descendants quite the nest egg. It's not clear how
much they were worth at the time, but current estimates put the Hearst family fortune at around $22 billion.
Someday, Patty and her sisters were in line to inherit a lot of that money,
which came with some pretty big expectations.
Patty's dad, Randolph Hearst, was the publisher of the San Francisco Examiner. Her mom, Catherine, was a literal Southern belle,
a high society debutante from Georgia
who had very specific plans for her daughters,
namely that they would do well in school and marry well.
So Catherine probably wasn't very pleased
when Patty decided to move in with her boyfriend
without tying the knot first.
But until this point, Patty hadn't exactly been a rebel.
And by December of 1973,
after living together for about a year,
Patty and Steve decided it was time to make Catherine happy
and take the next step in their relationship.
They published their engagement announcement
in her father's paper.
Friends and family came out of the woodwork to
congratulate Patty on the exciting news. But someone else was also reading the engagement
announcement. A radical activist group called the Symbionese Liberation Army, or SLA for short.
Along with being the home of optimistic, peaceful hippies,
the city of Berkeley also had a darker element.
Social progress hadn't come fast enough for some people,
and they didn't think peaceful protest worked.
So they formed militant groups like the SLA
to force the change they wanted.
The organization was mostly the brainchild of one man, 30-year-old Donald DeFries.
But Donald wasn't a college student.
He was an escaped convict who had been arrested for a lot of crimes, including robbery, assault,
and possession of explosives and firearms.
After breaking out of prison in 1973, he headed to Berkeley to hide out with a couple of student
activists that he had befriended while he was incarcerated.
Just as Donald hoped, they were happy to help him lay low.
And they turned out to be more than a convenient hiding place. The more time Donald spent with his friends,
the more he realized they were kindred spirits. They all wanted to create a better society,
and they would do it by any means necessary. They decided to create a more formal group
in July of 1973, which included about six people.
Donald decided to call them the Symbionese Liberation Army,
which was a play on the word symbiosis.
Donald had also designed the emblem, a seven-headed cobra.
Each head represented one of the seven principles of Kwanzaa,
the African-American and Pan-African holiday.
The principles included unity, self-determination, and collective work and responsibility.
Those were also the guiding values of the SLA.
When it came to the SLA's goals, they were determined to fight fascism, racism, and capitalism
in the United States.
They believed that wealth should be evenly distributed
and that the nation's elite were the ultimate enemy.
They thought the only way to achieve the equal society
they so desperately wanted was through armed resistance.
Their first target was Marcus Foster,
the superintendent of Oakland schools.
At one point, Foster was trying to implement mandatory ID cards on all campuses in the
district. He argued that it would help keep vagrants and drug dealers away from schools.
The SLA, on the other hand, thought the policy made Foster a fascist, and they were prepared
to stop him by any means necessary.
On November 6, 1973, they shot and killed Superintendent Foster as he walked to his
car.
After his death, the SLA sent a message to the press taking responsibility for the killing.
But the publicity they got for it was a double-edged sword.
Although people knew who they were, that also meant the police knew who they were, too.
Now that the SLA was wanted for murder, they had to go underground.
They didn't do a good job of hiding, though.
On January 10th, 1974, two of their members got arrested
during a traffic stop.
Both were charged for their involvement in the murder of Marcus Foster.
Donald and the other members of the SLA vowed to get revenge for their friends.
The SLA didn't have the juice to break them out of jail, but they could still send a message
to show the establishment that no one was safe, especially not the rich and powerful.
And that's when they saw Patty Hearst's engagement announcement in the newspaper. As the heiress to a media empire,
Patty represented everything the SLA hated,
privilege, wealth, and exclusivity.
And as a young 19-year-old woman,
they figured that Patty wouldn't fight back too much.
The SLA tracked down her home address,
and on the night of February 4, 1974, Donald DeFries
and two other members of the SLA, Bill Harris and Angela Outwood, approached the front door
of Patty's street-facing apartment.
Bill and Donald waited in the shadows while Angela knocked.
When Patty's fiance Steve answered, they pushed in with
their guns drawn. Steve assumed they were being robbed. He told the intruders to take
whatever they wanted and go. He had no idea what they were really looking for. Angela
found Patty in the kitchen, then tied her up with some rope and covered her eyes with a blindfold.
Before Steve knew what was happening, Bill had dragged Patty out to the getaway car.
Within a few hours, the news was everywhere. Patty Hearst had been kidnapped.
Hey there it's Nicole.
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We'd love to talk business. After Patty Hearst was kidnapped on February 4, 1974, reporters flocked to the Hearst mansion
just south of San Francisco, hoping to speak with her parents, Randolph and Catherine.
The Hearsts held a few press conferences, but there wasn't much to say yet.
They didn't know who was responsible or what they wanted.
Two days later, they found out.
On February 6, 1974, the SLA sent a letter to the Berkeley radio station KPFA.
To start, the SLA wanted all of their messages to the public published in full in every newspaper
and read aloud on TV and radio.
It was a pretty simple demand.
But then things got trickier.
Six days later, on February 12th, KPFA received two messages from the SLA.
The first was from Patty speaking directly to her parents.
She told them that she was being taken care of, and she hoped they would cooperate with the SLA's
demands. In the second message to KPFA, the SLA announced that they wanted Patty's father,
Randolph Hearst, to give $70 worth of food to every person in need
in California.
If Randolph did what they asked, it would cost him somewhere between $200 million to
$400 million.
The north end of that would be approximately $2.6 billion today. Essentially, they were asking for a massive ransom payment, just not directly to them.
So what kind of options did Randolph have here?
If he asked the US government, they probably would tell him not to pay it.
The current guidance says that paying ransom fees only encourages bad actors to keep doing it.
Which makes sense, if you got what you wanted, why would you stop?
Thankfully, being in a physical ransom situation isn't all that common in the United States.
But for high-worth individuals like the Hearst family, it's something that could still happen.
And it clearly did.
It could also be a threat for more regular, everyday people, especially those traveling
in countries with unstable governments or disrupted territory.
It's estimated that there are between 12,500 and 25,000 kidnappings every year around the
world.
For anyone concerned about finding themselves in a hostage situation, there are companies
out there that offer kidnapping insurance.
On top of accessing the services of a professional negotiator, these policies also cover the
costs of any ransom payments that do end up going through.
They also have a high success rate. Kidnap victims who have this coverage typically
make it back alive 97.5% of the time. It doesn't seem like the Hearsts had kidnapping insurance,
and they were looking at a huge ransom demand here. But Randolph was still willing to give something. He put together a $2 million
food distribution effort. The SLA said it wasn't enough. They wanted another $4 million,
which put Randolph in a very tricky situation. Because what the SLA didn't know, and Randolph
wasn't about to admit, was that he didn't have direct
access to the Hearst fortune. To keep the family's money safe, William Randolph
Hearst had installed a firewall of professional managers to manage their
wealth. So even though Patty's dad had a lot of money, he couldn't just tap into
the entire fortune at will. And the people in charge of it, namely the board of the Hearst Corporation
and the Hearst Foundation,
weren't willing to negotiate with the SLA.
So on February 22nd,
Randolph was forced to give a statement to the press.
He had done the best he could,
but the situation was out of his hands.
He just didn't have that kind of cash.
But when Patty heard that, she called BS.
At some point, the SLA had given her a TV and a radio
so that she could follow along
with the media coverage of her kidnapping.
And when she found out what her father said,
it seems like one big excuse.
Just like everyone else, it seems like she had no idea
that Randolph didn't have full access to his fortune
and that his hands really were tied.
By this point, Panny had been with the SLA
for almost three weeks.
Now, that may not seem like all that long,
but the entire time her captors had been telling her
that the FBI, the government, and even her parents didn't care about her.
And it seemed like she was starting to believe it.
On March 9, 1974, after about a month of captivity, Patty released another message.
After about a month of captivity, Patty released another message. In this one, she accused her dad of giving up too easily and called her mom out for not pushing him to do more.
It was a turning point for Patty.
During her time with the SLA, she had slowly formed a bond with them.
She listened as they told her about their views on politics
and their dreams of revolution.
And while Patty had never been exposed
to this kind of thinking before,
she started to believe they had a point.
Patty was compliant and curious,
not the hysterical damsel in distress
like the SLA thought she would be.
It seemed like Patty and the group had developed a feeling
of mutual respect and maybe even a little trust
in one another.
Some might even call it Stockholm Syndrome.
Whatever it was, Patty decided that she wanted
to join the SLA.
They weren't so sure it was a good idea though.
Even if Patty willingly
joined the group, they'd still kidnapped her. And the longer Patty was with them,
the more anxious the authorities would get about finding her. Not that the FBI
was hot on their trail exactly. Despite using every resource available to them,
the authorities were woefully low on
leads.
Nothing was turning up evidence that might take them to Patty.
But it turns out she was much closer than they ever could have imagined.
At first, the group had been hiding out in a house in the Bay Area suburbs, but by April
of 1974, about two months after kidnapping Patty, they downsized
to an apartment on Golden Gate Avenue in San Francisco.
Patty's parents had no idea that she and the SLA were just a few miles away.
And they didn't know the group was getting antsy.
The SLA had nine mouths to feed, including Patty's.
But instead of freaking out, they decided to get proactive. The SLA needed money, and
Patty needed to prove herself. So they came up with a plan to kill two birds with one
stone. They were going to rob a bank, and Patty was going to help them.
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At first it was just my mom's gone.
And then it became, you know,
your mom was taken by a bad man.
They found video of him killing women.
If you'd ever watched any episodes of Breaking Bad,
that's exactly what you would see.
He buried these 11 women and kept going out there.
He made a road going out there.
You got this dude saying,
hey, I'm gonna show your family these pictures.
And like, he's secretly taping her.
The cops don't care, we're nothing to them.
Dumped her like a piece of garbage, you know?
I don't see anything that screams
there's two people doing this. I never thought anything was gonna come of this case. On April 3rd, 1974, two months after Patty Hearst was kidnapped from her home by the SLA, she
sent another tape-recorded message to her parents.
Patty, who was now 20, told them that she was given a choice to be released in a safe
location of her choosing or join the SLA to fight, quote, for the freedom of all oppressed people.
In her message, Patty told her parents
she was going with the second option.
Like all the other messages she had sent,
the tape was played in full on the news.
When people first heard it,
they couldn't believe it was true.
Patty Hearst of the Hearst Media Empire was siding with a radical
extremist group that the US government had labeled as terrorists? It didn't make any sense.
People wondered if Patty had been brainwashed or if the SLA had forced her to make that recording.
Whatever the truth was, the SLA knew this was the perfect moment to
make their next move.
On April 15, 1974, about two months after Patty's kidnapping, the SLA approached the
Hibernia Bank in San Francisco. They'd specifically chosen this bank because it had surveillance
video, which was still pretty new at the time. If this feels
counterintuitive to you, I'd normally agree. In any other circumstances, that type of security would have been a major deterrent.
But the SLA wasn't just after money. They wanted to show that Patty was truly one of them.
That day, Patty and other members of the SLA burst into Hibernia Bank armed with assault rifles.
Patty was wearing a black wig, but her face was still fully visible.
In full view of the cameras, Patty yelled at everyone to keep their heads down.
According to the security guard, she said that anyone who put their head up
would get it blown off.
The robbery worked.
The SLA walked out of the bank with over $10,500
and Patty's face fully on camera.
In the grand scheme of things, that is not a lot of money, even when you factor in inflation.
So the bank's clients probably weren't afraid that their accounts had been emptied.
But there have been some pretty big bank heists throughout history.
On Easter Sunday of 2024, a group of thieves stole $30 million from a bank vault outside
of Los Angeles.
Thankfully, even if the bank where you do business is robbed, your money is probably safe.
In the U.S., every bank is required to carry a blanket bond,
which covers events like floods, fires, earthquakes, and robberies.
And robbing an FDIC-insured bank comes with federal robbery charges, which acts as a major
deterrent.
But the SLA wasn't really worried about any potential charges.
They were after the publicity.
And boy did they get it.
In the aftermath, all of the witnesses interviewed said that Patty wasn't acting like a captive.
She was fully participating and seemed ready to use her weapon against anyone who tried to stop her.
Now people were really confused. Was Patty still a victim, or had she actually been telling the
truth in her message? But Patty's parents refused to believe her change of heart was real.
But Patty's parents refused to believe her change of heart was real. Patty's mom, Katherine, even said the SLA was using mind control on her daughter.
Patty fought back against that idea in her continued messages to the press.
She called the idea that she was being brainwashed, quote,
ridiculous to the point of being beyond belief.
She proudly declared herself a soldier in the People's Army.
After that, Patty became something of a folk hero
to radicals across the country.
Initially, the SLA's goal had been to get
as much media coverage as possible.
So at this point, mission definitely accomplished.
But now they were getting too much attention.
The Bay Area was crawling with police.
By the end of April, the SLA decided it was time to hightail it out of San Francisco.
And they got out just in time.
A week after they left, the FBI got a tip that finally led them to the SLA's apartment
on Golden Gate Avenue.
They geared up and busted down the door, only to find the place completely deserted.
The SLA was long gone.
They had fled south to Los Angeles.
But in their rush to get out, they had to leave a lot of things behind.
So on May 16th, Patty went to a sporting goods store with a couple of other SLA members,
Bill and Emily Harris.
Even down in LA, people were on the lookout for Patty.
So Bill and Emily went into the store, leaving Patty alone in the van, which was full of
guns.
The keys were in the ignition just in case they needed to make a quick getaway.
But from Patty's vantage point, everything seemed to be going fine.
After a few minutes, she spotted Bill and Emily coming out of the store.
And then one of the employees suddenly shouted, Hey Bill!
Bill froze.
He was sure they knew that he was in the SLA.
In reality, the clerk just thought Bill was shoplifting,
which to be fair, he was.
The employee was calling out for his boss,
who also happened to be named Bill.
But the SLA's Bill didn't know that.
So when the two employees caught up to him,
he tried to make a run for it. Patty saw all the commotion from across the street.
Rather than laying low, she picked up her machine gun and opened fire at the storefront. Luckily,
no one was hit. But in all the confusion, the employees let go of Bill, and he and Emily were able to get back to the van.
They weren't sure of where to go next, though.
If they went back to the safe house,
and it turned out authorities were following them,
it would put the whole group in danger.
Eventually, they went to a motel near Disneyland,
thinking they could disappear amongst the tourists.
Safely in the motel, Bill, Emily, and Patty near Disneyland, thinking they could disappear amongst the tourists.
Safely in the motel, Bill, Emily and Patty turned on the news and watched their worst
nightmare playing out on TV.
Thanks to Patty's stunt at the sporting goods store, the LAPD were tipped off that
the SLA was in the area.
And they had found the group's safe house.
Now the raid was being broadcast live.
Bill, Emily and Patty watched as the LAPD repeatedly called for the SLA's surrender.
They refused and the LAPD fired tear gas into the house.
The SLA shot at them in response.
The shootout lasted over an hour
and around 10,000 bullets were fired.
Amazingly, not a single officer or bystander was injured.
But at some point, the house caught on fire.
Even then, the SLA still refused to surrender.
In the end, six members were killed.
As their bodies were pulled out from the charred structure,
the world waited on pins and needles
to see if Patty was one of them.
Patty was safe, but probably not sound.
She, Bill, and Emily had watched
as their friends were killed on live TV,
but they weren't ready to give up.
As the last remaining members of the SLA, the three of them decided their mission had
to continue.
They pulled themselves together enough to make their way back to the Bay Area later
that week.
There they made new connections with people who wanted to help their cause.
With the help of their new friends, Patty, Bill, and Emily were able to get to Pennsylvania,
where they spent a few months hiding out in the countryside.
Once things seemed to have settled down a bit, they returned to California.
By April of 1975, 14 months after Patty was first kidnapped, the SLA once again was strapped
for cash.
So with the help of their comrades, they planned another bank robbery.
This time they chose one without cameras.
The Crocker Bank in a town called Carmichael near Sacramento, California.
And also this time, they didn't need Patty to prove herself.
She actually waited in one of the getaway cars
as the others went inside.
The group made it into the bank,
but soon Emily Harris' shotgun accidentally discharged
and killed a customer.
As chaos erupted, the group managed to gather
around $15,000 and make a run
for it. They divided up that money and remained hidden for another five months. Then in September
of 1975, the authorities finally had some luck. The group had split up and the police spotted
Bill and Emily Harris outside a house in San Francisco.
During questioning, the Harris's gave up the location
of a second safe house where Patty was hiding.
After a brief standoff, Patty surrendered.
It had been 19 months since she was taken
from her apartment.
But the reunion with her family would have to wait, because even though Patty may have
been kidnapped, it seemed like she had also committed a lot of crimes.
And it definitely didn't seem like she had been forced into it.
As she was led to jail, Patty raised her fist in a revolutionary salute. In her paperwork, she listed her occupation
as urban guerrilla.
It seemed like Patty Hearst really was committed
to the SLA's cause after all.
But once she took the stand, that all changed.
On February 4th, 1976, two years to the day since her kidnapping, 21-year-old
Patty went on trial for her role in the Hibernia Bank robbery. When push came to shove, Patty
said she was forced to participate in the robbery. But based on the security footage,
it didn't look that way, and the prosecution certainly didn't think
so.
During their questioning, they painted her as a willing participant.
To avoid incriminating herself and possibly opening herself up to a murder charge, Patty
pleaded the fifth 42 times during her cross-examination.
In the end, Patty did manage to avoid a more serious charge,
but she was found guilty of robbing the Hibernia Bank
and sentenced to seven years in prison.
As for the shootout at the sporting goods store in LA,
she pleaded no contest and received five years of probation.
For the Crocker Bank heist, she received immunity
in exchange for providing testimony to the
FBI.
After serving only two years, President Jimmy Carter commuted Patty's sentence and she
was released from prison on February 1, 1979.
But she wasn't granted a full pardon until President Clinton's last day in office in
2001.
Even Emily and Bill Harris walked away with pretty lenient sentences in the grand scheme
of things.
In 1976, they were sentenced to 11 years in prison, although they only served eight.
At the time, there wasn't enough evidence to convict Emily of shooting the customer
at the Crocker Bank.
However, in 2002, she was found guilty
of second degree murder for the killing,
and four of her SLA accomplices were also sentenced.
As for Patty, she went on to have the kind of life
her family imagined for her.
She wrote a memoir, she modeled in fashion shows,
and she even starred in a few movies.
These days, she is mostly out of the public eye,
far removed from the kidnapping
that made her a household name.
There's a common saying that any press is good press,
but after the SLA kidnapped Patty Hearst,
they realized that wasn't the case.
Hearst, they realized that wasn't the case.
They went after Patty because they knew she came from a wealthy, influential family, and they wanted to use the Hearst name to their benefit, whether that was through ransom money or publicity
for their cause. But in the end, their high stakes gamble backfired.
Although the SLA got some money out of kidnapping
Patty Hearst, it put a huge target on their backs.
And because of that, their dreams of revolution
went up in smoke.
Thank you so much for listening. I'm your host Nicole Lappin. Come back next time as I take you through another wild story and offer you some advice along the way.
Money Crimes is a Crime House original. Join me every Thursday for a new episode. Here
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Money Crimes is hosted by me, Nicole Lapin, and is a Crime House original powered by Pave
Studios. It is executive produced by Max Cutler. This episode of Money Crimes was produced
and directed by Ron Shapiro, written by Megan Hannum, edited by Natalie Prasovsky, fact
checked by Claire Cronin, sound designed by Russell Nash, and
included production assistance from Sarah Carroll.
Hey there, it's Nicole.
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Mind of a Serial Killer is a Crime House original.
New episodes drop every single Monday.
All you have to do is search Mind of a Serial Killer and follow wherever you listen to podcasts.