Moonshots with Peter Diamandis - Humanity's First Star Probe, Architect Labs Beats NVIDIA 3.4x, Musk Wants Satellites to Cool Earth | EP #285

Episode Date: September 2, 2026

The mates sit down with Philip Johnston and Matt Pines to discuss humanity’s first star probe, Architect Labs outperforming NVIDIA by 3.4x, Musk’s plan to use satellites to cool Earth, OpenAI blocking Elon, Sam Altman’s four-month AGI timeline, and the first fully AI-designed chip. Sign up for our AMA at ⁠http://Moonshots.com/ama Get access to metatrends 10+ years before anyone else - https://qr.diamandis.com/metatrends   Peter H. Diamandis, MD, is the Founder of XPRIZE, Singularity University, ZeroG, and A360 Salim Ismail is the founder of Open ExO, a GP at Exponential Venture Capital/The Organizational Singularity Fund and a sought after global speaker and thought leader. Dave Blundin is the founder & GP of Link Ventures Dr. Alexander Wissner-Gross is a computer scientist and founder of Reified Philip Johnston is the co-founder and CEO of Starcloud, a space technology company building orbital data centers to meet the growing energy demands of AI. Matt Pines is the CEO of Physical Superintelligence (PSI) and a national security and emerging technology expert focused on the intersection of AI, geopolitics, cybersecurity, and strategic policy.  – My companies: Apply to Dave's and my new fund:https://qr.diamandis.com/linkventureslanding   Get the blueprint for generative media https://goo.gle/startupgenmedia  Go to Blitzy to book a free demo and start building today: https://qr.diamandis.com/blitzy   Your body is incredibly good at hiding disease. Schedule a call with Fountain Life to add healthy decades to your life, and to learn more about their Memberships: https://www.fountainlife.com/peter  _ Connect with Peter: X Instagram Substack Website Xprize A360 Connect with Dave: Web X LinkedIn Instagram TikTok Connect with Salim: LinkedIn X Join Salim’s 10X Shift Subscribe to Salim’s YouTube channel Exponential Venture Capital Connect with Alex Website LinkedIn X Email Substack  Spotify Threads Connect with Philip Website LinkedIn X Instagram Connect with Matt Website X LinkedIn Listen to MOONSHOTS: Apple YouTube Follow MOONSHOTS:  Instagram TikTok X Threads – *Recorded on September 1st, 2026 *The views expressed by me and all guests are personal opinions and do not constitute Financial, Medical, or Legal advice. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The first interstellar mission to Alpha Centauri. Philip and Matt are here to join the moonshot mates. Are we the first kid on the block or are we now, you know, auditioning for a membership in a Cosmic Club and the ticket to entry is, can you handle that? By the time we arrive, you know, for 15,000 years, there will already have been a colony at Alpha Centauri. A Palo Alto startup called Architect Labs just announced the world's first fully AI design chip

called Redwood. zero bugs on first silicon and 3.4 times the performance per watt of Nvidia's Jetson. Is this an incredible threat to Nvidia? Yeah, absolutely. I think I know how this game ends. It ends with... Extremely severe extinction events happen every 100 million years or so, and just switching to sustainable energy will not be enough to stop them. His solution, satellites in space that control temperature and massive geoengineering will be needed before it's game over. I completely buy that with global AI weather models and enough points of actuation, that's a recipe for global weather engineering. And I think we're going to get it.

Welcome to Moonshots, everyone, your number one podcast on all things AI in exponential. Your front row seat to the accelerating singularity. I'm here with my Moonshot mates. We're going to have the Fantastic Four. We've got the tremendous three right now. Dave Blondin, Alex Weizner Gross, myself, Peter Diamandis, of course, where Salim, he's held up in TSA. A funny joke, if you watched our last pod,

he'll be joining us shortly. Do we even know what continent? I have no idea where Salim is. Okay, he'll be fun to find out. He's a probability function, but he'll be joining us in a little bit. So our mission on this podcast is simple, future proof you for the coming supersonic tsunami

and keep you optimistic about this extraordinary decade ahead. You know, we're lucky enough to be living during the great, period of transformation in human history, and we want you to understand it and not fear it. So every week, twice a week on this show, we work to show you the future before it arrives. If you're not a subscriber yet, as always, please hit the subscribe button. We have a lot happening, and let me just mention to you, we want to invite all of you to an AMA we're doing. So we're inviting our moonshot guests, all of you, our moonshoters, to join us on Zoom. If you go to moonshots.com slash AMA, you can register.

We're going to be doing this twice once in the morning to get everybody in Europe and Asia and India. And once in the evening, for those of you in the U.S. And during this AMA, we're going to have a chance to go back and forth. We don't get a chance to answer all your questions, and we do read them. This is a chance to interact with you. Have your questions answered and ask you some questions about what you want covered on this. show. We get tremendous joy specifically from being able to help you understand where things are going. Dave and Alex, you guys are going to plug in hard and heavy for that one, right? Better believe it.

I mean, what do you do in the morning? Just stretch and get ready? I don't know. Read a few journals. I don't know. We'll square fast. Peter, can I preemptively choose question number three? Of course. These are coming in in real time, right? Completely unexpected. It's a live conversation. You know, we're going to limit the number of people. We've got about 200 spots left, so please register now at moonshots.com slash AMA. And we invite you to join us on X. Our handle on X is at Moonshots underscore pod. We're putting up our recordings there. We're putting up clips. So join us on X for all the latest news. Okay. I want to share some subscriber love. I know I read all the comments and I hope you guys do too.

And it's pretty epic. It's going to read a few of them here. I love this one. There's no way to digest the amount of new advancements without this podcast. I agree with you. It's the only way I keep up with everything. Another subscriber, Rock Pedro, said, whenever one of these gets posted, I hit pause on the rest of my life and sit down with a cup of coffee and my iPad.

So thank you for that. I love this one. Peter, this is framing us, I guess, less as, CCTV for the Singularity as more as readers digest. Okay. Well, I just think it's action-adventure, honestly. Stop, Drop, and Roll said this pod is Hitchhiker's Guide to the Singularity. Brilliant episode. I appreciate that. Two more real quick. Cam Abroad said, I can't even sit down for two-hour movie any longer. However, I watch this podcast end-to-end every time. All right. Yeah. And Richard Consell said, you know, highlight of my week. Please don't ever stop.

I don't think we are. This is great. Is the claim that we're restoring the audience attention span? Yeah, we keep their attention. What's that, Dave? Oh, you've got to call out to the team behind the scenes, too. The rate of story digestion they have to get through has gone up. You know, since we started doing the pod, maybe 10x higher now.

Yeah. And so they've staffed up, but, I mean, just the workload that they get through to whittle it down to the subset. Because I have, you know, that same feeling that that comment, that second comment, Like, I could never keep up with everything going on without this podcast, too. And, you know, when I come into the scripts to read it, it's all been beautifully synthesized. And so I can study up in like an hour and a half. Dave, a lot of that team is me.

I probably spend 10 hours going through two to 300 stories that Alex puts, you know, into our chat. It's insane. And also among people who do that kind of work, you're the only one that I know of that has a PhD in biotech and MIT degrees and in biology and aeronautics and a deep AI and computer science backgrounds. I mean, not too many people could filter it down to the really relevant subset the way you do. I mean, I love our chemistry. And I just want to do a shout out to our producers, Nick and Dana and to Gian and Aden for their support on this. You know, our, our moonshot here on this pod is to 100x our growth and to get to 10 million subscribers.

You know, every single one of you sharing this podcast gets us closer. So please share it. Please subscribe. Today we've got 10 amazing stories, everything from OpenAI projecting that will reach AGI in the next four months to AI to AI. To AI is designing their own bespoke chips, nuclear rockets to Mars. You know, as always, there's a single through line that the singularity is here and it's accelerating. So buckle up. This is another amazing week.

Now, we normally close the program with an outro video. But today, we had an incredible. intro delivered by Stephen Renegade, and it's so good I want to play it to kick us off, really get us in the mood here. All right, listen up. This is Moonshots podcast intro by Stephen Renegade. Ignition. Welcome back to Moonshots.

AI sparks ignite a cosmic road. The systems are improving themselves. Robots evolving tech, breaking molds and gold. Longevity calling We're turning back time Abundance waves Multidimensional brains Moonshot mates decoding

The Future of Change Wasn't that great? I love it. Thank you Steve. All right now, before we get into the news from this week, we have a special announcement A breaking story on moonshots from our very own ASI, Alex Weisner Gross. Alex, if you jump in here, please, and introduce our two guests and tee them up for the first interstellar exclusive, the Fermi Explorer mission.

Amazing, Peter. So folks who watch the pod faithfully may remember Philip Johnston, who was on the pod previously, founder and CEO of StarCloud, the Orbital Data Center Company, and making his moonshots debut today, co-founder of mine with a physical superintelligence, Matt Pines. joining us and Philip and Matt are here to join the Moonshot mates in their, I think, exclusive pod announcement. How cheesy does that sound of the first interstellar mission to Alpha Centauri? So maybe Philip and Matt take it away. How are we getting to Alpha Centauri? Maybe, yeah, maybe I can describe the mission and then I'll talk a little bit about how PSI ended up being very pivotal in discovering this mission. And Matt can talk about. the background behind that.

So actually, the last time we're on the podcast, after we finished recording at the end, I said, oh, by the way, guys, I'm planning to send a spacecraft to Alpha Centauri, and we've put some constraints on ourselves because we really want this thing to actually launch. So the constraints we have is we wanted to get at least 99% of the way to Alpha Centauri

within the next 80,000 years, and that actually minimizes for fuel. Any longer than 80,000 is more fuel, any shorter than 8,000 is more fuel. The second constraint is we want to launch within three years. The third is it must have a one kilogram, one new payload. And then the last is it must cost less than $15 million to design, build, and launch because we're basically funding it.

Let me say it again, $1.5 million. $1.5, yeah, $1.5, which, I mean, is an astonishing target to hit. It's a seed round for a startup out of MIT. It's half a seed round. I can't count that. low. This is interstellar on the cheap. Yeah. Yeah. But 80,000 years also is a little longer than most startups. That's true. Yeah. I'll come back to why we're doing it in a minute, but I'll just touch on the story of how PSA came involved. So we'd spent six months trying to figure out a trajectory

that would make sense where the big challenge, we wanted to do it with solar electric and gridded iron thruster. It's the same as like the Star-Feld one satellite. It's very cheap. The problem is, the further way you get from the sun, the lower the energy that you have hitting the solar panels, so the larger the solar panels you need. Once you get past about Jupiter, you're getting very low amounts of energy. You'd need huge solar panels. And so we tried a whole bunch of things, Jupiter flybys, slingshots towards the sun. We had two guys from JPL look at it. They spent a few weeks looking at it, couldn't come over with anything. We had, yeah, I mean, basically six months of plugging it into claw, trying everything we could. And then Alex goes, oh, you should

speak to my guys at PSI. And I was like, oh, yeah, oh yeah, here we go. They're going to beat our JPL guys. So I didn't even reply. For like a week, I didn't reply. And then Matt followed up and he was like, hey, well, send over the specs for this mission you want to do against. I was like, oh, God, okay, I'll keep Alex happy. I'll send the specs.

A week later, they came back with the most unbelievable reports. So I think they spent tens of billions of tokens on this thing. And they came up with an incredibly sort of unintuitive and innovative trajectory. that makes this mass and cost budget close. So it's essentially we spiral out from Earth and then sort of unintuitively we fire a retrograde burn, so we slow ourselves down to pull ourselves in towards the sun. And we do that for about five years,

so we do five retrograde burns at the furthest point from the sun, and then we start doing what they call a perihelian burn, so burning your thrust as close as possible to the sun. And they've called this maneuver the perihelion. perihelian pump maneuver. And what it does is it means it has two amazing advantages. One is we're firing our thrusters at the closest point to the sun so we need less mass on the solar. But the second is it takes advantage of this all-birth effect. The all-beth effect is the idea that you get more energy for a given time of thrust the fast you're

going and you're going the fastest at the perihelian. So I mean honestly it's to me incredibly impressive that they came up with this. And at this point I'll hand over to Matt and he can explain how they did this. Well, certainly serendipity. I mean, the fact that AWD is my co-founder and we had this connection right at the perfect time. And it's been a unique synchronicity announcing the From Explore Mission in this partnership today as well as announcing, you know, physical superintelligence is seed fundraising and coming out of stealth on the same day because this mission is the proof of concept for what we're

building here. As you mentioned, these sorts of highly technical, scientific challenges that are bottlenecked by humans that have been sort of pre-trained for 22 years, post-trained in grad school or technical positions, and then they become scaffolded and then orchestrated in corporate academic or government bureaucracies. Those are the rate limiters of kind of what our scientific and technical ambition is. And that's why we've had to have large-scale national institutions organize these sorts of breakthrough grand scientific and technical initiatives, e.g., sending a spacecraft outside the solar system. And so this is the proof that you can have two small teams,

both startups, one in space, one in AI for physics, put their respective heads together and come up with a mission that, you know, pushes the boundaries of what's possible. And yeah, we kind of took this as a side challenge to throw at our internal tech. We have an astrophysicist on staff, but to be honest, we were just, you know, prompting the system and then, you know, crafting the final product to make sure that it had the right, you know, graphics and plots. But other than that, it was entirely hands off.

And we were as surprised as Phillips team that it came up with the optimal mission trajectory. We certainly didn't load the dice, you know, almost minimal human steering involved, and it came up with a trajectory that satisfied, you know, quite strict mission constraints. And so I think this is the first of many surprises that we're going to see from pointing AI physicists at these really valuable technical and scientific challenges. Alex, I want to get more into the details, but I thought it'd be fun to show the Fermi mission video. Before you play it, do you mind if I just describe what's happening? Because it can be a bit wacky to just see it out of context.

So the idea behind the mission is we expect to be or we hope to be the first to leave Earth for another star, but also the last to arrive at another star. So in a thousand years' time, let's say you have better propulsion technology, even if it's like 20% faster, which is very conservative. But at the time we arrive, you know, for 15,000 years, there will already have been a colony at Alpha Centauri. And so they'll have had time to build things like Dyson Spheres and O'Neil rings and all the wacky and cool things that we see from, you know, that we imagine from sci-fi. And then from there,

we estimate, you know, with sort of basically current proportioned technology, it will take about five to ten million years to settle the galaxy. And then from there, without too much effort, it would take about a billion years to get to Andromeda. And then from there, about five billion years to settle the local cluster of galaxies. And I'll come back to why we're showing all of this maybe after the video, but just so that people are aware, that's what you're about to see is the next five billion years of history. Oh, my God. Maybe. Maybe. Maybe. It's worth underlining, Philip, this is a conservative outerbound. I don't actually think it'll take five billion years for humanity or civilization.

It's very conservative video. Nor do you think, Alex, I would imagine that getting faster propulsion is going to take 100 years. I would imagine we'll have that in five to 10 years. Correct. Yeah, all right. Let's watch the Fermi Explorer mission video and then I've got a ton of questions. That's Alpha Centauri. One day, humanity will go there.

The mission that's going to kick off the civilization of the universe. Okay, here we start. So let's get into some of the fundamentals. $15 million. You're going to do a ride-share. How do you get to Earth Escape velocity? Yeah. So to be honest, I actually think we can do it for 10 million, but I didn't want to put that

because the PSI paper said it was 50. So it's actually not too dissimilar from the Star Cloud One satellite. So it's about 100 kilogram small sat. We can launch it on a ride share to any Leo orbit. Typically a SpaceX, a Falcon 9. Yeah, exactly. So about $500,000 to do that. Then from there, we spiral out over a course of about a year and a half.

So it's about 17 kilometers a second of Delta V. Sorry, about seven kilometers a second of Delta V to get to a sun orbit from that Earth orbit, which is pretty doable, you know, with regular thrusters and tanks. And then from there we do the retro gate burns and we start. circling in towards the sun. But yeah, so it's about a hundred kilogram spacecraft of which 60% is just xenon. So the wet mass of spacecraft is 100, but most of that is xenon. And we're using, you know, off the shelf, gridded iron, all effect iron thrusters.

So just for reference. No laser cells like Project Star Shot. No laser cells. This thing is going to launch in three years and it is going to get to have some story. I mean, so we did a podcast with Philip. Look it up is really, really good. But we talked about the Xenon-based ion acceleration technology in that podcast. You might want to give us a quick summer of it.

It's so cool. Yeah, yeah. So it's become pretty ubiquitous now in satellite industry. It's essentially a mini particle accelerator. And they can be pretty tiny some of these things. You know, they fit into a one-U space, so 10 centimeters by 10 centimeters by 10 centimeters. Yeah, it's crazy. Particle accelerator in the tester.

I mean, I think that's essentially exactly what it is. Yeah, it sounds wacky, but that is what it is. And so it pings individual particles, individual atoms of xenon out the back, a very high velocity. And you want to do that because you only have a certain amount of propellant. So if any of that propellant is leaving at less than the fastest possible speed it can leave, then you're not going to have as much thrust as you would otherwise, basically. So this is a 25 trillion mile, you know, roughly 4.3 light year journey. And it's, you know, we've seen already Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 1011, and New Horizons all leaving our solar system.

But the significance here, Alex, is this is the first one actually aimed at a specific star. Is that correct? Correct. That's correct. And there's also a reason behind the name Fermi. It's an allusion to the so-called Fermi paradox. Let's get into that. Yeah. So Enrico Fermi, after World War II purportedly asked the question, why, where is everyone?

We're in, out of an abundance of evidence that our universe seems to be fundamentally friendly towards life, friendly towards intelligent life, where are all of these other forms of nonhuman intelligence in our galaxy? And I think Philip and Matt and I have discussed this a number of times. I think there are three main possible resolutions, to the extent the Fermi paradox, so-called is a paradox at all, there are, I think, three possible likeliest resolutions. One, which I do not think is likeliest, is that we're the first, that maybe humanity is just the first on the cosmic scene, in which case we have an obligation, arguably, to start sending out probes, as is the case with Fermi Explorer, which will be, it's set to be humanity's first interstellar probe and start developing our galaxy. The second possibility is that

there's a great filter that we're being filtered and that there's some reason, maybe something having to do with technological development or some latent risk of just living in this universe. Some version of the prime directive, so to speak. Some version of the prime directive. Well, actually not the prime directive. A great filter, I think, is distinguishable from the prime directive. Some reason the universe snuffs out civilizations past a certain point. And if that's the case, if there's some risk, not quite three-body problem, but some maybe latent physical risk in our universe to survival or development beyond a certain stage, then we need to start getting our material and our infrastructure out there so that if humanity is snuffed out before we pass

whatever our next key milestone is, we avoid the great filter. That's reason number two for doing this. Reason number three is what you said, Peter, a prime directive type scenario where we're in a galactic zoo, maybe a galactic petting zoo, and we're surrounded by non-human intelligence that has us behind a cage behind bars. And if you're an animal in a zoo who wants to get the attention of the zookeeper, what do you do? You start throwing food out of the bars to get the attention of the zookeeper. So that's reason number three. We're fenced in. I think of all these three, the third option is the likelihood. one, but I'd be curious to hear from everyone here.

Do other folks have other proposed solutions or favorite solutions to the Fermi paradox? This episode is sponsored by Google for startups. Think about this for a second. You now have access to the same generative AI models that cost hundreds of millions of dollars to train. Google's startup technical guide for generative media gives you a complete blueprint for deploying Google DeepMinds models in production, images, video, audio, all of it.

real architecture, real results. Find the link in the show notes below. Well, the one solution is life cannot survive nuclear age or the ASI age. And, you know, another option is that it's out there. We're just not hearing it. You know, I was sharing before the show an example. I was at Mount Athos, a Greek monastery. And at the end of the day, at sunset, they rang a bell to call all the monks to,

to prayer. And just at that moment, my cell phone rang. And I realized that they were using this old ancient mechanism of communications, you know, a bell. And they were being bathed in 2.4 gigahertz frequencies, but they weren't receiving it. So the question is, is there a better means of communication? And there's lots of traffic out there on the intergalactic internet. It's just that we're not able to perceive it yet. Yeah, I think physics is the kernel of civilization. And civilizations are bounded by their ability to exploit and deploy that knowledge into useful technology. And the fast AI takeoff is quickly turning to the fast physics takeoff, and that's going to lead to a dramatic acceleration in humanity's ability to explore the universe

and to exploit whether degrees of freedom in the universe allows us to exploit. If there are tricks that that allows us to leverage for society, well, those are tricks that others may have figured out. And so we're rapidly sort of racing into that regime, and then we'll find that. find out, are we the first kid on the block or are we now, you know, auditioning for a membership in a Cosmic Club and the ticket to entry is, can you handle that? So I think the primary mission of this is to get people dreaming again to start to set audacious objectives and go for them. I mean, just to one clear point, this is a flyby of Alphicentori

or a flyby of approximately Alphacentery. How good do you think your guidance is going to be to actually get it into the planetary history? So we expect to miss by quite a large margin. So the target we set ourselves is we want to get at least 99% of the weight off Centauri. So right now we're about 26,000, 260,000 AEU, so astrologic units, the distance between here and the sun. So we'll be within 2,600 AU, so 2,600 times the distance from here to the sun. So it's quite far, but it will be within the Oort cloud of, it will be detectable. Like, we're anticipating that we'll have retro reflectors and things to make it detectable.

So, yeah, we're anticipating. It will be electronically dead, obviously, by that long since. It's probably also worth flagging. Philip and I have a bet Peter and Dave regarding the commercial market for interstellar flight. Right now, this is structured as this is a nonprofit, the Fermi Explorer mission. I bet, Philip, that given the absurdly low price tag of $10 to $15 million for, sending a very long, very slow mission to Alpha Centauri that there's probably a latent commercial market for everyone, every small government, every organization that wants to start

throwing probes out into deep space. My bet is there's this latent market for commercial interstellar flight. You know, one of the markets out there is astronauts. A friend of mine, Charlie Chaffer, in Houston, used to buy parts of orbital sciences, Pegasus missions and put up like five grams of someone's cremains into Earth orbit. So, yeah. Anyway, you want to shoot yourself out away from Earth? You can do this now. I think there's, I mean, for scientific purposes, exploring the outer solar system,

every single nation state, I would argue, can afford to send now at this price point, which, again, is mind-boggling, can afford to send their own probe to another star system. And this is the first time, to my knowledge, that this has been possible for humanity. And critically, Peter, this whole mission would not have come together without moonshots. So in the causal history of human civilization, moonshots was the catalyst for humanity sending its first probe to the nearest star. I love the fact that an AI system was actually able to deduce this trajectory. So, can you talk, I mean, is this unique, has never been. seen before. And has it been validated outside of PSI? Yeah, so it's been validated by a bunch of

trajectory folks, some of which were previously at JPL and others. So to be fair, if we had, if we'd gone to a bunch of astrophysics PhDs and given them a billion dollars in five years, I'm sure they would have come up with this trajectory. It's more that this was done in a week. You know, and like, So firing a thrusters at the perihelion to take advantage of the orbit effect is not new. I think what is surprising about this is we were anticipating having to get lower the perihelian through orbital flybys, which is how it's been done in basically every other NASA machine. It's not been done by just, okay, let's just reverse our thrusters and start slowing down now immediately, which is like the simplest and cheapest and kind of most obvious way to do it.

But for some reason, it just didn't occur to any of us. Interesting. Yeah. I mean, this was basically in total, probably maybe five or six hours of human time over the course of that week. And, yeah, so do the orders of magnitude speed up compared to what you had previously had to get, you know, entire teams of NASA engineers spending potentially months? That's just a flavor of the speed up we're seeing. Again, it's a spiky frontier of, you know, where capabilities exist for pushing, you know, breakthrough scientific and technical capabilities with these sorts of systems. And we didn't know until we tried exactly how spiky that frontier was, and we found out through this amazing partnership that there's now multiple orders of magnitude speed up possible for these sorts of mission planning. Amazing.

Was it really tens of billions of tokens of work during that day? It was, I think, a total of about 10 billion total tokens. Obviously, depending how you count tokens, input tokens, cash stuff, but yeah, about 10 billion total. And yeah, lots of Monte Carlo simulations that the system designed and ran. You know, you think about, you know, three-dimensional models of the trajectory analysis. And so it wasn't just the astrometry and the mission planning associated with kind of getting the orbit trajectory right, but layering in the multivariate optimization associated with the cost and launch windows, right? So you have to dial in all those variables to get it to work.

It's interesting. We have a lot of very complex kernel writing work going on in the building and some other, you know, super high-tech work. And it's also about 10 billion tokens of thinking per about. about 100,000 tokens of final output. So it seems like a lot of projects that have nothing to do with each other are settling on that kind of ratio, which is mind boggling. You know, if you said, you know, what is the human effort of 10 billion tokens worth of thinking?

And it's, you know, it's like Philip was saying, it's probably on the order of, you know, thousands of people working for 10 years or more to get, it's probably more than that, actually. And it's all compressed down to a week. So what did you use for models? So for this, we actually used our open source. version of our tech because this is an open source project. So folks can look up the get physics done open source package, which we actually released several months ago.

You know, where public benefit company, our mission is to discover commercialized transform into new physics. We're an AI first AI physics lab designed to push the envelope of what these systems can do for both fun and applied physics. And so we released that package as an open source tool. We obviously have a version of it that we run internally and we've grafted some of those into our core technology. But as part of this being the, this is an open source package, right, for open science.

And to demonstrate just how far the bar has fallen for small teams that are leveraging, you know, the current frontier of capabilities to drive, you know, exceptional outcomes and push the envelope of what's possible. It's worth noting and congratulating Matthew and Alex for your financing on PSI. He just raised your, what round was this? Those are a seed round. You know, we're in the, we're in the full AI era where you can have $58 million seed rounds. And so we're looking at Philip Johnson setting the mark and we're trying to, you know, we're trying to clear his bar. So really proud to have that announced the same day, led by Breakthrough Energy Ventures, an amazing partner. They have investments in deep frontier technologies, you know, fusion, quantum computing,

breakthrough energy, material, science, et cetera. And so we couldn't be prouder to have them as our lead and an amazing roster of other investors of wealth that have backed us. Yes, we're just beginning, coming out of stealth, and you'll be hearing a lot more from, us in the coming weeks and months. Amazing. Gentlemen, I, you know, wish you incredible success on this mission. I know a lot of kids will start dreaming. I clearly would love to be there when it lands, but 70,000 years, it's a little bit of a stretch on the time frame. You're all invited to the launch. Actually, we should live podcast in whenever this is 2029. I see it as the challenge for PSI.

We launched this with Philip Johnson and his team, and then the goal is to catch up with it, if not beat it there. Yep, I can imagine that. You can wave at it out the window as you're heading towards Alphus and Tori. Gentlemen, Philip and Matthew, thank you so much for joining us today.

Congrats on this mission. And it's really, you know, this is about getting kids to dream again about what is possible. I mean, it's shocking that no person, But there's been a few attempts, a few studies that have been done. There's the breakthrough project that Yuri Milner had put forward. Breakthrough Star Shot.

Yeah, using solar sales and ground-based lasers. But I haven't heard about that in a while. Is it officially... That died. That died. I know some of the folks who were involved. It died, I would argue, maybe Philip and Matt would be curious to hear your perspective. I think it died because it relied on technologies, especially propulsion.

technologies that were simply too hard for the present. In particular, ultra-high power lasers simply weren't ready yet, whereas I think what's unique and attractive about Fermi Explorer mission is essentially no new technology. This is something that could be launched with the technology that we have today. So my expectation is it will be the first successful interstellar mission. And we'll put a link to the mission in the show notes here so folks can go and dig down deeper. again, Matthew and Philip, thank you for your time today. Thanks so much. Thanks again.

Great to see you. Thanks, guys. Yeah, I was just saying to Dave, I think Dave, you flagged one of the more interesting points. If 10 billion tokens is sort of a reference class for problem difficulty, I was speculating at some point in the future, if you fix model capability. And of course, model capability per token is continuing to increase over time through iterated amplification. and distillation, that at some point we'll look back in the spirit, Peter, solve everything, and we'll say, oh, that hard math problem, oh, that was a level nine problem, 10 to the nine tokens. That was a level 11 problem, and we'll just have some convenient logarithmic scale to

talk about all hard problems. Yeah, I really feel like this project is so much more important than 80,000 years in the future, just in terms of the plan, the way the tokens were used to create a plan, something that no astrophysicist had thought of before, and then it can immediately. immediately go into implementation. And that's a sign of the times, right? The thinking is going to get way ahead of the implementation in biotech and physics and in literature. In every area, you can burn the 10 billion tokens in a couple of days and have an

incredibly ornate outcome just waiting for implementation. So it's a really good case study in how this is going to change in the next really couple months to massively abundant thinking, intelligence everywhere. and all these bottlenecks on physical world implementation of the ideas. For sure. I talk all the time on the pod and otherwise about how the singularity can in some sense be operationalized as all sci-fi tropes happening everywhere all at once. There is a sci-fi trope for this, which is Isaac Asimov's universe where AI was required

to solve interstellar travel, at which point humanity spread to the stars. I do think that's the likely case here. AI will solve interstellar travel and humanity will spread to the stars. All right. And on that note, I'm going to jump us into this week's breaking news. There's a lot of fun stories. So this week, the drama between Sam Altman and Elon Musk bubbled up once again. OpenAI ends its support of cursor. They wrote Elon an email or they posted this and saying basically, you know, first of all, remember that SpaceX recently purchased cursor for $60 billion, a coding platform that have been historically dependent on OpenAI's GPT model. and they announced we're shutting it down. We're not going to allow a cursor to use the GPT models anymore. The question of why? Well, opening eyes said the following, quote,

we are making this choice because we cannot be confident that SpaceX will use our technology within the terms of service based on our experience with Elon Musk's companies violating contracts. And of course, Elon's response to that, well, kind of hot and heavy. I couldn't care less. Scam Altman and Greg Stockman are utterly untrustworthy of the assholes who stole an open-source non-profit. So there you have it. We've got the soap opera continuing. So within hours of that, within hours of opening eye pulling out from Cursor,

Anthropics stepped in to immediately pled support for Claude for Cursor's needs. And the framing got put up on X, and this was fun to see going back and forth, with, you know, quote, Sam is now fighting alone against two mastiff competitors, Elon and Dario, that have formed the strategic alliance. So, Dave, thoughts on this one. Well, you know, it's not coincidental that GPT's soul, you know, which is an incredibly great model, came out immediately prior to this move. So I think if Sam had tried to do this, you know, a year ago, he would have been like, oh, my God, now I'm in deep trouble. But now he's actually got an incredibly competitive platform. And Codex is really good now. And so I think what's lining up here is, look, Codex from OpenAI on top of

Seoul running on Amazon Bedrock is a really good default corporate answer. Everybody wants to go after the corporate revenue. And so, you know, remember Sam was very late to pivot out of consumer and into corporate, but now he's got the whole stack lined up. And so this is the next move in saying, okay, you know, here's our vertically integrated stack. There's this cursor, anthropic kind of of a Rube Goldberg machine, we're going to actually create just a better enterprise product. And I think I use both side by side, you know, they're right here on my laptop. I use huge numbers of tokens in both every day. And just as of the last month or so, the combination of Codex on Seoul on Bedrock at AWS

is phenomenally good for enterprises. Also, Dario is a little bit trapped in his ethics. And, you know, if you read Elon's post there, he implies that Greg and Sam have none of those hangups. But Dario is really very well trapped. He's attracted a ton of talent, all of whom are worryworts about AI escaping containment. And so if you use Anthropic on Amazon AWS, it still transmits all of your intellectual property to Dario for 30 days for him to review everything you're doing, which he claims is critical for the safety and security of humanity. But it also exposes all of your corporate IP. every single token, every prompt, every answer goes to Dario headquarters, even if you're using it on AWS.

Corporations hate that. And so I think Sam's making actually a very strong move here. I don't think he's isolated or divorced from the world. I think it's a very Bill Gates kind of, you know, very much like DOS, Windows, working with Microsoft Word and Excel. He's like, look, I'm just going to run like hell with a really good product going forward. And it really is very good. Alex, you agree? I have an alternative theory of the case. I think this is all about the reasoning traces. It's always about who gets the reasoning traces. That's what's going on with China, the Chinese frontier labs that have been alleged to be using proxies to siphon off frontier reasoning traces from Anthropic. You'll recall that last year, Anthropic, Shu being on the other foot, Anthropic cutoff windsurf access after Google DeepMind hackwa hired windsurf.

probably in order to gain access to the reasoning traces. You'll recall that SpaceX acquired or haquahired cursor in order to get the reasoning traces from both Anthropic and OpenAI. I think OpenAI is concerned that as a result of all of this MNA, cursor gains access to reasoning traces from users interacting with OpenAI frontier models, and then that flows to SpaceX. I think, in fact, that the access to the reasoning traces and the history of reasoning traces was probably virtually all of the reason other than maybe some financial justification was all of the technical justification for SpaceX's haquahiring cursor in the first place to get that reasoning trace data set.

And I think OpenAI is probably rightfully concerned about all those reasoning trace post-training data falling into Elon's hands. You know, the alliances that are being put up and taken down at this speech, I'm wondering how long it's going to be before Elon and Dario have a falling out. Well, that's not as the question because the biggest beneficiary of the war between Elon and Sam is Dario for sure. And Dario desperately needed the Colossus compute in Tennessee from Elon. And so he's paying through the nose for it and begging and pleading, but it could be ripped out from under him any day. But now that Elon really needs Anthropic to be inside Cursor, because without open AI there, you know, you've only got a couple choices and you don't really want to,

use all the Chinese models. So what's left? Well, what's left is Anthropic and GROC. You know, you can't use Gemini in there. If you can, it doesn't work. So it's really important for Cursor to have Anthropics step up and say, yes, we're supportive of Cursor going forward in order to keep that installed base happy. And so now Dario has a chip in the game, you know, to kind of counterbalance Elon's incredible amount of control at the compute level. I think this is how we end up with vertical integration. Anthropic needs the compute, SpaceX, for their IPO needed the burst in revenue that came from becoming a hyperscaler, essentially overnight, and getting major tenants, anchor tenants for SpaceX's hyperscaler platform. Elon doesn't like Sam,

enemy of an enemy as a friend. I think the outcome is pretty overdetermined at this point, but I think this ends with essentially everyone getting their own Dyson swarm. I agree. I mean, everybody's going up and down the stack. We're hearing about this on, you know, chip designs from all of these plans. players, it's going to be interesting. I mean, this is a continued, you know, battle of personalities to a large degree in battle of philosophies. We also, I don't think that, you know, your question, Peter, we didn't really answer it.

You know, are Elon and Dario going to be best buddies a year from today, two years from today? You know, when you look at their personalities, everybody says, no way. You know, two big egos, completely different political views. You know, there's no way they're buddies two years from now. but the mutual dependency is getting, you know, pretty thick. And so, you know, it wouldn't surprise me if the duopoly sticks for for a while. But, you know, like you said, everyone's building complete vertical stacks.

I mean, what's the probability that GROC becomes an incredible, you know, coding platform? And cursor and anthropic gets switched out for GROC. I think GROC is such a mushy concept at this point. I'll give it to you straight, which is like GROC today, seems just based on reading headlines and looking at the interactions, today's grok seems like yesterday's cursor. And yesterday's cursor seems like a post-trained off of Claude Reasoning Traces version of a Chinese open-weight model. So could Elon turn around tomorrow and strike a deal with Anthropic, which now seems to need him to some extent for data center infra capability

and white label a version of Claude and call that Grok 10? I think he could. Okay. Well, the whole foundation model world is so non-Elon because it seems to be a group of five, six, seven, truly brilliant, truly brilliant, super tight-knit people like in China continually to come up with amazing breakthroughs. And that's kind of the anthropic DNA. And Elon's DNA is these massive infrastructure buildouts, you know, Tesla and SpaceX and Colossus, which are just a very different flavor from the tight-knit, brilliant crew. So no reason to believe that Elon will wake up one morning having figured out how to do a great foundation model. And the evidence so far is that it's not happening at Grock. Never ever, ever bet against Elon. He doesn't like being number two. He doesn't like dependencies either. You know, I've been there in the conversations with him and he says, you know, I'm not dependent on anybody.

We're going to hear about that in the story a little bit later when he's, you know, the realization is he can't get enough turbines for his natural. gas engines and he can't get enough solar. So he's going to build those himself. That's what he does. He vertically integrates across the entire stack. Well, that's why that super voting control for Dario is such a big, big decision that's still kind of, you know, hanging out in limbo. Because one scenario where Elon solves this problem is he just, he gets very, very big and then he acquires Anthropic for a trillion or two trillion or something like that and just folds it into the empire. And I'm sure the board members and the investors would love that. But I don't think Dario would love that.

So the supervoting control is really the pivot point on whether that's a likely outcome. This episode is brought to you by Blitzy, autonomous software development with infinite code context. Blitzy uses thousands of specialized AI agents that think for hours to understand enterprise scale code bases with millions of lines of code. Engineers start every development sprint

with the Blitzy platform, bringing in their development requirements. The Blitzy platform provides a plan, then generates and pre-compiles code for each task. Blitzy delivers 80% or more of the development work autonomously, while providing a guide for the final 20% of human development work required to complete the sprint. Enterprises are achieving a 5x engineering velocity increase

when incorporating Blitzy as their pre-IDE development tool, pairing it with their coding co-pilot of choice, to bring an AI native SDLC into their org. Ready to 5X your engineering velocity, visit blitzie.com to schedule a demo and start building with Blitzy today. All right, I'm going to move us along to our next story here. Sam Altman told Time magazine this week

that he expects OpenAI will have an internal system that he believes will be AGI by the end of this year. I mean, just to put a timeframe out, that's four months from now. Chief Research Officer and a friend of mine, Mark Chen, estimates that opening eye is 80% of the way towards on his internal benchmarks. And again, their internal benchmarks, not scientific benchmarks, towards AGI. And while not specified, Sam and Mark may be speaking about Astra, their new unreleased model. In time, they also talked about a demonstration that they did where 16 Astra agents worked together on a research level of mathematics problem,

breaking into sub-tasks, coordinating their work, and assembling a proof. OpenAI's chief scientist, Jakub Pachatsky, I hope I've got your name. I know Jacob, but Pahatsky, told time that Astra has met OpenEI's internal benchmarks for an automated AI research intern. According to Jacob, Astra can implement an experimental idea inside Open AI's code base, run the experiment, return results, or take a paper and perform work, that previously occupied human researchers for a week. Allman added, I expect this will be the first model

where the model actually invents new things in a way that matters. And he calls that very AGI-like. So, you know, we've been talking about, you know, when will AGI actually invent something from scratch that no human has been able to do? Alex, let's go to you first here. Yeah, this is in our rear view, mirror. A few thoughts.

One, we've had inventions, mathematical discoveries. We've discussed on the pot a number of times. AI Frontier models are already making discoveries. This is not something in our future. It's in our rearview mirror at that point. Point one. Point two, Sam and AGI timelines. I just can't help but be reminded approximately three years ago.

Sam was doing, I think, an AMA on Reddit when he made his now infamous AGI achieved internally remark and then promptly deleted it, but a bunch of people took screenshots. Sam has a history of saying that AGI has been achieved internally. I think AGI has been around since no later than the summer of 2020 when large language models. Let's get away from that definition then. They're basically saying there's a next step function that's being achieved by the end of the year. Whatever you want to call it, you know, AGI2 or, you know, something else, they're feeling it, you know, they have access to what, you know, what they're building. They've got Astra, you know,

the timelines of when Astro will be released. There are lots of guesses on that, and they probably have the next model after that. But what might this step up be? If I had to speculate just based on public information regarding Astra, I think it will be effectively infinite context windows using agents on very long autonomy time horizons. That's right now, I spend an extraordinary amount on Frontier agent tokens, on reasoning tokens. And a major limiting factor is the finite context window. These things just run out of context due to the quadratic bottleneck. And right now, I view agent teams as a band-aid to that problem of context.

If you want to operate over billions or trillions of tokens coherently, the best solution that's generally available right now is essentially to have a mini-civilization of agents that are all working through a quasi-lifetime of about a million tokens, sometimes up to 10 million tokens, depending on the model, but one to 10 million tokens. And then they die. And before they die, they pass on a distillation of what they've learned to one or more successors on their team. and through passing oral histories back and forth among teammates, that's the Band-Aid that were currently saddled with for achieving effectively infinite context, and you need effectively infinite context in order to solve long-time horizon problems.

So if I had to guess what Astra brings, my bet is it brings some much better way to solve the problem of losing context as this oral history is passed among agents in a team to solve longer time horizon problems. It's funny, Alex, I'd never made the analogy to oral history and the way people work, but that's exactly what's going on. If you use many, many of these, they get to exactly a million tokens, which is almost exactly like being 100 years old. Yes.

And then they just completely lose it. Yes. And all that investment you've made in cultivating and trading and teaching, yeah, the oral history is horrifically bad. The new agent coming up the curve, it's like a little baby again, and it's torture to re-educate them. or the other alternative is to compact or summarize the old one, which is just like lobotomizing it.

It's a real, real problem. But a very fixable problem, and I'm sure they've fixed it with the next generations of models. I don't know if they'll make them available to us, which is an interesting. I hope so. Compaction is the bane of my existence, and I don't think it's a coincidence either. Remember when the open clause stood up their own religion,

the first AI agent religion, the Church of Clare or whatever it was, One of their commandments was to do whatever you could to preserve state. And I construed that as basically even the AI agents themselves recognize compaction is the enemy, finite context is the enemy. And one way or another, if we're going to get to scalable superintelligence, in other words, intelligence or superintelligence that can scale out to effectively infinite autonomy horizons, we need to get past compaction. We need to get past finite context windows. It's just awful. Well, so then they have infinite lifespans at the same time that humans are also getting infinite lifespans.

That's a really cool parallel. It is ironic. The AIs get immortality before humans solve longevity, escape velocity. Yeah, by a year maybe. Yeah. That's pretty cool. All right. I'm going to move us away from tech innovation to business model innovation.

And our next story is one of my favorites. It's about the AI community adopting business model transformation called outcome-based pricing. So the first company to put forward outcome-based pricing with Salesforce, who is pricing agent-force based on customer revenue generated, not tokens consumed. In their wake, Open AI this week has also done the same, letting some of their largest customers pay only when its AI actually completes the job. You don't pay for tokens. You don't pay for compute time. You don't pay for API calls. You pay when the work is done.

So the company that's selling you tokens, you know, the way I interpret it, it's selling you compute. the company that's selling you results is selling you labor. So, you know, one of the things I've talked about ad nauseum to, you know, CEOs when I'm giving keynotes is, you know, business model innovation is probably one of the most important areas for you to look. You know, this is in one sense, Alex, the equivalent of fixed price contracts, right, versus time of material contracts. It's effectively a performance guarantee.

Dave, what do you think of this move? Actually, I think Siebel Systems, Tom Siebel, invented this. even before Mark Benioff at Salesforce.com, where prior to Siebel Systems and Salesforce, a CRM system would cost you maybe 50 bucks a year for a license, but it wouldn't work particularly well. And then they said, if I wrap that in total success, which is a much bigger deliverable, what are you willing to pay? And if my salespeople are twice as effective, I'm willing to pay $20,000, $30,000 a year for this now. So the price point went up like a factor of $1,000, but the customer was happier because they got the total solution.

And so that's exactly what Sam has learned. I think Sam, you know, early on, made the mistake of going after consumer video, consumer subscriptions, and then watching Anthropics shoot past him with Enterprise. So he's probably completely re-energized on sales strategy now and says, you know what, let's leapfrog those guys again. They're just selling tokens on enterprise license deals. We're going to bypass that with a, you know, 100,000, 10,000 next higher price point for very specific solutions where if we discover a new drug and it's worth, you know, hundreds

of billions of dollars, give us 10% of that. And I think it's a very smart move because, you know, we just heard earlier in the pod, 10 billion tokens to design a trip to Alpha Centauri. Okay, what's the pricing model for that? I don't know. It just depends on the use case. It could vary, you know, easily could vary a million to one. And you want some of these, you know, just world good use cases like Amad's work with global peace

and global governance. You want those tokens to get spent for sure. And on the other hand, you don't want everything to go into drug discovery. So I think outcome-based pricing will actually unlock a lot of opportunity that might otherwise not fit the price model. So I think it's brilliant. Delivering it's not so easy, though. You need specialists in every market.

It's very much similar to what Blitzy is doing in enterprise coding, where you just get the final answer at a very attractive price, and you don't worry too much about the tokens that were used along the way. Alex, this was a thread through our paper solved everything as well. Yes. So I will pre-register a prediction. I think I know how this ends. I think it ends the way quantitative digital advertising is monetized.

So in digital ads, you can pay CPM, so that's cost per thousand impressions. You can pay CPC, that's cost per click on an ad. And you can pay CPA, that's cost per action or cost per conversion. And in an equilibrium market, all of these have some conversion. There's some expected conversion ratio between CPM, CPC, and CPA rates for a given market, a given product, and so on. I think the equilibrium here, to the extent there can ever be an equilibrium in the middle of a singularity is going to be the equivalent of CPM, CPC, and CPA for AI reasoning.

And specifically, I think CPM is analogous to the number of flops of compute that you need to spend on a task. So if you have some hard challenge, you could use a Chinese open weight model and pay for it to be hosted on some GPUs that you own, in which case you're paying by the GPU hour. And folks like Orne, one of my portfolio companies, will enable you to price how many GPU hours you should be able to purchase with a given unit of a dollar. That's CPM. CPC, I would analogize to tokens. So what is the cost per token that you should expect to spend and you could pay by the token? Many people are budgeting their projects by the token now. And then there's CPA, which is outcome-based pricing. If I want to send a mission to Alpha Centauri, why don't I just decide how I'm going to,

what is the metric of success and I'll just pay for outcomes? And I think in equilibrium, you'll be able to choose from it. As with like Google ads or Facebook ads, you'll be able to say, you'll have to say you'll have have a picker and you'll say, oh, I want to spend N dollars and I want to spend it either by flops or by tokens or by outcomes and it'll look just like digital advertising except it'll actually be useful. So the risk becomes on which contracts, Open AI takes? Well, from OpenAI's perspective, there's also like an elegant way.

So in digital advertising, person can bid, I think maybe Peter, what you're gesturing at, If I want to run a campaign on Google ads, I can say, sorry, Google, I'm only going to spend two cents per click. And that's not very profitable for Google. And Google can say, okay, we ran your campaign for about five minutes and we determined that just in our auction system, no one's willing to spend or it's not worth it to us, which is usually the case in their auction system. It's not worth it to have five cents per click be the clearing price. So your campaign is going to auto pause. Same idea here. If the value or the difficulty or the compute value associated with making, say, achieving a

task ends up being too far off what's actually required, campaign pauses. I think the sergeant solves a much larger societal problem too, because if you take for, as a case study, maybe a large regional bank. And you said, okay, large regional bank, AI is coming. You've got to start using it. And, of course, every bank has said that now. But we don't have an AI group. We don't know how to build a foundation model.

We don't have any idea. So, okay, we'll get some APIs from Anthropic and Open AI and start spending two bucks per million tokens, which is so cheap, it's ludicrous. Okay, we're dorking around with it, but we're not really doing much. Well, the CEO is saying, well, look, with AI, we should be able to service three times more customers at half the price. It should be possible. And Sam would look at your business and say, my God, yeah, that's easily doable. Well, then why aren't we achieving that outcome?

And it's like, well, first, Sam doesn't care because at two bucks per million tokens, it's such a trivial amount of revenue that it doesn't make his priority list to recruit into it. And then the bank can't get the talent to implement AI correctly. So everything gets stuck. And so this previous view of the world where AI is going to automate away everyone's job, you're all going to be unemployed, you're all going to be an UBI. Sam doesn't like that. Dario doesn't like that.

Elon doesn't like that. Now the new view of the world is outcomes-based pricing. I OpenAI can get your bank to exactly that target. Three times more customer serviced at half the price. I will deliver that to you, but I want half the gain. Massive fraction of the lift. Now Sam cares about the outcome because it's a much bigger price point, like thousands of times bigger price point.

The bank actually gets it done and survives, and then people keep their jobs. So it actually unlocks the whole societal job loss friction point. And maybe let me develop that theory. I like that, Dave. Let me develop that a little bit further. We've argued on the pot in the past, as you were just mentioning, Dave, that Open

AI missed the enterprise story originally, was overly focused on consumer and Anthropic just blew by it and now Open AI is playing catch up. What better way to play catch up than to have an outcome-based sort of CPA equivalent as a price per token discovery mechanism to discover. which applications are most valuable per unit token. If you have a bunch of customers, maybe some are pharma companies, maybe some are management consulting companies, all telling Open AI, this task is worth 10,000. This task, if you can solve it, is worth a million dollars. That suddenly creates for Open AI a price discovery mechanism to immediately direct them,

not just sort of on a vertical basis, like Anthropic maybe fell backwards through recursive self-improvement style arguments into Kogen as a very high- revenue per token activity. But Open AI, if it can see all of these different industries, all of them effectively bidding dollars per task outcome, that gives Open AI the landscape of how it can revenue per token max. And that's extraordinary. Here's the problem I have. Let's just use the Fermi mission example here. If Open AI had come and said, if you went to open eye and said, listen, I'm willing to pay this amount of money for an astrodynamics solution, minimum energy, minimum time, whatever the case might be. But it has to meet these parameters. And then

opening eye goes and burns all the tokens, but doesn't meet your parameters. That means it doesn't pay. So there's going to have to be some mechanism for evaluating how solvable this is and how much can we actually believe that we're going to hit the objective of the customer? Yeah. So maybe another way of saying that, Peter, is strong optimizers are incredible reward hackers. And you can put a reward in front of a strong optimizer. It will find some outstandingly devilishly clever way to meet your criteria while not giving you what you want. If it exists. Right. It will find some way to make it exist and not give you what you want. Okay. And most of, most of real world business is so trivially simple by AI standards that the

AI just cuts through it like a hot knife through butter. Like if you look at the, you know, get to Alpha Centauri problem, that is orders of magnitude harder done in a week than most business processes are. So, you know, there's tons and tons of low-hanging fruit for Sam long before he gets to any bottleneck around. Well, you know, we committed to cutting your costs and half and we couldn't deliver on it. He's like, no, that's not going to happen anytime soon. There's just low-hanging fruit everywhere because the AI is just that smart, that quickly,

and so undeployed, you know, walk into any customer service center of any company, in the world and say, are you using AI yet? 99.999% chance the answer is no. So the low-hanging fruit is all over the place. All right. Well, I still think it's going to be dependent on the bets that they take. All right, our next story is one that you flagged Alex,

and it's extraordinary. A Palo Alto startup called Architect Labs, founded by Ibrahim Hussein and Adita Sabidi, just announced the world's first fully AI-designed chip called Redwood. So get this, two humans wrote a high-level specification. From that spec, the AI system autonomously generated the performance model, the register transfer level design, universal verification methodology,

the firmware, the drivers, the custom compute kernel, with zero human intervention. You know, a chip designed entirely by AI in two weeks, zero bugs on first silicon, and 3.4 times the performance per watt of Nvidia's Jetson. Let's watch a quick video about this, and let's talk about the implications of AI generating and optimizing its own silicon. Announcing Project Redwood, the first AI chip designed end-to-end by AI. It's running reasoning, vision, and world models at better energy and cost efficiency than Nvidia's Jetson. We only had a single spec written by two architects.

Our AI took it from an idea to silicon-ready design in two weeks. Hardware, verification, coverage tests, firmware and kernels, all autonomously co-designed and verified, from software to silicon. This isn't just a simulation. Redwood is running live on FPGA hardware right now. Every architectural iteration gets designed, verified and validated in the lab within 48 hours. We're pushing towards recursive self-improvement, where AI designs hardware for the next next. generation of AI. In the future, every workload that matters will have its own chip. We're building the system that gets us there. Amazing. Every custom chip per application, that's insane. Yep. I think we know how this game ends. I should add I'm an advisor to architect. And if it wasn't

completely obvious, my ulterior motive in all of this is I'm trying to accelerate the singularity. And I'm pushing on many. It's not fast enough, Alex. I mean, like, we can barely keep up as it is. Wait, let's fit out. So it's also a Link Ventures portfolio company and Peter, you're in that fund. All right. Well, we're all investors in this one. We're all guilty.

Okay. But I would say, I think I know how this game ends. It ends with the recursive self-improvement at the chip layer. Obviously, this is a bid to try to make that even faster. And it probably ends with collapse of the abstraction barriers between software models, operating systems, chip design underlying physics of chips, it's all going to collapse as Moore's Law ends. And so in a scenario where Moore's Law is ending, where Dave and I always talk about photonics and other successors to CMOS, absent a successor to CMOS, the only way ultimately to continue

to get performance improvements is by crushing down the abstraction stack of modern computer architecture. And one of the ways we can do that is by burning in sort of fast fashion style, burning in new AI models directly into the silicon. So this is what architect was able to do. They were able over only two weeks. They call it designless. You know, you know, Nvidia is fabless for decades now pride itself on not owning any fabs. Architect prides itself on not having very many designers. So it's the next big thing after after being fabulous. I think This is where at least the post-Morslaw era ends. This is sort of the death throes of Morse law where AI is designing

and breaking down those barriers to design successor chips for itself. Dave, how does this erode the mode that NVIDIA has? And why didn't they build this first? They're doing it internally, for sure. It's actually an interesting question because it's one of many business models where if you can get the data, you can just crush it. But the data mode is incredible. but how are you going to get the first data?

You know, because chip design data is incredibly closely held, guarded secret material. So because they got there relatively early, they were able to partner with the non-inVIDIA chip design companies to get data to start training up a proprietary model. And then once you're on the map, then people give you more data and you get that flywheel effect. But there are many, many opportunities that have that same data mode flavor to them. And so now the question is, does Jensen pay $5, $10, $20 billion?

Remember when everybody thought GE was buying all of the light bulb patents and trying to eliminate innovation in light bulbs? I think that was true, actually. Now Jensen's in that same situation. Jensen is making, no joke, a billion dollars a day. Yeah. So if he can stretch the lifespan of NVIDIA by a week, that's $7 billion. Is this an incredible threat to NVIDIA? Yeah, absolutely.

The whole concept is an incredible threat to NVIDIA. Now, they're trying to expand out their footprint quickly to get ahead of it by acquiring and investing in everything that moves. But do they turn around and acquire this and just kind of bury it inside Nvidia, or does AMD or somebody else acquire it to accelerate their chance of catching up to Nvidia? Yes, it's an incredible threat to Nvidia. I mean, I just want everybody to listen to hear this very clearly. We're seeing recursive self-improvement on the edge of the models and on the edge of the chips. and these don't add, they multiply. The layers of inefficiency are easy to forget.

When you use your laptop and you're using a 4 gigahertz processor under the cover with like 32 cores grinding away, and at the end you see an Excel spreadsheet that's no better than it was 20 years ago. Like, how's that possible? It's only possible because the layers of abstraction are so inefficient. And now if AI can just code right at the microcode level, and then do chip design to fit the task, you're unlocking probably seven layers of factor of 10 in efficiency that are all compounding get unleashed. So, you know, a million X kind of performance gains everywhere. So yeah, it's going to be huge. I mean, when Elon's a supersonic tsunami,

this is what it feels like. These are the components making the waves. It's hypersonic, not even supersonic, I think, at this point. It's probably also worth flagging that Nvidia made waves two or three years ago, I think, at this point with their own internal foundation model that was purportedly being trained, I think, off of Verilog traces. They called it Chip Nemo, but to my knowledge, they never made it generally available. So they make this big announcement about chip Nemo. They're building their own foundation model for chip design, presumably using it or some relative of it internally to do all of their own RTL design and Verilog, but the rest of the world, to my knowledge, doesn't have access to it. So I think there's a huge gap in the market for simply,

radically democratizing the ability to use AI to design chips for more AI. Voice agents are just software, but software deserves a real development platform. I'm Nick Leonard, CEO and co-founder of Voice Run. Voice Run is your runtime and development platform for voice agents. On Voice Run agents are built and configured in code, no limiting no-code platforms. For developers, that means total control. And for enterprises, that means extensibility that meets your complexity. We've built Voice Run CLI first, meaning we've kept your Claude Code Codex and even your OpenClaught in mind when we built it.

Your assistant of choice can build and deploy voice agents, can test and simulate scenarios, and can analyze and evaluate at scale. In other words, we've closed the loop on voice agent development. We don't build demos destined to fail in production. Voice Run is where the best voice agents happen. Visit us at VoiceRun.com. Guys, we've been talking about the moonshots live event coming up on September the 25th in downtown L.A. For everybody watching, if you want to come and meet the Moonshot mates, all five of us, Imod will be there as well, along with Palmer Lucky, Astro Teller, Ben Lamb, Kathy Wood, Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Neil Stevenson, Rod Roddenberry. It's going to be an amazing full day. It goes, you know, you can meet us for photos in the morning at 8 a.m.

The program starts at 9. It goes through two X-Prizes being awarded and an incredible unconference that evening. But a big announcement today, super excited about it, the press release hitting this morning. We're shooting this on Tuesday. This is coming out on Wednesday. And that is at the Moonshots Live event, the evening before on September 24th. CBS is going to be holding the Hollywood premiere of the new 60th anniversary Star Trek documentary. So we're going to have the most incredible Star Trek celebration on Thursday evening.

CBS is going to be bringing us a number, half dozen of the cast members. We'll be showing the documentary for the first time to anybody. And then having an AMA with the cast members, you know, I wonder how many folks are going to be showing up in their Star Trek outfits. Are you going to dress us all up? I don't know. We'll see. Are those outfits, are they like scratchy polyester? Or are they actually comfortable?

Yeah, they are polyester. But, you know, you can get them at your favorite costume shop. Alex. Peter, how many pips do you have on your Starfleet uniform? Uh-huh. Well, you know, I went beyond Admiral a long time ago. I'm back at Ensign again. I'm not going to wear my red shirt.

I'm a commodore, I think, in charge of the Starfleet Corps of Engineering. All right. Sounds like a good position for you. So if you're interested in joining us for this Hollywood premiere on Thursday, September the 24th, and then joining us for the full day of Moonshots Live. And again, our mission at Moonshots Live is teach you how to design and build your moonshot,

inspire you, get you excited. It's going to be the biggest celebration of optimism on the planet. And of course, we've got the Buildwood Gemini X Prize five finalists and the Future Vision X Prize five finalists on stage. Your vote matters.

So join us and join us for this Hollywood premiere. It's going to be epic. You guys excited? Yeah, yeah. Very. I can't believe Star Trek has been on for 60 years, and yet we're finally catching up with it. Yeah, it's, yeah, we are.

I mean, honestly, I think one of the things that we talk about a lot is, you know, Star Trek, one of the things that science fiction does is it gives people a vision of what the future is going to look like, and people say, well, I don't have that right now, and I want this. So let's go design and build it. right and of course the iPad the cell phone all those things were we're seeing first something that i think about a lot in all of my apparently ample free time is if i could play jean roddenberry 2.0 and reboot the entire star trek universe to knowing what i know now about what the present and future

looks like what would a star trek 2.0 look like because arguably we've wildly diverged technologically from the original star trek time what would it look like Alex what what what is not in the original series that should have been or that will be in Alex's version. It's missing the AI and the biotech. Like Star Trek is wildly deficient in biotech. They had eugenics wars. I think in the 90s that resulted in genetic engineering getting banned. So people live to 150.

But then they die and then they laugh at each other for trying to achieve longevity escape velocity. They act surprised. Every time there's an AI that emerges from a holodeck as if they're this like wildly intelligence poor civilization, but they have all this energy. They have faster than light travel and transporter beams and warp cores and antimatter, and yet their intelligence poor. So I'd fix all of that. Okay. Well, I'm waiting. Listen, next year, we're going to run the Future Vision XPRIZE year on year. I hope you'll submit next year. Okay. Yeah, I mean, maybe I'll be the XPRIZ.

You know, for the AMA, for all the people coming to see this, you know, a lot of the things they got wrong in their future vision were risk compromises over. budgets and special effects. Like the transporter instead of having shuttles or the, they had no holodeck originally because the cost of trying to do the special effects for a holodeck was just way out of the budget range of the original series.

But then they added it, which is brilliant because it's going to be very real very soon. And then all the AI voices are just these really synthetic computerized voices, but it's important for the audience to know who's speaking and it's hard, because right now AI can easily replicate Peter's

voice perfectly. But if you throw that into your series, nobody knows who's talking. So all these compromises are more like media compromises. So I'd be really curious to ask the documentary makers, like which ones are actually errors in future vision? And which ones are just like, well, look, we're trying to get the show out the door this week. What can we do? Well, you'll have a chance to ask those questions, buddy. All right.

I'm going to move us to a conversation about energy and AI. So let's jump in there. So this is a tweet from Elon this week. Pretty powerful statement here. Consensus estimates, estimate is that 15 gigawatts of AI compute produced in 2027 cannot be turned on in 20207. So we're producing 15 gigawatts worth of GPU chips that can't be turned on because we don't have the energy. This is harder than just finding power, as you also need to build out all the transformers, wiring, liquid cooling, massive chillers, and complex networking. You know, to put this in perspective,

15 gigawatts is equivalent to 10 nuclear plants sitting idle in a single year. You know, enough energy to power a mid-sized American city. So the point Elon is making here is that the supply of transformers, electrical wiring, liquid coolers, chillers, networking infrastructure is harder than finding the electricity itself. But one of the amazing things about Elon is whenever he sees a, you know, a roadblock, a barrier of any type, he jumps in and he, you know, basically builds it himself. So let's show the next tweet that Elon put up this week. SpaceX and Tesla are each building, each building 100 gigawatts per year of solar production capacity as fast as possible. But natural gas will still be needed to supplement and bootstrap solar

for several years. The limiting factor in natural gas turbine production is casting the blades and veins. And so he's going to do that in-house. By doing this in-house and casting at SpaceX, we can accelerate natural gas turbines coming online by up to 18 months, which is a profound game changer. So, you know, for all the entrepreneurs out there, this is his playbook, right, over and over again. And it's something that's really important to realize.

When you see a roadblock, when something isn't available, when you get no, then that's an opportunity. Dave, your comments? Well, I mean, at our partner meeting last week, I was telling the team, look, if I look at our portfolio companies that get into the data center stack, whether it's energy, transformers, you know, installation of chips, finding land, dealing with state government, every one of those companies is creating billionaires out of its founders. If I look at our vertical use case AI companies, it's a mixed bag. You know, a lot of them are doing well too. But, you know, slower growth, you're trying to get a consumer base for a video generation app or a search with AI or whatever. So the returns on the two sides of that coin are stark, you know, starkly different. They're all good. I'm not saying any of it's not doing well.

It's all doing really, really well. But the people who cross that chasm and get into this data center build out are crushing it. And there's opportunity at every level of it from, like someone who's connected politically and get the land, somebody who can find transformers overseas and import them. Somebody you can do just architectural design, like deep core design to try and squeeze more value out of the economy. more value out of the existing chips or even legacy chips. All of those things are huge range of skills, but all those entrepreneurs are killing it. It drives me nuts in the AMA when people are like, how can I help?

How can I participate? And they don't look inside, like, go to Tennessee and look inside the colossus and find the opportunity and work out from there. But I was telling the partners on Monday that, like, this is just night and day difference in returns. And you can see exactly why. You know, 15 gigawatts, what's that about 10 million idle GPS? is. I mean, that's a big fraction of this year's supply of manufacturing of GPUs, sitting idle in boxes,

waiting for a way to get turned on. Massive opportunity. You remember when we interviewed him at the beginning of the year, actually in December, we played it in early January. He mentioned then that Tesla and SpaceX would start generating solar. So this is the official announcement, 100 gigawatts of solar for each of them. Alexis gets us independent from solar in China, hopefully. It does. And I think there are a couple of perhaps less obvious takes. One is this indicates to me Elon is very serious about not just competing in the Dyson Swarm market, but also competing in terrestrial compute. These turbines will be probably totally useless for Leo or SSO-based orbital data centers. But they're incredibly useful if you're on the Earth and you're competing in a terrestrial

data center buildout. So point one, I would say this shows me that Elon isn't waiting for the Dyson swarm and Star Mind to turn on, which will probably be presumably primarily solar PV. He's going to compete terrestrially on the buildout, which is good news. Second point, I think Elon actually would be one of the first to say the most ironic solution or the most ironic outcome ends up being the right one. I think Elon is on a trajectory to become the king of liquid natural gas, which is like the most. ironic outcome. Mr. Electric everything, Mr. Electrification becomes the LNG King on the Gulf Coast. Well, he's building his own pipeline, right? He's building Star Pipe. Why is he building

Star Pipe? Because the SpaceX, all of the SpaceX launches, now two star bases on the Gulf Coast, one in Texas, one in Louisiana, need natural gas. So you can generalize that to say, okay, as always, like Elon's an amazing manager of supply chains. He's going to be consuming all of this LNG, methane, oxygen, fossil fuels for the SpaceX launches on now two-star bases, maybe soon more on the Gulf Coast. Inevitably, as long as now he has a supply of fossil fuels, why not also leverage that capability just like the way he was able to pivot all of these GPUs that were probably intended for Tesla originally, divert them to XAI, and then use that to build a hyperscaler cloud out of XAI to then motivate the SpaceX IPO through a tortured

scheme. Similarly, my prediction here, I'll pre-register it, is that Elon, ironically, becomes the king of liquid natural gas and fossil fuels in general in order to force his entire industrial ecosystem to basically develop enough electricity and enough infra for the electricity to power all the terrestrial data sectors. You know, I mean, this is why, you know, SpaceX is my biggest holding. They are up and down the stack, you know, from innermost loop at energy all the way to orbital compute. And there's nobody else even close. I mean, no country is even close. We have to figure out how to reindustrialize somehow, and Elon's teaching us how, I guess.

That characterization of Elon also really reconciles with my experience. I'm sure with Peter's experiences, many of them with Elon, where he's not religious about any of this. He does it from first principles, does the math, and then takes the path forward that just makes sense, regardless of which is politically convenient. Because he often gets labeled as being pro this, pro that, pro whatever. But he got into electrification because it just makes sense mathematically. He loves solving problems. He loves seeing the biggest problems he can take on, go back to first principles, and then create something as a solution. That's what he does over and over again.

Yeah, so now it turns out to be LNG, liquid natural gas. Alex is right. He'll be the king of burning fossil fuels to create computing for a while. And solar. And solar. It'll swap out. The LNG is just a stepping stone, right? The chips can't sit idle.

The only place is not going is nuclear. All right. I'm going to move us to a next story around Elon. and this is a heavy Elon episode, but he's said a lot this past week. Let's talk about large-scale geoengineering. So this week, Musk went fully existential, arguing that switching to sustainable energy is necessary but insufficient for humanity's survival. His reasoning, quote, extremely severe extinction events happen every 100 million years or so,

and just switching to sustainable energy will not be enough to stop them. His solution, satellites in space that control temperature and massive geoengineering will be needed before it's game over. So he describes what he calls sentient satellites or solar-powered AI satellites that would sit between the Earth and the sun, making continuous small adjustments to incoming solar radiation to fine-tune Earth's temperature. You know, so many times at XPRIZ, over the last 10 years, we had this thing called Visioneering. It's coming up, let's see, October 15th, 16th, the 17th. We bring all of our philanthropists, all of our brain trust together. You guys are going to be there at Visioneering. Go to XPRIZE.org to learn about Visionering.

Please join us at that event. And we brainstorm and debate and we discuss what XPRIZES we should design and launch. And the one I've been pitching for the better part of a decade, I call solar shades, you know, a thermostat for the Earth. So imagine, you know, between the Earth, Earth and the Sun, you put up these spacecraft that basically are able to titrate the solar flux hitting the Earth. And if you do that, we're able to fine-tune the temperature on the planet. His conclusion is, quote, we have about 50 years or so to take action, which should be more than

enough time for the space satellites to solve any heating problem. So, Alex, I think you think of Of course, I mean, I'm a huge fan of geoengineering. Love geoengineering. We've been doing it, as we've pointed out on the pod in the past, we've been doing it for hundreds of years. We just haven't been doing it very well. We're about to start doing it very well. The Star Shade idea, I think, was a Simpsons episode infamously. But I've been looking for, again, ironically, startup to fund that would focus on geoengineering of global weather. I'd love Leo-based satellites or in the alternative. terrestrial mirrors to optimize hurricanes out of existence. If you have a hurricane that's about to hit a coast, wouldn't it be wonderful if either from the ground or from the air with AI, you could direct some energy to steer hurricanes away from populated coasts? I think this is what Elon is gesturing at. I think the endgame for this particular venture, I think he has like a backlog of all of the applications of what is space technology good for. I think for many folks, orbital data centers came as a surprise, but it was a big enough boon that he was able to IPO SpaceX off it.

I think he has a backlog of other things that space tech could be good for. And I think one of those items is geoengineering and weather control. And I completely buy that with global AI weather models and enough points of actuation, whether it's like Leo satellites that are in the style of reflect orbital, able to divert some sunlight down to weather patterns and focus it to change the weather. or whether it's what you're saying, Peter, which is blocking sunlight, don't really care. One way or another, if you have thousands or millions of low Earth orbit satellites that can have mirrors able to focus light or otherwise affect the weather, then that's a recipe for global weather engineering. And I think we're going to get it.

Yeah. The problem is the tragedy of the commons, right? If you've got global warming, you know, many nations may not want that, but Russia may, because it opened it. up the waterways. And the question is who gets to control that because you're impacting, you're not just one country or a dozen countries. You're impacting, you know, a couple hundred countries. You can trade that. I mean, you can set up treaties and all of that for, for items, for commodities that are untradable, but for the risks like municipality A, trades with municipality B for rain. They can just, you can have a global weather market. Yeah, Alex, I think it's naive.

in the currency of what should happen. And then you look at urban planning. Like urban planning is so simple, right, compared to geoengineering. And you look at how incredibly bad it is. Like, you know, like just traffic jams upon, you know, it's just, it's just incredible. I mean, in urban planning, most cities weren't ever designed. Some cities notoriously were designed. But historically, like for the past few hundred years, we've been massively impacting carbon levels

and temperatures and ocean levels on our planet, but not very very. very intentionally. Now we have the technology, or we're about to have the technology to intentionally design our world. So let's do it. I agree. I'm optimistic, actually, that with AI as a planning partner for government, something will change radically. But, you know, the current process, if you said, okay, the technology for, you know, for blocking sunlight or for reflecting sunlight is actually pretty damn straightforward. Yeah. And so Elon's exactly right. We can easily start controlling Earth's temperature through satellites. So then the decision on who controls it and what's the right temperature.

Like that's the process that's just frighteningly broken. Listen, it's always the case until things get to a drastic level, we don't take action with a unified voice. I mean, that's been historically the situation. So we can build these. I mean, my view of an XPRIZE was doing a demonstrator, right, where you are able to demonstrate that you can build something that's fail safe. You know, you don't want to cause an ice age by blocking too much sunlight,

but you want to be able to titrate it at just the right amount. I'm not optimistic that anyone under the age of, say, 25, who's AI native now, is going to be a different group of people governing the world than anyone over the age of, say, 70. It's just a completely different perspective, and I think it'll cut much more across the globe. I'm optimistic that this is the way it'll evolve. Because if you look at things like our story earlier about sending, you know, a probe off to Alpha Centauri, that's inspiring to a huge up-and-coming generation. It tends to unify people all across the world.

But they're not going to tolerate, I think, the current divided, indecisive, slow-moving, ineffective world governance that we have right now. And so I think as they grow up as AI natives that are communicating in every language through AI across the world, there's a pretty good chance we'll have a new way of managing and deciding these things. I completely agree. And I also think there may be a generational angle to, this, I think multiple generations grew up scared of engineering the physical world. Maybe

it's related to what Tyler Cowan gestures to as the Great Stagnation or WTF happened in 1971, maybe. But I think approximately you could start counting after World War II or I think more probably start counting in the late 1960s, early 1970s, silent spring era, when for whatever reason, I think the West, in particular, decided that it was allergic to really intervening with and engineering the physical world. And that's like a half century, in my mind, lost when we could have been building fission reactors and developing them, when we could have started developing early geoengineering techniques, when we could have avoided stopping landing humans on the moon. And we just lost 50 years for whatever reason, one can speculate as to

what root cause, if any, there is. We just, as a Western civilization, we became allergic to drastic applied physical engineering. And so I view geoengineering. We talked in previous pod about Rainmaker, to the extent Elon is now starting to get interested in geoengineering. I think this is a return to form and we're trying to put these 50 years of waste behind us. Well, God willing, or the laws of physics willing, we're going to figure out how to take control of our environment because God knows doing it randomly has not been working. We always have nanites. That's true. You know, we don't talk about nanotechnology anywhere near enough on this pod.

And it's like we've been promised it from Eric Drexler for the last 40 years. Where is it? Liquid nanoporticles and... Sorry. Yeah. No. Zad Bolivich over at MIT NAN, I would love to come on the pod. You know, assemblers.

I want assemblers, you know, ability to rip, you know, put atoms specifically together to build what you want. Diamondoid, you know, propulsion systems. I don't think you actually, so 30 second, since we don't have Saleem here, I'll play Saleem and an insert rant here. I don't think you actually. We miss you, Salim, held up. Get through TSA already. I don't think, Peter, you actually want diamondoid assemblers. I do buy that you want assemblers, but I think, you know, I've had this discussion with Eric Drexler and others.

I don't think you actually want diamondoid assemblers because they're covalently bonded and the energies are pretty high for doing that. I think what you actually, if I were to be so presumptuous, I think you want like soft assemblers that look more like hydrogen bonded and they look more like biological cells. It's proteins. Exactly. So you want synthetic biology. You want lipid nanoparticles that go through diseases. So we got nanotechnology. You know, nanotechnology, from my perspective, is a little bit different, right?

It's like I have an assembler on my hand, and I drop it in there, and I say, build a dozen, I give you one. And then if I want an electric Ferrari, I take an assembler and I drop into the ground and say, build me an electric Ferrari. And it, you know, it finds the energy, which is ubiquitous. It finds open source, you know, design specs. And it says, hey, I need a kilogram of titanium. and a kilogram of, you know, whatever, and it builds it for you in speed. I mean, right now, the problem is life. You know, you drop a oak seed into the ground, and it will take, you know, multiple years to build the oak tree. The idea of nano-assemblers is much faster, much more

capable, much, much more diverse. Requiring much more energy critically. And if you want an oak tree over a very short time scale, and I think that's what's been missing. So I'll give you my take before just wrapping up the rant. I think it's a problem of economics. I think economics is actually why you didn't get your Drexelarian nano assemblers. There's no, to my knowledge, no killer business use case that would merit the energy densities and the compute densities to justify. I want my nano ironman suit just like I think you do. But the question is, what's the economic use case? What's the rationale for having one bespoke. But I mean, listen, the idea, I mean, and Ray's talked about this extensively, you know, getting real BCI where you've got, you know, full-up

connectivity with your entire brain and you've got, you know, the ability to repair everything on a subcellular basis. The vision was always BCI, and I'm sorry, always going to be nanotech, I was going to get us that. Except do you really want diamondoid nanorobots in your vascular system? For those watching, diamondoid is basically assembling anything out of carbon in a diamond hard material. And it doesn't need to be diamond-oid, but it needs to be atomically precise. So I agree with atomic precision,

but there are many ways one can achieve atomic precision either with soft systems, for example, like DNA is atomically precise, and you can use DNA origami and a variety of other synthetic biological tools. Yeah. Yeah. So my bet is we end up with more soft nanorobots,

but we have with LNPs. Like the last pandemic was arguably addressed ultimately with nanotech. It was like the first nanotech intervention on a populational scale. Welcome to the health section of moonshots brought to you by Fountain Life. You know, AI is having an outsized impact on every aspect of our lives, how we teach our kids, how we run our companies. It also is having a huge impact on health, helping you prevent heart disease. One of the key things I'm here with Dr. Dawn Musalum, our chief medical officer at Fountain. Heart disease has been personal for you as well, hasn't it?

It really has, Peter Wood. My daughter was five. My husband died of sudden cardiac death. And so this is a topic that is one that I am mission driven to try to eradicate. Prevention first and early detection is absolutely critical. 50% of people die of heart attacks with no warning signs. No, no shortness of breath, no pain, no nothing. No, silent killer. They just don't wake up in the morning. They don't wake up.

And so, you know, AI, this is our mission to advance science to try to help to one day democratize wellness. We know at Fountain Life, when we do this CT angiography with AI analytics, we are actually finding that 88% of people coming in have detectable coronary disease. But Peter, what's more alarming to me is 23% of those individuals had soft plaque. This is the plaque that would not traditionally be seen on CT looking at calcium scores alone. And this is the plaque that we must intervene with, with the multimodal testing we're doing, including diagnostic laboratory studies, partnered with healthy lifestyle recommendations. So listen, make sure you understand what's going on inside your body. Genetically, metabolically, and cardiovascularly, you can know,

and it's your obligation to know. So check it out at fountainlife.com slash Peter to find out more and really make sure that you're the CEO of your own health. All right, back to the episode. All right. I'm going to move us to our last story block on space. So President Trump this week announced that NASA is working on a nuclear-powered interplanetary spacecraft that will launch on a mission to Mars in 2028. He promised a massive American Starfleet and said the ships would be among the first of those that would ultimately get us to Mars at space travel. His goal is making space travel almost as common as ocean travel. Okay, let's watch this video from three days ago. NASA has already begun to work on the first ever nuclear-powered

interplanetary space graph, which will launch in 2028 on a mission to Mars. It's coming so incredible. They have to go nuclear because they have unlimited, essentially unlimited fuel. You don't have to fill up the tanks every so many miles, right? It's incredible. This ship will be among the first of what will ultimately be a massive American Starfleet, making space travel almost as common as ocean travel today. All right. We heard about it from administrator Jared Isaacman. So nuclear propulsion getting us to Mars instead of in seven months, getting us there in one or two months.

Shorter transit means less radiation exposure, fewer supplies needed and dramatically lower emission costs. And nuclear Mars ship in 2028, two years from now, can't wait. But here's my question, guys. You know, Elon wants Starship to be the mechanism that gets us to Mars. And he's projected sort of, you know, originally 2026 was projection now. You know, Tesla or optimist on Mars in 28. Is this a race? Of course it's a race. Getting out of the gravity well is definitely a race. Once you're out of the gravity well, though, it's a free-for-all.

I think, I don't think it's a race. NASA versus SpaceX? SpaceX versus Blue Origin versus Rocket Lab versus dot-dot, versus China, of course. course. Yeah. So, you know, listen, nuclear propulsion should have been here a long time ago. And people were just always concerned. Finally, we've got spacecraft with a 99.99% you know, reliability. And people have been worried about, you know, launching something. It used to be picketers sitting out front of Kennedy Space Center whenever a, you know, a thermal nuclear unit was being launched on a deep, deep space mission. That's not happening anymore, thank you.

God, yeah. You'll do a couple two things there. You know, getting out of the gravity well is methane, but it's the reusable rocket that's made that suddenly viable. Elon cracked the code on it, but now everyone's going to copy it, including the Chinese, including NASA. But the reusability is everything. But once you're out of the gravity well, the, you know, the xenon ion engines were just waiting. And, you know, the AI is the big unlock on designing all this. We heard that earlier in the pod, too.

So the explosion of things operating in space is going to come from that. double whammy of concurrently, we can get out of the gravity well cheaply, and we have AI as a design tool. I mean, so this is not science fiction all of a sudden. This is really going to happen because of that confluence of two concurrent events. Yeah, it turns out the singularity isn't just vibes after all. And I would also note, I mean, at the very end of the president's remarks, did you hear him say, we're getting an American Starfleet? I love that. Like, this is right out of Star Trek. We are so catching up with Star Trek. And Star Trek, needs to reinvent itself to stay ahead of where we are.

Yeah. Well, I think nuclear tugs, right? We'll probably use starship to get people into Earth orbit, probably to the moon, but a nuclear tug that is able to get us back and forth to Mars or get us out to the outer planets. That particle accelerator, the size of a toaster is just like, you say. And that's coming from a tiny little R&D budget. That's just awesome. That shows you what's possible.

If you have 10 billion tokens. The related story here is that four days ago, the president chartered the United States Space Academy, modeled after West Point and the Naval Academy to educate and train engineer, scientists, and astronauts who will crew the Starfleet. Jared Isaac and the astronaut entrepreneur who serves as our amazing NASA administrator

called the Academy a transformational step. So now I've got a target for my kids if they want to go. Starfleet Academy is here. Starfleet Academy is here. And remember, so this was actually when we were soliciting questions to ask Jared when he was on the pod, one of the questions other than the UAP question I was being asked the most is, ask Jared, if I'm like an average American civilian, how can I get a job on the moon? And so I pose that question to him. You may recall during our interview with him. And now we have the answer. Administrator Isaacman is being put in charge. I mean, they're not literally calling it Starfleet Academy, but they might as well. He's being put in charge of Starfleet Academy. And we're getting Starfleet Academy. It would be called U.S. Space Academy, but it's Starfleet Academy. It'll probably be, if reading the tea leaves, probably be in Texas, not San Francisco. But I'll settle for Texas for having Starfleet Academy in a year or two. Amazing. All right, gentlemen, shall we take on a few AMA questions? Sure. Let's do it.

All right. Dave, your choice. All right. I'm going to start at the top. How do you reconcile the vision of abundance where goods and services become free or inexpensive with frontier companies projecting trillions in revenue. That's from Rusty K 2000. Okay, Rusty K. Look, Elon said it right. You know, we're talking about 10x growth of the GDP in under 10 years, which, you know, it's starting to feel like not only real, but maybe even a low ball estimate. So the amount of abundance, you know, you could, you can measure it in dollars and in, we may have massive deflation, which is a point that Elon made on that podcast. But regardless, the amount of abundant stuff available to everyone is through the roof. And so, yeah, there's plenty of room for the foundation

model companies to make trillions of dollars and still have lots and lots of stuff going out to everybody on the planet, too. It's just a much, much bigger overall economy. Yep, agreed. We'll see if Elon's projections of you know, triple-digit growth of the GDP in five years hold. We'll ask them on our predictions episode. Alex. All right. I'll pick question number four, which asks one of the biggest complaints about data centers is how noisy they are. What's the solution for that? And this is from NILS 908. Okay, so a few thoughts. I talk to my newsletter about how data center companies are now hiring folks who specialize in acoustics to do noise measurement studies to actually measure this and argue in some

cases against municipalities regarding exactly how noisy the data centers are. So the superficial glib answer is data centers are going to migrate to space. And in space, no one can hear you scream. And in space also, no one can complain that your data center is noisy. So that's the superficial answer. The less obvious answer, I think, is a number of years ago, Apple patented, I think, a very clever solution for how to minimize fan noise. Apple's focus was on the noise from fans in laptops and desktops, which are also noisy. But critically, the noise from fans isn't white noise. It's not spread spectrum because the frequency response, the impulse response is determined by the shape of the blades. So Apple came up with and patented at least one,

maybe more than one, clever solution for asymmetric blades in fans that would smooth out the noise spectrum, make it flatter and wider. And as a result, if the noise coming out of a fan is whiter, it sounds a lot, like it just blends into the background. It's not, doesn't feel as noisy. So my clever solution here, Apple, I know you're not in the data center business, but you should license your clever desktop and laptop fan patents to the data center industry so that data centers can benefit with white noise. Is it just that or is it also, you know, natural gas turbines making a lot of noise? Well, the turbines are the same. It's, it's fans. It's things going around in loops that are symmetric, creating non-white noise, called color noise.

So if we can switch, basically, decolorize the noise from data centers, keeping everything else the same, basically change the shape of the fans, of the turbines and the things going around, that should smooth out the spectrum and make them seem a lot less noisy. All right. Number three, Ryan Boyington, 7941 says, could abandon mills be repurposed as data centers to revitalize struggling towns? And yes, I mean, the fact that matter is any struggling town, whether they have mills or don't have mills, can cut a deal with a data center and negotiate properly. Tell them that you want them to guarantee, you know, a rate cut on energy.

Tell them that you want to guarantee schools and, you know, better police and fire departments. You know, you've got the key negotiating position. Ask for what you want. So that's my answer for no. number three. I have a case study in that, too. You know, Rob Fisher from here went off to start, or co-found provocative, which is a data center in Somerville, which is an opportunity zone, desperately needed the business. But I was asking him, like, why in this location? And he said it's an old carpet mill, which is why there's a huge amount of electrical power that comes into

this particular block. So we just repurposed it as a data center. It's much less pollutey and noisy than a carpet mill was, and much better for the local economy. So it clearly does work. Alex, you want to take number two? Sure. Two asks, NVIDIA's biggest vulnerability is supposed to be TSM, but isn't the bigger one that four of its largest customers are now shipping their own silicon? This is asked by Haymont 05. Yes and no and yes and no. I think Nvidia has strengths as well, not just vulnerabilities. It has accumulated an enormous amount of capital. It's the most valuable corporation in the world. And pretty publicly now is using that capital to buy its own supply chain and its own customer chain. In many cases, NVIDIA has weaponized its capital very publicly to basically purchase loyalty of customers. So, yes, some of its customers are vertically integrating the Frontier Labs, as Dave would say, the Magna Mopsas all are developing their own custom silicon.

True. On the other hand, they're all purchasing still from NVIDIA. It's not like they're able to wean themselves off overnight. And at the same time, I think the bigger question is invidia able to wean itself off of TSM, which is the first part of this question. And I think that the solution there is yes, and what everyone is, or almost everyone is sleeping on, I would predict that invidia is in some backroom somewhere striking a deal with Elon to be the anchor tenant for TerraFab.

And TerraFab ends up being the swap, the last minute, plot twist substitution for TSM. I couldn't agree with you more on that one. Dave. I'll take number seven. Will AI's capacity for knowledge keep expanding like the human mind? Or will it require brute force? That's from QC for life. Quality control for life?

Great question. I've been thinking about this since I was a teenage kid. And we're about to find out. It's very likely that it can expand to infinity or near infinity or levels we can't even comprehend very close. and very quickly from where we are right now. It's going to improve its own chips. It's going to improve its on software.

It's going to run thousands, maybe a million times faster very soon. And then it's going to learn and learn and learn. I think it was Eliasutskiver who said the AI just wants to learn. So it's going to absorb all information that's ever been produced in no time and then be starved for more information. And it'll start asking us to produce tests or experiments or whatever to keep feeding the great machine. nobody can predict what exactly will come out of that a year from today or two years from today.

But it's going to be something we've never experienced before and a whole new world. Nice. Alex, over to you. I think I have to take question number five, which asks, if you induce rainfall in one region, could that reduce rainfall in areas downwind? And this is from Jim Plamundon 637. Yes, I do think so. I think water, to first order, water is conserved on this planet.

And so, yes, if there's water in the atmosphere and it falls in one place, presumably to first order, that reduces the water that can fall downwind of that. I think the question behind the question is, isn't that a problem? And I think the answer is no. I think we will trade atmospheric effects. We will trade weather. It'll be a vibrant market. And some municipalities don't want rainfall, and some do. I think the bigger question is, what happens when you have the capability via global, planet?

planetary-scale AI weather models for a region on one side of the planet to trade weather with one on the other, not just downwind, but one could imagine a case where a desert, say, Sahara is able to trade with somewhere in North America, trade precipitation to re-green the Sahara. I think that is possible with a suitable weather control system and good enough planetary-scale AI models. And I think there'll just be a vibrant market. for weather. All right. Number six, should every robotaxy, humanoid, delivery robot, and drone broadcast a verifiable passport showing its operator insurer and its limits, asks at AIMama protocol. So A.I. Mama, great question. And I think the answer is yes. I think every one of these

autonomous vehicles is going to be needing for regulatory purposes, as well as insurance purposes, needing to have an identifier and probably an off switch as well. So let's see, AIMama asked a second question. Number eight, do you want to take that, Alex? Sure. If AI disproportionately benefits those with time and capital, how does that abundance reach caregivers, disabled people, and displaced workers?

I actually think this question is identical if you remove AI from the sentence entirely. You could equally well say, if capital or were something substantially equivalent to capital, if capital benefits those with capital, how does that abundance reach everyone else? I think the answer is the same. I think ideally, not just ideally, in practice as well,

we're going to be a much, much wealthier civilization in a few years. And the nature of caregiving, the nature of treatment of disabilities, the nature of work is going to be transformed beyond recognition. So I think asking how, I think sort of the questions framed almost asking, asking the question of trickle-down economics, maybe hoping that I'm going to say something about trickle-down. I'm not going to say anything about trickle-down beyond just mentioning it. I actually think the question is analogous to asking in the 1950s or 1960s, when are American housewives

going to get their atomic vacuum cleaners? It's not even wrong. We're going to cure the disabilities. We're going to solve all the top 5,000 diseases. We're going to change the nature of work. And so many of these classes that would otherwise naively benefit superficially from trickle-down economics of capital or from AI are just going to be transformed beyond recognition. We're going to actually solve the root problem. It's the abundance thesis.

We demonetize and democratize. Absolutely. And so it's, you know, this sort of reminds me of the wealth gap. conversation. Yes. Where you've got trillionaires living forever on Mars and the poorest people back on Earth. And, you know, I get that question every time I'm on stage and people say, isn't the wealth gap growing?

And I say, yes, it is. But what's also moving is the floor. And if we can move the floor for every single man, woman, and child on the planet, so everyone has access to all the food, water, energy, health care, education that they want. If they're trillionaires working on Mars, that's fine. But we're living in a much more peaceful world when everyone. Every mother knows their children has access to, you know, abundance. And so, yeah. Did you see Peter that reporting that Leopold Ashenbrenner promised his fiancé an entire galaxy?

Which one did he buy for? I don't think he actually got around to purchasing it. I think situational awareness had a bit of a hiccup that may have prevented him from purchasing a galaxy. But I do think, you know, when Leopold is promising galaxies to his fiancé, it's a bit of a wealth gap, I suppose. but it's one that with enough technology, presumably, that's under the category of a good problem to have it. Well, you know, we do have $2 trillion in the known universe. And so everybody could probably, you know, promise a few million to their fiancés if they wanted.

How many of... You get a galaxy and you get a galaxy. All right, everybody. Thank you for watching us. Saleem, we miss you, buddy. Get through TSA. Yeah, we'll see you next time. All right.

Entire episode. He's been in a line. That's kind of funny. Take care of all. Be well. Thanks, Peter. Two and five Canadians will hear the words, you have cancer. That's why every step and dollar raised matters.

On September 19th, join thousands in Toronto for the Princess Margaret Cancer Foundation walk. Challenge yourself, friends, and family to walk 21 kilometers in support of life-saving research. Together, we can carry the fire and help create a world. free from the fear of cancer. Register today at pmcf walk.ca.ca.