Motley Fool Money - Lessons From Great Investors

Episode Date: December 3, 2022

The first rule of investing is don’t lose money. The other rules are a little more complicated. David Rubenstein is the Co-Founder and Co-Chairman of The Carlyle Group, and the author of ”How to Invest: Masters on the Craft”. Rubenstein joined John Rotonti to discuss: - Lessons from Warren Buffet, Larry Fink, and Seth Klarman - Genius and luck in investing - Happiness and expectations - Investing with a margin of safety Companies mentioned: CG, BLK, TSLA, HLT Host: John Rotonti Guest: David Rubenstein Producer: Ricky Mulvey Engineers: Dan Boyd, Kyle Carruthers Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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If you're 45 or older and at average risk, ask your health care provider about the Coligard test. Coligard is available by prescription only. Learn more or request a prescription today at colagard.com slash screen. What Ron would say is when you hold on to assets, you give the entrepreneur, the CEO, some real time to make improvements and really grow the company, but you also have two other great advantages. One, you can avoid taxes because if you're not selling, you don't have a taxable income.

And secondly, you can compound a bigger amount of money. So if you're not selling, you're therefore done paying taxes. You're compounding on a bigger corpus. I'm Chris Hill, and that's David Rubenstein. He's a co-founder and co-chairman of the Carlisle Group, a global investment firm that happens to run one of the biggest private equity funds out there. He's also the author of How to Invest Masters on the Craft. It's a book about what the most successful investors have in common.

Motley Fool senior analyst John Ratante caught up with Rubenstein to talk about what makes a realistic rate of return and the common themes among great investors like Larry Fink, Stan Muckin Miller and Warren Buffett. So I want to jump into the interviews you conducted for the book, but first I have a few questions about your own investing and business career. Carlisle has generated 26% annualized returns in its private equity funds over a more than 30-year period. That's truly incredible.

What are Carlisle's investment criteria and what are the secrets to your firm's investing success? Well, that's not easy to answer those so succinctly. essentially in private equity, and we do many different things other than private equity, but in private equity, we generally tend to be not at the cutting edge of the most novel thing. We tend not to be a venture capital investor. We tend not to be a early stage investor. We tend to do more classic buyouts or significant stakes in companies, even though it might not be a classic buyout.

We generally are big believers in debt paydown and making certain that we don't pay. EBITDA multiples that are, you know, hard to sustain. So we basically are not likely to get a lot of 100 times our money deals, but we generally avoid a lot of zero times our money deals. So classic bread and butter buyouts that are well-financed and industries that are understandable and that have pretty good CEOs. I love that. First rule of investing is don't lose money. In the book, you say that successful investing is ultimately about predicting the future. In fact, you say that Warren Buffett is the best long-term investor of all time. And so he could also be considered the best long-term predictor of the future. But as investors, we are constantly hearing

that the future is impossible to predict on a consistent basis. So which one is it? Is predicting the future futile or is it the essence of long-term successful investing? Well, as I try to say in the book, all of life is really about predicting the future. Should you marry this person? Should you go to this school, is it going to work out? You don't really know where things are going to go, but you try to make your best guess about the future. And we don't have perfect ways of measuring how successful you are in predicting the future. But in business and investing, we do have a perfect way. And that's profit and loss, internal rates of return, multiples and invest in capital and so forth. So Warren Buffett has been maybe the greatest investor of all time in the sense that he's

averaged about a 20% return a year for 60 years. That's pretty long time. So he's pretty good at predicting the future, I would say, not perfect, nobody is. I would say nobody is perfectly going to be able to predict where the world's going, two years from now, five years from now. But generally, good investors, however, pretty good knows for where the world's going to go. They're generally reasonably one form, and they're really taking some risks, but nobody's perfect, of course. You write that, quote, the investment guides do not reward those who hope good luck will provide superior investment returns on a regular basis.

and, as with casino gambling, good luck at the outset of an investment process or career, can actually be bad luck. One will think that genius rather than good luck was involved and will repeat itself, so a doubling down on the next investment will probably occur typically resulting in losses greater than the initial gains. End quote. Do you think there are a lot of investors in the market today that had some good luck in the markets in 2020 and 2021 that see themselves?

as geniuses today? Well, there's no doubt that some people that did very well in the run-up of tech multiples a couple years ago and growth capital multiples a couple years ago and crypto technology for a while and so forth, they people thought, hey, you know, I really am smarter than people thought that I was. I really am smarter than all those people that got better grades to me in college and law school or business school. I am pretty smart. I have a knack for this that nobody really recognized before. There's no doubt there's some of that hubris and there's some of that, I would say, self-deception. But generally, the most grounded investors recognize that there's luck involved and they don't just say, because I did well in one

year or two years, I'm really a genius. I think the really, really good investors are always nervous about the world falling apart and always worried about protecting their downside. And that's one of the reasons why I try to point out in the book, the really good investors have a certain amount of humility because they know the markets can go against them and they're not really going to be able to do anything about it. And therefore, the really good investors say, okay, when the markets are moving against me, I'm going to get out. I'm not going to say the tape is wrong, the markets are wrong. Everybody else is an idiot. I'm smart. And so they tend to make willingness to get out of bad decisions and go on to the next thing. You also say that overpaying

for an asset or company rarely has a pleasant outcome for the buyer. What are your thoughts on current valuations either in public stock market or in private market buyouts? Well, there's no doubt that the stock market has adjusted and probably appropriately so. I'd say a correction is considered to be 20% decline from more or less the peak. I suspect in the stock market averages, we're now probably down a little bit more than 20% from the peak of a couple years ago. Private market valuations have not come down as much, and that is something that some people wonder about.

Are the private market valuations really meeting the test of the market, or are they some self-deception by the people that are doing these marks. Because in public marks, as you know, the public is marks, everybody in the world has really effect making that decision about what the market is or the value is of the stock or the other asset. In private markets, you tend to be having an outside consultant. You might have your accounting firm and you have your own professionals and whether the mark is as tough on the value of the asset as possible, some people question. But I do think that private marks have not come down quite as much, as public marks, and some people think there will be a further diminution in some private marks.

I think that private marks are probably reasonably accurate. Private companies are generally better companies than public companies in many ways. And I don't think the marks are going to go down appreciably from where they are now. In the book, you say, investors with realistic expectations of rates of return tend to be more successful. Investors who are chasing rates of return that are unrealistic based on historic norms will generally be disappointed. What do you think it's a reasonable expectation for a required rate of return for a good stock market investor, let's say over the next five years? Well, over the last hundred years or so, public market stock averages have averaged on roughly

6% a year. So the stock market goes up on average about 6% a year. Obviously, some years higher, some years lower. So if you're a stock market investor, you should probably be looking net of inflation. I'm not talking about taking into account inflation. Assume inflation zero for a moment, 6% or so. And if its inflation is 1 or 2%, then that's obviously lower than that by, you know, 4 or 5% is what you're talking about, net of inflation. If you go into the stock market thinking you're going to do much better than that on average over a long period of time, you're probably fooling yourself unless you're Warren Buffett or you have some unusual talent. That's why for most people, I think it's probably a good idea to take a index fund.

If you're a doctor or a dentist, while they're very good professions, you're probably busy doing something other than looking at stock markets and assessing companies. So probably get somebody as a professional to do that for you and probably meeting the market averages is probably what you should expect. Now, if you're in fixed income, you're obsessed with not taking stock market risk, you just want steady income, then you're probably looking at a lower rate of return. As we know, historically, fixed income returns, probably you're averaging two or three percent on an average. Now, because of the Fed interest rate is higher now, you can probably get 3 and 4 percent rates of return on fixed income instruments for some period of time.

I would say in your private markets, you're looking for double-digit rates of return, and it depends on whether your infrastructure, your real estate, core real estate, opportunistic real estate, venture capital, growth capital buyouts, but on the whole, all of these so-called alternative assets, I think people are looking for double-digit multiples, sometimes, you know, maybe 10 or 11 percent in infrastructure, maybe 15 percent in some opportunistic real estate and private equity, maybe 16, 17, 18 percent net internal rates of return. So you have realistic expectations. You won't be disappointed.

If you think you're going to get 25 percent net internal rates of return on a consistent basis, you're going to be fooling yourself. It's one of the things I love about the alternative asset manager model is you've got, you know, infrastructure where you're expecting 10 to 12 percent, you've got, some other things where you're going 12 to 14 percent and then private equity above that. So you're investing across that gross spectrum. You write that some of the wealthiest individuals you've ever met are not really happy people. And it's not necessary to be a world-class investor to have a world-class life.

What do you think brings happiness? Well, that's the most elusive thing in life. And I think from the dawn of civilization, people have been trying to achieve happiness. And some people get it and some people don't. What I said in the book is that some of the wealthiest people I know are some of the unhappiest people in the world that I know. That's because they have higher expectations. They want people to say they're great. They want to get more satisfaction from their children or their spouse, and they don't get it,

or they don't think that people recognize how talented they are, or they don't find the pleasure in buying the art and the houses and the yachts that they thought they were going to get. I think the greatest way to get happiness is to be grounded, have realistic expectations, of what you can achieve in life, and then you get the greatest pleasure in my view from helping other people. That's not a novel comment, but I think people that help other people in philanthropy or other kinds of ways feel more fulfilled in life than people that don't. And generally, some people that are not wealthy, but have a modest expectation of what they want out of life and do help other people are among the happiest people I know. Larry Fink, founder of Black Rock, is known for having an extremely

thoughtful and comprehensive view of the macro factors driving markets and economies. He says that he built up this ability by traveling the world and talking to government leaders and clients and then using those conversations and lessons to build his view of the investing landscape. He says, quote, it's all additive. It's like sedimentary rock, a layer here, a layer there, and soon enough you'll have some substance, end quote. David, how important do you think it is for great investors to be very macro-aware, similar to, but obviously not to the same extent as Larry think. I saw Larry about a week or so ago. He took his entire board, BlackRock,

throughout the Middle East and introduced them to many people there, and so they get a sense of what's going on in the Middle East. And Larry obviously was getting a pretty good set of information himself from that trip. I do think it's important to be as aware of you can of what's going on around the world. And the more information you have about what's going on around the world, I think it'll be a better investor. I think it's one of the reasons. I think it's one of the reasons Larry's been so successful. He's been willing to travel the world, get to meet people all over the world, hear what they say, and then obviously take his own perspectives and blend that with what he's learned. So I do think it's important to travel or to get information from many different sources.

The best investors absorb enormous amounts of information before they make a decision. Larry Fink says that investors may be making a mistake right now, thinking that we're going to return to the go-go years of benign inflation, very low interest rates, and QE and massive liquidity injections anytime soon. What do you think about this? I agree with him. I think that we're not likely to see 2% inflation for quite some time again. I think that the go-go era that we went through in terms of technology and so forth, I think is probably in abeyance for a while. I think we're going to have to suffer through probably some negative quarters, a recession type of environment for maybe a couple quarters next year, not a deep recession, but some modest recession. And so I think

for a while, people are going to be nervous about where the markets are going and whether the kind of valuation we saw years ago for technology companies, whether that can be seen again the next 10 years or so, I'm skeptical. Ron Barron's partner fund has generated low to mid-teens return since inception and since 1992, it's the best performing mutual fund out of more than 2,000 funds that it's measured against. His firm has generated over $50 billion in profits for its clients. What do you think are the keys to Ron Barron's success as a public stock market picker and portfolio manager? Well, Ron would say that he has two things that he does that are making him very successful. One, he does a lot of due diligence, very careful. He does it himself. I remember when

Carlisle was going public, we went to meet with Ron Barron's firm, and he showed up, and he was taking a lot of notes, and he was very, very thoughtful. He asked very good questions. So he does a lot of due diligence. He does a lot of work, and he knows what he's talking about. Secondly, he doesn't tend to sell. He tends to like to buy into companies where the entrepreneurs still own a big stake in it on the theory that they're going to make sure it's going to work if they own a big stake in it, and he tends to hold for long, long periods of time. He was an early advocate for Elon Musk and made a fair amount of money in Tesla and in SpaceX by holding onto assets.

And what Ron would say is when you hold on to assets, you give the entrepreneur, the CEO, some real time to make improvements and to really grow the company. But you also have two other great advantages. One, you can avoid taxes because if you're not selling, you don't have a taxable income. And secondly, you can compound a bigger amount of money. So if you're not selling, you're therefore done paying taxes. You're compounding on a bigger corpus. And so by not selling, which he doesn't really sell that much that frequently,

he tends to ride his winners quite a long way. So he's a very smart person. And while he came from a background as I did as a lawyer, like me, he wasn't really happy with the law. John Gray, president of Blackstone, I believe he's in line to one day become the CEO of Blackstone, which is the largest, alternative asset management company in the world. He built Blackstone into the largest real estate company in the world, and he helped orchestrate a $14 billion profit for Blackstone on Blackstone's

investment in Hilton hotels, which is the most profitable buyout in history. What do you think makes John Gray such an incredible real estate investor? John is very smart. So he's got a good IQ. He's very hardworking. That's useful, too. but he's got an engaging personality. There are a lot of very smart people that are hardworking, but John has an engaging personality, which makes people want to do business with them. You know, you can't buy something if people don't want to do business with you,

and you can't sell something to somebody if people don't want to buy from you. But John is an engaging personality. He's likable. He's modest, unassuming, not a big ego. And I think people just enjoy doing business with him. So that's been a big plus as well. He's also been able to motivate a team of people around the world to build a really, really great real estate business. He built the largest

opportunistic real estate business in the world by far and done some of the most successful deal. So I think it's a combination of intelligence, hard work, and an engaging personality. In the book, he says that his best advice is to, quote, be a high conviction investor, end quote. He goes on to say, quote, when you dabble and just put a bunch of money on things you don't know or understand, it tends to work out badly, end quote. you have also built one of the most successful alternative investment firms in the world. So what do you think of that advice to be a high conviction investor and not to dabble in things you don't understand? Well, I agree with him because if you try to do a little bit of everything,

you'll probably do nothing very well. What he means by high conviction is make certain you really know what you're doing, spend a lot of time and energy in making certain you have all the facts, and then if you're convinced that you're doing right, then go in and basically make a significant investment. That's what George Soros has always said. When you have a great idea, double down and don't just think it's a great idea and put a modest amount in it, put a great amount of money behind the ideas you have high convictions in. And that's what I think John Gray's done. When he's done as analysis or his team has done his analysis, as they did in the EOP transaction, which was the biggest real estate deal of all time, they really knew what they were doing, but they

also knew that they should pre-sell some of the assets because the market could go down. So they pre-sold, in that case, three-quarters of the assets and what they were left with turned out to be extremely successful for them. So this next question, I'm combining the advice from four or five people in your book because they all gave almost the exact same advice. So John Rogers, founder of Ariel Investment, says, quote, the best way to be a successful investor was to be contrarian, to not follow the crowd, end quote. Don Fitzpatrick, the CEO and chief investment officer of Soros Fund Management, says,

quote, in this industry, you make money by having a view that's not the consensus, and over time becomes the consensus view. You have to have the confidence to have opinions and be an independent thinker and then be willing to bet on them. End quote. Ray Dalio, the founder of the largest hedge fund in the world, says the most important thing is, quote, the ability to be an independent thinker. You can never go with the consensus. The consensus is built into the price, end quote. And Seth Clarman, who's done 15% annualized over nearly 40 years and has had only four down years in those 40, says that value investing is, quote, the marriage of the calculator and a contrarian streak, end quote. He also says he's, quote, not drawn to hot areas or to what other

people are doing, end quote, and he has no interest in chasing things just because they're going up. David, do you think contrarianism is a prerequisite for long-term outperformance, and how important was contrarianism to the success of the Carlisle group? Well, first, I do agree with that view, and I say that that is what all the great investors have in common. They defy conventional wisdom. The conventional wisdom says the stock market's going down and you shouldn't invest. They tend to go in and things at discounts. But they have to have some independent judgment and they have to do their own research. But yes, if you basically go along with the PAC, you will be the PAC. Whatever the market is, that's what you'll do. So obviously you have to do something different than what the average

person is doing. And typically people are doing something that's quite contrarian. And many times people laugh at them when they're doing it, but they often turn out to be right, at least the very good ones do. At Carlisle, starting Carlisle was contrarian. No one thought you could build a private equity firm in Washington, D.C. And then secondly, we tended to focus in industries initially that people didn't think you could make money yet. So we did a lot in the aerospace defense industry. Initially, we had Frank Carlucci, a former Secretary of Defense in our firm. And we had some expertise of other people as well. So we invested in some industries that people didn't think you could do. One of the biggest contrarian things we did, while there are two of them that were contrarian

at the time, now they seem like common things. But in the early days of private equity, you were either a buyout firm or a venture firm or a growth capital firm or whatever, but nobody did everything. And we decided we would have multiple funds and like Tiro Price or Fidelity or Vanguard have multiple funds and try to sell the brand name a bit. We did that and that hadn't been done before. And then secondly, we globalized the business by having a dedicated team in Europe, Asia, Japan, Latin America, Africa, and so forth.

So we had our own dedicated teams elsewhere around the world. Historically, you didn't invest outside the country. based in, or you didn't have dedicated teams there. So we did those things that were contrarian at the time. Now they're not seen as that contrarian. So we did things that were contrary, and that helped us grow the firm. Yeah, you know, in the book, you try to summarize these qualities that these investors share, but you write, quote, no other characteristic of a great investor is as important to their success as their willingness to ignore conventional wisdom, end quote. So that seems to be like the one that's common across all of them. I think it's

the most significant. There are other characteristics that are in the book, but that's the most significant one for sure. Yeah, yeah. Seth Clarmine says the margin of safety concept is critical. Do you invest with a margin of safety? Well, we hope to. The margin of safety is the title, of course, of his legendary book, which is not in print, and I think goes for a very expensive price on eBay, and he hasn't done a second edition. He took that title, I think, from one of the chapters in another book that's very famous on security analysis. You always want to something that gives you some margin of safety. So you don't want to think, well, if everything works out here, we're going to be great and we're going to get a 3% rate of return. You want to have a much higher rate of return because

you need a margin of safety if something goes wrong. And so you don't want to be doing things just right at the edge where you think if everything works out, you're going to be okay. But you want to have a big enough margin. So if everything doesn't work out, you might be better than just okay. But you want to have a big enough margin of safety so that if the world goes against you, you are not going to be in trouble. One of my favorite quotes in the book comes from Seth Clarman. He says, quote, risk aversion is crucial. The margin of safety concept, along with a disciplined approach to buying and selling. A lot of people forget to sell. And it's important when securities or investments reach full value that you move on. Then there's the criticality of independent,

and sometimes contrary thinking, end quote. How important is having a sell discipline and knowing when to sell as an alternative asset manager? Well, I think it's important. I know sometimes in our own firm, we have people that think that the deal is supposed to get a 25% net internal rate of return. It's now marked at 20%. They say, well, no, it's going to be there in a couple more years.

Let's wait. And we often have to push people to say, look, 20% net is okay. You know, don't be piggish. You know, as the old saying is, pigs get fed and hogs get slaughtered. And I think there's another famous saying by a great investor from the 1920s, Bernard Baruch, who said, nobody ever got fired for taking a profit. And, you know, if you can make a really good profit, a good profit by anybody's measure, take it.

Sometimes at Carlisle, we think that a company is going to make six times its money, and we now market it four times as money. And we are sometimes reluctant to sell. I think we should probably do a better job in that. So I do agree with Seth. It's a good idea to remember that there's an advantage in selling when you're making a profit. As always, people on the program may have interest in the stocks they talk about, and the Motley Fool may have formal recommendations for or against. So don't buy yourself stocks based solely on what you hear.

I'm Chris Hill. Thanks for listening. We'll see you tomorrow.