Murder: True Crime Stories - SOLVED: Arlis Perry 1

Episode Date: May 19, 2026

In October 1974, 19-year-old Arlis Perry stepped inside Stanford University's memorial church late one Saturday night to pray after an argument with her husband, and never came out. When a security guard found her body the next morning, detectives encountered one of the most disturbing crime scenes they had ever seen, with evidence suggesting the killing was deliberate, ritualistic, and deeply personal. In Part 1 of Murder: True Crime Stories, host Carter Roy traces Arlis's life in small-town North Dakota, her whirlwind move to California, and the investigation that quickly ran cold. Head over to our Murder True Crime Stories YouTube channel to WATCH our video episodes: https://www.youtube.com/@MurderTrueCrimeStories If you’re new here, don’t forget to follow Murder True Crime Stories to never miss a case! For Ad-free listening and early access to episodes, subscribe to Crime House+ on Apple Podcasts. Murder True Crime Stories is a Crime House Original Podcast, powered by PAVE Studios 🎧 Need More to Binge?  Listen to other Crime House Originals Clues, Crimes Of…, Serial Killers & Murderous Minds, Crime House 24/7, and more wherever you get your podcasts! Follow me on Social Instagram: @Crimehouse TikTok: @Crimehouse Facebook: @crimehousestudios YouTube: @murdertruecrimestories To learn more about listener data and our privacy practices visit: https://www.audacyinc.com/privacy-policy Learn more about your ad choices. Visit https://podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Hi, listeners, it's Carter Roy. Before we get into today's episode of Murder True Crime Stories, I want to tell you about another show I think you'll love, Hidden History with Dr. Harini Bot. Every Monday, Dr. Bot goes where history gets mysterious. Vanished civilizations, doomsday prophecies, paranormal phenomena, and events that science still can't fully explain. Dr. Bot treats these moments like open case files.

Not myths, not superstition, just incomplete explanations waiting for a closer look. Hidden history drops every Monday. Follow now on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you listen. So you never miss a mystery. This is Crime House. Leaving home for the first time is always a little scary. Not having your parents around and being away from your community is hard enough. It's even more difficult when you move far away and have to create a completely new life for yourself.

In October of 1974, 19-year-old Arles Perry was dealing with all that and more. Back in her hometown in North Dakota, Arliss had a great group of friends, a tight-knit family, and was extremely involved in her local church. But that fall, she'd left everything behind and moved 1,700 miles away to Stanford, California. She had her new husband Bruce to comfort her, but Arles still felt like a fish out of water, so she leaned into her faith. And that's exactly what she was doing just before midnight on October 12th when she visited the church on Stanford's campus. Instead of guidance, she found something much more terrifying.

And what happened next left detectives convinced that the devil had made his way. to California. People's lives are like a story. There's a beginning, a middle, and an end, but you don't always know which part you're on. Sometimes the final chapter arrives far too soon, and we don't always get to know the real ending. I'm Carter Roy, and this is Murder, True Crime Stories,

a crime house original powered by Pave Studios. New episodes come out every Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday, with Friday's episodes covering the cases. that deserve a deeper look. Thank you for being part of the Crime House community. Please rate, review, and follow the show, and for add free access to every episode, subscribe to Crime House Plus on Apple Podcasts.

This is the first of two episodes on the 1974 murder of 19-year-old Arles Perry in Stanford, California. Please note this episode contains descriptions of sexual violence and murder. Please listen with care. Today, I'll introduce you to Arlis and her husband Bruce, high school sweethearts from a small town in North Dakota. After tying the knot in 1974, they moved to Stanford University where Bruce was studying pre-med.

Less than two months later, tragedy struck when Arles stopped at the campus church to pray. Next time, I'll take you through the decades-long investigation that followed. Over the years, Arles' murder was connected. to witchcraft, Satanism, and even the infamous serial killer known as the son of Sam. It wasn't until 2018 that new technology finally cracked the case, and the results weren't what anyone expected. All that and more coming up. Arles Perry was the epitome of an all-American girl. Born in Linton, North Dakota on February 22, 1955, she was the youngest. of three children. At the time, less than a thousand people lived in Linton. Arles's parents, Marvin,

and Gene owned a car dealership and were looking to expand their business. So in 1963, when Arles was eight years old, they moved to the state capital of Bismarck. Within a few years, they'd built another dealership and become active members of the community. Though Bismarck was larger than Linton, it was still pretty close-knit. and for most residents, church was the center of their social lives. It wasn't just for worship, it served as a central gathering place too. As committed Presbyterians, Arliss and her family fit right in. And as she got older, she only became more devoted to her faith.

When she was a teenager, Arlis got a job with her church youth group and taught Sunday school on the side. She was so passionate that sometimes she came on a bit too strong for her peers. Some even said she could be a little self-righteous, but most people didn't hold it against her. They knew Arlis meant well. She was sweet and caring, the kind of friend you could count on. Plus, she was beautiful with wavy, blonde hair and a bright smile. It was no surprise when she made the cheerleading squad in high school and became even more. popular. With so much going for her, the boys in town were lining up to take Arles out. But according to

her siblings, Arles didn't really date much. She was more of a homebody. In fact, she only had a couple of real boyfriends during high school. The first one didn't last long, but the second, a handsome runner named Bruce Perry stuck it out for the long haul. Bruce was a born achiever. He was the son of a dentist and his parents expected him to become a doctor from day one. It was a lot of pressure, but he never struggled to live up to the goals they set. Not only was he one of the best students in school, he was also a track star. At one point, he even held the record for running the fastest quarter mile in all of North Dakota. On top of all that, he was a devoted Christian, and though he and Arliss were in the same grade at school. That's how they really got to know one another

through the local fellowship of Christian athletes. With so much in common, it just seemed like a matter of time before their relationship turned romantic. Sure enough, they started dating, and after graduating from high school in 1973, Bruce and Arliss were determined to stay together. And that turned out to be easier said than done. Bruce had been accepted. accepted to the pre-med program at Stanford University in California, a full 24-hour drive from Bismarck. Arliss, on the other hand, preferred to stay in North Dakota. Since moving to Bismarck at eight years old, she'd never left and didn't see a reason to start now. So while her boyfriend went off to Stanford, she attended a local junior college and worked as a receptionist at Bruce's father's dental practice.

Maintaining a long-distance relationship is never easy, but it was even tougher back then. Phone calls across state lines were expensive, so the young couple mostly communicated through handwritten letters. From afar, Bruce told Arliss about the new friends he was making and the classes he was taking, though he did mention the transition was difficult. At the end of his freshman year in 1974, he came back to Bismarck to visit families. family. To Arlis, he looked like a new man. It was probably broader and tanner, his head of tight curls lightened by the California sun, but underneath he was the same old Bruce as committed to God and his girlfriend as ever. As the two of them reconnected, it was clear that Bruce felt guilty

about being so distant from Arles while he was at school. One night he decided he couldn't be apart from her anymore. He told Arlis he wanted her to come back to Stanford with him. She agreed instantly. But before making the move, they decided to get married. So a few weeks later, the 19-year-olds held a low-key ceremony at the Bismarck Reformed Church on August 17th. From there, they rushed off to their honeymoon at a rural cabin owned by Arles' parents. The next week was magical, but real life cut up all too quickly. Fresh off their vacation, Arles and Bruce had to hurry to California before the next semester started up. The two of them moved into a dorm exclusively for married couples, located about a half mile from the center of campus.

Then it was Arles' turn to make the bumpy transition to life in California. In the letters she sent home around this time. She wrote that she was having trouble making new friends. According to her, there was some serious culture shock, too. While there were plenty of churchgoers at Stanford, she didn't meet many who took their faith as seriously as she did. She complained to her family that people weren't as social as she was used to either. When she tried to strike up conversations, and most people just ignored her. She felt even more isolated since Bruce spent most of his time in class or working as a tutor. Arliss was left to wander the campus by herself for hours on end. Usually she wound up taking shelter at the university's memorial church, a massive sandstone building

with a bright terracotta roof. The front of the facade was decorated with a mosaic of Jesus and his disciples. disciples that never failed to wow her. Inside, Arliss took her place at a pew in the back row, kneeling under the stained glass and ornate arches to pray for strength. In those early days, she must have been asking God for patience and comfort as she and her husband worked to build their new life together on the West Coast. In October, about a month after the semester began, Arles finally seemed to turn a corner when she was hired as a receptionist at a local law firm. Besides the financial stability, the role gave her something to fill her days with while Bruce was holed up in the library. But having a job didn't fix everything.

And at around 11.30 p.m. on October 12th, 1974, Arles was getting restless. It was Saturday night on a three-day weekend. Outside the dorm, she could hear crowds of students laughing, partying, and playing music on the quad. Yet there she was, stuck in her bedroom while Bruce sat at his desk studying Latin. He seemed happy to be scribbling notes for his upcoming exam. And truth be told, Arliss was normally fine with staying in two. But that night, as she finished. writing yet another letter to her parents, she was feeling cooped up. So even though the mail

wouldn't be picked up for another couple of days, the 19-year-old decided to stretch her legs and take a walk to drop her letter off. Bruce knew Arles was having a hard time. He'd felt the exact same way during his first year on campus. California was different from North Dakota, and living so far away from home was enough to send anyone over the edge. As happy as he was to spend the night studying, he decided to go along with Arliss on her walk that night. He sensed that she wanted some companionship and attention, so he closed his book and pulled on his shoes for a walk. But as the two of them left the stuffy room and took in the fresh air, things turned sour. A mundane conversation about the car they shared quickly became heated.

One of the tires apparently had a leak, and they blamed one another for not filling it up with air. The bickering got more intense as they wound through campus. Although it was late, there were tons of students out celebrating, which only made the mood between the newlyweds worse. Finally, at around 1140 p.m., Arliss reached her limit. As the two of them walked by the memorial church, she stopped in her tracks and told Bruce to head back home. She wasn't going to discuss the tire with him anymore. She wanted some time to herself. She said she was going inside to pray and would see him back at the dorm soon.

By that point, Bruce was just as aggravated as she was. He gave her a terse nod, spun on his heels, and stomped back. back through the campus. When he got back to his desk, he was still steaming from the fight. He had no idea that back to the church, Arliss was in danger, and it wasn't long before his annoyance turned to horror. Think about some of the cases that defined true crime in America. Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, the kidnapping of Elizabeth Smart, the Karen retrial. Some crime cases are so shocking They don't just make headlines they forever change a country. I'm Katie Rang, host of America's most infamous crimes.

Each week, I take on one of the most notorious criminal cases, whether it's unfolding now or etched into American history, revealing not just what happened, but how it forever changed our society. Serial killers who terrorized cities, unsolved mysteries that kept detectives up at night, and investigations that change the way we think about justice. Each case unfolds across multiple episodes, released every Tuesday through Thursday

from the first sign that something was wrong to the moment the truth came out or didn't. These are the stories behind the headlines. Listen to and follow America's most infamous crimes available now wherever you get your podcast. On October 12th, 1974, 19-year-old Arles Perry got into an argument with her new husband, 19-year-old Bruce.

They parted ways in front of the Stanford Memorial Church in the center of campus at around 1140 p.m. As Bruce made the short walk back to their dorm, Arles stued in the courtyard outside the church, until eventually she decided that nothing could calm her down except a silent prayer. She pushed open the heavy front doors, walked to the back of the main chamber, and slid into an open pew on the left. She knew the church was locked at midnight, so she couldn't stay long, but even though it was almost closing time, she wasn't the only person inside.

There were two other people praying at the opposite end of the altar when she walked in. They left around midnight, not long after Arles arrived. The security guard who was supposed to lock up for the night, a man named Stephen Crawford, was running late. He didn't get back to the church until 12.10 a.m. on October 13th. When he poked his head through the door, the place looked empty. Still, he called out that he was about to close up just in case. When he didn't get an answer, he locked the doors as usual and left. Meanwhile, 19-year-old Bruce Perry was back in his dorm and he was starting to get worried.

It was 12.15 by then, just over half an hour since he left Arles by the church. Well, maybe she was still angry with him. But the two of them rarely argued, and when they did, they were always quick to make up. Sometime before 12.30 a.m., Bruce decided he couldn't wait any longer. He stepped out into the cool night and hurried back to the church. By that point, all the doors were locked. In the era before cell phones, he had no way of knowing where Arles was. He wandered aimlessly through the sprawling campus,

calling out her name and getting increasingly upset. There was no sign of her, so eventually Bruce rushed back to their dorm, hoping they'd just missed each other. But it was empty too. He waited there praying for her return until 3 a.m. That's when he finally called the Stanford Police. After telling them what happened, Bruce guessed Arliss might have fallen asleep inside the church

and had accidentally been locked inside. The campus police officers agreed to go down and check it out. They found the place locked with the security guard nowhere to be seen, so they stood outside and pounded on the doors for a while to try to wake Arles up. When no one responded, they decided that was good enough. Even though they hadn't actually checked the interior, They figured she couldn't possibly be locked in. They told Bruce they would launch a full investigation the next morning.

That night, he stayed up in bed with his eyes fixed on the front door, begging for his wife to come back home. At around 5.30 the next morning on October 13th, the security guard, Stephen Crawford, came back to the church for his morning patrol. that's when he noticed that one of the doors had been forced open from the inside. At first, Stephen worried someone had broken in. He went inside and approached the main altar, but nothing seemed out of place. From there, he started walking through the pews.

That's when he saw the body of 19-year-old Arles Perry sprawled on the cold stone floor. Stephen called the police, who found one of the people. who found one of the most gruesome crime scenes they had ever seen. Arlis was dead, lying face up under the last row of pews on the left side of the main chamber, and it was clear she had been deliberately posed. Her head faced the altar, while her feet were spread wide, pointing to an engraving of a cross on the wall. She was naked below the waist, with her jeans laid. out upside down across her calves, together her legs and pants formed a diamond shape.

That wasn't the worst part, not by a long shot. If you'd like to skip this section, I'd recommend jumping forward about a minute. Blood soaked her face and ran down to her neck, which was completely black and blue. Her arms were neatly folded over her torn blouse, and her hands were clutching one of the candles from the altar, a waxy stick about two feet long. The killer had sexually assaulted her with a second candle that was still lodged inside her. But none of that was what actually killed her. There was an ice pick sticking out of the back of her head, just behind her left ear. That had apparently been the fatal blow, and the murderer had plunged it into her with such force, that the handle had completely broken off.

It was enough to make the officers sick, but they had a job to do. A sheriff's deputy named Tom Roso was in charge of securing the initial scene. He started to collect evidence while other officers went to talk to Bruce Perry. As Arles' husband, he was naturally their first suspect, and their suspicion seemed justified when he answered the door wearing a shirt that was soaked in blood. The officers wanted to arrest him then and there, but Bruce quickly explained that he got nosebleeds when he was nervous and that he'd been up all night worrying about his wife. He also said he was willing to go down to the police station voluntarily, so after thinking it over,

the police decided to hold off on detaining him. Still, they initially kept the details of Arles' murder from Bruce. Instead, they aggressively, interrogated him to try to get him to crack. For hours, they suggested his wife was cheating on him, that he was lying about the nosebleeds, or that he was a lot angrier about the car's flat tire than he was letting on. For the majority of their questioning, Bruce was more confused than upset, and he voluntarily gave the cops his fingerprints and agreed to take a lie detector test. By then, forensics had tested the blood on his shirts and confirmed that none of it belonged to Arles. Even so, the police didn't tell him what had actually happened until after he'd passed the test.

At that point, he was officially cleared and the police widened their search for Arles' killer. They found a passerby who remembered seeing Arles enter the church around 1140. he told the police that he'd also noticed a young man with a sandy hair walking in at the same time as her. He was able to give a basic description of the stranger, but there weren't many distinguishing features that made it easy to ID him. And when authorities tracked down the other two worshippers who were in the church with Arlis, they said they didn't remember anyone with Sandy Hare. they were adamant that Arliss was the only one still inside when they left around midnight. Detectives stayed on the lookout for the mystery man, but for the most part, they focused their attention on another potential suspect, the security guard, 28-year-old Stephen Crawford. Some parts of his story didn't line up.

For example, he told detectives that he closed the church at 12.10 a.m., then did a full walkthrough of the main chamber two hours later. If that was true, he would have been following protocol to a T, but the police found it hard to believe that he didn't notice a dead body lying under the pews at 2 a.m. So either Arliss was still alive in hiding for some reason, or Stephen was lying. And the authorities became even more suspicious after the autopsy results. came back. A coroner ruled that Arliss likely died around midnight. That may have explained why

no one answered when Stephen announced he was locking up at 1210, and by that point she was already dead. But as Stephen had done his walkthrough at 2 a.m., he still would have noticed her body. With Bruce already out of the picture, Stephen became the most likely killer. Police called back to the station multiple times to grill him about the murder and make him sit for a polygraph. In the meantime, they ran forensics tests on the altar candles, the murder weapon, and the other items they found at the scene. Although they still needed the full results, the detectives thought they were on the verge of cracking the case. As tragic as the murder was, the timeline seemed straightforward. Only a few people had access to the locked church. One of them had to be guilty.

The only problem was none of the evidence fit their theories. Hi, my name is Lloyd Lockridge, and I'm the host of a new podcast from Odyssey called Family Lore. In this podcast, I'm going to have people on to tell unusual and sometimes far-fetched stories about their families. I've heard my whole life that she ended at the margarita. And then we're going to investigate those stories and find out how much of it is true. He gets a patent one month before the Wright brothers. Oh my God. Please follow and listen to Family Lore, an Odyssey podcast, available now on Apple Podcasts, Spotify,

or wherever you get your shows. On October 13, 1974, a security guard found the body of 19-year-old Arles Perry in the Stanford University Memorial Church. She had been stabbed, violated, and posed in a ritualistic way. Her new husband, 19-year-old Bruce, passed a polygraph test and was eliminated as a suspect by police early on. Some witnesses reported seeing a guy with sandy-colored hair enter the church with Arles about 20 minutes before she died. The authorities did their best to hunt down the mystery man, but in the meantime, Suspicion fell on the security guard, 28-year-old Stephen Crawford.

Minor inconsistencies in his story led some detectives to believe he was hiding something. But he passed a polygraph, so police turned to the evidence in hopes of finding a link between him and Arles. In the days after the murder, forensics ran a series of tests on several items police recovered from the crime scene. Arliss had been violated by a two-foot altar candle. Experts were able to lift a partial palm print from it, which they compared to Steve and Bruce's hands. Neither of them was a match, but it wasn't an exact science. Since palms cover more surface area than fingers,

it takes much longer to analyze them, and even deciding which way a partial palm print should be oriented can be difficult. With a fingerprint, the top and bottom of the impression are usually clear, but it's not so obvious when all you have is one random segment of a palm. All of this means palm print comparisons have a higher rate of error than fingerprint analysis. But back in 1974, that was the best the police could do. Forensic DNA analysis wouldn't be widely used until more than a decade later. And that same obstacle made another piece of evidence less useful than it could have been.

The police had found a floor pillow near Arles' body. They kind of used to cushion a person's knees while they prayed. There was a prominent semen stain on the fabric. And by itself, that proved Arles had been sexually assaulted. But without scientific advancements, the pillow couldn't be used to ID the killer. and since the test on the palm print ruled out Stephen as a suspect, that meant detectives were back at square one. In search of another lead, the authorities turned to Arliss's friends and family to figure

out if they knew anyone who may have wanted to hurt her. The fact that she was stabbed by an ice pick suggested the murder was premeditated. Not many people just happened to carry one of those to church in the middle of the night. But her relatives back in North Dakota couldn't think of anyone specific. She just wasn't the kind of person who made enemies. It wasn't until after she was laid to rest on October 15th that one of her co-workers, a man, we'll call James, came to the sheriff's office with a major new tip.

During the funeral, James, who had only been working with Arles for a couple of weeks at the law office was introduced to Bruce Perry for the first time, and he wasn't who James expected. The day before the murder on October 11th, James spotted Arles having a serious conversation with another man at her desk. Until the memorial service, James assumed that guy was Bruce. From afar, the stranger did vaguely look like Arles' husband, Both were tall with athletic builds and curly hair, but the mystery man's hair was more blonde, almost a sandy color. And up close, James could tell Bruce's face was completely different.

When police asked Bruce who the visitor might have been, he said he had no clue. As far as he knew, Arthus didn't have any friends in the area yet, and she didn't usually keep things like that from him. In fact, she had explicitly asked Bruce not to come by her new workplace until she was settled in. So it was odd that someone else would come to see her there. The fact that the stranger had Sandy Hare should have been another red flag to detectives. The mysterious visitor could have been the same man a witness saw entering the church with Arles before the murder. But for some reason, the police didn't pursue the tip. any further. Instead, they wrote the stranger off as a delivery man or a potential client at the law firm,

which was certainly possible, but that didn't explain why Arliss would have an intense 15-minute conversation with him. Either way, a week after the murder, detectives had moved on to a new theory. Because the murder was so brutal and sexually motivated, they started to believe it was, was the work of a random sex criminal, a repeat offender, or possibly an escaped mental patient. In that case, Arliss hadn't been specifically targeted. She just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. So law enforcement shifted their focus from her friends and family to similar crimes in the area. Weeks went by and they still hadn't found anything to prove their theory, but even then, the authorities were convinced they were on the right track. They insisted

the murderer didn't have any personal connection to Arles, even after her grave was desecrated back in North Dakota. On Halloween night in 1974, two weeks after her death, someone stole a temporary marker that was placed at her grave site. Although Arles' grave was the only one that was disturbed, police dismissed the act as random vandalism. The incident devastated her family and friends who had only begun to grieve Arlis. For them, the impossible task of moving on seemed to get more difficult every day. Since the investigation had clearly stalled, the murder was all people in Bismarck talked about. Busy bodies swapped stories about Arles, Bruce, and their dangerous lives back in

California. As the weeks swore on, the gossip coalesced around one particular rumor. Allegedly, the year before Arles died, and back when Bruce had just left for Stanford, she and a friend did some missionary work together. One afternoon, they traveled to the neighboring town, a place called Mandan. By itself, that wouldn't have been out of the ordinary. Arliss spent most of her free time back in North Dakota volunteering. with a student religious group called Young Life. What grabbed the town's attention were the kind of people she and her friend

were reportedly converting. Apparently, they went to Mandan to preach to members of a local satanic cult. Eventually, Bruce's parents heard the rumors for themselves and told Arles' family. Her parents knew it sounded a little ridiculous, but then again, everything about Arles' his death had been strange. The way the killer posed her body, the fact that she was murdered

in a church and the theft of her grave marker, even if the lead didn't pan out, it seemed like it was worth following up on. But unfortunately for Arles' family, and the California authorities didn't take the rumor very seriously. For starters, there were logistical issues. Bismarck was 1,700 miles away from Stanford. The Sheriff's Department didn't have the budget to carry out a full investigation so far from their jurisdiction. Plus, by that point, detectives were still convinced that a local sex criminal was responsible for Arles' murder. And despite all that, they did make some token attempts to look into the rumor. Bismarck Police cooperated with law enforcement back in Stanford to interview several members of the Young Life Group.

They found that almost all of them had heard the exact same rumor about Arliss and an unidentified friend, but no one could say who that friend was, and none of them had any firsthand knowledge of the supposed missionary trip. That was enough for the police to discount the gossip. They continued to devote their efforts back in California to investigating local offenders. Sadly, none of it bore any fruit. Gradually, Bruce and Arliss's families got fewer and fewer updates from the California cops. Eventually, the authorities were only calling every six months or so to report that there hadn't been any progress on the case. It wasn't until five years later that something changed.

In 1979, a serial killer named, David Berkowitz, the notorious son of Sam, mentioned Arles Perry to police in North Dakota. He claimed to have information about her death and even implied that he knew the killer personally. It seemed like Arles' murder was the work of the devil after all. Thanks so much for listening. I'm Carter Roy, and this is Murder True Crime Stories. Come back next time for part two on the murder of Arles Perry. Murder True Crime Stories is a Crime House original, powered by Pave Studios.

Here at Crime House, we want to thank each and every one of you for your support. If you like what you heard today, reach out on social media at Crime House on TikTok and Instagram. Don't forget to rate, review, and follow Murder True Crime Stories. wherever you get your podcasts. Your feedback truly makes a difference. And to enhance your Murder True Crime Stories listening experience, subscribe to Crime House Plus on Apple Podcasts. You'll get every episode ad-free.

We'll be back on Thursday. Murder True Crime Stories is hosted by me, Carter Roy, and is a crime house original powered by Pave Studios. This episode was brought to life by the Murder True Crime Stories team, Max Cutler, Ron Shapiro, Alex Benadon, Natalie Pertsovsky, Lori Marinelli, Alyssa Fox, Terrell Wells, Honeya Aseid, Cassidy Dillon, and Russell Nash. Thank you for listening. I'm Katie Ring, host of America's Most Infamous Crimes. Each week, I take on one of the most notorious criminal cases in American history. Listen to and follow America's Most Infamous Crimes, Available Now Wherever You Get Your Podcasts.

Looking for your next listen, check out Hidden History with Dr. Harini Bot. Every Monday, Dr. Bot goes where history gets mysterious. Vanished civilizations, doomsday prophecies, and events that science still can't fully explain. Follow Hidden History Now on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you listen.