No Such Thing As A Fish - No Such Thing As Rivets On A Tombstone

Episode Date: June 15, 2023

Dan, James, Andrew and Ella Al-Shamahi discuss hops, hominids, Spitfires and Socotra. Visit nosuchthingasafish.com for news about live shows, merchandise and more episodes. Join Club Fish for ad-free episodes and exclusive bonus content at apple.co/nosuchthingasafish or nosuchthingasafish.com/patreon

Hi everyone, welcome to this week's episode of No Such Things of Fish, where we are joined by the wonderful Ella al-Shemahi. You might remember Ella from episode 373 of No Sixthingers of Fish when she last appeared. But if you don't remember that, then she is a paleoanthropologist. She's an expert in Neanderthals. She is a National Geographic Explorer. She's just an all-round badass. Ella has written a book called The Handshake, A Gripping History, which we talked about last time she was on. But she's also been on loads of TV shows, loads of documentaries.

The last one I think was called Our Changing Planet, all about the world's most threatened ecosystems. And you can actually still watch that if you go to BBC Eye Player or PBS Video App. Anyway, really hope you enjoy this week's show. Don't forget Clubfish exists, the place where you can get loads of extra content and add free episodes, don't forget, there are still one or two tickets, I think, possibly left for our live shows coming up in the Soho Theatre in London, and you can get those by going to No Such Thingsafish.com forward slash Soho. Anyway, that's enough of that. Really hope you enjoy the sweet show with Ella, and it's on with the podcast. Hello and welcome to another episode of No Such

Thing as a Fish, a weekly podcast coming to you from the QI offices in Hobern. My name is Dan Schreiber. I am sitting here with Andrew Hunter Murray, James Harkin, and Ella al-Shemahi. And once again, we have gathered round the microphones with our four favorite facts from the last seven days. And in no particular order, here we go. Starting with fact number one, and that is Ella. American beer was so bad in the early 1900s that the US government sent Alexander Graham Bell's son-in-law on a secret mission to Bavaria to steal German hops.

Wow. Gosh, so much to one pick. Yeah. Okay, so Alexander Graham Bell's son-in-law, was that an important part of it? Was that what the American government were looking for? Is that the brief? The really sad thing is,

David Fairchild is like a hugely celebrated botanist and is described as the food explorer. And yet for our purposes, he's just Alexander Graham Bell's son-in-law. Because to be fair, if he was your father-in-law, that's the end of your identity, right? But was it, maybe this was at the point when there was only two telephones in the country?

And so the government would just call him up and say, you got anyone we could use yeah so you think when he invented two telephones Alexander Graham Bell he gave one to the government and kept one himself yeah no one else needs one it's fine and it became like the bat phone it was any time they were needed for anything bell phone yeah the bell phone loving the facts today guys so yeah what's this guy fairchild so all right so David Fairchild so he's a food explorer and I think he's absolutely fascinating because explorers usually go around the planet let's be honest discovering stuff but

so pillaging a lot and what have you and like stealing artefacts and whatever takes your fancy. But this guy did it with plants, with botany which is, in my mind, is just like the loveliest thing to go around the planet stealing. Because all he's doing is he's

basically turned around at the beginning of the 1900s going and the end of the 1800s going. America is a country clearly on the rise, but our agriculture is bad, our food is bad. Industries as related to, as you know, as they relate to plants, are just bad.

So I'm going to go off to 50-odd countries and just collect samples, send seeds back, send saplings back, that kind of thing. And because it's plants, I just can't get mad at him because I'm just like, you were just helping to feed your people and build industry. Could we get him cancelled because he was, like, stealing from the farmers in other countries? Are you trying to get him cancelled?

I'm doing my best. I do this on this podcast. Do you ever mention anyone you like on this show. James will find a way to destroy. Do not do this to me because I actually, I've decided that he is, he's like the one explorer that I really have nothing bad to say about. I'm like, oh, fair enough, you're trying to feed your people. He did give the Americans broccoli and kale. Oh, yeah, yeah.

I love those two things. It's interesting how limited American food was. I didn't really appreciate that before the 1890s when he really got cracking. They had occasional introductions like in the World's Fair in 1876, which was effectively America's 100th birthday. they got the banana. That was good. That was a big advance. Also, can we just take a second to talk about world fairs?

Aren't they just the best thing ever? Yeah. Just this world where you were like, oh, let's just do a world fair. And it actually was like, everyone was like, oh, crap, that's actually, that's new. That's what is that? It's yellow and it's bendy. That's amazing. When did we last have one, it's been a long time.

Well, I went to one in Dubai this year. Oh, yes. Okay, so this year. Oh, yeah, they did. Yeah, they did. Well, they did one during COVID. And obviously, no one could go. And then when I,

went, everything was closed. So you couldn't even get an Uber. Everyone had gone home. That's what, because that's what it is. They build them these sort of huge things, don't they? And all the different countries have their different stalls where they're saying, in Uzbekistan, we make amazing bananas or whatever. And then two years later, they all go home and that's it. They only do it with countries that are on the rise, right? Yeah. Like, we wouldn't do a world. America wouldn't do a world fair anymore. We are the world. Like, why would we do a world fair? There was a big one in America. Carl Sagan went to as a kid. So Sagan would be in his 80s if he was still alive or 90s.

So, you know, within that... The one in Dupai, just to say this, it's quite interesting, because each country made their own sort of building, and they were all kind of shaped with Uzbekistani design or Azerbaijani design or whatever. And now they're changing it, and they're turning it into flats, the whole place. Oh, wow. And they're going to make it so you can live in this area.

But it means that all these buildings are just these incredible designs that have made from the best architects in the world. It sounds like you're selling Dubai instead of canceling Dubai, which I thought you were the canceler. Visit Dubai. You can't get a Nuba there. There's no shops there or anything. Sounds rubbish.

Oh, that's the bad side of Dubai, guys. Of all the bad crap that you could come. There are no shops in Dubai? Someone emailed in and I'm going to butcher their fact now and also not credit them because I didn't think we're going to end up talking about world fairs. It was a few years ago the Brazilian delegation turned their entire thing into a trampoline. It was something like a 4,000 square foot trampoline

The Brazilian bit of the world Was it to sell rubber? I don't think it was I don't even think it was I think it was just saying Look everyone else has got good stuff here We've got a big old trampoline So just come along have a bounce

Enjoy yourself They had a big project That at the last minute got taken away What have we got? Why are we talking about the World Fair? I'm sorry, I got this is what happens When Ella is around Because during the World Fair

The Banana was introduced to America food introduction By Fairchild or someone else By someone else That was like a sporadic thing But then when he really got going He was privately funded as well By Barbo Lathrop

Yes yes yes A wonderfully gay Fabulous figure basically Who's just this incredible philanthropist Squillionaire just looking for something to fund And they bumped into each other on a boat didn't they And he just went I'll fund this trip

With you trying to steal avocados Yeah Why not? This sounds great Could I just say as an explorer with National Geographic, that is our dream. No, no, no. If you think I'm kidding, you do not know, like, my friend group in the sense that we are like,

we literally just sit there constantly going, right? How do we get this kind of thing from philanthropy? And every so often, it works out. So, like, I've got friends that, like, they're like this smart friend of the philanthropist who is like some billionaire or millionaire. They're like their sugar, mama, dad, whatever. Have I ever told you the story of Nagio? Somebody walks up to me.

It's a really old guy, bless him. First time I've ever been at National Geographic, and he looks at me and goes, I'm from Austin, Texas. I'm not an oil man, but I've got money and I want to give you some. What the hell? I saw that money in my account, an expedition was part funded by it. Wow. So as simple as that. Okay, so it does happen.

Yeah, yeah. That's amazing. So Fairchild, I agree. I think reading about him seems like an extraordinary guy. I'm surprised I'd never heard of him, for example. But if you're in America and you're eating, say, like peaches or nectarines or avocado, or mangoes, most likely the one that you're eating right now, someone's bound to be eating one right now as they listen, shares genes from the ones that Fairchild introduced to the country

all those years ago. What a sort of footprint he's left in the country? It's incredible. Send us your photos. If you're eating a mango now in America or an avocado or an avocado. Some quinoa. Yeah. Did he bring in quinoa? Yep. Podcast at QI.com. We want to see... The mangosteen! Oh great, let's talk about this. This is great. Go on.

What about the mango steen? It's a fruit that he introduced and that never took off. Because he introduced thousands. And they didn't all take off. Yeah, you can't still buy mango steins though, can't you? Think so. They just never exploded. I had never heard of the mango steam before.

I had no either. Yeah. The guy who wrote the book on David Fairchild is Dan Stone, who's a friend of mine. And apparently while he was writing this book, everybody would just send him really exotic fruit over the heart. whole time he was writing the book because they were like, this is good for you, no? Yeah.

Yeah, the book's called The Food Explorer, by the way. I think it's fair to say that every bit of research I have is from the same. So, yeah, well done, mate. Tell us about mangosteen, Sandy. Well, as far as I can tell, I don't, again, Dan and I have never heard of them before and you two, like having them for breakfast every day. So correct if I'm wrong. But they're the size of a fist, roughly, and they're like a lichy.

But the problem is they're not great for farming. And what he was doing, Fairchild, you have to persuade the farmers to grow things and the public to buy them. It's two jobs to carry out, basically. And he couldn't persuade either, apparently, either side of the equation, because they're really hard. They bruise worse than peaches, and they're just a nightmare to transport, and they go off really quickly.

But he said they were the queen of fruits. They were his favourite. I know. And he kept trying to make them happen, like fetch in mean girls. Kept trying to make it happen. And no one was picking up on it. And so all these things he brought into the country, but the one of which you headlined your fact with is very interesting because it was the beer hops. Yeah. And you'd think you'd just

go into a country, grab some fruit and leave the country. But no, people were so protective. They would have, you know, boys sleeping with the hops at night to make sure no one would see them. Yeah, they were paying to security. That's the thing. So he'd come in and integrate himself with the communities. He would sort of become friends. So this particular hop. So this is, I think, the Sem's hop. He basically started talking about Sem's, the guy that came up with it, who was dead at this point. And he offered the son of Semes, basically he said, look, I'm really scared that in a few generations

people aren't going to know about your dad, blah, blah, blah, blah. So he was like, why don't you build a plaque? I will pay for it. So he basically put money down. Impressive US diplomacy here. And they made such a song and dance about it. Everybody was really happy. The whole, like, everybody in the town was happy about it.

And then apparently somebody at night knocks on his door when it's raining and goes, do you want some? Do you want some cuttings? Wow. And apparently he has to like really restrain himself to not be like, yes, this is exactly why I did all this and have been manipulating you guys for like weeks.

And he was like, yeah, okay. And he goes, okay, I can't do this publicly. I have to do it quietly, but I'll send 100 cuttings to the next station down the line. Oh, not even handing them over now. No, no, no, no, no, yeah. It was proper espionage. That's amazing.

It's hilarious. But also to think, like, of all the, of all the espionage that the US government has ever done. I just, I just can't object to this one. That's why American beer now is so delicious. I mean, how bad must it have been before? So here's the crazy thing. Apparently during Prohibition,

all his hops were uprooted. So all the Sems hops that Fairchild. Oh, really? Yeah, they were all uprooted during the... I read that. Basically, when Prohibition came in, all the breweries closed down. And then when they reopened,

there was a few more big ones, and they decided to sell what they knew would sell, because they weren't sure anyone would buy any beer anymore. And so they went with the really safe stuff, which was the light beers, the mass-produced stuff. Okay, now can you explain Hershey's? Hershey's?

It tastes like sick. It tastes like sick to British people. Or, you know, it contains some chemicals which happened to also taste like sick. I can't remember the exact. I love how people have gone around tasting sick. They haven't. They haven't. They haven't.

That's not how much. If you're eating a Hershey's bar right now, please send a photo. If you're being sick. Yeah. Either way. Oh, yes, that one. Podcast at QR.com. Do they have your address?

Because I feel like if they have your address, they could send the mangoes teens and the sick, et cetera, et cetera, to the address. We've just moved offices and the reason being that the old office was just full of sick and mangosteen. Yeah, it's seen undated, yeah. But everyone's tasted sick if they've ever been sick. True. Yeah.

You just taste it in reverse, don't you? Sorry, to, I mean, to, you know, to lower the tone. That's nasty. That's how we know what American chocolate tastes like. Yeah. Great. Good, thank you. Could you guys hear about the cherry blossom trees in D.C.

And how he's responsible for all of them, basically. So, I mean, we have them now in London. quite a lot. They're very kind of ornamental, very beautiful. But he introduced him from Japan, and then it became all the rage, and people were like queuing up to see him and Alexander Graham Bell's daughters. It was at their house, wasn't it? He put it to his, yeah. Exactly, exactly. And then basically, Washington, D.C. was not the beautiful metropolis that now is back then. It was kind of ugly. And he started saying, well, maybe we should just plant some cherry blossom trees around here, and that would be kind of beautiful. And then the first ladyhood of this. And before you know it,

The Japanese who at this point, they're not particularly like chummy with, they're like, okay, this could be a symbol of friendship. If you give us 300 cherry blossom trees, we can plant them in D.C. And the Japanese got carried away, ended up shipping 2,000. But they opened the crates. I think it was in Seattle and went, oh, crap, they were disease. They were absolutely infested with invasive species. So then they had to publicly burn the symbol of friendship between Japan and the US.

And it was like on the front page of the New York Times. And the thing I read was it was from orders. of the president, which feels like he should have been busier than having to make executive decisions of agricultural imports. Although it was his decision, wasn't it? Because it was him and the first lady who kind of made the decision to bring it over, wasn't it? Wow. But the Japanese were like, are bad. And so it was all fine. They sent moreover and then they are now. And as a result, US-Japanese relations stayed very harmonious, didn't they? Yeah. Yeah. Good. And it was interesting because the ones that they sent over the second time, they had to make sure that they were really not

infested. So they raised the trees in virgin soil. So the soil was brand new and they'd never been anywhere else. They wrapped the roots in damp moss. It's a long work for a friendship, man. Yeah. That's great. It's great. And they fumigated it twice, once to asphyxiate the insects and then once just in case. But yeah, and the reason that they did this is because this guy, Fairchild, had a nemesis called Charles Marlatt, didn't he? Yep. This is an amazing story. So Charles Marlatt was in charge of the FDA,

sort of anti-insect part of the FDA. But they were boyhood friends. And actually, Malat was Fairchild's best man at his wedding. But then they fell out because Fairchild basically got a load of easy jobs through his friends and family, a little bit of nepotism and stuff. And Marla had to work hard for his job. And so they really fell out. Marlop, basically, whenever Fairchild brought in any new species, he would be like,

does insects on that, get rid of it, burn it, do it now. And so they really, really fell out. I have to defend the entomologist, even though I loved it. So it's worth saying that, like, Fairchild, he was, he did get a lot of fame, but a lot of that was off his own back. But then, yeah, sure, he married into like this really prominent family and became really big with National Geographic. But today, we would actually side with the entomologist.

Yeah. Like, scientifically, he's the sound one. Not the botanist, just being like, well, let's just hope it's going to be fine when we bring all these parts from all over the world. Yeah, definitely. It was dangerous. I read this amazing story that he wanted to send a thousand mangoes back to America. But he put them on a boat and they were too heavy. And so he solved it by getting a load of local children to eat them all.

What? Because all he needed were the stones. Brilliant. He didn't need the mangoes themselves. So he just got all the kids and said, free mangoes as many as you do. can eat. They all went, on, m, m'am, on. U.S. diplomacy. There we go. That's another. Sorry. I thought you were going to say something really clever, like,

he only needed to ship the children there. And then they poo the mouse. Exactly. Exactly. And I was thinking, God, those children are brave, like pooing out a mango stone. That's not funny. No, children famously are a bit more heavy than a mango as well. So weight was your issue. I know. I'm sorry. Okay, it's time for fact number two, and that is James.

Okay, my fact this week is that at one stage of the 17th century, every woman living on the Yemeni island of Saccotra was called Maria. Was it, okay, okay. How many women were on the island? Well, I don't know, but it wasn't completely insignificant. It's a big island, right? It's about the size of what, Mallorca, you've been there? It's big, haven't you?

Long Island, yeah. Is it that they were hosting a Sound of Music reality show? In the 17th century? I feel like that's a real Yemeni vibe. It's like the tribesmen and the sound of music. more. Well, I don't know exactly how many people live there. How many people do you say live there now? It's in the 10th, 10,000. I think it's about 40,000.

40,000. Yeah. It would have been less then. But basically, it was a Christian island. By tradition, it was St. Thomas, who was shipwreck there in the year 52 AD. And he supposedly brought in Christianity. But definitely the Greeks brought in the 4th century. That definitely happened.

Marco Polo wrote about it in the 13th century that there were Christians there. And in the 17th century, there was a guy called Padre Vincenzo. And he visited Socotra. And he found that. that they were still Christian ostensibly, but they kind of moved to other beliefs because Socotra is a place, it's very difficult to get to,

especially at certain times a year. You can't really get there at all because the monsoon is, yeah. Good luck. And so because they were isolated from the rest of the world, they kind of had this new version of Christianity. So a lot of them were called Maria. There were still a lot of churches, but for instance, they used to do sacrifices to the moon

and a few different things. Why not keep some old beliefs in? Just spice it all up. What year was that again? It was in the mid-17th century. Why were they called Maria? Because Mary the mother of Jesus. Oh.

Yeah. That must have been confusing. Oh, yeah. No, because they don't. Have you been there? Have you been there? Yeah, so I've been to Socrates. I can verify that it's very difficult to get there.

Have you met a Maria? I have not met a Maria because, weirdly, there's no Christians left on the island. What? Why's that? Someone said, Maria. Maria, come out here. Hey, I'm what? Yeah, they're all Muslims now.

So I went there kind of 2018, I think, or 2019, and we had three options to get there. Either we fly in via mainland Yemen, but the airport we were flying into was an Al-Qaeda stronghold. So decided maybe that's not the best way of getting in. And then the other route was via kind of almost like a private jet via the Emirates, the place that you like. But they were only giving us verbal permission, not written permission.

Right. And then the third option was to get on a cement cargo ship from Oman and sail through pirate waters. And the ship was like infested with cockroaches, like completely infested. And it had like a, the toilet was like a basket on the side of the ship like attached with rope. Is this the route you went? Yeah. It was hilarious. No pirates.

Yeah, we luckily didn't have. Just cockroaches. Yeah. The Sweden in the group had his wits about him. Let me tell you that every time a ship went past. Just very nervous. But yeah, so it's really hard to get to, and that's the thing, right? But then that's good news for other things, so it means that they have amazing biodiversity there.

You've seen the trees that are there. They look incredible. I mean, the dragon blood tree, I know that's the most famous, really. That's the sort of like the headline tree out there, but they do look beautiful. It is amazing. They look, they're described, if you'd want to picture it, they're described as sort of looking like umbrellas. But a lot of them look like umbrellas with a high wind where, you know, when you're an umbrella flips inside out, because you see the stems coming up.

And they're known for the fact that if the sap comes out, it's red sap, hence the kind of dragon blood thing. And they've been exporting that for years. And it's been used for all sorts of nail polish and medicines and so on. Smearing gladiators. Really? Gladiators supposedly had a bit of it to smear on them as decoration and a bit as disinfectant. But the thing is that the tree, I think it only exists there now. But pollen has been found all around the Mediterranean, as in fossilized or archaeologists are

found pollen of it around the med. So this is what the med used to look like. There used to be these trees much more commonly. So the dragon's blood tree, there's different species of dragon's blood. And there are still what we call in biology relic populations. So kind of populations that are on their last leg in Socotra,

but there's different species of dragon's blood in the Canary Islands. There's another species in a one and kind of a remote part of a man. And it looks like the dragon's blood tree was like a really dominant tree in the whole of kind of that old world. It's kind of old school. It should kind of really be on its out and it is.

But it is right. They're saying possibly in the next 80 years, if we're not careful, it's going to be an extinct species of tree. Yeah. And it's so interesting how it survives, because most trees obviously get their water through the roots under the ground. But this, this tree has worked out a way. I don't know if that's a language you use about trees, but it's got the ability to take in the moisture of the clouds that are going above it. So it can pull from above as well as below, which is pretty amazing. It injects much more water into the soil from the air than it gets in rainfall because sometimes it's foggy and cloudy. Yeah.

It's sort of sucks all that. It's called horizontal precipitation capture, which is as it sounds. But they've got I think 92 different plant species which live in the undergrowth. A few surveys have found there. And seven of them are only found living in the undergrowth of the dragon's blood tree. That's mad. It's so cool. I suppose that would make it an umbrella species and it looks like an umbrella.

No. I'll tell you what, at National Geographic, they're going, Wild for that. Yeah, yeah. I mean, when you turn up there, I'm not going to lie, you're like, what is this place? It looks. There's so few places on Earth where you look at them and you go, oh, that looks really alien. Like that's a really unusual landscape.

And Socotra is definitely that. Like these canyons, like Grand Canyon, almost not that scale. But with these dragon blood trees and other trees as well, you know, and giant snails and a bunch of stuff that you're just like, what is this? Well, Ella, can I ask you, as the only one who's been there? Yeah. Did it seem to you at all? the atmosphere of the planet Pandora in the

global mega hit avatar films. Okay, okay. Actually, this is a good crowd to ask this to because I I've heard that as well that that was an inspiration. And I wondered if we knew

what the source of that was because I could, here's the thing, the thing with Socotra is if you speak to people that are really in the know, so people, the kind of off-the-beat travelers, people that are very interested in kind of biology, that kind of thing,

they all know Socotra. It's like this, this hidden secret that actually everybody in a certain industry knows about. Like, you know, and it's on people's dream. I've met very rich people that are desperate for me to take them to Scotia. And I'm like, sure, once I've dealt with the pirate situation, I will get you and you're very rich. A cue of wizards Texans just waiting to me. But yeah, I wondered about that because I was like, I can see that. But I just wonder what the source is because I just, being that we care about facts here, guys, right?

Right? Right. I need more. Well, there's one thing we care about more than facts, and that's the continued success of the way of water franchise. No, mind, never mind, that's mine. Just on the Christianity in Yemen in the 17th century, this was what Padre Vincenza was talking about.

A few weird things that they did. They had a priest called an Adambo, who was elected by the people and changed every single year. It was almost like an archbishop of the island. But democratic. That's quite cool, isn't it? Let me tell you about modern day Yemen. And the other thing is in the churches, they had like a, what would you call it, like an altar.

And every day they would smear it with butter. Oh, lovely. That's great. For what reason? Yeah, do they slide along it? Or, yeah. Because that would be a great way of starting a service, wouldn't it? You know, whoosh, I'm here.

Or is it sort of like, you're going up for your body of Christ, would you like some butter? I don't know how this is just the fantasies of these two here. That's what would take those two heathens back to church. I've got a general Yemen fact. Oh, yeah. During, so Yemen, I think, used to be a British colony, protectorate. That's safe to say about anywhere in the world. The British were involved in something.

Well, you know, yeah. So during that era, the port of Aden, which was, and I think even after the rest of Yemen might have gained it, as Aiden maintained a kind of special status. Basically, Aidan was in a pretty constant. state of emergency. Things were so dicy there that British citizens living there were issued pretty much as standard with revolvers in case of assassination attempts on them. Imagine that. Imagine just moving to somewhere and being fitted with a revolver. Yeah, Yemen's an interesting place. Like during, so there was a revolution and obviously now there's a war and there was like a protest

and outside the protest it says no bazookas. So you're allowed to bring. Other words, just no bassoon. We're drawing the line of a buso. Oh, and a lambasurer. mines. There were like no bazookas and no hand grenades in mine. Oh my god. Yeah, because like we just have process here and if you brought like a whistle, a whistle or a luggage tag, they kind of ship your way to prison. No, no, no, no. But in defense of my parents' homeland, I will say it is a, like, have you seen pictures of mainland Yemen and the island of Scotland? It's the most stunning place. And I don't know, like, I'm biased, but it is absolutely absolutely beautiful. I saw a photo of a place. I wonder if you've seen it in person. You've been there

quite a few times, right? It's described as the Manhattan of the desert. Yes. I mean, it sounds incredible. That was Freya Stark, explorer who called it that in the 1930s. But this is a 16th century walled city that was the first ever city of skyscrapers. They went seven floors high and the buildings were made of mud. It was just a metropolis. And there's still, obviously, there's been renovations and so on. But is there anything original? Oh, it's older. Yeah, yeah. So it's a Unisco World Heritage site again, so So So Cotra is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it's basically buildings 10, 11, whatever, stories high. The really cute thing is that some of those houses have bridges on the top of the houses because people can't be bothered to go all the way downstairs

because I have elevators, they're like, right. Historic buildings, right? So instead of going all the way down to SESCO visit the neighbours, they just go to the top, which they call the Joobah and they just leg it along these little bridges. But the thing is it's so old and it's still inhabited. That's the amount. Oh, no, no, it's an habitat. It's completely inhabited. It's a lived-in-world heritage site. It's great.

I mean, when you turn up there, you're like, are you kidding? Wow. So, bazookas and pistols, yes, but also heritage. It was the only place you could get coffee from for 200 years until one of these people who stole plants went in. Suddenly, I don't like them. Went in, nicked all the coffee. And if Mokka, which is the place,

where the coffee was exported from. If they still had the monopoly on coffee, there would be enough money for everyone in Yemen to get a payment of $16,000 per year on top of anything else they earned. Are you kidding me? And that would be eight times higher than the actual average salary

of a person from Yemen. Wow. So, yeah. Oh, man. That's depressing. Just one more thing on Mary's. Oh, yeah. At the end of the 18th century,

24% of women in England were called Mary. The cicotra of the north. They're called it. And in Vexan, which is in France, just northwest of Paris, in 1740, 68.4% of women were called Mary. What? Or Marie, it would be. Do any of you have Maria's in your families? I have a cousin.

Yeah, my Rosemary is my auntie. So there's, yeah. I wonder if it's that, if it's the double barrel first. Well, in France, that's what happened. So around that time, around the 18th century, they started doing the double names. so you could have marry Claire or marry whatever. And yeah, so they started, almost everyone was called marry something. Oh.

In 1379, 33% of the male population of Sheffield were called John. And 22% of the women were called Alice. John and Alice have invited us around. Be more specific. That's us. Okay, it is time for fact number three. and that is Andy My fact is that during the Second World War

The Making of Spitfires was so secret than one married couple didn't know they were both working on it Is that John and Alice? It was John and Alice. That's cool. I wonder if they both thought that the other was having an affair.

I know, I imagine them going to work in the morning playing off to work. Yeah, me too. See you later, sure. I go in this direction. Oh, um... I'll just pop back to the house for a minute. was there someone at work whose job it was to keep them apart as well

a nightmare life of they're coming to the canteen at the same time oh hey what are you coming up it's such a weird fact how did they find out so many questions they found out decades later that's the crazy thing so this is like was that the only secret thing they were working I have so many questions was that the only secret thing they were working I think they were both working in this specific factory so

the same factory even yeah it was the same factory yeah but the I mean they might be idiots guys basically for anyone who doesn't know we're talking about the spitfire the supermarine spetfires legendary plane of the second world war and you know big big big thing in britain big kind of national myth item in britain the spitfire and there was a factory in southampton which made i think most of the spitfires and it was bombed in 1940 by the luftwaffe and it was not just bombed it was flattened and this was a disaster and they needed to work out how to you know keep spitfire

production going but keep it safe from bombing raids and what they did was they said well well we'll make it in secret and not only that will divide all the factories into you know lots of different tiny micro factories around the place which are all hidden so they used all sorts of little offices or garages a laundry an old glove factory they just divide it was amazing they just divided it up and lots of them were in salisbury and redding and trobridge and just like all over the place basically and this came out decades after the war that this is how it had been done basically and um there was an engineer who worked on them called norman parker and he said in 2021 he was interviewed about it. He was about 95

at the time that he was talking about this. He said, we had one case. There was a couple at a dinner party in the 1970s and over the dinner table the wife said, oh, I was building Spitfires in Salisbury during the war. And the husband said, no, you weren't. I was. And they had both been working in the same factory and they didn't know it.

It could be a false memory, couldn't it? I guess. I think this is a really bad marriage guys. Yeah. Well, there are a number of things it could have been, but basically. Yeah. I reckon I have things with siblings that we talk about when we were really, really young and we all think that we were the one who did a certain thing. Oh, right. I mean.

You're throwing shade on the, yeah, I'm concerned now. I'm not saying that's true, but I'm just saying like I remember like I was, you know, my brother was locked in a toilet in France when we went to a restaurant once and we had to get him out. And then he thinks it was my sister who was that. Do you know what I mean? So it's like, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Or it could be that they're both that they're telling the truth and it's a real thing.

Oh my God. Do we know what they worked on specifically? Well, that's the other thing. Production was divvied up in lots of ways. So it might have been by same factory. It was at different sites or it was a, you know, they probably weren't in the same room. He could have been making the leather chairs for what could be used for a car but was for a plane. And as in like, that's what I mean to the level of what were they making.

Exactly. And it's plausible for sure. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I think they sort of dug into it. And people were very secretive. Or you might know in a couple. I'm working on something that's secret. can't really tell you what it's about and and they're both in war work and the thing is about aviation

during the second one war 65% of the aviation workforce were women because most of the men were so statistically she's more likely to be correct so like I say I think they're both correct so she's told this guy at the dinner table he's gone wow what an amazing life what did you do uh yeah yeah spitfires as well so anyway the spitfire spitfire is amazing so are you into the spitfire Yeah. Because I feel like I don't, I feel, how do I put this politely? The people that talk about Spitfires a lot tend to be a few years older than you. Thank you.

That's actually a compliment, guys. I don't know if you heard. I'm young seeming for a guy as interested in Spitfires. I'm not. Like my teacher at school when I was a kid, who's an older guy, was really into Spitfires. I think actually, Ella, you'll find the more that you meet Andy and talk to him. He's an old man.

Well, a lot of the things he's interested in, would expect older men to be interested in. Is that fair to say? I think it's not unfair. Yeah. I'm not really, I'm not deeply into them. But I am interested in logistics. I love, I love, I love.

So for those who can't see this, he might be shaking a little bit. As he said, I'm not really, really into it. I'm trembling with joy. Yeah, yeah. I can't, I had a look at, just, you know, we check what we've talked about before in this podcast. I had a look. I can't believe you guys have stopped me for nine years from ever mentioning the Spitfire on this show. We've never mentioned that. Well then, guys. High five the rest of the rest of you. Yeah. Great plane.

Yeah. Incredible plane. And also, what a group effort of the UK during wartime to make this plane built to the numbers that it was built at. Basically, I was reading an article saying that it was effectively like one of the early kickstaters where people funded, coal communities would go around funding single planes. And they, as a result, got to name the plane. So lots of the planes flying that were in the war had names like Dorothy of Great Britain and Empire. and that was funded entirely by women called Dorothy. So it's so funny. Where is the Maria play?

Yeah, but in fairness, 70% of women were called Dorothy. There was the dogfighter as well. There was, that was the Kennel Club who had funded that. It wasn't people who did dogfighting. People were in the back of the pub. But check this out. This is the most incredible one. There was one that was POWs of Offlag.

This is a prison camp in Germany. They've captured officers who donated their month's pay through the Red Cross. Then that went into the building of a plane. So they were in prison and they were funding the plane. I read about that and they had to send letters back saying, I want to give my money to this crowdfunding, right? But they had to do it in code. Because you couldn't send a message that the Germans would be able to read saying,

please put all my money into Spitfires. Otherwise they're just going to accidentally lose it, aren't they? Yeah, exactly. It's amazing. It was, that was a really nice thing, this crowdfunding effort, which I've not heard of. What would they have called it back then? It wouldn't have been crowdfunding. They were called Spitfire funds.

And the planes were kind of arbitrarily priced. They said £5,000 will buy a Spitfire, which was not actually a true figure, but it sort of was a peg for people to. But also that thing of charity Zese was a £2 will buy a meal for one. Yeah, it was like sixpence will buy a rivet. Exactly. And £2,000 will get you a wing. No. So you can see what you were buying.

It raised a lot of money. It was nearly given a much less sexy name than the Spitfire. Spitfire is quite a swashbuckling name. Other contenders included scarab, Shrike, which is quite good, because that's a bird that impales its prey. It's quite sort of... But I looked up the complete list of supermarine aircraft,

and there were many bad options that the Spitfire could have been called. There was the Supermarine Commercial Amphibian, the Supermarine Sea Urchin, Supermarine Spiteful, sure, good, supermarine seagull, Supermarine Sea Otter. And the submarine baby In a brainstorm sometimes there are bad ideas Unleash the babies

Yeah yeah But they mostly began with S and they were mostly seaplanes That's what they started out As the firm started out making seaplanes And so I love seaplanes Yeah that's cool Imagine there are a plane where you can just land anywhere As long as there's a body of water

You just land So not on land Well I'm sorry. I'm sorry. Dan suddenly brings the facts. You get special life jackets in case you land on land. Yeah, yes, exactly.

These super marine, supermarine spitfires, when they were taxing, so just kind of driving around the airport, they quite often sort of, not overturned, but get really wobbly. And so what would happen is someone would often sit on the tail of the plane to keep them steady. and it was often a woman who did this and there was a particular woman called Margaret Horton who did this in 1943 at RAF Highboldstow and she was sat on the back and the guy was a little bit anxious to get in the air and forgot to get her off the tail.

No, no. So started taking off while she was sitting on the tail of the Spitfire and he radioed down to traffic controls saying there's something wrong with his plane it's kind of really heavy back. And so they talked... She's just hanging on? Yeah, yeah.

So they talked him down, but they never told him that there was a woman on the back. Oh, no way. Well, because as soon as they tell him, he's going to be... Yeah, yeah. So they're like, oh, yeah, there's obviously a problem with a wing. We'll just talk you down on how to get down. And so he never knew until he landed that this woman was... Bloody hell.

And she survived. She survived. She survived. She survived. There's a museum called Tagmere Military Aviation Museum. And when you go to it, there's a model that... they've made so you can see a model of a spitfire taking off with this woman. A little plasticine woman or whatever the material is holding on to the tail wing.

It's so brilliant. Should we say why it was so good? I'm intrigued, yeah. So apparently all the pilots loved it, but I'm like, why? Why did they all love it? Well, it was, it was really nimble. It turned very, very fast. And also the other thing about it was, it was, it flew very, very fast partly because,

okay, this is quite niche. If you guys want to tease me when I say this bit, I don't mind. Okay. But basically, it had flush riveting, which is a good... Okay. Talk amongst yourselves. Dear listener. No, so it's metal skin, very, very cool. But if you had lumpy rivets all over it, which most planes did before that,

it drags the plane back a bit. Whereas if you sink, you're a little countersunk rivets, so you sort of, it's exactly level with the surface of the plane, then the airflow is very efficient and you get a much faster plane. And they did some experiments on early Spitfires. They replicated what it would be like if it had external rivets by gluing split peas onto the spots where the rivets were all over the plane and then flying it, doing a speed test, basically. And it was about 22 miles an hour slower. It was a fair chunk slower, which would have had a serious effect if you were in a combat situation.

So, yeah. Could you have, like, stopped the enemy by going in and putting peas on his plane? Definitely. That was a big part. That was a big part of the early S-A-S job. I used to do that and so did my wife So that fact would be even more impressive If I knew what a rivet was

Yeah Well you've got to retain some mystery I'm afraid That's still under the secrets act Actually What the hell's a rivet A kind of screw Kind of screw

It's like a big old screw It joins the bits of the plane I'm giggling rivet That's so funny You know the word riveting It's got nothing to do with what a rivet is Hold on, rivet Just Googling

It's because it's It holds you in place Yeah, you're right This is a screw Yeah, they're just It's a kind of screw Great Yeah, basically yeah

Yeah Message in if you didn't know What a rivet I can And if you like I can repeat that fact for you now Ella And it'll be even more exciting

This time round Should we move on? Yeah I'll just squeeze What? We've got I feel like we've got it now I've read a tenth

of my stuff out I haven't told you about the Supermarine Walrus So it's just that of interest. Like, what are your subjects that they won't let you normally talk about? I just need to know, like, how valid. It's mostly second-border law logistics.

We end up letting him do it because he does crowbar it in somehow into any old facts. So here's a question for you. Do you follow current war strategy and logistics? I've got a whole bunch of male friends who are so into the logistics of the Ukrainian war that it's gone beyond anything that I think is normal. You'd have to ask my wife, what's normal? in terms of what it's past and present

I think logistics logistics is interesting and I'm not I'm brushing now but actually I'm not ashamed logistics is interesting needs to go on your

tombstone we can't only we can't be bloody explorers you know on cool cement ships I'm going to stay on the cement ship thank you I don't want to see so would you look at the rivets on Andy's tombstair Oh my God

We've been so mean Look, some people need to be in logistics Just Well actually James is right We're not actually at a time But we should move on Can I tell you one more Like a sort of

Yeah Spitfire here He actually wrote a book partly about the Spitfire Douglas Bader Yeah Oh yeah He was a really famous pilot Partly because I think it was in

I don't know if it was an accident He famously had no legs He had no legs But he He lost both his legs during flying accident. Yeah, yeah, flying incidents. And he became a Spitfire Ace, nonetheless. In the Second World War, he was shot down over France

and he ejected, so he survived, but he lost one of his prosthetic legs in the course of being shot down. Well, no, he was treated with a lot of respect by the Germans who captured him because there were rules about that. And he was in a prisoner of war camp. And Goering, who was the head of the Luftwaffe,

gave special permission for an artificial leg, a spare leg to be parachuted into his prisoner of war camp. Amazing. I think what happened was, though, he kept trying to escape, and so they confiscated his prosthetic in the end. Yeah, yeah. That was before the relationships out, I guess. Yeah, yeah, yeah.

And that was called Operation Leg. Nice. Where do they come up with a name? There's one other hero we should mention, which is Lady Houston. Lady Houston's sort of the reason that the Spitfire became the Spitfire during the War, She was a suffrager, political activist.

She also was one of the richest women in the UK, if not the richest, at one point. And she was someone who kept helping out with war efforts. She was always donating things. I think the war people didn't like her very much, right? Because she kept saying that they weren't giving enough money to the war effort. They weren't given enough equipment, all that kind of stuff. And she would go around with placards saying, give them more guns, kind of thing. And they got really annoyed.

but she did like get a lot of money together. And I think, are you going to say that she helped to pay for the design of the Spitfire? Yeah, basically what it was was a thing called the Snyder Trophy, which was a biannual international airspeed race, and Britain won it twice. And the idea was if they won the third one, they would get to keep the trophy for good. But at this point, the government said, we're not going to fund this stuff. We need all the money. And she thought that was a huge mistake.

It seems a bit of a, like, this is a crazy wonder weapon idea. It's not going to, like, this is a mad waste of money. It was in a depression. It was, yeah. This was in late 20s, early 30s. It was before. Exactly. And so she said, well, no, that that shouldn't be the case.

So she funded it. She funded it for it to go ahead. And as a result, Rolls-Royce developed a new engine that became the Spitfire's engine and so on. So it was down to her and making that happen. She was the wizened old Texan of her day. Yeah, she was. Exactly. They're wonderful.

Let me tell you, if you've got some money, lose some of it with me. it's fine. We also have a Patreon just to say. Damn it. Okay, it's time for our final fact of the show, and that is my fact. My fact this week is that one of the original names proposed for what we now know as Neanderthals was homo stupidus. Brilliant. Yeah, so this was in the early days when we were finding skulls of what was then thought like.

Is this a bear? Is this sort of just like no one knew what this? It's a plane. There was a point where we were finding lots of skulls and we didn't quite know what this thing was. It would later turn out to be Neanderthals. And when they got to a point where they were thinking, okay, actually, we do have a new, different species of homo here. We need to give it a name. But by the look of it and by the skeletons that had been found, it looked like a very clumsy, bulky idiot.

And so a very famous scientist at the time, Ernest Heichel suggested, why not call it homo stupidest to really dig home. that this is why this moron is no longer existing on our planet. Now we now know that this is completely wrong, that Neanderthals were actually very intelligent. They did art. They could sing perhaps. There's lots of things that we're discovering more and more about them. They used penicillin even, like a old version of penicillin.

I mean, prehistoric version. Prehistoric. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Not over-the-counter stuff. Sure. Yeah, yeah, yeah. But you're a Neanderthal expert, Aller. So I have a number of questions.

One is... I feel we're doing this the wrong way around. No, this is definitely targeted at you three. So when you have the guest on, are the topics always consistently the topics that they are specialists in? And if so, why did I get a spitfire? I think we try, a bit of inside baseball.

We try to do things that our guests are going to know a lot about. On your Wikipedia page, it says you're an expert in rivets. Please nobody edited. There's already a whole bunch of untruths on that page. But sometimes a little fact about maybe, logistics or military strategy will just split through like that. I wish this is being filmed because your face right. Yeah, no.

The thing with, so taxonomy is a, is the system of naming things in biology. And there's this rule called, it's an a prior thing. And what it means is that if we find a fossil today and we call it something, that is the name it is given if it becomes a species. So if I find a fossil today and I go, oh, it might be homo sapien, or it might be homo shriber. Okay. We already had a homo stupidest. Then let's say there's this, but I publish it. If I publish it in any journal, then later on, if people are still like, no, no, no, we don't think that's a separate species.

If suddenly two more of them are found that really do look similar and somebody goes, no, actually we're really do think that now needs to be a species. They can't go, well, we want to call it, you know, Homo, whatever. No, no. The a priori rule is very clear. It has to be called that. So luckily, Homo Neanderthalensis must have got in there earlier. Because otherwise, we would be stuck with that bloody name. Yeah, it was proposed. It was never seriously taken to a board. It was a guy called Dr. William King, who was an Irish geologist, who eventually was the one who said, let's call it Neanderthal, because it was found the particular one they were looking at. found in 1856 at the Neander River Valley

and so it was named after the area. And Thal is Valley, isn't it? I didn't know that. Oh, I didn't know that. As in Neander, Neander Valley, Thal, it was in the Neander Valley. Wow. That's all. So the Homo Neanderthalensis is what we call it now.

Yeah. But some people call it Homo sapiens Neanderthalensis because it might be a subspecies of Homo sapiens. If it was called Homo sapiens stupidus, then that would literally be stupid, wise man. Oh, yeah. Because Sapiens means wise. Yes.

And that would have been quite a... Yeah. I don't actually know how Sapiens was picked, because it does feel like we've given ourselves the nice end of the bargain, you know. Yeah, we're like... Yeah, we're great. But I'm just saying it's a bit... We're the naming committee.

Of course we're going to... Some people said once that the brain is the only thing that named itself. Yeah. Which I think is nice. So brain must be a really good word for it. Yeah. It's actually a rubbish word, isn't it? Yeah.

Yeah. You think your brain would have come up with something better than that. That. Yeah. Idiot. One of the names that the Neanderthal could have had was Gibraltar. I'm a Gibraltaris or whatever. Because the first, I think the first skulls were found in Gibraltar, but they were found

too early. And they were found by, I think, a soldier and geologist. And he said, I think this might be something new, but he didn't really get anywhere, you know. Yeah, I think there was a few that were found technically before, but they just didn't identify that. I think there was one in, I think the Shpie one as well, which is Belgium. I think that's also an early one. Yeah.

Where they just didn't. Oh, Flint. Sorry, Flint was his name. Edmund Flint, which is a nice sort of prehistoric sounding name. He sounds like he's from the Flintstones. Yeah, yeah. And he found it, but again, he didn't get anywhere. And actually, I think the last Neanderthals also lived in Gibraltar. Well, yeah. I disagree with that.

Oh, go on. No, I think, so I think the team out there really believe that, but I don't think most of the rest of us believe that. I think we think it's a tosser. It might have been the Iberian Peninsula, but I just, yeah. Was it somewhere islandy where things kind of cling on a bit? It was probably just the south. also we just don't know actually. The dates are consciously shifting.

When I say that, I mean that when the scientists are dating them, they're realizing that all the dates we thought we had are kind of not as great, shall we say. There's many question marks about these dates. I was reading about a Neanderthal site in Croatia called Crappina Cave. And what I found is that they found coprolites in there. So that suggests that Neanderthals might have actually crapped in a cave. Do you know what? Do you know what? It would take you lot for me to realize that Krapina, which is an integral part of my research, is actually Krabi.

I had never in all my years realized that before. That's so good. Thank you. You're very welcome. I'm not going to high five. Sometimes it takes a fool to teach a wise woman. As stupidus. Ella, do you know whether or not you're a bit Neanderthal?

Yeah, yeah. I got tested. Yeah. What's your number? I don't know. I can't remember. You can't remember. I can't remember.

You can't remember. You can't remember retaining it. It was average-ish as far as I remember. Two percent is average. And you can do that. So the National Geographic Society, they have a genographic project where you do a swab in your mouth and you send it in. And then they can give you the results and tell you whether you're not. And then I think we've, you know, we know, we know Ozzy Osbourne is a bit.

Yeah. I mean, we mostly are. Is it everyone outside Africa is a couple of percent. And because early humans left Africa, bred with Neanderthals, those populations spread to like Europe, Asia. But then, is it called ghost DNA? I love this. Even people in Africa these days have kind of a small fraction of a percent of Neanderthal DNA.

Well, so there's a few things going on there. One is that, yes, it's, so everybody outside of sub-Saharan Africa. So the Tunisians have got some, you know, the Egyptians have got some. And what it is is Neanderthals were a more European Asian species. and never went into Africa. So it was, that's why sub-Saharan's don't really have it. The ghost DNA, so this is really cool. So now ancient DNA is so fascinating

that they have been able to identify that there are other species out there called homo, God knows what, but they just don't have a single fossil for it. They don't know anything about this, but they know, based on looking at all of our DNA globally, there were other species that we interbred with, and we just don't know.

So we know that we interbred with Neanderthals. We know that we interbred with the species called Dynceiver. And then, yeah, in the process of doing all this, they've also come across a few ghost lineages. And they're like, how do you marry it up with the fossils that are out there? Because you're like, I don't know what it looks like. So can we, do we not name it until we find a fossil? So in genetics, if it's a ghost lineage, they tend to like give it like population Y or population X or that kind of thing. They don't give it a name because they really don't know. Got to give it a cooler name than that. You know? Yeah, that's the whole point. It's a standby.

name, isn't it? Oh yeah, I see. They'll come up with a really, like, awesome. You want to come up with the cool name first. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, you're right. But, like, imagine if, like, so you've got Homo Noledi, which is a new species that they discovered in South Africa, and that might be the ghost lineage. But that might be one of them, but we just, we don't know, because until we've got DNA, we can't compare the two. A DNA from a fossil? Nelledi, yeah, yeah. You need the DNA, you need DNA from the fossils you've got to be able to compare it to this ghost lineage. So it might be from how, it might be, Noletti. It might be

a lady we just don't know. It's so cool. So the guy that found the lady, Lee Berger, is like, I reckon it is. But we were like, maybe. We don't know, though. Yeah. So I got very excited.

No, it is exciting. It's incredible. Do you know, is his name Svanta Pablo? So he's a Swedish DNA expert. Did he start the field of extracting DNA from ancient bones? He just won a Nobel Prize for it. Oh, nice. Well, congratulations.

And it was really funny because he won it for medicine. And everybody went, everybody went. We just had COVID. What? We just had COVID and you've given it to this guy's fat Neanderthal DNA. Slow clap. He published this study and, you know, he'd realized that you could extract DNA from old bones. That's a huge realisation.

He worked out how to do it as well. And he got letters, lots of letters from men saying, I think I'm Neanderth actually. He said fully or partly Neanderthal. Fully. And offering him samples to analyse for his work. Yeah, right. I think Spits off. I think.

But there was a really interesting, there's definitely a gender divide here because 12 women wrote into him to say, my husband is definitely, he's a Neanderthal. You can study him if you like. Only two men wrote saying the same of their wives. And I don't know if any women wrote in saying, I'm in, I think I'm pretty sure I'm in Neanderthal. So it's an interesting thing about how we think of Neanderthals today. That's what it tells us about. Yeah, yeah, fair enough. That's actually so true because, sorry, I pointed at you very aggressively then.

But um, Andy just for the listener. Yes. Um, so, uh, I made a show called Neanderthals for the BBC and PBS. And, um, oh, with, uh, Andy Circus. Yeah. And a million other things. Like the guys got in a very impressive resume. Um, and there was this really big discussion because we were like, blatantly,

you're going to make the reconstruction is going to be a male. But actually, why are the reconstructions of cave men, always men? Like, it doesn't, like, think about the descent of man image where it's like, like, you know, from ape to human, it's always just men. And it's like, well, they definitely didn't do that on their own, right? So it's like, where are the women in this? And we had a really big discussion. And in the end, we did make a man, and we called it Ned.

But we did make a Nelly, but the Nelly was not of the same quality. But the animation wasn't, it wasn't Andy Circus's work. Let's just put it like that. Was Andy Circus playing the motion capture Niafell? Yeah, so he brought the Lianthal to life, basically. Did he co-host as that? He was, he was, no, no, no. He was, there's this scene where.

Actually, I love this scene. It kind of gives me goosebumps when I see it where he wakes the Neanderthal up from his slumber. So it's an Iraqi Neanderthal and he wakes it up from its slumber. So he's used it, he's like, Andy's freaking circus. Well, see both of the male and the female.

No, no, no, no, no. They literally, because then he was forgotten about. Not in your Nelly. No, no, no, no. But he was. I do wish he co-hosted it as the Aandahal. Yeah, that would have been.

That would have been. Al-Shimahi. Oh, oh, do you guys know why Neanderthals have got such a bad rep. Oh, oh. Didn't they find what were effectively, unfortunately, deformed skeletons and so on. And so, yeah, so we just thought, oh, that must be what they all look like. Yeah. So basically, it was, it was an individual, la chabalosain, don't query in my French. And it was a highly arthritic individual. It was, it was an old man, although I'm pretty

sure it was only like 40, but, you know, old for the time. But very young. for today. And they basically, he was... I don't like the way you looked at me when you said that. He was highly arthritic. And there's a number of things going on here. But the guy who did the reconstruction

of this fossil basically portrayed it as being like essentially knuckle dragging. Well, kind of its heads jutting forward. It's, you know, its knees are bent, blah, blah, blah. And then they obviously realized later on that that was completely incorrect, but it was too late. It was like it got out there that this is, and because we were looking for a missing link

in inverted commas, right? So it kind of fit the narrative and it was a new field, right? Reconstructing what somebody looked like from a fossil was such a new field that, you know. And so essentially it's everybody's speculating since as to why he did such a bad job, which is really embarrassing because he's a legacy amongst other things, because he's quite a, you know, renowned person, is that he basically did an awful PR job on Neanderthals. Oh, that's amazing. Like, if just like, for instance, in a million years' time, they find humans and they only find my body. Yeah.

I have very bad sinuses, right? They're just going to think all humans had a cold all the time. That's it. Yeah? That's it. That's basically what happened. That's completely. They're going to find Dan's body and think all humans were unbelievably hairy.

Oh, wait. I love how you guys don't know how bodies and decomposition works. We're sure, yeah, Harry's going to be found them. They'll find Andy and they'll be like, well, all humans. used to make model aeroplanes. That's because they'll have found me in my tomb where I've been buried with all my air fixes. And all your rivet, pivots, rivets, rivets, rivets.

Homo riveting. Okay, that's it. That is all of our facts. Thank you so much for listening. If you'd like to get in contact with any of us about the things that we've said over the course of this podcast, we can all be found on our Twitter accounts. I'm on at Shreiberland, Andy.

At Spitfire, spitfire, spitfire. Jesus. James? at James Harkin and Ella Ella underscore Al-Shimahi Yep where you can go to our group account which is at No Such Thing or you can go to our website

No Such Thing as a Fish.com All of our previous episodes are up there so do check them out and Ella does want to give another shout out quickly to Daniel Stone's book The Food Explorer. It is an amazing book so do try and track that down but otherwise come back next week

because we'll be back with another episode and we'll see you then. Goodbye.