Ologies with Alie Ward - Broomology (BROOMS) with Cate O’Connell-Richards

Episode Date: October 21, 2026

Whisks and witches. Bristles and Shakers. Potions and prisons. From making brooms to jumping them, teacher, author, broomsquire, and Broomologist Cate O'Connell Richards gives us the overlooked history of how that broom got in your garage. So light a candle and tuck in for fibers, harvests, how-tos, angel wings, hawktails, besoms, labor laws, Broomcorn Johnnies, utopic communes, wedding traditions, oral histories, care tips and how everything is more interesting with context. Even brooms. Content warning as requested by the guest: when we talk about history, especially witches, there may be mentions of violence, death or sexuality.Visit Cate’s website and store and follow them on InstagramA donation went to Prison Arts CollectiveMore episode sources and linksOther episodes you may enjoy: Spooktober: Topics to Startle and Love, Canistrumology (BASKET WEAVING), Ceramology (POTTERY), Witchology (WITCHES & WITCHCRAFT), Ethnoecology (ETHNOBOTANY/NATIVE PLANTS), Disinfectiology (BLEACH), Cabinology (CABINS), Traumatology (PTSD), Nomology (THE CONSTITUTION) 400+ Ologies episodes sorted by topicSmologies (short, classroom-safe) episodesSponsors of OlogiesTranscripts and bleeped episodesBecome a patron of Ologies for as little as a buck a monthOlogiesMerch.com has hats, shirts, hoodies, totes!Follow Ologies on Instagram and BlueskyFollow Alie Ward on Instagram and TikTokEditing by Mercedes Maitland of Maitland Audio Productions and Jake ChaffeeManaging Director: Susan HaleScheduling Producer: Noel DilworthTranscripts by Aveline Malek Website by Kelly R. DwyerTheme song by Nick Thorburn Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Oh, hey, it's the last guy at the campfire. Pouring Pepsi on the umbers. Allie Ward. Did you ever think you'd have a whole episode on brooms? Me neither. Here we are. It continues to be spook-tober. You've got cinnamon brooms on the brain,

witches in your windows. Let's get into it with an artist, educator, historical researcher, and yes, a broom squire. Speaking of broom, the word comes from the plants, brooms, which have these stiff, kind of bristly twigs that work well to sweep stuff away. And scopha means broom in Greek and in Latin. And listen, I wanted this to be titled Scopology. But alas, our guest and the historical record

in various craft references and books informed me that, yes, broomology is the official study. Do not tell me I'm making it up. That's real. But first, thank you so much to patrons of the show who support ologies for one hot dollar a month and submit questions before we record. Thank you to everyone out there wearing Ologies merch from Ologiesmerch.com. If you need kid-friendly, swear-free ologies episodes, you can find them in their own feed, wherever you get podcasts. They're called Smollogies. They're also linked in the show notes. Thank you also to sponsors of Ologies who make it possible for us to donate to a cause of each Ologist's choosing every week.

And thank you to everyone who has supported us just by leaving a review, which helps so much that I make sure to read them all, such as this still green one from Robin Elaine, who wrote, always showing us how lucky we are to live somewhere with eclipses and insects and oceans and bodies and really nerdy humans who love to talk about what they love. Thanks for listening to it, of course, Robin. Now, right now, that thing they love is brooms. It's as exciting. Brooms, they're overlooked. They're taken for granted. Silent. No voice, but they make your life better every day. Where did they come from? What are they made of? Who makes them? There's a story in everything. So let's hear about that. And quick content warning as requested by the guest,

When we talk about history, especially witches, there may be mentions of violence, death, or sexuality. Otherwise, we're talking mostly about objects today. And we also may get swept away with corny jokes that you may bristle at, but I think you can handle it. So light a candle and tuck in for fibers, harvests, how-toes, angel wings, hawktails, besoms, labor laws, broomcorn, Johnny's, utopic, communes. utopic communes, wedding traditions, oral histories, caretips, and how everything is more interesting with context, with teacher, author, and broom squire, and broomologist Kate O'Connell Richards. All right. So my name is Kate O'Connell Richards. I use gender-neutral pronouns. I am an artist, educator, writer, and broommaker. Hell yeah. When I found out there were broom historians out there,

I lost my mind. But just one of the first things I saw of yours was this flow chart of the history of brooms. My keyboard ignited. I was emailing you so fast. I was like, Kate. On the show. And, you know, when it comes to the history and the culture of brooms, how is this a field of study that there are historians in the past that have written books and papers on this? Or how do you gather information on something that is so,

oral tradition and passed down knowledge, you know? Man, you just hit the nail on the head. You are absolutely correct in the way that this is mostly a, it's a folkloric or a folk practice. There's a lot of oral tradition, not formal or academic. The broom is everywhere. It is global all over, all cultures. And each one of those specific cultures, regions, peoples have their own broom history.

So I read a lot of agricultural journals, union periodicals, sometimes looking at broom, equipment, manuals. There is no like complete source on this, at least not that I've found. Is that part of what you like about it? Do you feel a little bit like a detective trying to track down like really hard to find facts? Very much so. I have a very short attention span. I am an artist, a jeweler. I'm used to like a very kind of frenetic hands-on environment.

I started studying brooms for my work, for my sculptural pieces. Then I started writing, and writing is very different. The wide variation of sources and stories that brooms bring to me just keep me so engaged because of my darting around brain. We're talking farming and agriculture. We're talking about material and making. I've gotten so deep into the brooms. my most recent pieces were about labor and prison labor specifically. It is an object that can

take you anywhere. You can ride on it anywhere, I guess. You know, when you say that you are a maker of brooms as well as someone who studies them and you're a materials artist, can you take me back a little bit to when you started crafting them or how did you end up with fibers in your hand that became a broom? That's a great question. I was getting my master's in fine art. And so I was doing a lot of research. And my interest kind of always laid in a lot of fantasy. I was a very imaginative child.

I come from a family of historians, librarians. I'm a metalsmith because I actually started off casting lead figurines with my father who would do tabletop war gaming. Yeah, I knew we were going there. So that's why I'm a metalsmith. I grew up all over. But my most formative years were in Kansas, kind of in a pretty rural area, lots of abandoned things, a lot of light trespassing and rusted tools and nobody around here in the middle of the field. And so I was very interested in the objects and shapes of kind of pre-industrial agricultural tools. We look at them now as these sort of magic objects, because not many Americans come into contact with that kind of a equipment anymore. So in the end, my work became about where objects of labor and objects, a sort of magic practice or spirituality intersect. Now, can you think of a better object? Right. That combines those two things than brooms. Honestly, no, I cannot, which is why I'm

freaking out to have them on. And at one point, they were able to secure a grant and travel to Mountain City, Georgia, and work with the Foxfire Appalachian Heritage Center, which has a museum. They teach classes on traditional Appalachian broommaking. So I went there and I took a class with a woman named Carol Morse who's been making brooms for probably longer than I've been alive. And it was pretty transformative, not just as a maker, but my curiosity was wedded. That's how I got started with making brooms. Well, was there also something about Appalachia and the folklore of brooms? So it was like kind of a little bit, like a little dark and spooky.

Like did that appeal at all? Absolutely. I have always, you know, liked the macabre, the spooky, the magical. Former goth kid here. Me too. Yep. You know what prompted this whole episode, actually, is my friend Catherine went to Paris and was like, you know what was crazy is like everything's very clean.

All the people who are sweeping the streets have these old-looking broom. kind of like a witch's broom, but they're green. And I was like, were they the fan kind? Because I went to Thailand and they have a lot of fan-shaped brooms. And she's like, no, they were like the round kind. And I was like, why are there different types of brooms in different parts of the world? Why is the American version of the broom that we think of kind of a flattened one, but not a fan-shaped? And I know that you deal mostly with American broom folklore, but just in general, like shapes of brooms are there. those totally functional or are those just cultural what's been handed down? That's a great question. I think I'm going to say that to all your questions. Thank you. I'll talk about the flattening of the broom in a moment in the U.S. The great flattening. Ooh, the great flattening. We'll talk about who is responsible for that. But when it comes to global brooms and all the different shapes and colors, you see, factors include the need and the available plants. The plant material that we talk about when we talk about, American broommaking is sorghum. Specifically, there are two variants, sorghum vulgar and sorghum by color.

But in Southeast Asia, many brooms are made out of a plant called tiger grass. There's African broom grass. There's all these different grasses that can be used to make a broom. So that's one factor to why brooms look different. When it comes to the shape, the shapes are kind of fit for purpose. Like when you think about a home or a space that needs to be swept out, you want to make sure that the ends of those bristles, that's the head of the broom, make tight contact with things like floors and ceilings and corners. And so that's why you see like a 90-degree angle at the base of a broom so it can fit up against the baseboard. But one thing that you say, a common shape we do see all over the world is what we would call fan tail, which is made by adding bundles of fiber on one side of the broomhead

instead of symmetrically. So fantail brooms are kind of woven up the side like an asymmetrical feather rather than all gathered in one place. It's a bunch at the top, like a stiff tassel. The folk traditions. So what may be called one name in one region can totally be called something else in another. You're going to hear things like angel wing versus turkey wing, you know, hawk tail. What's the difference there? There's not. Oh. You know what? Then you may have one brewmaker that starts making one slightly different and calls it that and it sticks around long. enough that we now know that as that style. It's continually growing and changing all the time, even today. And yes, those angel wing cocktail and turkey wing brooms have a spayed out fan shape.

And as you go up the handle, more stalks or grass is woven together. I imagine it's really difficult to find historical examples of this because they're made out of sticks and grass, right? So they don't preserve super great. No, not to you. great. Plus, people can unwind them, cannibalize them to make new things, wear them down to nubbins. That's why you don't store your broom on its head because it warps the bristles. So you always want to hang your broom. News to me. Like if you buy a nice artisan broom, you want it for looking, maybe, maybe not cleaning. It's good to hang it up. Don't balance it on the bristles. But it does lead to this lovely thing where just if you walk through a neighborhood, every front porch has a broom. And those brooms are

usually jacked up. They've been out on the porch for a long time. But take a look at the bristles next time. You'll see the curvature from continual use or just storing on the corner like that. So the bristles end of a broom is called the head. That's the business end. But who among us remembers the blissful pre-quarantine, early 2020 trend called the broomstick challenge? Does this ring a bell? As someone who's a best amygist, have you known that you can make a stand upright and make it look like magic. You know that that trend was going around a couple of years ago? Yeah.

We get the NASA Broom Challenge here at the fire station. We love science. Yeah. Well, you know, the bristles of broom corn, it's kind of like the, you know, laying on a bed of nails. If you cut them straight enough, yeah, you can totally do that. But hey, I know, magic, magic. When I first did that, I was blown away.

I was like, well, of course it's just a ton of tripods, right? You're just making a tripod out of the bristles, right? So, yeah, this started in February 2020 with a post explaining that because of the Earth's gravitational pull, NASA said it was the only day of the year to achieve that perfect broom balance. Everyone was trying it for weeks later, and NASA confirmed, yeah, no, we did not ever say that, you sweet clowns. It's just the physics of a bunch of corn broom tripods. Speaking of which, let's talk materials. Oh, yeah. You ready? Let's talk about sorgums.

Okay. So sorgums are a genus of plants in the grass family. So there are two species in particular of sorghum, sorghum bulgare and sorghum bicolor that are popular cereal grains. Those are plants that provide food. They're also called great millet or broom corn, although it's not really corn or millet. The stalks are tall and they look a lot like corn, but instead of, that silky corn hair at the top, there are these stiff twigs with these tiny seeds and a lot of split ends. And those stiff twigs are probably right now, there's some hiding in a corner of your

kitchen pantry. They know you're talking about them. When you look at broom corn, it can be very tall, but it looks like what we know is corn without the ears. But it has a very long tassel and these kind of large flat leaves. The usefulness of sorghumps goes well beyond food. that you can make brooms with them. But of course. And we call them broomcorn, which it can get a little in the weeds, if you'll forgive me. You'll hear words like millet, broom, straw, grass, given to a lot of different plants. And there are a lot of different plants that are going to use to make brooms.

So I want people to be able to look at a broom and be like that, you know, right now, go like, oh, that's, that's sorghum, but most people don't have broomcorn drooms anymore. But yeah, most people do have plastic brooms. I feel like broomcorn does a better job, though. I feel like it scrapes stuff a little better than a plastic broom. But I also just, the idea of a plastic broom kind of icks me out because I just think of microplastics all over the house. I am full of microplastics, like top to bottom.

So whatever. We'll find out how they killed us long after we're dead. But I do personally, I really love the sound of little swishy whiskers. on wood. Yeah, the bottoms of broom corn, the wispy ends actually have a natural Velcro effect. And so they can totally pick up dust a lot easier than the sort of slick, oily surface of plastic. Why do we see in folklore, why do we see witches, brooms being the round kind and our modern brooms being fanned out? was that like some sort of evolution of function or was that totally just materials based? Oh man, there's a story about it. I mentioned like the sort of the great flattening.

And so when we see a round broom, that is a tradition from Europe. We call those Bisms today from the old English. The style traveled with the colonists to what we now know is the United States. You know, the first kind of moments in American broommaking that I found are not just studying, you know, indigenous cultures of New England. They had a very particular kind of shaved splint broom where you would have a piece of wood, usually birch, I believe, and you would kind of peel down a thin strip of material off the outside of the sort of cylinder of wood. But leave it attached at the bottom. And then you would just shave so many of these down. then you would bind it and you'd have this kind of, it looks somewhere between a mop and a broom, as we would know today. Okay, so these are so-called splinter brooms, and the peeled pieces are so delicate and they're wispy, almost as thin as like a pine needle, but just whittled down wood into really fine bristles.

But the early colonists brought the round broom, the bees'am with them, which could be made, again, out of birch or just like any kind of twiggy, sticky material. Those are the real witchy brooms. Those are the ones that look very kind of, I don't ever want to call a broom evil because the associations of evilness and brooms and the people who carry them is something that it gets very dark. There's a famous photo by William Henry Fox Talbot. And he was a photographer. We have very early photographs. We're talking, I think, 1840s. I think it's just called the doorway.

way. And in this photo, this extraordinary photo, you see Abesem. And so everyone can Google, Google that photo and look at that. I'm on it. It's so beautiful. There are these golden tones of black and white kind of sepia. And this is a photo of the threshold of a stone house. It's got a beat up wooden door that's halfway open. And the room beyond it is just plunged into darkness. But diagonally in the frame is the stiff, craggy, bristled Bissom broom with a knobby stick. Exactly what you would picture in Halloween rom-com about a witch tooling around a New England town, maybe falling in love with a local melon farmer. And again, William Fox Talbot, the open door.

In case you want to see it? Oh, the open door. Again, spooky, spooky. And it's done in that old kind of silvery photo. style. But we see a broom leaning across the door, a Beesam broom. And that's the kind of image. I want you to kind of keep in your mind when it comes to these European brooms. The Beesum traveled over to New England. And so we were making round brooms. And the first early centers of what would become the broommaking industry were a place in Massachusetts called Hadley

and then shaker communities. Now, the Shakers, that's not their official name. Their official name is the United Society of Believers in Christ's second appearing. That's a mouthful. They were a religious group that were ostracized from England and came on over very, very early in the process. They're not to be confused with Quakers, but they were initially known as Shaking Quakers,

hence their more colloquial title, The Shakers. Oh. Oh, got it. Their kind of leader, it's a little bit more than that, but Mother Anne Lee, it was a woman and actually accused of being a witch in England. The shocker. Nice little tidbit there, but they lived in very particular communities, types of communities. They were celibate, which doesn't make for a very long-lasting community. And they lived in these gatherings of buildings.

And you can still visit these buildings today. And a lot of those spaces have been turned into kind of museums today, and you can go visit them. take broom classes. But they supported their communities through craft and the creation of objects, very well-made objects, furniture, clothing, and brooms. Brooms was a shaker industry. So we see a lot of early strides being made in American brewmaking at these shaker communities. And then we also have the farming communities of New England. And yeah, the quaking shakers, they let loose during worship service, they danced ecstatically, like ravers wearing bonnets. And they believed in equality of the sexes, a god that was both genders, communal living, and pacifism. What?

Author June Sprigg wrote a book called By Shaker Hands and noted that, quote, The Shakers fell to that work and worship were inseparable. So their household tools and objects were used with reverence, like a ritual. They had a real pride in their workmanship, work-peoplehip. But yeah, no boning. No boning. And there were up to 4,000 shakers at one time in the mid-1800s, across like a dozen or so New England hotspots.

And they did welcome unhoused people and orphans with open arms. There's now only one shaker community, the Sabbath Day Lake Shaker village in Maine. and it has three members. But they are accepting new ones in case you're like, whoa, crafts, peace, non-binary vibes. And hey, if you're ace or aromantic and you like to groove, maybe they'll have you as a fourth. But the shakers were being established in like the mid-1700s. 75 years before that William Fox Talbot photo was snapped. And they're also emerged in that time, mid-1700s, a major player.

on the North American broom scene. He was. Levi Dickinson was a farmer in or around Hadley, Massachusetts. And we're talking at the very end of the 18th century here, the 1790s. But when it comes to like the winners of history, like Levi Dickinson is the name that in this very specific world people point to. And so Dickinson grew a couple acres of broom corn and started making brooms, really were very popular brooms. These are the brooms that are standard now in a lot of countries. But back then, it was a new thing to buy a broom. So broommaking for a lot of history was a thing that was done in the home by the family.

A household might have a small patch of broomcorn growing in their garden specifically for this. And it was cyclical. You would harvest it a certain time or in this case just chop it down, dry it out. And you might make a couple extra for peddling to members in the community. but it wasn't necessarily a business. We have evidence of this. Thomas Jefferson, you know, one of the most recorded figures in American history,

mentions broom corn being grown in his own private farms in Virginia in 1781. It was just part of colonial farm life, like textiles and food preparation. And so Dickinson was part of, you know, this practice. And he started by growing a couple acres, I think, nearby in an alley somewhere. and he would make brooms with these, and they were said to be the best brooms. Other people were doing this, but Old Man Levi is the legend.

You go to Hadley, Massachusetts. You're going to find, like, this is where Levi Dickinson started it. So Levi is in Massachusetts. He's scrappy. He grows a couple acres, and he just makes really good brooms. And people are like, damn,

this broom that Levi made, way better than the one I've been threading together. Do people start asking him like, hey, Levi, let's get more of these brooms together? Yeah. Well, it was said that like the women, the women of the community loved his brooms so much that they asked for more and that it was women that were kind of propping up this new economy or that it was his wife that really adored the broom. And according to a 2015 article written by the American broom shop titled Corn Broome Still the Boss in the year 1797, farmer Levi Dick. Brought some tassels of dried sorghum, as people did then, and made such a good broom for his wife. It changed history.

Damn, that is a good broom. The shakers were like, damn, that is a good broom. And they gave us some tweaks. They had a few notes, like flattening it for a greater directional surface area. And this broom boom was born. By the 1920s, broom corn crops totaled over 80,000 tons in the old. In 1965, America manufactured 35 million corn broom brooms. And Levi Dickinson made some strides in the kind of equipment.

We make brooms on these broom benches or broomwinders. So that's when brooms went from the Bissom round bundle of bristles to the flat wedge of the shakers. Can you imagine Levi sitting on the porch probably blast in a hand-rolled sig, sun fading over the horizon, there's some onions simmering on the wood stove for like a salt pork and turnip stew. He's fiving. He's making up a broom. And as soon as we can jump timelines, I'm going to go there to that moment. I want to hide behind a stump with a hard cider.

I just want to take it all in. At the turn of the 18th century, the 1790s into the 1800s, that's – and think about that in terms of American history, too. You always have to keep in mind what is going on in this country that is changing very rapidly. Yeah. Indigenous peoples are being displaced. The lands are being stolen. We have this continual spread from east to west. Then they go more west until things change in the 20th century. Because where broomcorn went, you made brooms. It's not too good for anything else. You can make a whiskey with it if you've ever had sorghum whiskey. Oh. There is a from China, a Kowliang liquor that is also made with Sorghum. Yeah, it can be make porridges, flowers, sweet syrups, and alcohol. But I always got the vibe that

there's just other plants that were better at it. Is that where the word whiskey comes from? Because when you said whiskey, I was thinking you meant a little baby whisk. But I wonder if whiskey comes from whiskey at all. I don't have to look that up. I have no idea. I have no idea. That would be fascinating, wouldn't it? Right? Okay, I'll do an aside on that. I'm doing an aside on it. So whiskey, hard alcohol comes from the Gaelic word meaning water of life. If it's Scottish whiskey, there's no E in it. If it's American whiskey, you got an EY at the end. Whisk, though? That comes from Old Norse for a wisp of hay. So this is where we would put a game show Losing Horn. Also, if you're Scottish and you are cackling at the word Bissom or bism, yes, it is a very coarse slang term for a woman. Or, or

from what I understand, someone who's like kind of a cheeky nuisance. I've heard both. So it's best that you ask a Scottish person or you fly me out to Scotland so I can fact check this. Thank you. However, whiskified does mean shit hammered. At least it did in 1802. But if you're into sorghum less for the spirits and more for the bod, you can belly up to the 24 Journal of Food Science article, Sorghum and Health, an overview of potential protective. health effects, which dishes out the research that sorghum grain is a great source of fiber and low glycemic starches, and it kept study participants in trials full for longer than wheat porridge, perhaps because it promotes an increase in the appetite-related hormones, GLP1,

potentially tasty, but a North America invasive. So, you know, here's the thing. Broom corn is not an indigenous species to the Americas. It is from Eastern Africa originally, and we do know it. in Europe by the 17th century, if not sooner, from early botanical journals that mention it. There is a great suspicion that the plant, at least in part, came over to the United States with enslaved Africans during the time of the transatlantic slave trade. And now it would be an incredibly difficult thing to trace. Of course, yeah. Yeah. So this leads us to the person who's

most often accredited as the father of American brewmaking, and that's Ben Franklin. We have letters from him. He wrote a couple folks in his life, but he writes to his sister, Jane, in 1757, I enclose you some whisk seed. It is a kind of corn, good for creatures. It must be planted on hills like, and this is quote, Indian

corn, which is what we know is corn today. There's stories kind of filling the gaps on how Franklin came into the possession of this broomcorn seed. Some say he was sent a brush broom made from broom corn, which he cleaned his travel hat with, and it dislodged his seat.

Another is that he was examining this broom that belonged to a lady friend. We had many lady friends. Apparently, that guy was a horny one. I know. What I understand. Was Ben Franklin horny? You asked me. Of course he was.

Let's take a dip into his 1745 letter to a friend, shockful of romantic advice. This letter is now titled in the archives, Advice to a friend on choosing a mistress. So his thesis reads, quote, you should prefer old women to young ones. You call this a paradox and demand my reasons. Ben then offers eight different reasons, among which are, because older women have more knowledge of the world and their minds are better stored with observation, their conversation is more improving and more lastingly agreeable. Also, because when women cease to be handsome, they study to be good by an augmentation of utility. He continues, there is hardly such a thing to be found as an old woman who is not a good woman.

So you lose your beauty, so then you just have to be real nice. Also, he says, taking an old lady as a mistress means that you can't knock her up as easy, and it's less suspicious if she visits your house because maybe you're just keeping the elderly company. But then Mr. Franklin gives us a lesson in, I guess, lymph integrity, and he offers that in every animal that walks up, right? The deficiency of the fluids appears first in the highest part. The face first grows lank and wrinkled, then the neck,

then the breast and arms. But I imagine that he wrote this next part while arching an eyebrow, like a little devil. He says the lower parts continue to be as plump as ever, so that covering all above with a basket, excuse me, and regarding only what is below the girdle, it's impossible to know an old from a young one. He explains that, as in the dark, all cats are gray.

The pleasure of corporal enjoyment with an old woman is at least equal and frequently superior because they're more practiced. His final reason was, they're so grateful. I got mixed feelings here, but as a palate cleanser, I can offer you a tidbit from Ben Franklin's pamphlet, a letter to a royal academy, which is also known to scholars as a letter to a royal academy about farting or fart proudly, in which Mr. Franklin describes the challenge of retaining, quote,

a great quantity of wind from digesting common food, and he implores scientists to study farting and develop a pill or an additive that renders the wind inoffensive, or he offers perhaps as pleasing as perfume. If you've ever held a crisp 100 in your hand, next time you see one, you need only glance at the strained,

pursed lip countenance to know that this was a man fed on pastries and ale, a blustery gut under his vests. Now, I hope, I hope that parts of New England are haunted by Ben Franklin's ghost. I want him to float through a CVS and discover the holy trinity of Beno and lactate and gas acts. All that noodling with keys and kites, child's play in comparison. Anyway, Ben Franklin. Yeah, he stole a seed, I guess, from his lady, friend's broom. Another state he traveled to Egypt and brought the seed from there. And then color is added to the story. He smuggled the precious cargo in a snuff box. But it's true, he did travel between Europe and the U.S. several times. And also there's a statue of him in Arcola, Illinois,

which is one of the, if not the most known, broomcorn capital of the United States. I didn't know that. Yeah. Now, have you been there? Did you go? I did. I did go. They have a broomcorn festival. It reminds me very much of the kind of festival that I had growing up in Kansas. You know, you eat a funnel cake and there's craft booths and it's kind of hot. But like you see all this local history and boy oh boy, do I love local history. I love sweating and walking near boots and smelling vegetable oil frying. I literally I love that. Okay. So I'm sorry to report that you just missed the broomcorn festival of Arcoa, Illinois, which occurred in September. But on a plus note, that means that you have 10 and a half months to prepare for the 2027

Arcola National Broomsweeping Contest, which pits you against five pounds of broom corn seed, tiny little beads essentially that need to be swept through a maze and into a bucket, and the

highest weight wins, of course. Not competitive. Maybe you have carpal tunnel. That's fine. Just sit back. Enjoy a parade featuring Arcoa's world famous lawn rangers, which are a precision yard work drill team and they march and step with brooms or they just roll by. They're perched on the thrones of their lawnmowers. I watched video of this year's festival to get hyped up for

next September. And one guy literally cleaning up in the sweeping competition was this elderly man. And then I realized when you turned around, no, it was just a younger guy in a bald cap and a waistcoat dressed in homage to our nation's founding farting horn dog. And I hope. And I hope. hope that this young man's cosplay netted him some interest from older women, because all cats are gray in the dark. Speaking of going back in time, the 1800s is where we see the growth of the broom industry as, you know, colonists spread west. And that allowed, you know, larger swash of land where we had just evicted people that had been here, made for, you know, large spaces to grow a lot of broom corn. Given that it was, you know, deeply tied to agriculture.

culture, seasons were very important. And so there were itinerant workers called broomcorn johnnies. I have heard that there were broomcorn janes as well, but again, I'm trying to find more about that. But of course, as you can imagine, being an itinerant worker in the 19th century was, it was mostly men. And there's a lot of very Steinbeckian stories about these roving broomcorn johnnies that would go into town and get really drunk after a long day's work, cause a lot of and then leave until next year. Holy smokes. Do you know, I wonder how many people in the U.S.

don't realize that their great, great, great granddaddy was a broomcorn Johnny. You know, like I can imagine broomcorn johnny comes into town. Oh, I'm sure. Some people were creeped out by broomcorn jonies because they were itinerant farm workers, but others waited around just to harvest the sight of them. Some of the sources I have are just, you know, people from very particular parts of the United States rural areas who are writing just their own personal autobiography and they talk about their mother seeing the broomcorn johnny's return uh and things like that yeah i bet yeah i bet they had

games my daddy was a broomcorn johnny i imagine them breaking a beer bottle on the countertop like back off they're sasperilla or whatever they're drinking I can imagine just irresistible broomcorn, Johnny's. So they were itinerant. So we didn't see a lot of women who at that time felt safe, perhaps enough to just be roving about working in this field, right? Like literal field. I imagine not, you know, as an artist and a craftsperson,

I was pretty taken aback at the practice of broommaking. You know, it's this object I really love to make. It carries such a fascinating history. and we cannot deny the romance of the old, with an e-on-the-end of it, handmade. But it was also a vehicle for prison labor. Bummer. Which not much has changed there. I mean.

No, no. And anyone who thinks that prison labor is a thing of the past is unfortunately unaware of how prevalent it still is in this country. Oh, it's incredible. It's incredible. So if you go outside of Laramie, there's a place called the Wyoming Territorial Prison, which is now a museum. If this building could talk,

if it could tell you all of the stories of the 1,063 convicts that were incarcerated here, what a great moment that would be. This is early 1900s, so the very beginning of the 20th century. It operated for only a handful of years.

It's notable for, I think it was Butch Cassidy, or some outlaw had been imprisoned there, and so that's like kind of a selling point. for the tourist side of it. But they made brooms there. And they have a very large broom studio. Oh, wow. And there's signage all over it.

You can see the broom equipment. And these prisoners were, you know, shackled if they refused to work. It was pretty dangerous conditions if we think about the quality of machinery at that point in time. Like if you got your hand in there, goodbye hand. And the profit being made from these prison-made. brooms, you know, of course, went to the folks running this prison. This is the broom shop where the prisoners made brooms.

You can actually buy one today in the gift store. But, I mean, you know, many objects that Americans still use today are made in prisons. Mattresses, clothing, metal goods, and prisoners are making often less than $1 an hour. This warrants its entire own episode, but the long and short of it, as we mentioned in our indigenous fire ecology and fire ecology episodes is that prison labor is alive and well in the United States, despite the 13th Amendment, which declared that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction, except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. So if you want to hear

the whole U.S. Constitution read to you with asides, have a gander at our two parties. nomology episode. We're going to link in the show notes. But yes, that might be news to some people. And Made in America, the products of U.S. prison labor are all around us, is an excellent essay and a photo gallery by Tulane University professor, Daniela Zalkman, for the nonprofit news outlet, The Marshall Project. And this piece explained that incarcerated workers are responsible for producing over $2 billion in goods annually and $9 billion in services for, from eyeglasses to barbecues to mattresses to the Arkansas governor's mansion to labor. And a lot of the objects are sold via federal and state prison industries to public institutions

like libraries and schools and courthouses and agencies. Now incarcerated workers, according to this piece, make between 33 cents and $1.41 per hour working for state-owned businesses. In six states, though, the hourly rates are $0. Absolutely nothing. Now, being on the front lines of wildfire duty for prison laborers, nets between $2.90 and $5.12 per day, according to some 2023 reports. And the ACLU published a 22 report titled Captive Labor Exploitation of Incarcerated Workers.

and this was in collaboration with the University of Chicago Law School Global Human Rights Clinic. And that establishes in this report that the U.S. incarcerates over 1.2 million people, and two out of three of those incarcerated people are also workers. And from the moment that they enter the prison gates, they lose the right to refuse work. More than 76% of incarcerated workers report that they're required to work or face additional punishment such as solitary confinement, loss of fear. family visitation, or it strips them of the ability to pay for basic life necessities like bath soap. So if this is something that is new news to you, yeah, it's an interesting fact

about our for-profit prison system in the U.S. Brooms. Who knew? So this is this sort of connection that I found between the sort of old world kind of craft, the kind of making that I'm doing as an artist, and then contemporary issues today. Which again, All from the broom. All from the broom. This is why I love this. We actually had a ton of questions from listeners. Can I lob some at you?

Sure. And before we lob those, let's toss some money at a more than worthy cause. And this week, Kate shows the Prison Arts Collective, which is dedicated to expanding access to the transformative power of art to people experiencing incarceration via arts programming in California prisons. So to learn more, visit prison arts collective.com. Now, thank you, Kate, for their suggestion. And thank you sponsors of the show who make these donations possible every week. Okay, so patrons via patreon.com sociologies can submit questions before we record simply by joining at the $1 level.

And of course, you always send a great ones. Let's just start with the nitty and the gritty. Diana Stairs Nick, Dean, Alice Rubin, Holden, Haldeney, Grace Conroy, Anne McKendon. Sarah and Alina Davugd wants to know, in Diana's words, why, why, why, why? Can I never get that last bit of swept grit into the dust pan? Holdenegu says, it's so annoying. Why is it so hard to get the dust into the dust pan?

Is there, do we need finer and finer brooms or smaller and smaller dust pans? What do we do? Do you know of one? Because I don't. I've had the pleasure of using some very fine handmade dust pans, I will say. but I have just, I've never seen anything get at all. You know, and I feel bad because it's like you're using this beautiful handmade broom and then you're like, well, I guess I'll get my dust buster.

That was actually a big, a big hit to the broom industry in the mid-20th century, of course, was carpets and vacuums. Dang, I hadn't even thought about that. If you live somewhere more humid, I can't imagine you're going to want a wall-to-wall carpet it like in the tropics or in parts of rainforest, things like that. So it's just something that is going to suck and that's okay. It's okay. Perhaps a wet claw.

It's okay. Yes, I think that's a great idea. Even the world's broom experts agree that that is. That sucks and it just is. I feel bad because I feel like I'm playing right into the hands of big vacuum. No, no. But that's the thing. With big vacuum, you don't get to see what is going into the dustpan. Do you know how many people probably have vacuumed up gemstones that they later were like a ruby fell out of my wedding ring and I vacuumed it? They're in the garbage. Oh, I know. This actually did happen to my mom. It was actually a 25th anniversary gift. My dad had given her decades before a ring with a row of five diamonds to represent each member of our immediate family. And she'd had it for decades shortly before your grandpa passed. One diamond went missing. And we vacuumed their whole place, carefully sifted through silt and lint to no avail.

It had probably been sucked up the week prior. And after my dad made his journey to the granule, everything, we replaced that diamond with a ruby in remembrance. But I'm still mad at the vacuum. But I'm not alone. Our own Mercedes-Maitland recalled that when I was a little kid, she told me, my friend and her little brother were over, and I was showing them these three little meteorite samples we got as souvenirs on a recent trip,

and my friend's little brother dropped one of the little meteorites into the carpet. We looked so long and hard, she says, none more than him and never found it. So that baby 1,000 percent got vacuumed up. And her friend's little brother still brings it up and feels super guilty about it two decades later. A broom would never do that to you. Like how many times have you found something because you swept it up and you're like, oh my God, this tiny screw from my glasses that fell out. Here it is. Big vacuum doesn't help you out in that capacity. Not at all. So I'm big I'm tiny broom. Oh, we have so many good questions.

Let me see. Gavi Erevector, Ranger France, Diana Bauer, medium farmer, Caitlin Whitman, Pooha, Maz, Nature Walks. And first-time question asked her Taba Catastrophe wants to know. Taba Catastrophe says, I heard once that you're supposed to trim your broom once the ends start getting all fucky. And my raggedy broom sweeps fine enough that I've never tried. Also, I'm lazy, they say. was that legit advice or just an old person trolling me. Ma's Nature Walks wants to know,

when is it time to retire your broom and replace it with a younger, hotter model? When do you give your broom a makeover or bid it a do? Good questions. I say, well, function. Obviously, these, I assume, are all brooms that are being used. When it comes to trimming, you know, when we make a broom, we do trim the ends.

So we have that night, those nice planner. kind of faces, again, to fit into baseboards and things like that. But if the broom corn gets so warped that it's going all out in different directions like an octopus, that may make the use of it a little difficult. So yeah, you can totally trim a broom. You can use a pair of scissors. It might wear it down a little bit, but you can do that. Okay. Or find a broommaker who has a corn chopper. Corn chopper. Corn chopper. Also, you can really keep the life of your broom going. by again hanging it and never storing it on its head. I have used brooms well beyond the point that they should be used.

I understand having a connection to an old friend in a way. I cannot tell you when to trade out your old broom for a newer, hotter model. That is something that only you can decide. Again, I'm going to go back to function. Is it working? I think it's really good to know, though, that you shouldn't be storing them bristles down. I never would have known that. And if you and your broom are besties and maybe she just,

He's a little chouge. She needs a little glow up. You can spritz it with some water and vinegar and it kind of brings it back to life. Is that a good way to clean your room? Because you do figure, like, your room touches a lot of gross stuff, but like, do you clean? I guess you vinegar. Vinegar and water is a good thing to do. Yeah. And always keep it dry.

Again, like mold is always, always an issue. Gabby, Jack Snacks, Magda Kosauska and Brain Chanigans wanted to know Jack's Snacks asked, What's the weirdest material a broom has been made out of that you've seen. Magda also asked that. What's the wildest broom material? Do you ever see crafters make them out of like repurposed garbage or tampons or anything that you're like, whoa, that's wild? Oh my goodness. Yeah. My friend's Sister Wolf, aka Cassandra, has a background as someone who cuts and dies hair. And you can imagine that history of being a stylist working for making brooms as well. And she's done some really wonderful artistic pieces, kind of linking those two together.

And if your feed needs more spooky, handmade, witchy objects, I know it does. I highly recommend Cassandra's Instagram. It's underscore Sister Wolf underscore for upcoming classes. There are events. There are commissions for altar brooms. Also, she has a Victorian morning collection, which is going to release online on October 30th. So thank you, Cassandra, for pointing me in Kate's direction. You can go to Sisterwolfcraft.com or underscore Sisterwolf underscore on Instagram. People are doing all sorts of

different things when it comes to art brooms. And, you know, incorporating metals and and leathers. Dying broom corn has been big for a very long time. Creating images in that, in that broomcorn. People are combining with broommaking for some really interesting things. Gabby wanted to know how long does it take to make a broom, and I'm sure that depends on the broom, but Lacey said, is there a broom that's considered the hardest to make? What separates the average broom squire from an expert broom squire? And Cam Bam said, do you call your craft besm making? And is this different from broom making? And also, how long does the broom tend to take if you're making something that's artisanal and a craft broom? You ask a lot of questions. So when it comes to the term broom, first of all, I refer to myself as a broommaker. Sometimes if I'm feeling a little cheeky, I'll call myself a broom squire because how could you not? Yeah. Oh, completely. That is left over from the sort of guild system that, again, came with the colonists over from Europe to the United States.

When you're learning a particular skill, things like woodworking, printmaking, in European art education, like being a sculptor, you would start off as an apprentice. You would study under someone. And then eventually after a certain amount of time, you would make your way to being a journeyman. And that means you would literally journey around and see other art and look at other master's pieces. And then you would eventually become a master by doing a master work, you know, after so many years of being in this field, as it were. Now, again, gross generalizations here. And Broom Squire was someone, I believe it's five years, making brooms for five years. Oh, wow.

I teach at a trade school, and you'll hear it in trade school parlance, especially with like electricians, HVAC, I think, things like that. You'll hear journeymen or apprentice on occasion. What about traditions? Eliza Hammer Gage, R.J. Doidge, Jillian, Seattle wanted to know about... Eliza asked about history on jumping the broom. Momo said, I'm looking to make my own broom to jump for my wedding in the relatively-ish near future. And Momo said, to my knowledge,

This started out as an African-American tradition, and as a black woman, I'd love to find a black broommaker to learn from, but I haven't had much luck. Are there any out there? Do we source from Etsy? But jumping the broom as an African tradition, could you tell me anything about that? Oh, absolutely. So when it comes to a lot of folklore surrounding brooms, a lot of it has to do with like doorways, boundaries, leaving one reality and going into another. There's a lot of lore about leaning brooms against doorways. So when it comes to jumping the broom, You're, you know, jumping some kind of perceived boundary from one reality to another. And so this makes sense for weddings.

It's also an object, this celebration of a home, this new home together. I'm going to point to right now a really great book called Jumping the Broome by Tyler D. Pari, who is an associate professor of African American and African diaspora studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. In this book, it's fantastic. There's actually a lot of cultures that Jumping the Broome came from. Romani peoples, different African traditions, and the British Isles, specifically Celts and Welsh peoples. And again, you're seeing a theme throughout this entire episode. It was brought to the United States through colonization and the enslavement of Africans through the transatlantic slave trade.

And today we still see it practice, of course, in a lot of contemporary black American households, Cajun communities, but also in neo-pagan and modern pagan practitioner weddings as well. It was popularized in the 1970s. It's my hope you'll my boy going to jump the broom someday. Good wife like you just what he need to steady him down. It kind of entered the cultural consciousness, again, through the Roots TV miniseries based on the book by Alex Haley. In this book, Jumping the Broome,

the surprising multicultural origins of a black wedding ritual, traces the rise in popularity in the 1980s, in the 1980s, when wedding ceremonies and receptions got more personal. and more involved. And then also through the 2016 Roots series remake, which includes a discussion about whether the tradition was actually practiced in Africa. It's a great book. We'll link it on our website. So where can you get one if you're looking for something artisanal and meaningful? I do know a couple black broommakers. So three brewmakers that you can look into are we have Jasmine Best, very cool artist and broommaker.

There's also Nam Joti in Texas and Prairie Breeze Folk Arts out of Canada. We'll link these broom handles on our website, but the folks are Amina Haswell of Canadian-based Prairie Breeze Folkarts at Prairie Breeze Folkarts. Namjoti, Corcalsa, or the handle, Blue Cypress Botanicals. Also, that website is Brooms and Baskets. Jasmine Best is at Jasmine Best Art. And yeah, we're going to put a bunch of links on our website because I know that was a lot of people. I love that you know so many broommakers.

This is why you're perfect for this episode. I was like, Kate, get on here. We've got to talk brooms. Thank you. I wanted to go back to a quick definition too. Mouse Paxton, Alice Rubin, Julia in Seattle, and Sydney S. I have a banger of a question. Alice wants to know, is a toothbrush of broom?

Oh, my God. Does it count? If it's a side bristle, does it count? Does it have to be a down bristle? What is it? I think it's an honorary broom. I really think it is when I think about what it's doing. And, you know, wet brooming is definitely a thing, wet sweeping.

I think it may be a broom. And from what I understand, early toothbrushes were a stick that you chewed until you bristled the end. And then you use those bristles to clean your teeth. So I feel like in terms of evolution, toothbrushes evolved from a mini mouth broom. But what about sport brooms? We had a few listeners. Lacey and Nicole Clyman wanted to know about sport brooms, like curling brooms. Are those actually brooms?

I mean, I'm trying to, this field isn't big enough to have specialists yet. Sports brushes, I think, are usually a bunch of plastic bristles. And I'm sure things like the stiffness of the bristle, which gets into plastic sciences, is important. Y'all, you either love curling and you know all about it and you're thrilled, I'm doing it aside on it, or you're me and you see like six minutes of curling every four years when the Olympics are on. And you always Google, what is curling? And you stop reading the Wikipedia page like four sentences in.

But we're looking at a big polished granite stone. It looks like a Mentos, but it's the size of like a pizza, and it's got a handle on it. and it's on the ice, and then there are some brooms to make the ice smoother and clear the stone's path. The brooms or brushes used to be made of corn, but now they have fabric, hog hair, or horsehairheads. And if you hear the word broomgate, that refers to a scandal a decade ago when a new type of brush material was used that scored the ice in like microscopic little trough. instead of smoothed it. And people don't tell me that broomheads don't matter because a lot of sports lawyers would argue that they do.

But most of us are not going to worry about this too much until the 2030 Winter Olympics in the Alps, which are not now. I mean, we are putting this out in October, and so I have to get to a question that so many people asked. Erin Everton, Katie Lou Who, Jennifer Riger, Matt and Leslie, Andrea Ligaki, Max G., Quillard. Sloan, Greg Wallach, Nathan, Gardner Gabby's mom, Allison, Hallie Ragusa, want to know witches, Anthony Richards wants to know why did witches use a certain kind of broom? Would any old

broom work? Do they have any other modes of transportation? Sarah asked, why are brooms associated with witches? What is going on? Oh, boy. Oh, boy, oh boy, oh boy. Are you ready? Oh, I'm so ready. So for this, we have to head to the 15th century in Europe, at the very least. Okay. And it's in the 1400s that we see the first depictions of specifically women on broomsticks in manuscripts, as well as in the 1480s, the publication of two important works. One is the papal bull of Pope Innocent the 8th, and the other is called the Maléas Malifacarum.

aka the hammer of witches. And these two works from the church would change European history and our concepts of witchery forever. I'll start with the papal bull. A bull, it's spelled like the animal, is just the communication between the Pope and the people. And this papal bowl was called,

and please forgive me, Latin's a little rusty, but the Sumis desiderantes, effect, Debus, which means desiring with supreme ardor, which would be a really metal title, where it not that this is a really horrible thing and a lot of horrible things came from this. And what this papal bull, it declared the, and I'm going to put quotations here, reality of witches and witchcraft and how they're dangerous and essentially giving state-sanctioned authority for people to witch hunt in what we now know is Germany. So that happens.

And then we get the Malayas Malaccharum, which is written by a German clergyman Kramer. This is where we get a lot of our imagery, are again quotes, knowledge of which practices. There's talks of which is traveling, flying, they're working in service to the devil, and really kind of fomenting a paranoia overall about the sneaky nature of witches and how they use the most unassuming objects for evil purposes. Wood and bone and root. And, you know, it's not very long before these very specific tools of the home are prescribed malevolent powers, you know.

And again, kind of playing into the, it's where you least expect it, kind of in a paranoid attitude about witchcraft. Kramer was, again, a German clergyman. And you read this work and you're like, man, this guy was not fun. at parties. Absolutely wet blanket, this guy. But the notion spread and then it takes off through the 1500s. So apart from the broom, like flight and travel, was also part of this paranoia of witchery, that they go on these flights together and cause mayhem and mischief. But it wasn't just brooms. It was also cooking forks, which we don't use these anymore. It's kind of a large wooden fork that

would hold a pot over a fire. Now, what unifies all these things is that they're all long and phallic. The idea of the evil woman was anything that would hint at like perversion or sexual liberation of any kind. And so you can imagine why a phallic tool would be seen in the hands. And you can see it in artwork. These so-called witches are holding it in a way that it appears that they have a penis. And that again added to, you know, the imagination and the fear of these women. And you can see women holding these tools and enchanting people or just, again, like, cackling in the air and looking very maniacal. Adding to the scary quality, the fact that witches can fly, you know, that they were making these ointments which caused hallucinogenic effects and therefore felt you felt like you were flying. And this is where it's important to note that the things that became popular fears for people about women,

these were all very closely connected to things like pagan fertility rights, scant phallic objects, and knowledge of the natural world being able to make medicines and ointments and whatnot. And we have a wonderful episode on Indigenous Ethnobotany featuring Dr. Lee Joseph, but we also covered this in more depth in our 2020. 23 witchology episode with teacher and author Theo Parma. And I'm going to play that clip for you because it's just chock full of fun facts relating to brooms and witchery. Brooms sticks.

Everyone wants to know what's to deal with magic broomsticks. Yeah, there are things. So broomsticks have, they're a domestic tool, right? Those domestic tools, if you look again at the old images of witches, you'll see pitchforks and like things that you'd use in agriculture. You see ladles and pots. So again, these are women's things, right? But magic can be done with everything.

There is another story, and it may be true, like broomsticks have long been used in different forms of magic. There's another story of witches jumping around on broomsticks in a field to show the crops how high to grow. This is a common witch kind of legend. And so potentially someone came across this and were like, oh my God, witches are flying on brooms because if you start to really go for it and someone's like looking at a hill across a bunch of crops, they're like, what are those people doing hovering on brooms over there?

So there is that idea. I don't know how much of veracity that has, but it is a common witch legend that we tell each other. And then there is the idea that this is more interesting. Then there's the idea that witches slather poles and staffs and pitchforks and broomsticks with the flying ointment, which there are various lists of ingredients for. The flying ointment is like an age-old kind of idea that witches would cover themselves with while naked or cover something else with. And then they would press it again. a mucus membrane and enter a trans state to fly.

Oh, okay. Wait. So when you're seeing these naked witches in these images straddling poles, like go have a look at that. You can find many woodcuts of this, many interesting images. Basically, the idea is that there are these witches fucking broomsticks and poles that are covered in ointment that send them into an ecstatic trance. And which is fly, like, which is a witch's form of flight.

Wow. I never knew that. This makes sense because Scott Sheldon asked, I heard the reasons why witches are associated with flying on brooms is that they would put on a psychedelic salve on a broomstick. That's correct. And then use the broomstick as a way to get said salve up to their nether regions. There you go. Boom. Scott Sheldon, why even ask the question when you know the answer? You know, way to go. Let's loop back to Urgid, the fungal infection of rye and other grains. Okay, so ergot poisoning can cause all kinds of bummers, such as muscle. spasms, convulsions, states of mania, hallucinations similar to LSD dosings, bleeding, miscarriage, and a feeling that the limbs are engulfed in flames. So the witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts, happened in the 1690s, and 200 people were accused of using the devil's magic. 20 were executed. And then nearly 300 years later, a theory arose that those suffering the effects of these suspected witches were actually possessed by this grain fungus. Witchcraft or really bad food poisoning. Anyone who's ever door-dashed emodium and pediolite would have trouble figuring it out too. So then this holy shit, it was grain rot, y'all, spread as the golden explanation. But then other

scholars, years later, say, hey, hold those horsesies. And in an article published in the Journal of Clinical Toxicology in 2000, titled Witchcraft or Mycotoxin, the Salem Witch Trials, Academics, poured over a bunch of research and using tree ring data brought into doubt the weather conditions that would have supported a wry outbreak of ergot and the age of the girls afflicted were older than typical ergot victims and their symptoms changed depending on their audience. They also had no lingering symptoms. I enjoyed that this paper also included a delightfully casual bullet point. A few cows died. So what? Then it concluded that when the evidence is weighed carefully, both pro and con, it seems unlikely that ergotism explains much of what went on in colonial Salem.

So it's been chocked up to impressionable teens following trends, which is its own danger. Now, with the shroomy brooms, an Atlantic article titled, Why Do Witches Ride Brooms, NSFW, explains that these tinctures may have included deadly nightshade, jimson weed, and two plants I could have sworn were birds, henbane and mandrake. And yes, taking these by mouth might cause barfing. So other orifices, it is. And also, the witchcraft hysteria really picked up in the 1400s and the Black Plague was in the 1300s. And of course, that episode was witchology with Fiaoparma. Now, on those aesthetics, Kate tells me. And still to this day, how we get a lot of these ideas of how a witch is, you know, if you see a classic symbol of a witch, you've got an older woman with a broomstick, you know. I do want to point out. the work of Sylvia Federici, and she wrote about these phenomena are deeply tied to the beginnings of capitalism for which the breakup of communities' common spaces was necessary. Think about all the

folk knowledge that was lost and social cohesion. If you know anything about Salem in the United States, you know, it rips a community apart. Yeah. And in Germany, where Malaya's Malifakarum was published, thousands were executed, mostly from burning. A lot of women, but not exclusive, And Salem happened in 1692. So we're talking a span of, what is it, about 200 years. And a lot of people died. And the kinds of women that were usually targeted were older. They were sometimes deeply mentally ill or socially ostracized, horror, maybe widows, you know, just kind of shortchanged in their communities. These are the kind of women that were looked at as witches and suspected. and already marginalized typically. I think witches just get kind of a lot of misogynist and gender anger directed their way, which, as we've learned, is nothing new. One of the last listener question here that is very of the moment, Ere Victor, Abigail, Kiki's delivery service, Jenny Lowe Rhodes, Sunflower Star, Joshua Maynard, wanted to know, this is very polarizing. Ere Victor asked, what are cinnamon brooms? Why am I seeing them everywhere? Abigail wanted to know how to proletes.

long your cinnamon brooms life. Why can't they smell so good forever? And Jenny asked, why do they make the awful cinnamon ones? And I'm like, excuse me, Kiki's delivery service wanted to know if cinnamon-scented brooms are anything other than a seasonal capitalist grab. So very polarized thoughts on a cinnamon broom. Trader Joe's tends to have them this time of year. They get snapped up fast. I tried to buy one for my local sprouts and they were like, girl, you needed to come like weeks ago. So cinnamon brooms, are they traditional? Do they just smell good? I don't know about their tradition, but they are, you know, a fibrous plant material that's been soaked in cinnamon oil for a period of time. And I've never purchased one. I actually do get, what a phenomenon? I get asked about them a lot.

I have to say, I am not much of a Trader Joe's shopper. Oh, fuck. What do they do? It's in protest since they got rid of their coconut and crested cashews. I do think that the cinnamon broom smell good. I think olfactory experience is important in broommaking. You know, broomcorn, linen, wood, all these traditional broommaking materials have a distinct and pretty pleasant smell, adding to the experience of use, particularly in our smell-free world of plastic. I can't be seen as an authority on this. I feel a little indifferent about them. I, you know. I think that it's up to everyone else to form their own opinions on them. Just a side note, the history of cinnamon brooms.

It's not like the deepest rabbit hole. I fell down. It was at best really more of a raccoon nook. And essentially, cinnamon and brooms, they're good luck. They protect the home. They smell good. My friend Catherine, again, who prompted the broom episode, loves a cinnamon broom. She waits all season for it.

She was having a really bad day. and I went to go drop one off on her doorstep to make her feel better. Couldn't find one. And I had to just drop off some cinnamon oil. And I was like, put this on something and pretend it's a cinnamon broom. So you've got to get them early is the point. Well, and brooms make the best gifts. I'm just saying.

Talk to a broommaker. Oh, I am. And on behalf of patrons, Gavi, Lacey, Katie Hammond, Tori, Van Kera Broke, Cam Bam, Jordan Smith, Sarah Allen, and Ben Pollock. Ben wanted to know, as younger people have taken an interest in learning historic skills, has there been any uptick in broommaking in recent years? Do you have tips on starting to create one? Can you make them out of anything?

If someone's like, I'm getting hype for brooms right now, I love them now. What is a good place to learn how to make them? Or can you grab some stuff from the yard? So essentially it is a bunch of fibers being bound together. with some tension and that's important. You know, to make a broom, you need your fiber, broom corn. It's usually the toughest thing to procure, but you just need a good twine. And you can just do it with a two by four.

We use these things called footsticks if we don't have a formal winding machine. And footsticks are just, you wrap your winding material around them and you keep your foot on them so you can pull up and create that sense of tension. So this is like a spool that's in a square frame about. the size and shape of a loaf of wonder bread, but made of wood. You can also call this a broom-making foot treadle or a foot bobbin or a broom winder. And by the looks of it, you can easily screw a few sticks of wood together or you can pay $75 for one on Etsy. After all, I mean, you're just going to put your feet on it. So it depends on how you feel about feet. Speaking of, a lot of barefoot picks

in the demos online. It's just out there. And so the broom stays in tension as you're winding. which is very important because if you don't wind that material tight enough, the broom will just fall apart. And that's essentially it. If you just want to make a whisk, which a whisk, by the way, again, there might be some differences in region, but whisks are brooms without like a wooden handle. It's like a little hand broom. Now, here's where I say that you can find a local art center, which may have brewmaking classes. They're very popular, particularly in the south. Appalachia has a strong broommaking culture, and it's a region of the United States that's very craft supportive. You can find books on how to make a broom at such places, but I will point to two more

contemporary books. One is swept away by Karen Hobbs. This is how a lot of people got started making brooms. Karen Hobbs sadly passed. I mentioned Nam Joti earlier in the episode. I learned from a woman named Carol Morse at Foxfire. Nam studied a little bit with Karen Hobbs. And so we have this lineage happening of broommaking. The other is by a woman who runs Sunhouse Craft, and her name is Cynthia. This is a very, very new book. Cynthia Maine, very recent, it's called the handmade broom, and she runs Sunhouse Craft also in Berea, Kentucky. Again, we're talking to south. There's a lot of support for handcrafts there. All you need is a few things, and you can make a broom. And if you mess up, you can unwind and try again.

Yeah. And no one's the wiser and you've had a good time. Exactly. I think if you need a cinnamon broom and they're sold out, then, you know, just make one. Put some cinnamon on it. It's an opportunity to learn how to make cinnamon brooms. That's what I'm saying. It is. I can try. What is something that about broommaking or being a historian of this is really challenging? Challenging. Well, it's challenging to make art and write about craft history just in general right now. I work a day job. I am an educator and I kind of have to balance my time working with this independent research, which I've gotten a couple grants for, which I'm very fortunate for, but it's just tough. But enthralling. Brooms, such a little thing, is such a big thing, actually. It really is a collection of people's work, a collection of people's cultures, a collection of needs in order to get something to clean our home, again, all just coming from this one thing that most people don't think about on a daily basis. What about one of your favorite things about, like, what just gives you butterflies? Is it when you start going down a research rabbit hole?

Is it when you're just like kind of in flow making? Like, is it teaching? Like, what do you love the most? Yeah, when I find those connections between things, I like to read and write and research the history of American labor. And I also love to make brooms and research broom history. And then I found out that there were broom unions at one point. Those kind of moments were things, my favorite things come together. And that's what keeps me going, is that kind of discovery. Any idea when we might be able to expect a book? Oh, my God. I do plan and in the next year to deliver to an editor that I'm working with and start formally shopping around. I love it. And publishers hit you up. Yeah.

Instagram is Kate O'Connell Richards or Kate O'Connell Richards.com. We're going to link that right in the show notes because Brooms Matter. I do think it's important to touch on the romance of the handmade living in this time of globalization, late stage capitalism. we'd become alienated, not just from the products of our labor, but the origins of the very materials we used to make goods, even craft goods in our home. Very few things are produced completely in the U.S. anymore. And even if they are, the components used to make them come from abroad. And most broom corn available to maker's day is imported to the U.S. from Mexico. So even if we wanted to make something that calls to mind like old world craft and total

self-sufficiency, we're still kind of beholden to the state of things. And that's something I try and keep in mind. Oh, wow. And it's no secret that during the pandemic, Amazon's revenue soared and as we all bought and had delivered everything, home essentials, workout gear, home office, supplies. And during this time, many people turned towards crafting and objects, the people that could stay home that weren't, you know, had to work as an essential worker. You know, Oscar Wilde once said that like, I think it was in soul of man under socialism that if we were left to our own devices we would truly probably stay home and make art yeah yeah and with that romance it's important to remember at one time industry and production were seen as like the magical new thing and now we see those systems as a sort of damaging

status quo some of us um with the handmade becoming a little bit more magical so ask smart people not smart questions because for everything or thought there's an expert for it. And honestly, they want to talk. And if you type in broommaking class and look near you, I bet there's one within a couple hours drive. Have an outing. Drink some cider. Brooklyn, you've got one at Tatter on November 14th. Just look around and then make a broom. Thank you so much to Kate for being on the show and do find them online as well as many of the other makers that we mentioned. Those are going to be on our website at alleyward.com slash ologies slash broomology. We are at ologies on Instagram and blue sky. I'm at Allie Ward with 1L on both. Smologies are shorter kid-friendly

episodes in their own feed, wherever you get podcasts. You can join our Patreon for a dollar a month at patreon.com slash ologies. Ologiesmerch.com has your shirts and totes and stickers. Aaron Talbert admins the Ologies podcast Facebook group. Aveline Malik makes our professional transcripts. Kelly Ardwired is the website. Scheduling producer Noel Dilworth keeps things tidy but flexible, managing director who has a handle on everything is Susan Hale, and editor Jake Chafee, a lead editor for Sadie's Maitland of Maitland Audio, tie all of our bristling pieces together and sweep out the chaff. Nick Thorburn, tap, tap, tap, the theme music, and if you stick around to the very end, you know, I may tell you a secret. And this week,

right now I'm staying at, yes, a Verbo in upstate New York with some friends to celebrate some birthdays, to eat some cider donuts, to wear a coat. And we had a layover en route here. And I was in the terminal. I was sitting with our 14-year-old daughter, Grimmy, who's a dog waiting to board. But it wasn't our group yet. You know, they were just boarding like group one or whatever, families and military personnel stuff. And a guy walked toward the boarding lane and complimented Grimmy on her sweater and her very chill demeanor.

And I said, well, thank you. She's stoned. And he said, well, I can see that. I'm a veteran. And it was so sweet and vulnerable because the VA healthcare system is so fucked and military personnel can sometimes suffer combat trauma and our cannabinology episodes. We talk about medicinal marijuana and we went into some PTSD info. And he mentioned that he has a practice in Albany. And I realized that he had said vet and I just assumed veteran, but he meant veterinarian.

But anyway, we have an excellent episode about post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans, and that's called Traumatology with Dr. Nick Barr. We can link that episode. And honestly, what these spooktober episodes are teaching me the most is that sending people into wars to kill children. So some people can make money is really the scariest thing that exists. Isn't it? That's enough out of me. Tell your broom. I say hi.

All right. Bye.